201
|
Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, Zhu G, Zhang L, Li H, Chmura AA, Field HE, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Epstein JH, Li B, Zhang W, Wang LF, Shi ZL, Daszak P. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32577651 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.31.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bats are presumed reservoirs of diverse coronaviruses (CoVs) including progenitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. However, the evolution and diversification of these coronaviruses remains poorly understood. We used a Bayesian statistical framework and sequence data from all known bat-CoVs (including 630 novel CoV sequences) to study their macroevolution, cross-species transmission, and dispersal in China. We find that host-switching was more frequent and across more distantly related host taxa in alpha-than beta-CoVs, and more highly constrained by phylogenetic distance for beta-CoVs. We show that inter-family and -genus switching is most common in Rhinolophidae and the genus Rhinolophus . Our analyses identify the host taxa and geographic regions that define hotspots of CoV evolutionary diversity in China that could help target bat-CoV discovery for proactive zoonotic disease surveillance. Finally, we present a phylogenetic analysis suggesting a likely origin for SARS-CoV-2 in Rhinolophus spp. bats.
Collapse
|
202
|
Abstract
COVID-19 is a newly emerging viral respiratory disease first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is related to the viruses that cause SARS and MERS. While the case fatality ratio for COVID-19 (5%) is far lower than that for SARS (11%) and MERS (34%), COVID-19 is spreading relatively uncontrolled at this time across the globe. In contrast, SARS appears to be contained, and MERS is controlled. This paper will explore why COVID-19 is able to progress to a global pandemic that affects our daily lives to an extent not known in recent history. The COVID-19 outbreak and spread will be examined based on the current literature, using a researcher's perspective of risk assessment and risk mitigation; this approach will be related to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imke Schröder
- University of California Center for Laboratory Safety and the Department of
Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, 607
Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Lango MN. How did we get here? Short history of COVID-19 and other coronavirus-related epidemics. Head Neck 2020; 42:1535-1538. [PMID: 32445249 PMCID: PMC7283747 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 epidemic was not the first coronavirus epidemic of this century and represents one of the increasing number of zoonoses from wildlife to impact global health. SARS CoV‐2, the virus causing the COVID‐19 epidemic is distinct from, but closely resembles SARS CoV‐1, which was responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2002. SARS CoV‐1 and 2 share almost 80% of genetic sequences and use the same host cell receptor to initiate viral infection. However, SARS predominantly affected individuals in close contact with infected animals and health care workers. In contrast, CoV‐2 exhibits robust person to person spread, most likely by means of asymptomatic carriers, which has resulted in greater spread of disease, overall morbidity and mortality, despite its lesser virulence. We review recent coronavirus‐related epidemics and distinguish clinical and molecular features of CoV‐2, the causative agent for COVID‐19, and review the current status of vaccine trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam N Lango
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Weckworth JK, Davis BW, Dubovi E, Fountain-Jones N, Packer C, Cleaveland S, Craft ME, Eblate E, Schwartz M, Mills LS, Roelke-Parker M. Cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in African lions of Serengeti National Park. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4308-4321. [PMID: 32306443 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of pathogen spillover from a reservoir to a novel host population can range from a "dead-end" when there is no onward transmission in the recipient population, to epidemic spread and even establishment in new hosts. Understanding the evolutionary epidemiology of spillover events leading to discrete outcomes in novel hosts is key to predicting risk and can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of emergence. Here we use a Bayesian phylodynamic approach to examine cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics during a canine distemper virus (CDV) spillover event causing clinical disease and population decline in an African lion population (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti Ecological Region between 1993 and 1994. Using 21 near-complete viral genomes from four species we found that this large-scale outbreak was likely ignited by a single cross-species spillover event from a canid reservoir to noncanid hosts <1 year before disease detection and explosive spread of CDV in lions. Cross-species transmission from other noncanid species probably fuelled the high prevalence of CDV across spatially structured lion prides. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) could have acted as the proximate source of CDV exposure in lions. We report 13 nucleotide substitutions segregating CDV strains found in canids and noncanids. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that virus evolution played a role in CDV emergence in noncanid hosts following spillover during the outbreak, suggest that host barriers to clinical infection can limit outcomes of CDV spillover in novel host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Weckworth
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, TX, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Heal and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ernest Eblate
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Michael Schwartz
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - L Scott Mills
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Ye X, Chen Y, Zhu X, Guo J, Da X, Hou Z, Xu S, Zhou J, Fang L, Wang D, Xiao S. Cross-Species Transmission of Deltacoronavirus and the Origin of Porcine Deltacoronavirus. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2246-2253. [PMID: 32837537 PMCID: PMC7273114 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deltacoronavirus is the last identified Coronaviridae subfamily genus. Differing from other coronavirus (CoV) genera, which mainly infect birds or mammals, deltacoronaviruses (δ‐CoVs) reportedly infect both animal types. Recent studies show that a novel δ‐CoV, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), can also infect calves and chickens with the potential to infect humans, raising the possibility of cross‐species transmission of δ‐CoVs. Here, we explored the deep phylogenetic history and cross‐species transmission of δ‐CoVs. Virus–host cophylogenetic analyses showed that δ‐CoVs have undergone frequent host switches in birds, and sparrows may serve as the unappreciated hubs for avian to mammal transmission. Our molecular clock analyses show that PDCoV possibly originated in Southeast Asia in the 1990s and that the PDCoV cluster shares a common ancestor with Sparrow‐CoV of around 1,810. Our findings contribute valuable insights into the diversification, evolution, and interspecies transmission of δ‐CoVs and the origin of PDCoV, providing a model for exploring the relationships of δ‐CoVs in birds and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Yingjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xie Da
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zhenzhen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Shangen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Junwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China.,The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production Wuhan 430070 China
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Shneider A, Kudriavtsev A, Vakhrusheva A. Can melatonin reduce the severity of COVID-19 pandemic? Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:153-162. [PMID: 32347747 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1756284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most devastating events in recent history. The virus causes relatively minor damage to young, healthy populations, imposing life-threatening danger to the elderly and people with diseases of chronic inflammation. Therefore, if we could reduce the risk for vulnerable populations, it would make the COVID-19 pandemic more similar to other typical outbreaks. Children don't suffer from COVID-19 as much as their grandparents and have a much higher melatonin level. Bats are nocturnal animals possessing high levels of melatonin, which may contribute to their high anti-viral resistance. Viruses induce an explosion of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and melatonin is the best natural antioxidant that is lost with age. The programmed cell death coronaviruses cause, which can result in significant lung damage, is also inhibited by melatonin. Coronavirus causes inflammation in the lungs which requires inflammasome activity. Melatonin blocks these inflammasomes. General immunity is impaired by anxiety and sleep deprivation. Melatonin improves sleep habits, reduces anxiety and stimulates immunity. Fibrosis may be the most dangerous complication after COVID-19. Melatonin is known to prevent fibrosis. Mechanical ventilation may be necessary but yet imposes risks due to oxidative stress, which can be reduced by melatonin. Thus, by using the safe over-the-counter drug melatonin, we may be immediately able to prevent the development of severe disease symptoms in coronavirus patients, reduce the severity of their symptoms, and/or reduce the immuno-pathology of coronavirus infection on patients' health after the active phase of the infection is over.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Shneider
- CureLab Oncology, Inc, Dedham, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aleksandr Kudriavtsev
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Phisics, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Vakhrusheva
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
El Taweel A, Kandeil A, Barakat A, Alfaroq Rabiee O, Kayali G, Ali MA. Diversity of Astroviruses Circulating in Humans, Bats, and Wild Birds in Egypt. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050485. [PMID: 32357556 PMCID: PMC7290939 DOI: 10.3390/v12050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses belong to Astroviridae family which includes two main genera: Mamastroviruses that infect mammals, and Avastroviruses that infect avian hosts. Bats and wild birds are considered among the natural reservoirs for astroviruses. Infections in humans are associated with severe gastroenteritis, especially among children. We conducted surveillance for astroviruses in bats, wild birds, and humans in Egypt. Our results indicated relatively high prevalence of astroviruses in those hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed diversity of these viruses within hosts. Detected human viruses showed similarity with classic and variant human astroviruses, as well as similarity with animal-origin viruses. Viruses in bats were dispersed, with similarities to other bat viruses as well as other mammalian, including human, viruses. Wild bird viruses varied and were related to other avastroviruses, as well as human astroviruses. Our results indicate that astroviruses are common in bats, wild birds, and humans in Egypt, with a wide gene pool. Potential cross-species transmission may be occurring but should be verified by further surveillance and molecular studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Barakat
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.B.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Omar Alfaroq Rabiee
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.B.); (O.A.R.)
