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Romeo RD, Patel R, Pham L, So VM. Adolescence and the ontogeny of the hormonal stress response in male and female rats and mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:206-216. [PMID: 27235079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent development is marked by many changes in neuroendocrine function, resulting in both immediate and long-term influences on an individual's physiology and behavior. Stress-induced hormonal responses are one such change, with adolescent animals often showing different patterns of hormonal reactivity following a stressor compared with adults. This review will describe the unique ways in which adolescent animals respond to a variety of stressors and how these adolescent-related changes in hormonal responsiveness can be further modified by the sex and previous experience of the individual. Potential central and peripheral mechanisms that contribute to these developmental shifts in stress reactivity are also discussed. Finally, the short- and long-term programming effects of chronic stress exposure during adolescence on later adult hormonal responsiveness are also examined. Though far from a clear understanding of the neurobehavioral consequences of these adolescent-related shifts in stress reactivity, continued study of developmental changes in stress-induced hormonal responses may shed light on the increased vulnerability to physical and psychological dysfunctions that often accompany a stressful adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell D Romeo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
| | - Ravenna Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Laurie Pham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Veronica M So
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
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202
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Bekhbat M, Merrill L, Kelly SD, Lee VK, Neigh GN. Brief anesthesia by isoflurane alters plasma corticosterone levels distinctly in male and female rats: Implications for tissue collection methods. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:122-5. [PMID: 26946276 PMCID: PMC4808419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Euthanasia by anesthetic agents is commonly performed prior to tissue collection in order to minimize pain and distress to the animal. However, depending on their mechanism of action as well as administration regimen, different methods of anesthesia may trigger an acute stress response through engaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which can impact numerous other physiological processes that the researcher may wish to examine as endpoints. We investigated the effects of the commonly used anesthetic agent isoflurane on two different endpoints related to the stress response: plasma corticosterone levels and gene expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as well as several of its regulators including FK506-binding protein 51 (Fkbp5) in the hippocampus of male and female rats. Our results indicate that brief exposure to anesthesia by isoflurane prior to decapitation can alter plasma corticosterone levels differentially in male and female rats within minutes without impacting gene expression in the hippocampus. We conclude that collection methods can influence stress-related physiological endpoints in female rats and the potential influence of even brief anesthesia as well as sex differences in response to anesthesia should be evaluated during the experimental design process and data interpretation. This finding is particularly important in light of new NIH standards regarding sex and reproducibility, and care should be taken to be certain that sex differences in endpoints of interest are not an artifact of sex differences in response to collection paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Liana Merrill
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Sean D Kelly
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Vanessa K Lee
- Division of Animal Resources, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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203
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Marasco V, Herzyk P, Robinson J, Spencer KA. Pre- and Post-Natal Stress Programming: Developmental Exposure to Glucocorticoids Causes Long-Term Brain-Region Specific Changes to Transcriptome in the Precocial Japanese Quail. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:10.1111/jne.12387. [PMID: 26999292 PMCID: PMC5103168 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stress during early development can permanently influence an individual's physiology and behaviour, and affect its subsequent health. The extent to which elevated glucocorticoids cause such long-term 'programming' remains largely untested. In the present study, using the Japanese quail as our study species, we independently manipulated exposure to corticosterone during pre- and/or post-natal development and investigated the subsequent effects on global gene expression profiles within the hippocampus and hypothalamus upon achieving adulthood. Our results showed that the changes in transcriptome profiles in response to corticosterone exposure clearly differed between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. We also showed that these effects depended on the developmental timing of exposure and identified brain-region specific gene expression patterns that were either: (i) similarly altered by corticosterone regardless of the developmental stage in which hormonal exposure occurred or (ii) specifically and uniquely altered by either pre-natal or post-natal exposure to corticosterone. Corticosterone-treated birds showed alterations in networks of genes that included known markers of the programming actions of early-life adversity (e.g. brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mineralocorticoid receptor within the hippocampus; corticotrophin-releasing hormone and serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus). Altogether, for the first time, these findings provide experimental support for the hypothesis that exposure to elevated glucocorticoids during development may be a key hormonal signalling pathway through which the long-term phenotypic effects associated with early-life adversity emerge and potentially persist throughout the lifespan. These data also highlight that stressors might have different long-lasting impacts on the brain transcriptome depending on the developmental stage in which they are experienced; more work is now required to relate these mechanisms to organismal phenotypic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Marasco
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - P. Herzyk
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Glasgow PolyomicsWolfson Wohl Cancer Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - J. Robinson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - K. A. Spencer
- School of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
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204
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Füchsl AM, Reber SO. Chronic Psychosocial Stress and Negative Feedback Inhibition: Enhanced Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Signaling despite Lower Cytoplasmic GR Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153164. [PMID: 27057751 PMCID: PMC4825929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC), a pre-clinically validated mouse model for chronic psychosocial stress, results in increased basal and acute stress-induced plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels. We assessed CSC effects on hippocampal glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and FK506 binding protein (FKBP51) expression, acute heterotypic stressor-induced GR translocation, as well as GC effects on gene expression and cell viability in isolated hippocampal cells. CSC mice showed decreased GR mRNA and cytoplasmic protein levels compared with single-housed control (SHC) mice. Basal and acute stress-induced nuclear GR protein expression were comparable between CSC and SHC mice, as were MR and FKBP51 mRNA and/or cytoplasmic protein levels. In vitro the effect of corticosterone (CORT) on hippocampal cell viability and gene transcription was more pronounced in CSC versus SHC mice. In summary, CSC mice show an, if at all, increased hippocampal GC signaling capacity despite lower cytoplasmic GR protein expression, making negative feedback deficits in the hippocampus unlikely to contribute to the increased ACTH drive following CSC.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticosterone/pharmacology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Feedback, Physiological
