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Jakobsson J, Bjerke M, Sahebi S, Isgren A, Ekman CJ, Sellgren C, Olsson B, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Pålsson E, Landén M. Monocyte and microglial activation in patients with mood-stabilized bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015; 40:250-8. [PMID: 25768030 PMCID: PMC4478058 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is associated with medical comorbidities that have been linked to systemic inflammatory mechanisms. There is, however, limited evidence supporting a role of neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder. Here we tested whether microglial activation and associated tissue remodelling processes are related to bipolar disorder by analyzing markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from patients and healthy controls. METHODS Serum was sampled from euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls, and CSF was sampled from a large subset of these individuals. The levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), YKL-40, soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), were measured, and we adjusted comparisons between patients and controls for confounding factors. RESULTS We obtained serum samples from 221 patients and 112 controls and CSF samples from 125 patients and 87 controls. We found increased CSF levels of MCP-1 and YKL-40 and increased serum levels of sCD14 and YKL-40 in patients compared with controls; these differences remained after controlling for confounding factors, such as age, sex, smoking, blood-CSF barrier function, acute-phase proteins and body mass index. The CSF levels of MCP-1 and YKL-40 correlated with the serum levels, whereas the differences between patients and controls in CSF levels of MCP-1 and YKL-40 were independent of serum levels. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study design precludes conclusions about causality. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that both neuroinflammatory and systemic inflammatory processes are involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Importantly, markers of immunological processes in the brain were independent of peripheral immunological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Jakobsson
- Correspondence to: Joel Jakobsson, Sahlgrenska University hospital, Blå Stråket 15, floor 3, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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Hope S, Hoseth E, Dieset I, Mørch RH, Aas M, Aukrust P, Djurovic S, Melle I, Ueland T, Agartz I, Ueland T, Westlye LT, Andreassen OA. Inflammatory markers are associated with general cognitive abilities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls. Schizophr Res 2015; 165:188-94. [PMID: 25956633 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are largely unknown. Immune abnormalities have been found in both disorders, and inflammatory mediators may play roles in cognitive function. We investigated if inflammatory markers are associated with general cognitive abilities. METHODS Participants with schizophrenia spectrum (N=121) and bipolar spectrum (N=111) disorders and healthy controls (N=241) were included. General intellectual abilities were assessed using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Serum concentrations of the following immune markers were measured: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), osteoprotegerin, von Willebrand factor, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and CD40 ligand. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex and diagnostic group, significant negative associations with general cognitive function were found for sTNF-R1 (p=2×10(-5)), IL-1Ra (p=0.002) and sCD40 ligand (p=0.003). Among patients, the associations remained significant (p=0.006, p=0.005 and p=0.02) after adjusting for possible confounders including education, smoking, psychotic and affective symptoms, body mass index, cortisol, medication and time of blood sampling. Subgroup analysis, showed that general cognitive abilities were significantly associated with IL-1Ra and sTNF-R1 in schizophrenia patients, with sCD40L and IL-1Ra in bipolar disorder patients and with sTNF-R1 in healthy controls. CONCLUSION The study shows significant negative associations between inflammatory markers and general cognitive abilities after adjusting for possible confounders. The findings strongly support a role for inflammation in the neurophysiology of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Hope
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neuro Habilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Hoseth
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragni H Mørch
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Aas
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Ueland
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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203
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Deleidi M, Jäggle M, Rubino G. Immune aging, dysmetabolism, and inflammation in neurological diseases. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:172. [PMID: 26089771 PMCID: PMC4453474 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As we age, the immune system undergoes a process of senescence accompanied by the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, a chronic subclinical condition named as “inflammaging”. Emerging evidence from human and experimental models suggest that immune senescence also affects the central nervous system and promotes neuronal dysfunction, especially within susceptible neuronal populations. In this review we discuss the potential role of immune aging, inflammation and metabolic derangement in neurological diseases. The discovery of novel therapeutic strategies targeting age-linked inflammation may promote healthy brain aging and the treatment of neurodegenerative as well as neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Deleidi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madeline Jäggle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graziella Rubino
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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204
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Amoruso A, Bardelli C, Cattaneo CI, Fresu LG, Manzetti E, Brunelleschi S. Neurokinin (NK)-1 receptor expression in monocytes from bipolar disorder patients: a pilot study. J Affect Disord 2015; 178:188-92. [PMID: 25841180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurokinin 1 receptors (NK-1R) have been involved in several psychiatric disorders including major depression, but less is known for bipolar disorder (BD). METHOD We compared NK-1R expression and Substance P (SP) ability to induce NF-κB activation in monocytes from BD patients and healthy donors (HD), also looking for the effects of tobacco smoke. After informed written consent, 20 euthymic BD patients, either bipolar type 1 (BDI) or type 2 (BDII), and 14 age-matched healthy donors (HD) were enrolled. NK-1R expression in monocytes was evaluated by Western blot and expressed as the ratio between NK-1R and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase protein expressions. NF-κB activation was assessed by measuring the nuclear content of the p50 subunit (ELISA kit). RESULTS NK-1R expression was significantly reduced (P<0.001) in monocytes from BD patients as compared to HD, with no major differences between BDI and BDII patients. Tobacco smoke enhanced NK-1R expression in HD, but not in BD patients. Un-stimulated monocytes from BD patients presented a constitutively higher (P<0.05) content of nuclear p50 subunit as compared to HD. SP and an NK-1R agonist induced NF-κB activation, with a higher effect in HD: this effect was receptor-mediated as it was abrogated by an NK-1R antagonist. LIMITATIONS As a pilot study enrolling 20 BD patients, an obvious limitation is the sample size. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the existence of a relevant alteration in NK-1R expression in BD patients and further suggest SP involvement in BD, so improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Amoruso
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Claudio Bardelli
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Ignazio Cattaneo
- Department of Mental Health, ASL NO, Centre of Mental Health, Viale Zoppis, 8, 28021 Borgomanero, Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia Grazia Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Manzetti
- Department of Mental Health, ASL NO, Centre of Mental Health, Viale Zoppis, 8, 28021 Borgomanero, Novara, Italy
| | - Sandra Brunelleschi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University "A. Avogadro", Via Solaroli, 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), School of Medicine, Novara, Italy.