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Human Link, Hazmieh 1109, Lebanon
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (M.A.A.); Tel.: +961-545-4252 (G.K.); +20-100-191-6410 (M.A.A.); Fax: +961-545-8045 (G.K.); +20-237-481-483 (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; (A.E.T.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.K.); (M.A.A.); Tel.: +961-545-4252 (G.K.); +20-100-191-6410 (M.A.A.); Fax: +961-545-8045 (G.K.); +20-237-481-483 (M.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Mull N, Jackson R, Sironen T, Forbes KM. Ecology of Neglected Rodent-Borne American Orthohantaviruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E325. [PMID: 32357540 PMCID: PMC7281597 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of documented American orthohantaviruses has increased significantly over recent decades, but most fundamental research has remained focused on just two of them: Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV). The majority of American orthohantaviruses are known to cause disease in humans, and most of these pathogenic strains were not described prior to human cases, indicating the importance of understanding all members of the virus clade. In this review, we summarize information on the ecology of under-studied rodent-borne American orthohantaviruses to form general conclusions and highlight important gaps in knowledge. Information regarding the presence and genetic diversity of many orthohantaviruses throughout the distributional range of their hosts is minimal and would significantly benefit from virus isolations to indicate a reservoir role. Additionally, few studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying transmission routes and factors affecting the environmental persistence of orthohantaviruses, limiting our understanding of factors driving prevalence fluctuations. As landscapes continue to change, host ranges and human exposure to orthohantaviruses likely will as well. Research on the ecology of neglected orthohantaviruses is necessary for understanding both current and future threats to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Reilly Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian M. Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Joffrin L, Goodman SM, Wilkinson DA, Ramasindrazana B, Lagadec E, Gomard Y, Le Minter G, Dos Santos A, Corrie Schoeman M, Sookhareea R, Tortosa P, Julienne S, Gudo ES, Mavingui P, Lebarbenchon C. Bat coronavirus phylogeography in the Western Indian Ocean. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6873. [PMID: 32327721 PMCID: PMC7181612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats provide key ecosystem services such as crop pest regulation, pollination, seed dispersal, and soil fertilization. Bats are also major hosts for biological agents responsible for zoonoses, such as coronaviruses (CoVs). The islands of the Western Indian Ocean are identified as a major biodiversity hotspot, with more than 50 bat species. In this study, we tested 1,013 bats belonging to 36 species from Mozambique, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion Island and Seychelles, based on molecular screening and partial sequencing of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. In total, 88 bats (8.7%) tested positive for coronaviruses, with higher prevalence in Mozambican bats (20.5% ± 4.9%) as compared to those sampled on islands (4.5% ± 1.5%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed a large diversity of α- and β-CoVs and a strong signal of co-evolution between CoVs and their bat host species, with limited evidence for host-switching, except for bat species sharing day roost sites. These results highlight that strong variation between islands does exist and is associated with the composition of the bat species community on each island. Future studies should investigate whether CoVs detected in these bats have a potential for spillover in other hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Joffrin
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Steven M Goodman
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
| | - David A Wilkinson
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Beza Ramasindrazana
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Beza Ramasindrazana, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Ambatofotsikely, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Yann Gomard
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Gildas Le Minter
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | | | - M Corrie Schoeman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Pablo Tortosa
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Simon Julienne
- Seychelles Ministry of Health, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles
| | | | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Efficient functional screening of a cellular cDNA library to identify severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus entry factors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5996. [PMID: 32265454 PMCID: PMC7138800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of host cell factors for virus entry is useful for the molecular explanation of viral tropisms and often leads to a more profound understanding of virus-induced diseases. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by SFTS virus. No countermeasures against the disease exist. In this report, we show an efficient method using virus-like particles for the functional screening of a cellular cDNA library to identify SFTS virus entry factors. Two variants encoding dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin related (DC-SIGNR), a calcium-dependent lectin known to enhance SFTS virus infection, were successfully identified from a human liver cDNA library. We will discuss applications for yet unidentified factor(s) for SFTS virus entry and for entry factor(s) for other viruses related to SFTS virus.
Collapse
|
211
|
Dietz L, Horve PF, Coil DA, Fretz M, Eisen JA, Van Den Wymelenberg K. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission. mSystems 2020; 5:e00245-20. [PMID: 32265315 PMCID: PMC7141890 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00245-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), corporate entities, federal, state, county, and city governments, universities, school districts, places of worship, prisons, health care facilities, assisted living organizations, daycares, homeowners, and other building owners and occupants have an opportunity to reduce the potential for transmission through built environment (BE)-mediated pathways. Over the last decade, substantial research into the presence, abundance, diversity, function, and transmission of microbes in the BE has taken place and revealed common pathogen exchange pathways and mechanisms. In this paper, we synthesize this microbiology of the BE research and the known information about SARS-CoV-2 to provide actionable and achievable guidance to BE decision makers, building operators, and all indoor occupants attempting to minimize infectious disease transmission through environmentally mediated pathways. We believe this information is useful to corporate and public administrators and individuals responsible for building operations and environmental services in their decision-making process about the degree and duration of social-distancing measures during viral epidemics and pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Dietz
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrick F Horve
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - David A Coil
- Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Fretz
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute for Health and the Built Environment, University of Oregon, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Institute for Health and the Built Environment, University of Oregon, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Affiliation(s)
- David M Morens
- From the Office of the Director (D.M.M.) and the Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (J.K.T.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; and EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York (P.D.)
| | - Peter Daszak
- From the Office of the Director (D.M.M.) and the Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (J.K.T.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; and EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York (P.D.)
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- From the Office of the Director (D.M.M.) and the Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (J.K.T.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; and EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York (P.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
From Wuhan to Delaware: Tracking the Spread of COVID-19. Dela J Public Health 2020; 6:6-10. [PMID: 34467084 PMCID: PMC8389133 DOI: 10.32481/djph.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
214
|
Wang W, Xiong L, Wang P, Wang F, Ma Q. Major vault protein plays important roles in viral infection. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:624-631. [PMID: 31769934 PMCID: PMC7165711 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral replication and related protein expression inside the host cells, and host antiviral immune responses can lead to the occurrence of diverse diseases. With the outbreak of viral infection, a large number of newly diagnosed and died patients infected with various viruses are still reported every year. Viral infection has already been one of the major global public health issues and lead to huge economic and social burdens. Studying of viral pathogenesis is a very important way to find methods for prevention, diagnosis, and cure of viral infection; more evidence has confirmed that major vault protein (MVP) is closely associated with viral infection and pathogenesis, and this review is intended to provide a broad relationship between viruses and MVP to stimulate the interest of related researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Liang Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Pengyun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qingfeng Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Olayemi A, Fichet-Calvet E. Systematics, Ecology, and Host Switching: Attributes Affecting Emergence of the Lassa Virus in Rodents across Western Africa. Viruses 2020; 12:E312. [PMID: 32183319 PMCID: PMC7150792 DOI: 10.3390/v12030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since it was established that rodents serve as reservoirs of the zoonotic Lassa virus (LASV), scientists have sought to answer the questions: which populations of rodents carry the virus? How do fluctuations in LASV prevalence and rodent abundance influence Lassa fever outbreaks in humans? What does it take for the virus to adopt additional rodent hosts, proliferating what already are devastating cycles of rodent-to-human transmission? In this review, we examine key aspects of research involving the biology of rodents that affect their role as LASV reservoirs, including phylogeography, demography, virus evolution, and host switching. We discuss how this knowledge can help control Lassa fever and suggest further areas for investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Olayemi
- Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife HO220005, Nigeria;
| | - Elisabeth Fichet-Calvet
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
The effects of evolutionary adaptations on spreading processes in complex networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5664-5670. [PMID: 32123091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918529117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A common theme among previously proposed models for network epidemics is the assumption that the propagating object (e.g., a pathogen [in the context of infectious disease propagation] or a piece of information [in the context of information propagation]) is transferred across network nodes without going through any modification or evolutionary adaptations. However, in real-life spreading processes, pathogens often evolve in response to changing environments and medical interventions, and information is often modified by individuals before being forwarded. In this article, we investigate the effects of evolutionary adaptations on spreading processes in complex networks with the aim of 1) revealing the role of evolutionary adaptations on the threshold, probability, and final size of epidemics and 2) exploring the interplay between the structural properties of the network and the evolutionary adaptations of the spreading process.
Collapse
|
217
|
Wells K, Morand S, Wardeh M, Baylis M. Distinct spread of DNA and RNA viruses among mammals amid prominent role of domestic species. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2020; 29:470-481. [PMID: 32336945 PMCID: PMC7165700 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Emerging infectious diseases arising from pathogen spillover from mammals to humans constitute a substantial health threat. Tracing virus origin and predicting the most likely host species for future spillover events are major objectives in One Health disciplines.We assessed patterns of virus sharing among a large diversity of mammals, including humans and domestic species. LOCATION Global. TIME PERIOD Current. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Mammals and associated viruses. METHODS We used network centrality analysis and trait-based Bayesian hierarchical models to explore patterns of virus sharing among mammals. We analysed a global database that compiled the associations between 1,785 virus species and 725 mammalian host species as sourced from automatic screening of meta-data accompanying published nucleotide sequences between 1950 and 2019. RESULTS We show that based on current evidence, domesticated mammals hold the most central positions in networks of known mammal-virus associations. Among entire host-virus networks, Carnivora and Chiroptera hold central positions for mainly sharing RNA viruses, whereas ungulates hold central positions for sharing both RNA and DNA viruses with other host species. We revealed strong evidence that DNA viruses were phylogenetically more host specific than RNA viruses. RNA viruses exhibited low functional host specificity despite an overall tendency to infect phylogenetically related species, signifying high potential to shift across hosts with different ecological niches. The frequencies of sharing viruses among hosts and the proportion of zoonotic viruses in hosts were larger for RNA than for DNA viruses. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Acknowledging the role of domestic species in addition to host and virus traits in patterns of virus sharing is necessary to improve our understanding of virus spread and spillover in times of global change. Understanding multi-host virus-sharing pathways adds focus to curtail disease spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Morand
- CIRAD ASTRE, CNRS ISEM, Faculty of Veterinary TechnologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Maya Wardeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsUniversity of LiverpoolUK
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Elmasri M, Farrell MJ, Davies TJ, Stephens DA. A hierarchical Bayesian model for predicting ecological interactions using scaled evolutionary relationships. Ann Appl Stat 2020. [DOI: 10.1214/19-aoas1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
219
|
Payne AN, Shepherd TF, Rangel J. The detection of honey bee (Apis mellifera)-associated viruses in ants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2923. [PMID: 32076028 PMCID: PMC7031503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies virus transmission involving economically important pollinators, including honey bees (Apis mellifera), has recently sparked research interests regarding pollinator health. Given that ants are common pests within apiaries in the southern U.S., the goals of this study were to (1) survey ants found within or near managed honey bee colonies, (2) document what interactions are occurring between ant pests and managed honey bees, and 3) determine if any of six commonly occurring honey bee-associated viruses were present in ants collected from within or far from apiaries. Ants belonging to 14 genera were observed interacting with managed honey bee colonies in multiple ways, most commonly by robbing sugar resources from within hives. We detected at least one virus in 89% of the ant samples collected from apiary sites (n = 57) and in 15% of ant samples collected at non-apiary sites (n = 20). We found that none of these ant samples tested positive for the replication of Deformed wing virus, Black queen cell virus, or Israeli acute paralysis virus, however. Future studies looking at possible virus transmission between ants and bees could determine whether ants can be considered mechanical vectors of honey bee-associated viruses, making them a potential threat to pollinator health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria N Payne
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - Tonya F Shepherd
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - Juliana Rangel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Afrough B, Dowall S, Hewson R. Emerging viruses and current strategies for vaccine intervention. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 196:157-166. [PMID: 30993690 PMCID: PMC6468171 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade several notable viruses have suddenly emerged from obscurity or anonymity to become serious global health threats, provoking concern regarding their sustained epidemic transmission in immunologically naive human populations. With each new threat comes the call for rapid vaccine development. Indeed, vaccines are considered a critical component of disease prevention for emerging viral infections because, in many cases, other medical options are limited or non‐existent, or that infections result in such a rapid clinical deterioration that the effectiveness of therapeutics is limited. While classic approaches to vaccine development are still amenable to emerging viruses, the application of molecular techniques in virology has profoundly influenced our understanding of virus biology, and vaccination methods based on replicating, attenuated and non‐replicating virus vector approaches have become useful vaccine platforms. Together with a growing understanding of viral disease emergence, a range of vaccine strategies and international commitment to underpin development, vaccine intervention for new and emerging viruses may become a possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Afrough
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - S Dowall
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - R Hewson
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Artika IM, Wiyatno A, Ma'roef CN. Pathogenic viruses: Molecular detection and characterization. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104215. [PMID: 32006706 PMCID: PMC7106233 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses are viruses that can infect and replicate within human cells and cause diseases. The continuous emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic viruses has become a major threat to public health. Whenever pathogenic viruses emerge, their rapid detection is critical to enable implementation of specific control measures and the limitation of virus spread. Further molecular characterization to better understand these viruses is required for the development of diagnostic tests and countermeasures. Advances in molecular biology techniques have revolutionized the procedures for detection and characterization of pathogenic viruses. The development of PCR-based techniques together with DNA sequencing technology, have provided highly sensitive and specific methods to determine virus circulation. Pathogenic viruses potentially having global catastrophic consequences may emerge in regions where capacity for their detection and characterization is limited. Development of a local capacity to rapidly identify new viruses is therefore critical. This article reviews the molecular biology of pathogenic viruses and the basic principles of molecular techniques commonly used for their detection and characterization. The principles of good laboratory practices for handling pathogenic viruses are also discussed. This review aims at providing researchers and laboratory personnel with an overview of the molecular biology of pathogenic viruses and the principles of molecular techniques and good laboratory practices commonly implemented for their detection and characterization. The continous emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic viruses has become a major threat to public health. PCR-based techniques together with DNA sequencing technology have provided highly sensitive and specific methods to determine virus circulation. Southeast Asia is considered to be vulnerable to potential outbreaks of pathogenic viruses. A number of pathogenic viruses have been reported to circulate in this region. The 2019 novel coronavirus has also been identified in Southeast Asia. Development of local capacity to rapidly identify new viruses is very important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Made Artika
- Biosafety Level 3 Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Chairin Nisa Ma'roef
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Saxena SK. Emergence and Reemergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronaviruses. MEDICAL VIROLOGY: FROM PATHOGENESIS TO DISEASE CONTROL 2020. [PMCID: PMC7189393 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
223
|
Kasmi Y, Khataby K, Souiri A, Ennaji MM. Coronaviridae: 100,000 Years of Emergence and Reemergence. EMERGING AND REEMERGING VIRAL PATHOGENS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149750 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus family (Coronaviridae) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA, with a size of 27 kb. These viruses have a potential species specificity and interspecies transmission. The interspecies transmission of viruses from one host species to another is a major factor responsible for the majority of emerging and reemerging infections. The Coronaviridae is one of the most popular emerging viral families that threaten to the public health.