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205
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Réus GZ, Fries GR, Stertz L, Badawy M, Passos IC, Barichello T, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J. The role of inflammation and microglial activation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience 2015; 300:141-54. [PMID: 25981208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia, affect a significant percentage of the world population. These disorders are associated with educational difficulties, decreased productivity and reduced quality of life, but their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Recently, studies have suggested that psychiatric disorders could be considered as inflammatory disorders, even though the exact mechanisms underlying this association are not known. An increase in inflammatory response and oxidative stress may lead to inflammation, which in turn can stimulate microglia in the brain. Microglial activation is roused by the M1 phenotype, which is associated with an increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). On the contrary, M2 phenotype is associated with a release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, it is possible that the inflammatory response from microglial activation can contribute to brain pathology, as well as influence treatment responses. This review will highlight the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as MDD, BD, schizophrenia, and autism. More specifically, the role of microglial activation and associated molecular cascades will also be discussed as a means by which these neuroinflammatory mechanisms take place, when appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Réus
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - G R Fries
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Psychiatry Unit and National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L Stertz
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Psychiatry Unit and National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M Badawy
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I C Passos
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Psychiatry Unit and National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - T Barichello
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - F Kapczinski
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Psychiatry Unit and National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J Quevedo
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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206
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Franklin TC, Wohleb ES, Duman RS. The Role of Immune Cells in the Brain during Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Psychiatr Ann 2015. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20150501-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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207
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Zheng X, Zhang X, Wang G, Hao H. Treat the brain and treat the periphery: toward a holistic approach to major depressive disorder. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:562-8. [PMID: 25849660 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The limited medication for major depressive disorder (MDD) against an ever-rising disease burden presents an urgent need for therapeutic innovations. During recent years, studies looking at the systems regulation of mental health and disease have shown a remarkably powerful control of MDD by systemic signals. Meanwhile, the identification of a host of targets outside the brain opens the way to treat MDD by targeting systemic signals. We examine these emerging findings and consider the implications for current thinking regarding MDD pathogenesis and treatment. We highlight the opportunities and challenges of a periphery-targeting strategy and propose its incorporation into a holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University Affiliated Zhong Da Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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208
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Ziebell JM, Adelson PD, Lifshitz J. Microglia: dismantling and rebuilding circuits after acute neurological injury. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:393-400. [PMID: 24733573 PMCID: PMC4198517 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain is comprised of neurons and its support system including astrocytes, glial cells and microglia, thereby forming neurovascular units. Neurons require support from glial cells to establish and maintain functional circuits, but microglia are often overlooked. Microglia function as the immune cell of the central nervous system, acting to monitor the microenvironment for changes in signaling, pathogens and injury. More recently, other functional roles for microglia within the healthy brain have been identified, including regulating synapse formation, elimination and function. This review aims to highlight and discuss these alternate microglial roles in the healthy and in contrast, diseased brain with a focus on two acute neurological diseases, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy. In these conditions, microglial roles in synaptic stripping and stabilization as part of neuronal:glial interactions may position them as mediators of the transition between injury-induced circuit dismantling and subsequent reorganization. Increased understanding of microglia roles could identify therapeutic targets to mitigate the consequences of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Ziebell
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA,
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209
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Cattaneo A, Macchi F, Plazzotta G, Veronica B, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Riva MA, Pariante CM. Inflammation and neuronal plasticity: a link between childhood trauma and depression pathogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:40. [PMID: 25873859 PMCID: PMC4379909 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in understanding and characterizing the role of inflammation in major depressive disorder (MDD). Indeed, several are the evidences linking alterations in the inflammatory system to Major Depression, including the presence of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, together with other mediators of inflammation. However, it is still not clear whether inflammation represents a cause or whether other factors related to depression result in these immunological effects. Regardless, exposure to early life stressful events, which represent a vulnerability factor for the development of psychiatric disorders, act through the modulation of inflammatory responses, but also of neuroplastic mechanisms over the entire life span. Indeed, early life stressful events can cause, possibly through epigenetic changes that persist over time, up to adulthood. Such alterations may concur to increase the vulnerability to develop psychopathologies. In this review we will discuss the role of inflammation and neuronal plasticity as relevant processes underlying depression development. Moreover, we will discuss the role of epigenetics in inducing alterations in inflammation-immune systems as well as dysfunction in neuronal plasticity, thus contributing to the long-lasting negative effects of stressful life events early in life and the consequent enhanced risk for depression. Finally we will provide an overview on the potential role of inflammatory system to aid diagnosis, predict treatment response, enhance treatment matching, and prevent the onset or relapse of Major Depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cattaneo
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London London, UK ; IRCCS Centro S Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Giona Plazzotta
- IRCCS Centro S Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy
| | - Begni Veronica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- IRCCS Centro S Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli Brescia, Italy ; Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University Novedrate (Como), Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London London, UK
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210
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Ma L, Kulesskaya N, Võikar V, Tian L. Differential expression of brain immune genes and schizophrenia-related behavior in C57BL/6N and DBA/2J female mice. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:211-6. [PMID: 25661533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests the association of immune genes with complex neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia. However, immune gene expression in the brain and their involvement in schizophrenia-related behavior in animal models have not been well studied so far. We analyzed the social (resident-intruder) and sensorimotor gating (pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle) behaviors, and expression profiles of several brain immune genes in adult C57BL/6N and DBA/2J female mice. Compared to C57BL/6N mice, DBA/2J mice exhibited less social interaction in the resident-intruder test and reduced pre-pulse inhibition. The mRNA levels of Il1b and Il6 genes were significantly higher in the cortex and hypothalamus, while the mRNA level of C1qb was lower in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of DBA/2J mice compared to C57BL/6N mice. Furthermore, Tnfsf13b was up-regulated in the cortex and hippocampus, and so did Cd47 in the hippocampus, while Cx3cl1 was down-regulated in the cortex of DBA/2J mice. Our study demonstrates the differential expression of several immune genes in C57BL/6N and DBA/2J strains and more importantly provides clues on their potential importance in regulating schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vootele Võikar
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
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211
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Steiner J, Schiltz K, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B. Antineuronal antibodies against neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic proteins in schizophrenia: current knowledge and clinical implications. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:197-206. [PMID: 25724386 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
When Eugen Bleuler coined the term 'schizophrenia' he believed that various causes of illness may underlie this disease. Currently, neurodevelopmental abnormalities and consecutive impairments in dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission are considered as major causes of schizophrenia. However, there are various indications for involvement of immune processes, at least in subgroups of patients. Circulating antineuronal antibodies provide a promising link between the well-described disturbances in neurotransmission and the immune hypothesis of schizophrenia. This review summarizes important studies that have examined the role of glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine and serotonin receptor autoantibodies, and other antineuronal antibodies against synaptic proteins in the serum of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Currently, it is not known whether the presence of antineuronal antibodies in blood should be considered as a causal or disease-modulating factor in schizophrenia. Due to emerging evidence regarding the important role of the blood-brain barrier, combined testing of serum and cerebrospinal fluid is likely to be more appropriate to answer this question than pure serum analyses. We suggest implementation of such testing in first-onset and treatment-resistant patients as part of the diagnostic process. In addition, future clinical trials should evaluate if immunotherapy (e.g. cortisone pulse therapy, intravenous immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, rituximab, or cyclophosphamide) is helpful in cases with a neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany,
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212
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Zheng CL, Wilmot B, Walter NA, Oberbeck D, Kawane S, Searles RP, McWeeney SK, Hitzemann R. Splicing landscape of the eight collaborative cross founder strains. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:52. [PMID: 25652416 PMCID: PMC4320832 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Collaborative Cross (CC) is a large panel of genetically diverse recombinant inbred mouse strains specifically designed to provide a systems genetics resource for the study of complex traits. In part, the utility of the CC stems from the extensive genome-wide annotations of founder strain sequence and structural variation. Still missing, however, are transcriptome-specific annotations of the CC founder strains that could further enhance the utility of this resource. Results We provide a comprehensive survey of the splicing landscape of the 8 CC founder strains by leveraging the high level of alternative splicing within the brain. Using deep transcriptome sequencing, we found that a majority of the splicing landscape is conserved among the 8 strains, with ~65% of junctions being shared by at least 2 strains. We, however, found a large number of potential strain-specific splicing events as well, with an average of ~3000 and ~500 with ≥3 and ≥10 sequence read coverage, respectively, within each strain. To better understand strain-specific splicing within the CC founder strains, we defined criteria for and identified high-confidence strain-specific splicing events. These splicing events were defined as exon-exon junctions 1) found within only one strain, 2) with a read coverage ≥10, and 3) defined by a canonical splice site. With these criteria, a total of 1509 high-confidence strain-specific splicing events were identified, with the majority found within two of the wild-derived strains, CAST and PWK. Strikingly, the overwhelming majority, 94%, of these strain-specific splicing events are not yet annotated. Strain-specific splicing was also located within genomic regions recently reported to be over- and under-represented within CC populations. Conclusions Phenotypic characterization of CC populations is increasing; thus these results will not only aid in further elucidating the transcriptomic architecture of the individual CC founder strains, but they will also help in guiding the utilization of the CC populations in the study of complex traits. This report is also the first to establish guidelines in defining and identifying strain-specific splicing across different mouse strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1267-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Zheng
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Nicole Ar Walter
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Denesa Oberbeck
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Sunita Kawane
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Robert P Searles
- Integrated Genomics Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Robert Hitzemann
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Research Service, Portland, OR, USA.