Collapse
|
224
|
Limited Intrahost Diversity and Background Evolution Accompany 40 Years of Canine Parvovirus Host Adaptation and Spread. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01162-19. [PMID: 31619551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01162-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly successful pathogen that has sustained pandemic circulation in dogs for more than 40 years. Here, integrating full-genome and deep-sequencing analyses, structural information, and in vitro experimentation, we describe the macro- and microscale features that accompany CPV's evolutionary success. Despite 40 years of viral evolution, all CPV variants are more than ∼99% identical in nucleotide sequence, with only a limited number (<40) of substitutions becoming fixed or widespread during this time. Notably, most substitutions in the major capsid protein (VP2) gene are nonsynonymous, altering amino acid residues that fall within, or adjacent to, the overlapping receptor footprint or antigenic regions, suggesting that natural selection has channeled much of CPV evolution. Among the limited number of variable sites, CPV genomes exhibit complex patterns of variation that include parallel evolution, reversion, and recombination, compromising phylogenetic inference. At the intrahost level, deep sequencing of viral DNA in original clinical samples from dogs and other host species sampled between 1978 and 2018 revealed few subconsensus single nucleotide variants (SNVs) above ∼0.5%, and experimental passages demonstrate that substantial preexisting genetic variation is not necessarily required for rapid host receptor-driven adaptation. Together, these findings suggest that although CPV is capable of rapid host adaptation, a relatively low mutation rate, pleiotropy, and/or a lack of selective challenges since its initial emergence have inhibited the long-term accumulation of genetic diversity. Hence, continuously high levels of inter- and intrahost diversity are not necessarily required for virus host adaptation.IMPORTANCE Rapid mutation rates and correspondingly high levels of intra- and interhost diversity are often cited as key features of viruses with the capacity for emergence and sustained transmission in a new host species. However, most of this information comes from studies of RNA viruses, with relatively little known about evolutionary processes in viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes. Here, we provide a unique model of virus evolution, integrating both long-term global-scale and short-term intrahost evolutionary processes of an ssDNA virus that emerged to cause a pandemic in a new host animal. Our analysis reveals that successful host jumping and sustained transmission does not necessarily depend on a high level of intrahost diversity nor result in the continued accumulation of high levels of long-term evolution change. These findings indicate that all aspects of the biology and ecology of a virus are relevant when considering their adaptability.
Collapse
|
225
|
Mestre A, Poulin R, Hortal J. A niche perspective on the range expansion of symbionts. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:491-516. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mestre
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Valencia Av. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Spain
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Concordia Richard J. Renaud Science Complex, 7141 Sherbrooke W., H4B 1R6 Montreal Canada
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Otago 340 Great King Street, 9054 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Joaquín Hortal
- Department of Biogeography and Global ChangeMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC) C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de EcologiaICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia‐Nerópolis Km 5, Campus II, Setor Itatiaia, Goiânia GO 74001‐970 Brazil
- cE3c–Centre for EcologyEvolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edifício C2 Piso 5, 1749‐016 Lisboa Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Tan SH, Osman F, Bodaghi S, Dang T, Greer G, Huang A, Hammado S, Abu-Hajar S, Campos R, Vidalakis G. Full genome characterization of 12 citrus tatter leaf virus isolates for the development of a detection assay. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223958. [PMID: 31622412 PMCID: PMC6797102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) threatens citrus production worldwide because it induces bud-union crease on the commercially important Citrange (Poncirus trifoliata × Citrus sinensis) rootstocks. However, little is known about its genomic diversity and how such diversity may influence virus detection. In this study, full-length genome sequences of 12 CTLV isolates from different geographical areas, intercepted and maintained for the past 60 years at the Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP), University of California, Riverside, were characterized using next generation sequencing. Genome structure and sequence for all CTLV isolates were similar to Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), the type species of Capillovirus genus of the Betaflexiviridae family. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted CTLV’s point of origin in Asia, the virus spillover to different plant species and the bottleneck event of its introduction in the United States of America (USA). A reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was designed at the most conserved genome area between the coat protein and the 3’-untranslated region (UTR), as identified by the full genome analysis. The assay was validated with different parameters (e.g. specificity, sensitivity, transferability and robustness) using multiple CTLV isolates from various citrus growing regions and it was compared with other published assays. This study proposes that in the era of powerful affordable sequencing platforms the presented approach of systematic full-genome sequence analysis of multiple virus isolates, and not only a small genome area of a small number of isolates, becomes a guideline for the design and validation of molecular virus detection assays, especially for use in high value germplasm programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-hua Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Fatima Osman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sohrab Bodaghi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Tyler Dang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Greg Greer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Hammado
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Shurooq Abu-Hajar
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Roya Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Georgios Vidalakis
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Structural and functional analyses reveal promiscuous and species specific use of ephrin receptors by Cedar virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20707-20715. [PMID: 31548390 PMCID: PMC6789926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911773116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cedar virus (CedV) is a bat-borne henipavirus related to Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), zoonotic agents of fatal human disease. CedV receptor-binding protein (G) shares only ∼30% sequence identity with those of NiV and HeV, although they can all use ephrin-B2 as an entry receptor. We demonstrate that CedV also enters cells through additional B- and A-class ephrins (ephrin-B1, ephrin-A2, and ephrin-A5) and report the crystal structure of the CedV G ectodomain alone and in complex with ephrin-B1 or ephrin-B2. The CedV G receptor-binding site is structurally distinct from other henipaviruses, underlying its capability to accommodate additional ephrin receptors. We also show that CedV can enter cells through mouse ephrin-A1 but not human ephrin-A1, which differ by 1 residue in the key contact region. This is evidence of species specific ephrin receptor usage by a henipavirus, and implicates additional ephrin receptors in potential zoonotic transmission.
Collapse
|
228
|
Becker DJ, Washburne AD, Faust CL, Pulliam JRC, Mordecai EA, Lloyd-Smith JO, Plowright RK. Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190014. [PMID: 31401959 PMCID: PMC6711302 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alex D. Washburne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Christina L. Faust
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Juliet R. C. Pulliam
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Bonneaud C, Weinert LA, Kuijper B. Understanding the emergence of bacterial pathogens in novel hosts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180328. [PMID: 31401968 PMCID: PMC6711297 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary context of novel infections is largely based on viral diseases, even though bacterial pathogens may display key differences in the processes underlying their emergence. For instance, host-shift speciation, in which the jump of a pathogen into a novel host species is followed by the specialization on that host and the loss of infectivity of previous host(s), is commonly observed in viruses, but less often in bacteria. Here, we suggest that the extent to which pathogens evolve host generalism or specialism following a jump into a novel host will depend on their level of adaptation to dealing with different environments, their rates of molecular evolution and their ability to recombine. We then explore these hypotheses using a formal model and show that the high levels of phenotypic plasticity, low rates of evolution and the ability to recombine typical of bacterial pathogens should reduce their propensity to specialize on novel hosts. Novel bacterial infections may therefore be more likely to result in transient spillovers or increased host ranges than in host shifts. Finally, consistent with our predictions, we show that, in two unusual cases of contemporary bacterial host shifts, the bacterial pathogens both have small genomes and rapid rates of substitution. Further tests are required across a greater number of emerging pathogens to assess the validity of our hypotheses. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Lucy A. Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Bram Kuijper
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in dogs, including acute hemorrhagic enteritis, myocarditis, and cerebellar disease. Cross-species transmission of CPV occurs as a result of mutations on the viral capsid surface that alter the species-specific binding to the host receptor, transferrin receptor type-1 (TfR). The interaction between CPV and TfR has been extensively studied, and previous analyses have suggested that the CPV-TfR complex is asymmetric. To enhance the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, we determined the CPV-TfR interaction using cryo-electron microscopy to solve the icosahedral (3.0-Å resolution) and asymmetric (5.0-Å resolution) complex structures. Structural analyses revealed conformational variations of the TfR molecules relative to the binding site, which translated into dynamic molecular interactions between CPV and TfR. The precise footprint of the receptor on the virus capsid was identified, along with the identity of the amino acid residues in the virus-receptor interface. Our "rock-and-roll" model provides an explanation for previous findings and gives insights into species jumping and the variation in host ranges associated with new pandemics in dogs.