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213
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Mesman E, Hillegers MH, Ambree O, Arolt V, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. Monocyte activation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and S100B in bipolar offspring: a follow-up study from adolescence into adulthood. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:39-49. [PMID: 25039314 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is increasing evidence that both immune and neurochemical alterations are involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder; however, their precise role remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate neuro-immune changes in a prospective study on children of patients with bipolar disorder. METHODS Bipolar offspring, from the prospective Dutch bipolar offspring study (n = 140), were evaluated cross-sectionally within a longitudinal context at adolescence, young adulthood, and adulthood. We examined the expression of 44 inflammation-related genes in monocytes, the cytokines pentraxin 3 (PTX3), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) in the serum of bipolar offspring and healthy controls. RESULTS During adolescence, bipolar offspring showed increased inflammatory gene expression in monocytes, high serum PTX3 levels, but normal CCL2 levels. BDNF levels were decreased, while S100B levels were normal. During young adulthood, monocyte activation remained, although to a lesser degree. Serum PTX3 levels remained high, and signs of monocyte migration became apparent through increased CCL2 levels. BDNF and S100B levels were not measured. At adulthood, circulating monocytes had lost their activation state, but CCL2 levels remained increased. Both BDNF and S100B were now increased. Abnormalities were independent of psychopathology state at all stages. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests an aberrant neuro-immune state in bipolar offspring, which followed a dynamic course from adolescence into adulthood and was present irrespective of lifetime or future mood disorders. We therefore assumed that the aberrant neuro-immune state reflects a general state of vulnerability for mood disorders rather than being of direct predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mesman
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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214
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Qin J, Yang X, Zhang RX, Luo YX, Li JL, Hou J, Zhang C, Li YJ, Shi J, Lu L, Wang JX, Zhu WL. Monocyte mediated brain targeting delivery of macromolecular drug for the therapy of depression. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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215
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Grosse L, Carvalho LA, Wijkhuijs AJM, Bellingrath S, Ruland T, Ambrée O, Alferink J, Ehring T, Drexhage HA, Arolt V. Clinical characteristics of inflammation-associated depression: Monocyte gene expression is age-related in major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:48-56. [PMID: 25150007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased inflammatory activation might only be present in a subgroup of depressed individuals in which immune processes are especially relevant to disease development. We aimed to analyze demographic, depression, and trauma characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with regard to inflammatory monocyte gene expression. Fifty-six naturalistically treated MDD patients (32 ± 12 years) and 57 healthy controls (HC; 31 ± 11 years) were analyzed by the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) and by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). We determined the expression of 38 inflammatory and immune activation genes including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)α and GRβ genes in purified CD14(+) monocytes using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Monocyte gene expression was age-dependent, particularly in MDD patients. Increased monocyte gene expression and decreased GRα/β ratio were only present in MDD patients aged ⩾ 28 years. Post hoc analyses of monocyte immune activation in patients <28 years showed two subgroups: a subgroup with a severe course of depression (recurrent type, onset <15 years) - additionally characterized by panic/arousal symptoms and childhood trauma - that had a monocyte gene expression similar to HC, and a second subgroup with a milder course of the disorder (73% first episode depression, onset ⩾15 years) - additionally characterized by the absence of panic symptoms - that exhibited a strongly reduced inflammatory monocyte activation compared to HC. In conclusion, monocyte immune activation was not uniformly raised in MDD patients but was increased only in patients of 28 years and older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grosse
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Livia A Carvalho
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tillmann Ruland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Ambrée
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Hemmo A Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany
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216
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Wohleb ES, McKim DB, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP. Monocyte trafficking to the brain with stress and inflammation: a novel axis of immune-to-brain communication that influences mood and behavior. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:447. [PMID: 25653581 PMCID: PMC4300916 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTSPsychological stress activates neuroendocrine pathways that alter immune responses.Stress-induced alterations in microglia phenotype and monocyte priming leads to aberrant peripheral and central inflammation.Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels caused by microglia activation and recruitment of monocytes to the brain contribute to development and persistent anxiety-like behavior.Mechanisms that mediate interactions between microglia, endothelial cells, and macrophages and how these contribute to changes in behavior are discussed.Sensitization of microglia and re-distribution of primed monocytes are implicated in re-establishment of anxiety-like behavior. Psychological stress causes physiological, immunological, and behavioral alterations in humans and rodents that can be maladaptive and negatively affect quality of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that psychological stress disrupts key functional interactions between the immune system and brain that ultimately affects mood and behavior. For example, activation of microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, has been implicated as a key regulator of mood and behavior in the context of prolonged exposure to psychological stress. Emerging evidence implicates a novel neuroimmune circuit involving microglia activation and sympathetic outflow to the peripheral immune system that further reinforces stress-related behaviors by facilitating the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the brain. Evidence from various rodent models, including repeated social defeat (RSD), revealed that trafficking of monocytes to the brain promoted the establishment of anxiety-like behaviors following prolonged stress exposure. In addition, new evidence implicates monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain as key regulator of recurring anxiety following exposure to prolonged stress. The purpose of this review is to discuss mechanisms that cause stress-induced monocyte re-distribution in the brain and how dynamic interactions between microglia, endothelial cells, and brain macrophages lead to maladaptive behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel B McKim
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John F Sheridan
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry Columbus, OH, USA ; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
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217
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Glial cells as key players in schizophrenia pathology: recent insights and concepts of therapy. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:4-18. [PMID: 24948484 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an explosion of knowledge on the impact of glia for the neurobiological foundation of schizophrenia. A plethora of studies have shown structural and functional abnormalities in all three types of glial cells. There is convincing evidence of reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes, impaired cell maturation and altered gene expression of myelin/oligodendrocyte-related genes that may in part explain white matter abnormalities and disturbed inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity, which are characteristic signs of schizophrenia. Earlier reports of astrogliosis could not be confirmed by later studies, although the expression of a variety of astrocyte-related genes is abnormal in psychosis. Since astrocytes play a key role in the synaptic metabolism of glutamate, GABA, monoamines and purines, astrocyte dysfunction may contribute to certain aspects of disturbed neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Finally, increased densities of microglial cells and aberrant expression of microglia-related surface markers in schizophrenia suggest that immunological/inflammatory factors are of considerable relevance for the pathophysiology of psychosis. This review describes current evidence for the multifaceted role of glial cells in schizophrenia and discusses efforts to develop glia-directed therapies for the treatment of the disease.
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218
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Vargas-Caraveo A, Pérez-Ishiwara DG, Martínez-Martínez A. Chronic Psychological Distress as an Inducer of Microglial Activation and Leukocyte Recruitment into the Area Postrema. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:311-21. [PMID: 25765708 DOI: 10.1159/000369350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychological distress can cause neuroinflammation, but the involvement of leukocytes in this inflammatory response remains unclear. The area postrema (AP) is considered a neural-immune interface because it lacks a blood-brain barrier and a site for leukocyte recruitment in neuroinflammatory conditions induced by immunological insults, but its role in chronic psychological distress has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To determine leukocyte recruitment to the AP after chronic psychological distress. METHODS Rats were exposed to cat odor for 5 consecutive days to induce distress, and, on the 6th day, their brains were dissected to perform immunohistofluorescence studies of the AP. Immune cells were identified and quantified with CD45 and CD11b markers. The distribution of neurons and immune cells was determined using TrkA and CD45 markers, respectively. RESULTS Distress induced a significant increase in CD45(+) and CD11b(+) cells in the AP. Three immunophenotypes were determined in the control and distress groups: CD45(+)/CD11b(-), CD45(+)/CD11b(+) and CD45(-)/CD11b(+). CD expression, morphology and fluorescence intensity enabled the identification of different immune cell types: starting from longitudinal ramified microglia (mainly in the control group) to amoeboid microglia, monocytes and lymphocytes (mostly in the distressed group). TrkA and CD45 expression in the AP revealed the proximity between soma neurons and leukocytes. Interestingly, some CD45(+) cells expressed TrkA, with increased expression in the distressed group. CONCLUSIONS The identification of microglial activation, leukocyte recruitment and the close proximity between neurons and leukocytes in the AP after chronic psychological distress exposure suggests the AP as a site for distress-induced immune responses and engraftment of leukocytes infiltrating the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vargas-Caraveo
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, and Centro de Investigación en Biotecnologia Aplicada del IPN, México, México
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Wędrychowicz A, Zając A, Pilecki M, Kościelniak B, Tomasik PJ. Peptides from adipose tissue in mental disorders. World J Psychiatry 2014; 4:103-111. [PMID: 25540725 PMCID: PMC4274582 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ that is essential to regulation of metabolism in humans. A new approach to mental disorders led to research on involvement of adipokines in the etiology of mental disorders and mood states and their impact on the health status of psychiatric patients, as well as the effects of treatment for mental health disorders on plasma levels of adipokines. There is evidence that disturbances in adipokine secretion are important in the pathogenesis, clinical presentation and outcome of mental disorders. Admittedly leptin and adiponectin are involved in pathophysiology of depression. A lot of disturbances in secretion and plasma levels of adipokines are observed in eating disorders with a significant impact on the symptoms and course of a disease. It is still a question whether observed dysregulation of adipokines secretion are primary or secondary. Moreover findings in this area are somewhat inconsistent, owing to differences in patient age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking habits, level of physical activity, eating pathology, general health or medication. This was the rationale for our detailed investigation into the role of the endocrine functions of adipose tissue in mental disorders. It seems that we are continually at the beginning of understanding of the relation between adipose tissue and mental disorders.