Collapse
|
231
|
Das S, Smith K, Sarker S, Peters A, Adriaanse K, Eden P, Ghorashi SA, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. Assessing circovirus gene flow in multiple spill-over events. Virus Genes 2019; 55:802-814. [PMID: 31463770 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of viral pathogens in new host environments following spillover events probably requires adaptive changes within both the new host and pathogen. After many generations, signals for ancient cross-species transmission may become lost and a strictly host-adapted phylogeny may mimic true co-divergence while the virus may retain an inherent ability to jump host species. The mechanistic basis for such processes remains poorly understood. To study the dynamics of virus-host co-divergence and the arbitrary chances of spillover in various reservoir hosts with equal ecological opportunity, we examined structural constraints of capsid protein in extant populations of Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) during known spillover events. By assessing reservoir-based genotype stratification, we identified co-divergence defying signatures in the evolution BFDV which highlighted primordial processes of cryptic host adaptation and competing forces of host co-divergence and cross-species transmission. We demonstrate that, despite extensive surface plasticity gathered over a longer span of evolution, structural constraints of the capsid protein allow opportunistic host switching in host-adapted populations. This study provides new insights into how small populations of endangered psittacine species may face multidirectional forces of infection from reservoirs with apparently co-diverging genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhagata Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Kate Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew Peters
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Katherine Adriaanse
- Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, VIC, 3777, Australia
| | - Paul Eden
- Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Badger Creek Road, Healesville, VIC, 3777, Australia
| | - Seyed A Ghorashi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Wasik BR, de Wit E, Munster V, Lloyd-Smith JO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Parrish CR. Onward transmission of viruses: how do viruses emerge to cause epidemics after spillover? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190017. [PMID: 31401954 PMCID: PMC6711314 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical step in the emergence of a new epidemic or pandemic viral pathogen occurs after it infects the initial spillover host and then is successfully transmitted onwards, causing an outbreak chain of transmission within that new host population. Crossing these choke points sets a pathogen on the pathway to epidemic emergence. While many viruses spill over to infect new or alternative hosts, only a few accomplish this transition—and the reasons for the success of those pathogens are still unclear. Here, we consider this issue related to the emergence of animal viruses, where factors involved likely include the ability to efficiently infect the new animal host, the demographic features of the initial population that favour onward transmission, the level of shedding and degree of susceptibility of individuals of that population, along with pathogen evolution favouring increased replication and more efficient transmission among the new host individuals. A related form of emergence involves mutations that increased spread or virulence of an already-known virus within its usual host. In all of these cases, emergence may be due to altered viral properties, changes in the size or structure of the host populations, ease of transport, climate change or, in the case of arboviruses, to the expansion of the arthropod vectors. Here, we focus on three examples of viruses that have gained efficient onward transmission after spillover: influenza A viruses that are respiratory transmitted, HIV, a retrovirus, that is mostly blood or mucosal transmitted, and canine parvovirus that is faecal:oral transmitted. We describe our current understanding of the changes in the viruses that allowed them to overcome the barriers that prevented efficient replication and spread in their new hosts. We also briefly outline how we could gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and variability in order to better anticipate these events in the future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 9095-7239, USA.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
He CQ, He M, He HB, Wang HM, Ding NZ. The matrix segment of the "Spanish flu" virus originated from intragenic recombination between avian and human influenza A viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2188-2195. [PMID: 31241237 PMCID: PMC7168540 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The 1918 Spanish flu virus has claimed more than 50 million lives. However, the mechanism of its high pathogenicity remains elusive; and the origin of the virus is controversial. The matrix (M) segment regulates the replication of influenza A virus, thereby affecting its virulence and pathogenicity. This study found that the M segment of the Spanish flu virus is a recombinant chimera originating from avian influenza virus and human influenza virus. The unique mosaic M segment might confer the virus high replication capacity, showing that the recombination might play an important role in inducing high pathogenicity of the virus. In addition, this study also suggested that the NA and NS segments of the virus were generated by reassortment between mammalian and avian viruses. Direct phylogenetic evidence was also provided for its avian origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qiang He
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei He
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Bin He
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Nai-Zheng Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Wang K, Du S, Wang Y, Wang S, Luo X, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang H, Pei Z, Hu G. Isolation and identification of tiger parvovirus in captive siberian tigers and phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103957. [PMID: 31299323 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of parvovirus, this study reports the isolation and characterization of a tiger parvovirus (TPV) named CHJL-Siberian Tiger-01/2017 from a captive Siberian tiger in Jilin Province, China. A phylogenetic tree based on the full-length VP2 nucleotide sequence was constructed using the isolated strain in this study and 56 reference strains. The results showed that all the parvoviruses can be grouped into two large branches: the canine parvovirus (CPV) branch and the feline parvovirus (FPV) branch. FPV strains comprised TPVs, FPVs, blue fox parvoviruses (BFPVs), mink enteritis viruses (MEVs), and raccoon feline parvoviruses (RFPVs), and CPV strains comprised CPVs and raccoon dog parvoviruses (RDPVs). RFPVs are also often very closely related to those sampled from other carnivorous species, and raccoons may represent conduits for parvovirus transmission to other hosts. The results of amino acid changes in the VP2 protein of the isolated strain showed that amino acid Ile 101 was mutated to Thr (I 101T). Taken together, a field TPV strain CHJL-Siberian Tiger-01/2017 was isolated, which may be suitable for future studies on FPV infection, replication and vaccine development. This study provided new important findings about the evolution of parvovirus infection in tigers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Shuaishuai Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Shaoying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Cunfa Liu
- Wildlife Ambulance Breeding Center of Jilin Province, Jingyue Street No.10500, Changchun, PR China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Wildlife Ambulance Breeding Center of Jilin Province, Jingyue Street No.10500, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhihua Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Guixue Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Kim YS, Aigerim A, Park U, Kim Y, Rhee JY, Choi JP, Park WB, Park SW, Kim Y, Lim DG, Inn KS, Hwang ES, Choi MS, Shin HS, Cho NH. Sequential Emergence and Wide Spread of Neutralization Escape Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Mutants, South Korea, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1161-1168. [PMID: 30900977 PMCID: PMC6537729 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unexpectedly large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea in 2015 was initiated by an infected traveler and amplified by several “superspreading” events. Previously, we reported the emergence and spread of mutant Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus bearing spike mutations (I529T or D510G) with reduced affinity to human receptor CD26 during the outbreak. To assess the potential association of spike mutations with superspreading events, we collected virus genetic information reported during the outbreak and systemically analyzed the relationship of spike sequences and epidemiology. We found sequential emergence of the spike mutations in 2 superspreaders. In vivo virulence of the mutant viruses seems to decline in human patients, as assessed by fever duration in affected persons. In addition, neutralizing activity against these 2 mutant viruses in serum samples from mice immunized with wild-type spike antigen were gradually reduced, suggesting emergence and wide spread of neutralization escapers during the outbreak.
Collapse
|
236
|
Zhang F, Meng X, Townsend MB, Satheshkumar PS, Xiang Y. Identification of CP77 as the Third Orthopoxvirus SAMD9 and SAMD9L Inhibitor with Unique Specificity for a Rodent SAMD9L. J Virol 2019; 93:e00225-19. [PMID: 30918078 PMCID: PMC6613757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00225-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) have a broad host range in mammalian cells, but Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are nonpermissive for vaccinia virus (VACV). Here, we revealed a species-specific difference in host restriction factor SAMD9L as the cause for the restriction and identified orthopoxvirus CP77 as a unique inhibitor capable of antagonizing Chinese hamster SAMD9L (chSAMD9L). Two known VACV inhibitors of SAMD9 and SAMD9L (SAMD9&L), K1 and C7, can bind human and mouse SAMD9&L, but neither can bind chSAMD9L. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 knockout of chSAMD9L from CHO cells removed the restriction for VACV, while ectopic expression of chSAMD9L imposed the restriction for VACV in a human cell line, demonstrating that chSAMD9L is a potent restriction factor for VACV. In contrast to K1 and C7, cowpox virus CP77 can bind chSAMD9L and rescue VACV replication in cells expressing chSAMD9L, indicating that CP77 is yet another SAMD9L inhibitor but has a unique specificity for chSAMD9L. Binding studies showed that the N-terminal 382 amino acids of CP77 were sufficient for binding chSAMD9L and that both K1 and CP77 target a common internal region of SAMD9L. Growth studies with nearly all OPXV species showed that the ability of OPXVs to antagonize chSAMD9L correlates with CP77 gene status and that a functional CP77 ortholog was maintained in many OPXVs, including monkeypox virus. Our data suggest that a species-specific difference in rodent SAMD9L poses a barrier for cross-species OPXV infection and that OPXVs have evolved three SAMD9&L inhibitors with different specificities to overcome this barrier.IMPORTANCE Several OPXV species, including monkeypox virus and cowpox virus, cause zoonotic infection in humans. They are believed to use wild rodents as the reservoir or intermediate hosts, but the host or viral factors that are important for OPXV host range in rodents are unknown. Here, we showed that the abortive replication of several OPXV species in a Chinese hamster cell line was caused by a species-specific difference in the host antiviral factor SAMD9L, suggesting that SAMD9L divergence in different rodent species poses a barrier for cross-species OPXV infection. While the Chinese hamster SAMD9L could not be inhibited by two previously identified OPXV inhibitors of human and mouse SAMD9&L, it can be inhibited by cowpox virus CP77, indicating that OPXVs encode three SAMD9&L inhibitors with different specificities. Our data suggest that OPXV host range in broad rodent species depends on three SAMD9&L inhibitors with different specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fushun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Michael B Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Duxbury EML, Day JP, Maria Vespasiani D, Thüringer Y, Tolosana I, Smith SCL, Tagliaferri L, Kamacioglu A, Lindsley I, Love L, Unckless RL, Jiggins FM, Longdon B. Host-pathogen coevolution increases genetic variation in susceptibility to infection. eLife 2019; 8:e46440. [PMID: 31038124 PMCID: PMC6491035 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common to find considerable genetic variation in susceptibility to infection in natural populations. We have investigated whether natural selection increases this variation by testing whether host populations show more genetic variation in susceptibility to pathogens that they naturally encounter than novel pathogens. In a large cross-infection experiment involving four species of Drosophila and four host-specific viruses, we always found greater genetic variation in susceptibility to viruses that had coevolved with their host. We went on to examine the genetic architecture of resistance in one host species, finding that there are more major-effect genetic variants in coevolved host-pathogen interactions. We conclude that selection by pathogens has increased genetic variation in host susceptibility, and much of this effect is caused by the occurrence of major-effect resistance polymorphisms within populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth ML Duxbury
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Yannik Thüringer
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Tolosana
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sophia CL Smith
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucia Tagliaferri
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Altug Kamacioglu
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Imogen Lindsley
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Luca Love
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert L Unckless
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of KansasLawrenceUnited States
| | - Francis M Jiggins
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ben Longdon
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, BiosciencesUniversity of Exeter (Penryn Campus)CornwallUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Soh YS, Moncla LH, Eguia R, Bedford T, Bloom JD. Comprehensive mapping of adaptation of the avian influenza polymerase protein PB2 to humans. eLife 2019; 8:45079. [PMID: 31038123 PMCID: PMC6491042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses like influenza are infamous for their ability to adapt to new hosts. Retrospective studies of natural zoonoses and passaging in the lab have identified a modest number of host-adaptive mutations. However, it is unclear if these mutations represent all ways that influenza can adapt to a new host. Here we take a prospective approach to this question by completely mapping amino-acid mutations to the avian influenza virus polymerase protein PB2 that enhance growth in human cells. We identify numerous previously uncharacterized human-adaptive mutations. These mutations cluster on PB2’s surface, highlighting potential interfaces with host factors. Some previously uncharacterized adaptive mutations occur in avian-to-human transmission of H7N9 influenza, showing their importance for natural virus evolution. But other adaptive mutations do not occur in nature because they are inaccessible via single-nucleotide mutations. Overall, our work shows how selection at key molecular surfaces combines with evolutionary accessibility to shape viral host adaptation. Viruses copy themselves by hijacking the cells of an infected host, but this comes with some limitations. Cells from different species have different molecular machinery and so viruses often have to specialize to a narrow group of species. This specialization consists largely of fine-tuning the way that viral proteins interact with host proteins. For instance, in bird flu viruses, a protein known as PB2 does not interact well with the machinery in human cells. Because PB2 proteins form part of the viral polymerase (the structure that copies the viral genome), this prevents bird flu viruses from replicating efficiently in humans. Sometimes however, changes in the PB2 protein allow bird flu viruses to better replicate in humans, potentially leading to deadly flu pandemics. To understand exactly how this happens, researchers have previously used two approaches: examining the changes that have happened in past flu viruses, and monitoring the evolution of bird flu viruses grown in human cells in the lab. However, these approaches can only look at a small number of the many possible genetic changes to the virus. This makes it hard to anticipate the new ways that flu might adapt to human cells in the future. To overcome this problem, Soh et al. systematically created all of the single changes to the bird flu PB2, altering every element of the protein sequence one-by-one. They then tested which of the changes to PB2 helped the virus grow better in human cells. The modifications that made the viruses thrive were on the surface of the protein, suggesting that they might improve interaction with the cell machinery of the host. Some changes have been found in bird flu viruses that have recently jumped into humans in nature, although fortunately none of these viruses have yet spread widely to cause a pandemic. Many factors affect the evolution of viruses, and their ability to infect new species. Understanding which changes in proteins help these microbes adapt to new hosts is an important element that scientists could consider to assess future risks of pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yq Shirleen Soh
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Louise H Moncla
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Rachel Eguia
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, United States
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Brettell LE, Schroeder DC, Martin SJ. RNAseq Analysis Reveals Virus Diversity within Hawaiian Apiary Insect Communities. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050397. [PMID: 31035609 PMCID: PMC6563275 DOI: 10.3390/v11050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is the most abundant viral pathogen of honey bees and has been associated with large-scale colony losses. DWV and other bee-associated RNA viruses are generalists capable of infecting diverse hosts. Here, we used RNAseq analysis to test the hypothesis that due to the frequency of interactions, a range of apiary pest species would become infected with DWV and/or other honey bee-associated viruses. We confirmed that DWV-A was the most prevalent virus in the apiary, with genetically similar sequences circulating in the apiary pests, suggesting frequent inter-species transmission. In addition, different proportions of the three DWV master variants as indicated by BLAST analysis and genome coverage plots revealed interesting DWV-species groupings. We also observed that new genomic recombinants were formed by the DWV master variants, which are likely adapted to replicate in different host species. Species groupings also applied when considering other viruses, many of which were widespread in the apiaries. In social wasps, samples were grouped further by site, which potentially also influenced viral load. Thus, the apiary invertebrate community has the potential to act as reservoirs of honey bee-associated viruses, highlighting the importance of considering the wider community in the apiary when considering honey bee health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Brettell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Locked bag 1797, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia.
- School of Environment and life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6LA, UK.
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Stephen J Martin
- School of Environment and life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Galbreath KE, Hoberg EP, Cook JA, Armién B, Bell KC, Campbell ML, Dunnum JL, Dursahinhan AT, Eckerlin RP, Gardner SL, Greiman SE, Henttonen H, Jiménez FA, Koehler AVA, Nyamsuren B, Tkach VV, Torres-Pérez F, Tsvetkova A, Hope AG. Building an integrated infrastructure for exploring biodiversity: field collections and archives of mammals and parasites. J Mammal 2019; 100:382-393. [PMID: 31043762 PMCID: PMC6479512 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Museum specimens play an increasingly important role in predicting the outcomes and revealing the consequences of anthropogenically driven disruption of the biosphere. As ecological communities respond to ongoing environmental change, host-parasite interactions are also altered. This shifting landscape of host-parasite associations creates opportunities for colonization of different hosts and emergence of new pathogens, with implications for wildlife conservation and management, public health, and other societal concerns. Integrated archives that document and preserve mammal specimens along with their communities of associated parasites and ancillary data provide a powerful resource for investigating, anticipating, and mitigating the epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary impacts of environmental perturbation. Mammalogists who collect and archive mammal specimens have a unique opportunity to expand the scope and impact of their field work by collecting the parasites that are associated with their study organisms. We encourage mammalogists to embrace an integrated and holistic sampling paradigm and advocate for this to become standard practice for museum-based collecting. To this end, we provide a detailed, field-tested protocol to give mammalogists the tools to collect and preserve host and parasite materials that are of high quality and suitable for a range of potential downstream analyses (e.g., genetic, morphological). Finally, we also encourage increased global cooperation across taxonomic disciplines to build an integrated series of baselines and snapshots of the changing biosphere. Los especímenes de museo desempeñan un papel cada vez más importante tanto en la descripción de los resultados de la alteración antropogénica de la biosfera como en la predicción de sus consecuencias. Dado que las comunidades ecológicas responden al cambio ambiental, también se alteran las interacciones hospedador-parásito. Este panorama cambiante de asociaciones hospedador-parásito crea oportunidades para la colonización de diferentes hospedadores y para la aparición de nuevos patógenos, con implicancias en la conservación y manejo de la vida silvestre, la salud pública y otras preocupaciones de importancia para la sociedad. Archivos integrados que documentan y preservan especímenes de mamíferos junto con sus comunidades de parásitos y datos asociados, proporcionan un fuerte recurso para investigar, anticipar y mitigar los impactos epidemiológicos, ecológicos y evolutivos de las perturbaciones ambientales. Los mastozoólogos que recolectan y archivan muestras de mamíferos, tienen una oportunidad única de ampliar el alcance e impacto de su trabajo de campo mediante la recolección de los parásitos que están asociados con los organismos que estudian. Alentamos a los mastozoólogos a adoptar un paradigma de muestreo integrado y holístico y abogamos para que esto se convierta en una práctica estándarizada de la obtención de muestras para museos. Con este objetivo, proporcionamos un protocolo detallado y probado en el campo para brindar a los mastozoólogos las herramientas para recolectar y preservar materiales de parásitos y hospedadores de alta calidad y adecuados para una gran variedad de análisis subsecuentes (e.g., genéticos, morfológicos, etc.). Finalmente, también abogamos por una mayor cooperación global entre las diversas disciplinas taxonómicas para construir una serie integrada de líneas de base y registros actuales de nuestra cambiante biosfera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt E Galbreath
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- Biology Department and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, CERIA Building, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joseph A Cook
- Biology Department and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, CERIA Building, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Blas Armién
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | - Kayce C Bell
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mariel L Campbell
- Biology Department and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, CERIA Building, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jonathan L Dunnum
- Biology Department and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, CERIA Building, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Altangerel T Dursahinhan
- Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, Division of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum, W Nebraska Hall University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ralph P Eckerlin
- Mathematics, Science and Engineering Division, Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale, VA, USA
| | - Scott L Gardner
- Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, Division of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum, W Nebraska Hall University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Stephen E Greiman
- Biology Department, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | | | - F Agustín Jiménez
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Anson V A Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Cnr Flemington Road and Park Drive, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Fernando Torres-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Albina Tsvetkova
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution A.N. Severtsov RAS, Saratov Branch, Saratov, Russia
| | - Andrew G Hope
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Rodríguez JP, Ghanbarnejad F, Eguíluz VM. Particle velocity controls phase transitions in contagion dynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6463. [PMID: 31015505 PMCID: PMC6478726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions often require the proximity between particles. The movement of particles, thus, drives the change of the neighbors which are located in their proximity, leading to a sequence of interactions. In pathogenic contagion, infections occur through proximal interactions, but at the same time, the movement facilitates the co-location of different strains. We analyze how the particle velocity impacts on the phase transitions on the contagion process of both a single infection and two cooperative infections. First, we identify an optimal velocity (close to half of the interaction range normalized by the recovery time) associated with the largest epidemic threshold, such that decreasing the velocity below the optimal value leads to larger outbreaks. Second, in the cooperative case, the system displays a continuous transition for low velocities, which becomes discontinuous for velocities of the order of three times the optimal velocity. Finally, we describe these characteristic regimes and explain the mechanisms driving the dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P Rodríguez
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain.