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220
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Nakagawa Y, Chiba K. Role of microglial m1/m2 polarization in relapse and remission of psychiatric disorders and diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:1028-48. [PMID: 25429645 PMCID: PMC4276905 DOI: 10.3390/ph7121028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder were thought to be caused by neurotransmitter abnormalities. Patients with these disorders often experience relapse and remission; however the underlying molecular mechanisms of relapse and remission still remain unclear. Recent advanced immunological analyses have revealed that M1/M2 polarization of macrophages plays an important role in controlling the balance between promotion and suppression in inflammation. Microglial cells share certain characteristics with macrophages and contribute to immune-surveillance in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we summarize immunoregulatory functions of microglia and discuss a possible role of microglial M1/M2 polarization in relapse and remission of psychiatric disorders and diseases. M1 polarized microglia can produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, suggesting that these molecules contribute to dysfunction of neural network in the CNS. Alternatively, M2 polarized microglia express cytokines and receptors that are implicated in inhibiting inflammation and restoring homeostasis. Based on these aspects, we propose a possibility that M1 and M2 microglia are related to relapse and remission, respectively in psychiatric disorders and diseases. Consequently, a target molecule skewing M2 polarization of microglia may provide beneficial therapies for these disorders and diseases in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Research Strategy and Planning Department, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
| | - Kenji Chiba
- Advanced Medical Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
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221
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Sellgren C, Frisell T, Lichtenstein P, Landèn M, Askling J. The association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide population-based Swedish study on intraindividual and familial risks. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1552-9. [PMID: 24714379 PMCID: PMC4193721 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in schizophrenia. The mechanisms are unknown, but recent genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia have shown strong associations with markers spanning the major histocompatibility complex region, indicating a possible role for adaptive immunity also in schizophrenia. In this population-based cohort study, we assess the associations between RA and schizophrenia and the extent to which any observed associations are specific to RA/schizophrenia. We then extend the assessments per RA subtype and to risks in first-degree relatives. The study population included every individual identified in the Swedish Population Register born in Sweden between 1932 and 1989. The risk for RA in schizophrenia was significantly decreased (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.59-0.80), but similar reductions were noted for osteoarthritis (a noninflammatory joint disorder) and ankylosing spondylitis (a non-RA inflammatory disorder). Comparable associations were seen in schizoaffective subjects while no significant associations were observed in bipolar disorder. Overall, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients were not at reduced risk of RA, but the risk for seronegative RA was significantly decreased in children and siblings of schizophrenia probands (HR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02-0.95 and HR = 0.67, 95% CI = 049-0.92, respectively). In conclusion, our intraindividual analyses suggest that differential misclassification bias is an important factor for the observed inverse association and emphasize the need of optimized care-provision for nonpsychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Our familial analyses indicted the possibility of an inverse coinheritance of schizophrenia and seronegative RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Sellgren
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Thomas Frisell
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landèn
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Askling
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;,Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Missault S, Van den Eynde K, Vanden Berghe W, Fransen E, Weeren A, Timmermans JP, Kumar-Singh S, Dedeurwaerdere S. The risk for behavioural deficits is determined by the maternal immune response to prenatal immune challenge in a neurodevelopmental model. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:138-46. [PMID: 24973728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly disabling psychiatric disorder with a proposed neurodevelopmental basis. One mechanism through which genetic and environmental risk factors might act is by triggering persistent brain inflammation, as evidenced by long-lasting neuro-immunological disturbances in patients. Our goal was to investigate whether microglia activation is a neurobiological correlate to the altered behaviour in the maternal immune activation (MIA) model, a well-validated animal model with relevance to schizophrenia. A recent observation in the MIA model is the differential maternal body weight response to the immune stimulus, correlated with a different behavioural outcome in the offspring. Although it is generally assumed that the differences in maternal weight response reflect differences in cytokine response, this has not been investigated so far. Our aim was to investigate whether (i) the maternal weight response to MIA reflects differences in the maternal cytokine response, (ii) the differential behavioural phenotype of the offspring extends to depressive symptoms such as anhedonia and (iii) there are changes in chronic microglia activation dependent on the behavioural phenotype. METHODS Based on a dose-response study, MIA was induced in pregnant rats by injecting 4mg/kg Poly I:C at gestational day 15. Serum samples were collected to assess the amount of TNF-α in the maternal blood following MIA. MIA offspring were divided into weight loss (WL; n=14) and weight gain (WG; n=10) groups, depending on the maternal body weight response to Poly I:C. Adult offspring were behaviourally phenotyped for prepulse inhibition, locomotor activity with and without amphetamine and MK-801 challenge, and sucrose preference. Finally, microglia activation was scored on CD11b- and Iba1-immunohistochemically stained sections. RESULTS Pregnant dams that lost weight following MIA showed increased levels of TNF-α compared to controls, unlike dams that gained weight following MIA. Poly I:C WL offspring showed the most severe behavioural outcome. Poly I:C WG offspring, on the other hand, did not show clear behavioural deficits. Most interestingly a reduced sucrose preference indicative of anhedonia was found in Poly I:C WL but not Poly I:C WG offspring compared to controls. Finally, there were no significant differences in microglia activation scores between any of the investigated groups. CONCLUSIONS The individual maternal immune response to MIA is an important determinant of the behavioural outcome in offspring, including negative symptoms such as anhedonia. We failed to find any significant difference in the level of microglia activation between Poly I:C WL, Poly I:C WG and control offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Missault
- Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - K Van den Eynde
- Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - W Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics & Epigenetic Signaling, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Fransen
- StatUA, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - A Weeren
- StatUA, University of Antwerp, City Campus, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - J P Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Kumar-Singh
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Dedeurwaerdere
- Experimental Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience and Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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223
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Roman A, Kreiner G, Nalepa I. Macrophages and depression - a misalliance or well-arranged marriage? Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1663-72. [PMID: 24553015 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a severe medical condition with multiple manifestations and diverse, largely unknown etiologies. The immune system, particularly macrophages, plays an important role in the pathology of the illness. Macrophages represent a heterogeneous population of immune cells that is dispersed throughout the body. The central nervous system is populated by several types of macrophages, including microglia, perivascular cells, meningeal and choroid plexus macrophages and pericytes. These cells occupy different brain compartments and have various functions. Under basal conditions, brain macrophages support the proper function of neural cells, organize and preserve the neuronal network and maintain homeostasis. As cells of the innate immune system, they recognize and react to any disturbances in homeostasis, eliminating pathogens or damaged cells, terminating inflammation and proceeding to initiate tissue reconstruction. Disturbances in these processes result in diverse pathologies. In particular, tissue stress or malfunction, both in the brain and in the periphery, produce sustained inflammatory states, which may cause depression. Excessive release of proinflammatory mediators is responsible for alterations of neurotransmitter systems and the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Almost all antidepressive drugs target monoamine or serotonin neurotransmission and also have anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive properties. In addition, non-pharmacological treatments, such as electroconvulsive shock, can also exert anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have shown that antidepressive therapies can affect the functional properties of peripheral and brain macrophages and skew them toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Because macrophages can affect outcome of inflammatory diseases, alleviate sickness behavior and improve cognitive function, it is possible that the effects of antidepressive treatments may be, at least in part, mediated by changes in macrophage activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Roman
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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224
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Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) inhibits lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in part via downregulated NF-κB and p38/JNK activation in microglial and attenuates microglia activation in lipopolysaccharide treatment mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109502. [PMID: 25314304 PMCID: PMC4196908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies designed to inhibit the activation of microglia may lead to significant advancement in the treatment of most neurodegenerative diseases. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a naturally occurring redox cofactor that acts as an essential nutrient, antioxidant, and has been reported to exert potent immunosuppressive effects. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of PQQ was investigated in LPS treated primary microglia cells. Our observations showed that pretreatment with PQQ significantly inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-1a in LPS treated primary microglia cells. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation level of p65, p38 and JNK MAP kinase pathways were also inhibited by PQQ in LPS stimulated primary microglia cells. Further a systemic LPS treatment acute inflammation murine brain model was used to study the suppressive effects of PQQ against neuroinflammation in vivo. Mice treated with PQQ demonstrated marked attenuation of neuroinflammation based on Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis of Iba1-against antibody in the brain tissue. Indicated that PQQ protected primary cortical neurons against microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. These results collectively suggested that PQQ might be a promising therapeutic agent for alleviating the progress of neurodegenerative diseases associated with microglia activation.