| | - Fakhteh Ghanbarnejad
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany.
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, 34151, Italy.
| | - Víctor M Eguíluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Enhanced bioinformatic profiling of VIDISCA libraries for virus detection and discovery. Virus Res 2019; 263:21-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
243
|
Yu P, Hu B, Shi ZL, Cui J. Geographical structure of bat SARS-related coronaviruses. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 69:224-229. [PMID: 30735813 PMCID: PMC7106260 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bats are the natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which caused the outbreak of human SARS in 2002-2003. We introduce the genetic diversity of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) discovered in bats and provide insights on the bat origin of human SARS. We also analyze the viral geographical structure that may improve our understanding of the evolution of bat SARSr-CoVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Behdenna A, Lembo T, Calatayud O, Cleaveland S, Halliday JEB, Packer C, Lankester F, Hampson K, Craft ME, Czupryna A, Dobson AP, Dubovi EJ, Ernest E, Fyumagwa R, Hopcraft JGC, Mentzel C, Mzimbiri I, Sutton D, Willett B, Haydon DT, Viana M. Transmission ecology of canine parvovirus in a multi-host, multi-pathogen system. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182772. [PMID: 30914008 PMCID: PMC6452066 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding multi-host pathogen maintenance and transmission dynamics is critical for disease control. However, transmission dynamics remain enigmatic largely because they are difficult to observe directly, particularly in wildlife. Here, we investigate the transmission dynamics of canine parvovirus (CPV) using state-space modelling of 20 years of CPV serology data from domestic dogs and African lions in the Serengeti ecosystem. We show that, although vaccination reduces the probability of infection in dogs, and despite indirect enhancement of population seropositivity as a result of vaccine shedding, the vaccination coverage achieved has been insufficient to prevent CPV from becoming widespread. CPV is maintained by the dog population and has become endemic with approximately 3.5-year cycles and prevalence reaching approximately 80%. While the estimated prevalence in lions is lower, peaks of infection consistently follow those in dogs. Dogs exposed to CPV are also more likely to become infected with a second multi-host pathogen, canine distemper virus. However, vaccination can weaken this coupling, raising questions about the value of monovalent versus polyvalent vaccines against these two pathogens. Our findings highlight the need to consider both pathogen- and host-level community interactions when seeking to understand the dynamics of multi-host pathogens and their implications for conservation, disease surveillance and control programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Behdenna
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Packer
- Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Anna Czupryna
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Edward J. Dubovi
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14851, USA
| | - Eblate Ernest
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Robert Fyumagwa
- Conservation Areas and Species Diversity Programme, South Africa Country Office, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J. Grant C. Hopcraft
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christine Mentzel
- Conservation Areas and Species Diversity Programme, South Africa Country Office, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - David Sutton
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G6 1QH, UK
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Existing Host Range Mutations Constrain Further Emergence of RNA Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01385-18. [PMID: 30463962 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01385-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are capable of rapid host shifting, typically due to a point mutation that confers expanded host range. As additional point mutations are necessary for further expansions, epistasis among host range mutations can potentially affect the mutational neighborhood and frequency of niche expansion. We mapped the mutational neighborhood of host range expansion using three genotypes of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) bacteriophage φ6 (wild type and two isogenic host range mutants) on the novel host Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens. Both Sanger sequencing of 50 P. syringae pv. atrofaciens mutant clones for each genotype and population Illumina sequencing revealed the same high-frequency mutations allowing infection of P. syringae pv. atrofaciens. Wild-type φ6 had at least nine different ways of mutating to enter the novel host, eight of which are in p3 (host attachment protein gene), and 13/50 clones had unchanged p3 genes. However, the two isogenic mutants had dramatically restricted neighborhoods: only one or two mutations, all in p3. Deep sequencing revealed that wild-type clones without mutations in p3 likely had changes in p12 (morphogenic protein), a region that was not polymorphic for the two isogenic host range mutants. Sanger sequencing confirmed that 10/13 of the wild-type φ6 clones had nonsynonymous mutations in p12, and 2 others had point mutations in p9 and p5. None of these genes had previously been associated with host range expansion in φ6. We demonstrate, for the first time, epistatic constraint in an RNA virus due to host range mutations themselves, which has implications for models of serial host range expansion.IMPORTANCE RNA viruses mutate rapidly and frequently expand their host ranges to infect novel hosts, leading to serial host shifts. Using an RNA bacteriophage model system (Pseudomonas phage φ6), we studied the impact of preexisting host range mutations on another host range expansion. Results from both clonal Sanger and Illumina sequencing show that extant host range mutations dramatically narrow the neighborhood of potential host range mutations compared to that of wild-type φ6. This research suggests that serial host-shifting viruses may follow a small number of molecular paths to enter additional novel hosts. We also identified new genes involved in φ6 host range expansion, expanding our knowledge of this important model system in experimental evolution.