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225
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Kern S, Skoog I, Börjesson-Hanson A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Ostling S, Kern J, Gudmundsson P, Marlow T, Rosengren L, Waern M. Higher CSF interleukin-6 and CSF interleukin-8 in current depression in older women. Results from a population-based sample. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:55-8. [PMID: 24858658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines in geriatric depression is sparse. The aim of this study was to examine associations between CSF interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and depression in a population-based sample of older women who were followed for 17 years. METHODS 86 dementia-free women aged 70-84 years who participated in the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden took part in a lumbar puncture in 1992-3. CSF IL-6 and CSF IL-8 were measured. Psychiatric symptoms were rated with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale at baseline and at three subsequent face-to-face examinations. Depression (major or minor) was diagnosed in accordance with DSM-IV/DSM-IV research criteria. RESULTS At baseline, women with ongoing major (n=10) or minor depression (n=9) had higher levels of CSF IL-6 (p=0.008) and CSF IL-8 (p=0.007) compared with those without depression (n=67). Higher CSF IL-8 was related to higher MADRS score (p=0.003). New cases of depression were observed in 9 women during follow-ups. No associations between CSF cytokine levels and future depression could be shown in women without depression at baseline. CONCLUSION Higher levels of CSF IL-6 and IL-8 were associated with current depression in this population-based sample. CSF IL-6 and CSF IL-8 may play a role in depression in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Anne Börjesson-Hanson
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Svante Ostling
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Jürgen Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Pia Gudmundsson
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Marlow
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Lars Rosengren
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Margda Waern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden.
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Kang SS, Kurti A, Fair DA, Fryer JD. Dietary intervention rescues maternal obesity induced behavior deficits and neuroinflammation in offspring. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:156. [PMID: 25212412 PMCID: PMC4172780 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces a low-grade inflammatory state and has been associated with behavioral and cognitive alterations. Importantly, maternal environmental insults can adversely impact subsequent offspring behavior and have been linked with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AHDH). It is unknown if maternal obesity significantly alters offspring sociability, a key ASD feature, and if altering maternal diet will provide an efficacious intervention paradigm for behavioral deficits. Here we investigated the impact of maternal high fat diet (HFD) and maternal dietary intervention during lactation on offspring behavior and brain inflammation in mice. We found that maternal HFD increased anxiety and decreased sociability in female offspring. Additionally, female offspring from HFD-fed dams also exhibited increased brain IL-1β and TNFα and microglial activation. Importantly, maternal dietary intervention during lactation was sufficient to alleviate social deficits and brain inflammation. Maternal obesity during gestation alone was sufficient to increase hyperactivity in male offspring, a phenotype that was not ameliorated by dietary intervention. These data suggest that maternal HFD acts as a prenatal/perinatal insult that significantly impacts offspring behavior and inflammation and that dietary intervention during lactation may be an easily translatable, efficacious intervention to offset some of these manifestations.
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227
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Hung YN, Yang SY, Huang MC, Lung FW, Lin SK, Chen KY, Kuo CJ, Chen YY. Cancer incidence in people with affective disorder: nationwide cohort study in Taiwan, 1997-2010. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 205:183-8. [PMID: 24970771 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a serious public health problem worldwide, and its relationship with affective disorders is not clear. Aims To investigate alcohol- and tobacco-related cancer risk among patients with affective disorders in a large Taiwanese cohort. METHOD Records of newly admitted patients with affective disorders from January 1997 through December 2002 were retrieved from the Psychiatric Inpatient Medical Claims database in Taiwan. Cancers were stratified by site and grouped into tobacco- or alcohol-related cancers. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to compare the risk of cancer between those with affective disorders and the general population. RESULTS Some 10 207 patients with bipolar disorder and 9826 with major depression were included. The risk of cancer was higher in patients with major depression (SIR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.85-2.19) than in those with bipolar disorder (SIR 1.39, 95% CI 1.26-1.53). The elevated cancer risk among individuals ever admitted to hospital for affective disorders was more pronounced in tobacco- and/or alcohol-related cancers. CONCLUSIONS Elevated cancer risk was found in patients who had received in-patient care for affective disorders. They require holistic approaches to lifestyle behaviours and associated cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ni Hung
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Yang
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chyi Huang
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - For-Wey Lung
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ku Lin
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Jue Kuo
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yeh Chen
- Yen-Ni Hung, PhD, School of Gerontology Health Management and Master Program in Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shu-Yu Yang, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei and Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Ming-Chyi Huang, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; For-Wey Lung, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Shih-Ku Lin, MD,Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Kuan-Yu Chen, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei; Chian-Jue Kuo, MD, PhD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Ying-Yeh Chen, MD, ScD, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital and Institute of Public Health and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Refining and integrating schizophrenia pathophysiology – Relevance of the allostatic load concept. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:183-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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229
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Haarman BCMB, Riemersma-Van der Lek RF, de Groot JC, Ruhé HGE, Klein HC, Zandstra TE, Burger H, Schoevers RA, de Vries EFJ, Drexhage HA, Nolen WA, Doorduin J. Neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder - A [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:219-25. [PMID: 24703991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "monocyte-T-cell theory of mood disorders" regards neuroinflammation, i.e. marked activation of microglia, as a driving force in bipolar disorder. Microglia activation can be visualized in vivo using [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 PET. Indirect evidence suggests the hippocampus as a potential focus of neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder. We aim to determine if there is increased [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 binding to activated microglia in the hippocampus of patients with bipolar I disorder when compared to healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fourteen patients with bipolar I disorder and eleven healthy controls were included in the analyses. Dynamic 60-min PET scans were acquired after the injection of [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195. All subjects underwent psychiatric interviews as well as an MRI scan, which was used for anatomic co-registration in the data analysis. The data from the PET scans was analyzed with a two-tissue-compartment model to calculate the binding potential, using the metabolite-corrected plasma and blood curve as input. RESULTS A significantly increased [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 binding potential, which is indicative of neuroinflammation, was found in the right hippocampus of the patients when compared to the healthy controls (1.66 (CI 1.45-1.91) versus 1.33 (CI 1.16-1.53); p=0.033, respectively). Although the same trend was observed in the left hippocampus, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of focal neuroinflammation in the right hippocampus in bipolar I disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rixt F Riemersma-Van der Lek
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Cees de Groot
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus G Eric Ruhé
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Klein
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske E Zandstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert Burger
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of General Practice, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hemmo A Drexhage
- Erasmus MC, Department of Immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Nolen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Re-establishment of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice is caused by monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:970-81. [PMID: 24439304 PMCID: PMC4084643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent anxiety-like symptoms may have an inflammatory-related pathophysiology. Our previous work using repeated social defeat (RSD) in mice showed that recruitment of peripheral myeloid cells to the brain is required for the development of anxiety. Here, we aimed to determine if 1) RSD promotes prolonged anxiety through redistribution of myeloid cells and 2) prior exposure to RSD sensitizes the neuroimmune axis to secondary subthreshold stress. METHODS Mice were subjected to RSD and several immune and behavioral parameters were determined .5, 8, or 24 days later. In follow-up studies, control and RSD mice were subjected to subthreshold stress at 24 days. RESULTS Repeated social defeat-induced macrophage recruitment to the brain corresponded with development and maintenance of anxiety-like behavior 8 days after RSD, but neither remained at 24 days. Nonetheless, social avoidance and an elevated neuroinflammatory profile were maintained at 24 days. Subthreshold social defeat in RSD-sensitized mice increased peripheral macrophage trafficking to the brain that promoted re-establishment of anxiety. Moreover, subthreshold social defeat increased social avoidance in RSD-sensitized mice compared with naïve mice. Stress-induced monocyte trafficking was linked to redistribution of myeloid progenitor cells in the spleen. Splenectomy before subthreshold stress attenuated macrophage recruitment to the brain and prevented anxiety-like behavior in RSD-sensitized mice. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain contributes re-establishment of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice. These findings show that neuroinflammatory mechanisms promote mood disturbances following stress-sensitization and outline novel neuroimmune interactions that underlie recurring anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Inhibition of stress-induced hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase exhibits antidepressant activity in an animal model of depressive behaviour. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:917-28. [PMID: 24472498 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of hepatic tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO) was assessed in the provocation of stress-induced depression-related behaviour in the rat. TDO drives tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP) and leads to the production of neuroactive metabolites including kynurenine. A single 2 h period of restraint stress in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats provoked an increase in circulating concentrations of the glucocorticoid corticosterone and induction of hepatic TDO expression and activity. Repeated exposure to stress (10 d of 2 h restraint each day) provoked an increase in immobility in the forced swimming test (FST) indicative of depression-related behaviour. Immobility was accompanied by an increase in the circulating corticosterone concentrations, expression and activity of hepatic TDO and increase in the expression of TDO in the cerebral cortex. Increased TDO activity was associated with raised circulating kynurenine concentrations and a reduction in circulating tryptophan concentrations indicative of KP activation. Co-treatment with the TDO inhibitor allopurinol (20 mg/kg, i.p.), attenuated the chronic stress-related increase in immobility in the FST and the accompanying increase in circulating kynurenine concentrations. These findings indicate that stress-induced corticosterone and consequent activation of hepatic TDO, tryptophan metabolism and production of kynurenine provoke a depression-related behavioural phenotype. Inhibition of stress-related hepatic TDO activity promotes antidepressant activity. TDO may therefore represent a promising target for the treatment of depression associated with stress-related disorders in which there is evidence for KP activation.