Collapse
|
246
|
Wang C, Liu S, Li X, Hao J, Tang KFJ, Zhang Q. Infection of covert mortality nodavirus in Japanese flounder reveals host jump of the emerging alphanodavirus. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:166-175. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- 1Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- 2National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Shuang Liu
- 1Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- 2National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- 1Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- 2National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jingwei Hao
- 1Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- 2National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Kathy F. J. Tang
- 1Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- 1Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- 2National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Zhu H, Damdinjav B, Gonzalez G, Patrono LV, Ramirez-Mendoza H, Amat JAR, Crispell J, Parr YA, Hammond TA, Shiilegdamba E, Leung YHC, Peiris M, Marshall JF, Hughes J, Gilbert M, Murcia PR. Absence of adaptive evolution is the main barrier against influenza emergence in horses in Asia despite frequent virus interspecies transmission from wild birds. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007531. [PMID: 30731004 PMCID: PMC6366691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus ecology and evolution play a central role in disease emergence. However, their relative roles will vary depending on the viruses and ecosystems involved. We combined field studies, phylogenetics and experimental infections to document with unprecedented detail the stages that precede initial outbreaks during viral emergence in nature. Using serological surveys we showed that in the absence of large-scale outbreaks, horses in Mongolia are routinely exposed to and infected by avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating among wild birds. Some of those AIVs are genetically related to an avian-origin virus that caused an epizootic in horses in 1989. Experimental infections showed that most AIVs replicate in the equine respiratory tract without causing lesions, explaining the absence of outbreaks of disease. Our results show that AIVs infect horses but do not spread, or they infect and spread but do not cause disease. Thus, the failure of AIVs to evolve greater transmissibility and to cause disease in horses is in this case the main barrier preventing disease emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Transboundary Animal Disease Laboratory, Avian Influenza Section, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gaelle Gonzalez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Livia Victoria Patrono
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Humberto Ramirez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Julien A. R. Amat
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Crispell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Amy Parr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Toni-ann Hammond
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | | | - Y. H. Connie Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John F. Marshall
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Park AW, Farrell MJ, Schmidt JP, Huang S, Dallas TA, Pappalardo P, Drake JM, Stephens PR, Poulin R, Nunn CL, Davies TJ. Characterizing the phylogenetic specialism-generalism spectrum of mammal parasites. Proc Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29514973 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of parasites across mammalian hosts is complex and represents a differential ability or opportunity to infect different host species. Here, we take a macroecological approach to investigate factors influencing why some parasites show a tendency to infect species widely distributed in the host phylogeny (phylogenetic generalism) while others infect only closely related hosts. Using a database on over 1400 parasite species that have been documented to infect up to 69 terrestrial mammal host species, we characterize the phylogenetic generalism of parasites using standard effect sizes for three metrics: mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (PD), maximum PD and phylogenetic aggregation. We identify a trend towards phylogenetic specialism, though statistically host relatedness is most often equivalent to that expected from a random sample of host species. Bacteria and arthropod parasites are typically the most generalist, viruses and helminths exhibit intermediate generalism, and protozoa are on average the most specialist. While viruses and helminths have similar mean pairwise PD on average, the viruses exhibit higher variation as a group. Close-contact transmission is the transmission mode most associated with specialism. Most parasites exhibiting phylogenetic aggregation (associating with discrete groups of species dispersed across the host phylogeny) are helminths and viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Park
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - M J Farrell
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1
| | - J P Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - S Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - T A Dallas
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - P Pappalardo
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - P R Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - R Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - C L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - T J Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.,Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Shapshak P. Astrovirology, Astrobiology, Artificial Intelligence: Extra-Solar System Investigations. GLOBAL VIROLOGY III: VIROLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7120930 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29022-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This chapter attempts to encompass and tackle a large problem in Astrovirology and Astrobiology. There is a huge anthropomorphic prejudice that although life is unlikely, the just-right Goldilocks terrestrial conditions mean that the just-right balance of minerals and basic small molecules inevitably result in life as we know it throughout our solar system, galaxy, and the rest of the universe. Moreover, when such conditions on planets such as ours may not be quite right for the origin of life, it is popularly opined that asteroids and comets magically produce life or at the very least, the important, if not crucial components of terrestrial life so that life then blooms, when their fragments cruise the solar system, stars, and galaxies, and plummet onto appropriately bedecked planets and moons. It is no longer extraordinary to detect extraterrestrial solar systems. Moreover, since extra-solar system space exploration has commenced, this provides the problem of detecting life with enhanced achievability. Small organisms, which replicate outside of a living cell or host, would not be catalogued as viruses. How about viruses that cohabit with life? On the Earth, viruses are a major, if underestimated, condition of life – will that be the case elsewhere? Detection of extra-solar system viruses, if they exist, requires finding life, since viruses necessitate life to replicate. (It should be noted, though, that viruses could be detected through various types of portable ultra-microscopes, including Electron Microscopes (EM) (scanning and transmission) as well as Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM).) However, extra-solar system detection of life does not oblige that viruses exist ubiquitously. Viruses are important potential components of biospheres because of their multiple interactions and influence on evolution, although viruses are small and obligatory parasitic. In addition, nanotechnology – living or replicating nano-synthetic machine organisms might also be present out there, and require consideration as well. An imposing caveat is that, if found, could some extraterrestrial viruses and synthetic nanotechnological microorganisms infect humans? Possibly, intelligence and cognition may at times be contemporaneous with life. Concomitantly, life and viruses that may be detected, could well be impacted upon by intelligences existing on such exoplanets (and vice versa). Coming to an understanding of the plurality of extraterrestrial intelligence is an optimal objective, in order to avoid causing harm on exoplanets, as well as avoiding conflict and possible human devastation. This is especially the case if we encounter greatly advanced galactic-level civilizations, compared to terrestrial civilizations. Their machine and bionic technologies on the Dyson engineering civilization scale may be prominently superior to ours; their biological expertise may be similarly critically radical. For example, they may use viruses for purposes for which we are barely aware, and which could be utterly deadly for humans. A series of steps is being taken in space exploration. Scientists hypothesize and claim that types of life may be near the Earth, in the solar system, and outside the solar system, similar to ours in the sense that only such conditions, Goldilocks conditions, are key sine qua non requirements, based on our terrestrial chemistry and biochemistry. If detected within the solar system, will life or its remnants resemble terrestrial life? Outside the solar system a similar chauvinism exists, although the likelihood for life, in any event, remains probably low, according to more cautious approaches to the problem. The study of our solar system includes planets, asteroids, comets, and other planetesimals that have been in overall contiguity during several billion years; anthropomorphisms claims life consequently has been developing along terrestrial-type mechanisms. However, a non-anthropomorphic view would surmise, probably not, especially for extra-solar system locales. The prime warning and admonition in all these deliberations is the contamination and damage, which current and past practice and procedures has caused and continues, due to insufficient biocontainment concepts and technology to date. Advances in the development of robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and high capacity ultrafast quantum computers (QC) greatly enhance the sophisticated control and logical development of extra-solar system studies. Consequently, future long-range manned space exploration seems unwarranted. Clearly, reduced dangers to human health and safety, will result from the use of intelligent machine-based investigations and besides, with increased cost-effectiveness. Space exploration comes at great cost to humanity as a whole and utilizes global resources. Consequently, appropriate organizational measures and planning/cooperation need to be in place. Moreover, the bottom line is that despite all the slogans and claims, there have been next to no financial benefits to our planet as a whole. Such financial and heedless difficulties need to be addressed, the sooner the better. In addition, prior to exposure to exoplanetary life, deep understanding of the problems of infectious diseases and immune dysfunction risks are needed. In addition, global efforts should avoid serendipity and stochasticity as this work should be directed with long-term organization, commitment, scientific, and technological methodology. This chapter briefly reviews such questions assuming a new paradigm for oversight of extrasolar system viral investigations including intelligence and life. Finances are included as an essential adjunct.
Collapse
|
250
|
Ostermann E, Loroch S, Qian Z, Sickmann A, Wiebusch L, Brune W. Activation of E2F-dependent transcription by the mouse cytomegalovirus M117 protein affects the viral host range. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007481. [PMID: 30532172 PMCID: PMC6301716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have a highly restricted host range as they replicate only in cells of their own or closely related species. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the CMV host restriction remain poorly understood. However, it has been shown that mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) can be adapted to human cells and that adaptation goes along with adaptive mutations in several viral genes. In this study, we identify MCMV M117 as a novel host range determinant. Mutations in this gene enable the virus to cross the species barrier and replicate in human RPE-1 cells. We show that the M117 protein is expressed with early kinetics, localizes to viral replication compartments, and contributes to the inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis. Mechanistically, M117 interacts with members of the E2F transcription factor family and induces E2F target gene expression in murine and human cells. While the N-terminal part of M117 mediates E2F interaction, the C-terminal part mediates self-interaction. Both parts are required for the activation of E2F-dependent transcription. We further show that M117 is dispensable for viral replication in cultured mouse fibroblasts and endothelial cells, but is required for colonization of mouse salivary glands in vivo. Conversely, inactivation of M117 or pharmacological inhibition of E2F facilitates MCMV replication in human RPE-1 cells, whereas replacement of M117 by adenovirus E4orf6/7, a known E2F activator, prevents it. These results indicate that E2F activation is detrimental for MCMV replication in human cells. In summary, this study identifies MCMV M117 as a novel E2F activator that functions as a host range determinant by precluding MCMV replication in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Ostermann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Zhikang Qian
- Unit of Herpesvirus and Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lüder Wiebusch
- Labor für Pädiatrische Molekularbiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|