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232
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O'Connor TG, Moynihan JA, Caserta MT. Annual research review: The neuroinflammation hypothesis for stress and psychopathology in children--developmental psychoneuroimmunology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:615-31. [PMID: 24372371 PMCID: PMC4029900 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Experimental animal and adult human data suggest that stress exposure is associated with alterations in immune system function that may underlie increased susceptibility to disease and behavioral disorders. The implications of these data for child psychology and psychiatry are not yet clear. The current review seeks to distil and translate the relevant animal and adult human work to children to advance a developmental model of psychoneuroimmunology. In addition to reviewing key specific findings, we consider biological/conceptual models and technical aspects of psychoneuroimmunology work in pediatric populations, and outline the rationales and advantages of integrating hypotheses concerning neuroinflammation in developmental studies of psychopathology.
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233
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Luo G, Wang S, Li Z, Wei R, Zhang L, Liu H, Wang C, Niu R, Wang J. Maternal bisphenol a diet induces anxiety-like behavior in female juvenile with neuroimmune activation. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:364-73. [PMID: 24824810 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal Bisphenol A (BPA) diet triggers anxiety in rodents, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Accumulating epidemiological and experimental data have demonstrated that the anxiety is associated with aberrant neuroimmune response. In this study, we found that maternal BPA diet (MBD) exacerbated anxiety-like behavior in female juvenile mice, and the molecular evidence further showed that this behavioral phenotype was connected to the neuroimmune activation, such as elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in prefrontal cortex (PFC) rather than in peripheral blood, which indicated that neuroimmune response might be ascribed to neuroglial activation because activated neuroglia cells could secrete proinflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, we found that ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba)-1 as a selective marker for microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein as a specific marker for astrocyte were significantly increased at transcriptional and translational levels, which confirmed the neuroglial activation in this model. Therefore, we conclude that MBD induces excessive anxiety-like behavior in female juvenile with elevated TNF-α and IL-6 levels, as well as activated microglia and astrocyte in PFC. Herein caution must be taken to prevent potential risks from MBD becuase exacerbated anxiety-like behavior in female juvenile by MBD may be a critical contribution for subsequent growth or mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Luo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22911
| | - Zhigang Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruifen Wei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Chong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, PR China
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McGuire JL, Hammond JH, Yates SD, Chen D, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH, McCullumsmith RE. Altered serine/threonine kinase activity in schizophrenia. Brain Res 2014; 1568:42-54. [PMID: 24780530 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence implicates alterations in multiple signaling pathways in the etiology of schizophrenia. Previously, these studies were limited to the analysis of one or a few phosphoproteins at a time. Here, we use a novel kinase array platform to simultaneously investigate the convergence of multiple signaling cascades implicated in schizophrenia. This technology uses consensus peptide substrates to assess activity levels of a large number (>100) of serine/threonine protein kinases. 19 peptide substrates were differentially phosphorylated (>15% change) in the frontal cortex in schizophrenia. These peptide substrates were examined using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to group them according to the functions and to identify processes most likely affected in schizophrenia. Pathway analysis placed 14 of the 19 peptides into cellular homeostatic pathways, 10 into pathways governing cytoskeletal organization, and 8 into pathways governing ion homeostasis. These data are the first to simultaneously investigate comprehensive changes in signaling cascades in a severe psychiatric disorder. The examination of kinase activity in signaling pathways may facilitate the identification of novel substrates for drug discovery and the development of safer and more effective pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - John H Hammond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Stefani D Yates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - James H Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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235
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Ma M, Ren Q, Zhang JC, Hashimoto K. Effects of Brilliant Blue G on Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels and Depression-like Behavior in Mice after Lipopolysaccharide Administration. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 12:31-6. [PMID: 24851118 PMCID: PMC4022763 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2014.12.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of major depression. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays a crucial role in microglial activation caused by inflammation. The dye brilliant blue G (BBG) is a P2X7R antagonist. This study examined whether BBG shows antidepressant effects in an inflammation-induced model of depression. METHODS We examined the effects of BBG (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) on serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels after administering the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 mg/kg) and the effects of BBG (50 mg/kg) on depression-like behavior in the tail-suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). RESULTS Pretreatment with BBG (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg) significantly blocked the increase in serum TNF-α levels after a single dose of LPS (0.5 mg/kg). Furthermore, BBG (50 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the increase in immobility time in the TST and FST after LPS (0.5 mg/kg) administration. CONCLUSION The results suggest that BBG has anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects in mice after LPS administration. Therefore, P2X7R antagonists are potential therapeutic drugs for inflammation-related major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Qian Ren
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ji-Chun Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
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236
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Knockdown of interleukin-1 receptor type-1 on endothelial cells attenuated stress-induced neuroinflammation and prevented anxiety-like behavior. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2583-91. [PMID: 24523548 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3723-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a prominent role in stress-induced behavioral changes. In a model of repeated social defeat (RSD), elevated IL-1β expression in the brain was associated with recruitment of primed macrophages that were necessary for development of anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, microglia activation and anxiety-like behavior associated with RSD did not occur in IL-1 receptor type-1 knock-out (IL-1R1(KO)) mice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the role of IL-1 signaling in RSD-induced macrophage trafficking to the brain and anxiety-like behavior. Initial studies revealed that RSD did not increase circulating myeloid cells in IL-1R1(KO) mice, resulting in limited macrophage trafficking to the brain. In addition, IL-1R1(KO) bone marrow-chimera mice showed that IL-1R1 expression was essential for macrophage trafficking into the brain. To differentiate cellular mediators of stress-induced IL-1 signaling, endothelial-specific IL-1R1 knock-down (eIL-1R1kd) mice were used. Both wild-type (WT) and eIL-1R1kd mice had increased circulating monocytes, recruitment of macrophages to the brain, and altered microglia activation after RSD. Nonetheless, RSD-induced expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA in brain CD11b(+) cells was attenuated in eIL-1R1kd mice compared with WT. Moreover, anxiety-like behavior did not develop in eIL-1R1kd mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that there was limited RSD-induced priming of myeloid cells in IL-1R1(KO) mice and disrupted propagation of neuroinflammatory signals in the brain of eIL-1R1kd mice. Furthermore, these data showed that transduction of IL-1 signaling by endothelial cells potentiates stress-induced neuroinflammation and promotes anxiety-like behavior.
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237
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Qin J, Zhang RX, Li JL, Wang JX, Hou J, Yang X, Zhu WL, Shi J, Lu L. cRGD mediated liposomes enhanced antidepressant-like effects of edaravone in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 58:63-71. [PMID: 24704101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The delayed onset of therapeutic outcomes is a major drawback of the current antidepressants. The blood-brain barrier is the most important bottleneck impeding drug transport into the brain. Therefore, development of novel antidepressant medications with rapid onset and sustained activity is urgent. RGD liposomes showed an excellent effect of brain-targeting drug delivery and increased the entering rate to the brain. In the present study, we prepared cyclic RGD liposomes loaded with edaravone (cRGD-ERLs) and evaluated the potential antidepressant-like effects of this drug delivery system in rats. The results showed single injection of cRGD-ERLs produced significant antidepressant-like effects in both forced swim and novelty suppressed feeding test. Moreover, acute cRGD-ERLs increased the expression of c-fos in the medial prefrontal cortex, suggesting that cRGD-ERLs could activate the neuronal function. Furthermore, cRGD-ERLs reversed the increase of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced plasma cytokine IL-1β and IL-6, suggesting that normalization of cytokine level might be involved in the behavioral response of cRGD-ERLs. Finally, cRGD-ERLs prevented the increase of immobility induced by LPS in the forced swim test. Overall, the current data revealed a novel brain-target drug delivery system, which can be used to improve the therapeutic outcomes of antidepressants by increase of crossing rate to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Pont-Lezica L, Beumer W, Colasse S, Drexhage H, Versnel M, Bessis A. Microglia shape corpus callosum axon tract fasciculation: functional impact of prenatal inflammation. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1551-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pont-Lezica
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure; F-75005 Paris France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Mixte de Recherche; Paris France
| | - Wouter Beumer
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Colasse
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure; F-75005 Paris France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Mixte de Recherche; Paris France
| | - Hemmo Drexhage
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Versnel
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alain Bessis
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure; F-75005 Paris France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Mixte de Recherche; Paris France
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Haarman BCM, Riemersma-Van der Lek RF, Burger H, Netkova M, Drexhage RC, Bootsman F, Mesman E, Hillegers MH, Spijker AT, Hoencamp E, Drexhage HA, Nolen WA. Relationship between clinical features and inflammation-related monocyte gene expression in bipolar disorder - towards a better understanding of psychoimmunological interactions. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:137-50. [PMID: 24286609 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Existing and previously published datasets were examined for associations between illness and treatment characteristics and monocyte pro-inflammatory gene expression in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). We hypothesized a priori that increased monocyte pro-inflammatory gene expression would be found more frequently in patients with a lifetime history of psychotic symptoms. METHODS Monocyte quantitative polymerase chain reaction and symptom data from 64 patients with BD were collected from three Dutch studies. Regression analyses were performed to analyze the various associations between pro-inflammatory gene expression and clinical features, from which feature-expression heat maps were drawn. RESULTS No associations were found between pro-inflammatory gene expression and lifetime psychotic symptoms, whereas a positive association was identified between subcluster 2 genes and manic symptoms. For several subcluster 1a genes, a negative association was found with age at onset. For most subcluster 2 genes, a positive association was found with the duration of illness. Current use of antidepressants and of anti-epileptic agents was associated with subcluster 2 gene expression, and current use of lithium and antipsychotic agents with subcluster 1a gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our hypothesis that lifetime psychotic features would be associated with pro-inflammatory monocyte gene expression was not confirmed. In an explorative analysis we found: (i) a possible relationship between pro-inflammatory gene expression and manic symptomatology; (ii) a differential immune activation related to age at onset and duration of illness; and (iii) support for the concept of an immune suppressive action of some of the mood-regulating medications.
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240
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Fillman SG, Sinclair D, Fung SJ, Webster MJ, Shannon Weickert C. Markers of inflammation and stress distinguish subsets of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e365. [PMID: 24569695 PMCID: PMC3944638 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share a number of common features, both symptomatically and biologically. Abnormalities in the neuroimmune and the stress-signaling pathways have been previously identified in brains of individuals with both diseases. However, the possible relationship between abnormalities in stress and neuroimmune signaling within the cortex of people with psychotic illness has not been defined. To test the hypothesis that combined alterations in brain stress responsiveness and neuroimmune/inflammatory status are characteristic of some individuals suffering from major mental illness, we examined gene expression in the Stanley Array Cohort of 35 controls, 35 individuals with schizophrenia and 34 individuals with bipolar disorder. We used levels of 8 inflammatory-related transcripts, of which SERPINA3 was significantly elevated in individuals with schizophrenia (F(2,88)=4.137, P<0.05), and 12 glucocorticoid receptor signaling (stress) pathway transcripts previously examined, to identify two clusters of individuals: a high inflammation/stress group (n=32) and a low (n=68) inflammation/stress group. The high inflammation/stress group has a significantly greater number of individuals with schizophrenia (n=15), and a trend toward having more bipolar disorder individuals (n=11), when compared with controls (n=6). Using these subgroups, we tested which microarray-assessed transcriptional changes may be associated with high inflammatory/stress groups using ingenuity analysis and found that an extended network of gene expression changes involving immune, growth factors, inhibitory signaling and cell death factors also distinguished these groups. Our work demonstrates that some of the heterogeneity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may be partially explained by inflammation/stress interactions, and that this biological subtype cuts across Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-defined categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Fillman
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Sinclair
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S J Fung
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - C Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Schmitt A, Malchow B, Hasan A, Falkai P. The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:19. [PMID: 24574956 PMCID: PMC3920481 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, schizophrenia has been regarded as a developmental disorder. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis proposes schizophrenia to be related to genetic and environmental factors leading to abnormal brain development during the pre- or postnatal period. First disease symptoms appear in early adulthood during the synaptic pruning and myelination process. Meta-analyses of structural MRI studies revealing hippocampal volume deficits in first-episode patients and in the longitudinal disease course confirm this hypothesis. Apart from the influence of risk genes in severe psychiatric disorders, environmental factors may also impact brain development during the perinatal period. Several environmental factors such as antenatal maternal virus infections, obstetric complications entailing hypoxia as common factor or stress during neurodevelopment have been identified to play a role in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, possibly contributing to smaller hippocampal volumes. In major depression, psychosocial stress during the perinatal period or in adulthood is an important trigger. In animal studies, chronic stress or repeated administration of glucocorticoids have been shown to induce degeneration of glucocorticoid-sensitive hippocampal neurons and may contribute to the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms altering the chromatin structure such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation may mediate effects of environmental factors to transcriptional regulation of specific genes and be a prominent factor in gene-environmental interaction. In animal models, gene-environmental interaction should be investigated more intensely to unravel pathophysiological mechanisms. These findings may lead to new therapeutic strategies influencing epigenetic targets in severe psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany ; Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich, Germany
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Kroken RA, Løberg EM, Drønen T, Grüner R, Hugdahl K, Kompus K, Skrede S, Johnsen E. A critical review of pro-cognitive drug targets in psychosis: convergence on myelination and inflammation. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:11. [PMID: 24550848 PMCID: PMC3912739 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs have thus far focused on dopaminergic antagonism at the D2 receptors, as counteracting the hyperdopaminergia in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic projections has been considered mandatory for the antipsychotic action of the drugs. Current drugs effectively target the positive symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations and delusions in the majority of patients, whereas effect sizes are smaller for negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions. With the understanding that neurocognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia have a greater impact on functional outcome than the positive symptoms, the focus in pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia has shifted to the potential effect of future drugs on cognitive enhancement. A major obstacle is, however, that the biological underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction remain largely unknown. With the availability of increasingly sophisticated techniques in molecular biology and brain imaging, this situation is about to change with major advances being made in identifying the neuronal substrates underlying schizophrenia, and putative pro-cognitive drug targets may be revealed. In relation to cognitive effects, this review focuses on evidence from basic neuroscience and clinical studies, taking two separate perspectives. One perspective is the identification of previously under-recognized treatment targets for existing antipsychotic drugs, including myelination and mediators of inflammation. A second perspective is the development of new drugs or novel treatment targets for well-known drugs, which act on recently discovered treatment targets for cognitive enhancement, and which may complement the existing drugs. This might pave the way for personalized treatment regimens for patients with schizophrenia aimed at improved functional outcome. The review also aims at identifying major current constraints for pro-cognitive drug development for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune A. Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Else-Marie Løberg
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tore Drønen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Grüner
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristiina Kompus
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens’ Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Centre for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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van Heesch F, Prins J, Konsman JP, Korte-Bouws GAH, Westphal KGC, Rybka J, Olivier B, Kraneveld AD, Korte SM. Lipopolysaccharide increases degradation of central monoamines: an in vivo microdialysis study in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 725:55-63. [PMID: 24444442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rodents induces anhedonia, i.e. the inability to experience pleasure. Recently, we reported that serotonin transporter (SERT) function is required for LPS-induced anhedonia. Less is known about the effect of LPS on the biological activity of dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET). Therefore, in vivo microdialysis was performed in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex of C57BL6/J mice exposed to saline or LPS (133 µg/kg i.p.). To investigate the possible involvement of different monoamine transporters, the triple reuptake inhibitor DOV 216,303 or saline was i.p. injected 30 min before the saline/LPS injection. The dose of LPS, shown to decrease responding for brain stimulation reward in mice, significantly increased extracellular levels of monoamine metabolites (5-HIAA, DOPAC and HVA) in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. Remarkably, DOV 216,303 abolished LPS-induced DOPAC and HVA formation in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting that LPS increases DAT activity in this brain area. DOV 216,303 also inhibited LPS-induced DOPAC and HVA formation in the medial prefrontal cortex. Since DAT density is very low in this brain structure, reuptake of DA predominantly takes place via NET, suggesting that LPS increases DAT and NET activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, DOV 216,303 pretreatment prevented LPS-induced 5-HIAA formation only in the medial prefrontal cortex, indicating that LPS increases prefrontal SERT activity. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that peripheral LPS increases DAT activity in the nucleus accumbens and increases NET and SERT activity in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Heesch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolanda Prins
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- Psychoneuroimmmunology, Nutrition and Genetics, Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gerdien A H Korte-Bouws
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen G C Westphal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Rybka
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Olivier
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Mechiel Korte
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Feigenson KA, Kusnecov AW, Silverstein SM. Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 38:72-93. [PMID: 24247023 PMCID: PMC3896922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high societal and individual cost of schizophrenia necessitates finding better, more effective treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. One of the obstacles in this endeavor is the diverse set of etiologies that comprises schizophrenia. A substantial body of evidence has grown over the last few decades to suggest that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous syndrome with overlapping symptoms and etiologies. At the same time, an increasing number of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have shown links between schizophrenia and inflammatory conditions. In this review, we analyze the literature on inflammation and schizophrenia, with a particular focus on comorbidity, biomarkers, and environmental insults. We then identify several mechanisms by which inflammation could influence the development of schizophrenia via the two-hit hypothesis. Lastly, we note the relevance of these findings to clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Feigenson
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alex W Kusnecov
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Program and Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, 52 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; University Behavioral Health Care at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
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Drago A, Monti B, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Genetic variations within metalloproteinases impact on the prophylaxis of depressive phases in bipolar patients. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 69:76-82. [PMID: 24576976 PMCID: PMC4011491 DOI: 10.1159/000356971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic background of the antidepressant response to pharmacological treatment in bipolar disorder (BD) remains elusive. This issue is of primary relevance in that the depressive phases of BD are difficult to treat and they are associated with suicide. AIM We investigated the role of a set of genetic variations (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) harbored by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as predictors of response to treatment in depressed BD patients. METHODS 654 BD patients from the publicly available Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder study were investigated. The outcome was the number of depressive events corrected by the number of times patients were assessed. Clinical and sociodemographic variables were tested as possible stratification factors and included in the analysis if necessary. Genetic predictors were 43 SNPs harbored by 17 MMPs. Imputation, quality check and pruning were conducted according to standards. RESULTS were corrected for multitesting. RESULTS rs486055 (MMP-10) was associated with the outcome. TT homozygotes had 5.08 ± 3.51 events, CT had 3.47 ± 3.18 and CC had 2.57 ± 2.96 depressive events corrected for the times they had been assessed. The time during which BD patients were observed was not significantly different between the rs486055 genotypes. We found evidence that MMP-10 may be a mediator of the number of depressive phases during BD. Due to the limits of the study including the small-to-medium sample size, the naturalistic design and the possible occurrence of false-positive findings, independent analyses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Drago
- I.R.C.C.S. “San Giovanni di Dio”, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences – DIBINEM -, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences – DIBINEM -, University of Bologna, Italy
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246
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Xu SD, Su GH, Lu YX, Shuai XX, Tao XF, Meng YD, Luo P. Elevated Soluble ST2 and Depression Increased the Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure. Int Heart J 2014; 55:445-50. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.13-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Dan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Guan-Hua Su
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yong-Xin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xin-Xin Shuai
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xiao-Fang Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yi-Di Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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247
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Schubart CD, Sommer IEC, Fusar-Poli P, de Witte L, Kahn RS, Boks MPM. Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:51-64. [PMID: 24309088 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing psychosis, the cannabis constituent cannabidiol (CBD) may have antipsychotic properties. This review concisely describes the role of the endocannabinoid system in the development of psychosis and provides an overview of currently available animal, human experimental, imaging, epidemiological and clinical studies that investigated the antipsychotic properties of CBD. In this targeted literature review we performed a search for English articles using Medline and EMBASE. Studies were selected if they described experiments with psychosis models, psychotic symptoms or psychotic disorders as outcome measure and involved the use of CBD as intervention. Evidence from several research domains suggests that CBD shows potential for antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Schubart
- Tergooi Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | - I E C Sommer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - P Fusar-Poli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - L de Witte
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
| | - R S Kahn
- Tergooi Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | - M P M Boks
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands.
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248
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Carvalho LA, Bergink V, Sumaski L, Wijkhuijs J, Hoogendijk WJ, Birkenhager TK, Drexhage HA. Inflammatory activation is associated with a reduced glucocorticoid receptor alpha/beta expression ratio in monocytes of inpatients with melancholic major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e344. [PMID: 24424390 PMCID: PMC3905228 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used new technology to investigate whether a coherent pattern of enhanced expression of inflammatory and other immune activation genes in circulating monocytes is found in patients with major depression. Since a high inflammatory state of monocytes might be related to glucocorticoid resistance, we also included the genes for the two isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor. For this study, we aimed at finding a similar coherent pattern of inflammatory and immune activation genes in monocytes of patients with MDD and recruited 47 medication-free melancholic MDD inpatients and 42 healthy controls. A quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) monocyte gene expression analysis was performed using a panel of inflammatory-related genes previously identified as abnormally regulated in mood disorder patients. Selected serum cytokines/chemokines were assessed using a cytometric bead array. Depressive symptoms were analysed using Hamilton depression scores (HAMD). Thirty-four of the 47 monocyte inflammatory-related genes were significantly upregulated and 2 were significantly downregulated as compared to controls, the latter including the gene for the active GRα in particular in those with a high HAMD score. The reduced GRα expression correlated strongly to the upregulation of the inflammatory genes in monocytes. Serum levels of IL6, IL8, CCL2 and VEGF were significantly increased in patients compared to controls. Our data show the deregulation of two interrelated homoeostatic systems, that is, the immune system and the glucocorticoid system, co-occurring in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Carvalho
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1–19 Torrington Place, Rm356a, London, WC1E 7HB, UK. E-mail:
| | - V Bergink
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Sumaski
- Klinik und Poliklinik fur Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitatsklinikum Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - J Wijkhuijs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T K Birkenhager
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H A Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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249
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Watkins CC, Sawa A, Pomper MG. Glia and immune cell signaling in bipolar disorder: insights from neuropharmacology and molecular imaging to clinical application. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e350. [PMID: 24448212 PMCID: PMC3905229 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating mental illness characterized by severe fluctuations in mood, sleep, energy and executive functioning. Pharmacological studies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the monoamine system have helped us to clinically understand bipolar depression. Mood stabilizers such as lithium and valproic acid, the first-line treatments for bipolar mania and depression, inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and regulate the Wnt pathway. Recent investigations suggest that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, provide a physiological link between the serotonin system and the GSK-3β/Wnt pathway through neuroinflammation. We review the pharmacological, translational and brain imaging studies that support a role for microglia in regulating neurotransmitter synthesis and immune cell activation. These investigations provide a model for microglia involvement in the pathophysiology and phenotype of BD that may translate into improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Watkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Phipps 300, Baltimore, MD 21287-0005, USA. E-mail:
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M G Pomper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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250
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Li Y, Weber NS, Fisher JA, Yolken RH, Cowan DN, Larsen RA, Niebuhr DW. Association between antibodies to multiple infectious and food antigens and new onset schizophrenia among US military personnel. Schizophr Res 2013; 151:36-42. [PMID: 24139899 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple studies have documented immune activation in many individuals with schizophrenia suggesting that antigens capable of generating a prolonged immune response may be important environmental factors in many cases of this disorder. While existing studies have found single-agent associations of antibodies to food and neurotropic infectious agents with schizophrenia, a simultaneous examination of multiple agents may shed light on agent interactions or possible etiopathogenic pathways. METHODS We used traditional regression and novel statistical techniques to examine associations of single and combined infectious and food antigens with schizophrenia. We tested 6106 serum samples from 855 cases and 1165 matched controls. RESULTS Higher antibody levels to casein were borderline significant in the prediction of schizophrenia (HR=1.08, p=0.06). Study participants with higher cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibody levels had a reduced risk of developing schizophrenia (HR=0.90; p=0.02). While IgG antibodies to gliadin, Toxoplasma gondii, vaccinia, measles, and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) showed no significant independent associations with schizophrenia, the increase in antibody levels to several combinations of agents, to include casein, measles, CMV, T. gondii and vaccinia, was predictive of an 18-34% increase in the risk of developing schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Certain patterns of antibodies, involving some agents, were predictive of developing schizophrenia, with the magnitude of association rising when the level of antibodies increased to two or more agents. A heightened antibody response to a combination of several infectious/food antigens might be an indicator of an altered immune response to antigenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhang Li
- Preventive Medicine Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
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