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Size
- Period Circadian Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/genetics
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Füchsl
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan O. Reber
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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205
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Ibrahim M, Thearle MS, Krakoff J, Gluck ME. Perceived stress and anhedonia predict short-and long-term weight change, respectively, in healthy adults. Eat Behav 2016; 21:214-9. [PMID: 27002703 PMCID: PMC4851568 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perceived stress; emotional eating; anhedonia; depression and dietary restraint, hunger, and disinhibition have been studied as risk factors for obesity. However, the majority of studies have been cross-sectional and the directionality of these relationships remains unclear. In this longitudinal study, we assess their impact on future weight change. METHODS Psychological predictors of weight change in short- (6month) and long-term (>1year) periods were studied in 65 lean and obese individuals in two cohorts. Subjects participated in studies of food intake and metabolism that did not include any type of medication or weight loss interventions. They completed psychological questionnaires at baseline and weight change was monitored at follow-up visits. RESULTS At six months, perceived stress predicted weight gain (r(2)=0.23, P=0.02). There was a significant interaction (r(2)=.38, P=0.009) between perceived stress and positive emotional eating, such that higher scores in both predicted greater weight gain, while those with low stress but high emotional eating scores lost weight. For long-term, higher anhedonia scores predicted weight gain (r(2)=0.24, P=0.04). Depression moderated these effects such that higher scores in both predicted weight gain but higher depression and lower anhedonia scores predicted weight loss. CONCLUSION There are different behavioral determinants for short- and long-term weight change. Targeting perceived stress may help with short-term weight loss while depression and anhedonia may be better targets for long-term weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ibrahim
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85016, United States.
| | - Marie S Thearle
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016
| | - Marci E Gluck
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016
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206
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the brain of socially isolated adult male rats demonstrating depressive- and anxiety-like symptoms. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1-20. [PMID: 27033097 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various stressors may disrupt the redox homeostasis of an organism by causing oxidative and nitrosative stress that may activate stressor-specific pathways and provoke specific responses. Chronic social isolation (CSIS) represents a mild chronic stress that evokes a variety of neurobehavioral changes in rats similar to those observed in people with psychiatric disorders, including depression. Most rodent studies have focused on the effect of social isolation during weaning or adolescence, while its effect in adult rats has not been extensively examined. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the involvement of oxidative/nitrosative stress pathways in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adult male rats exposed to CSIS, focusing on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, behavior parameters, antioxidative defense systems, stress signaling mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitochondria-related proapoptotic signaling. Although increased concentrations of corticosterone (CORT) have been shown to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, we suggest a mechanism underlying the glucocorticoid paradox whereby a state of oxidative/nitrosative stress may exist under basal CORT levels. This review also highlights the differential susceptibility of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to oxidative stress following CSIS and suggests a possible cellular pathway of stress tolerance that preserves the hippocampus from molecular damage and apoptosis. The differential regulation of the transcriptional factor NF-κB, and the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) following CSIS may be one functional difference between the response of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, thus identifying potentially relevant targets for antidepressant treatment.
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207
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Herman JP, McKlveen JM, Ghosal S, Kopp B, Wulsin A, Makinson R, Scheimann J, Myers B. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Stress Response. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:603-21. [PMID: 27065163 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is required for stress adaptation. Activation of the HPA axis causes secretion of glucocorticoids, which act on multiple organ systems to redirect energy resources to meet real or anticipated demand. The HPA stress response is driven primarily by neural mechanisms, invoking corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) release from hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons. Pathways activating CRH release are stressor dependent: reactive responses to homeostatic disruption frequently involve direct noradrenergic or peptidergic drive of PVN neurons by sensory relays, whereas anticipatory responses use oligosynaptic pathways originating in upstream limbic structures. Anticipatory responses are driven largely by disinhibition, mediated by trans-synaptic silencing of tonic PVN inhibition via GABAergic neurons in the amygdala. Stress responses are inhibited by negative feedback mechanisms, whereby glucocorticoids act to diminish drive (brainstem) and promote transsynaptic inhibition by limbic structures (e.g., hippocampus). Glucocorticoids also act at the PVN to rapidly inhibit CRH neuronal activity via membrane glucocorticoid receptors. Chronic stress-induced activation of the HPA axis takes many forms (chronic basal hypersecretion, sensitized stress responses, and even adrenal exhaustion), with manifestation dependent upon factors such as stressor chronicity, intensity, frequency, and modality. Neural mechanisms driving chronic stress responses can be distinct from those controlling acute reactions, including recruitment of novel limbic, hypothalamic, and brainstem circuits. Importantly, an individual's response to acute or chronic stress is determined by numerous factors, including genetics, early life experience, environmental conditions, sex, and age. The context in which stressors occur will determine whether an individual's acute or chronic stress responses are adaptive or maladaptive (pathological).
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica M McKlveen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sriparna Ghosal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittany Kopp
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aynara Wulsin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Makinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessie Scheimann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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208
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Chronic Stress and Glucocorticoids: From Neuronal Plasticity to Neurodegeneration. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6391686. [PMID: 27034847 PMCID: PMC4806285 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6391686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and stress hormones, glucocorticoids (GCs), exert widespread actions in central nervous system, ranging from the regulation of gene transcription, cellular signaling, modulation of synaptic structure, and transmission and glial function to behavior. Their actions are mediated by glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors which are nuclear receptors/transcription factors. While GCs primarily act to maintain homeostasis by inducing physiological and behavioral adaptation, prolonged exposure to stress and elevated GC levels may result in neuro- and psychopathology. There is now ample evidence for cause-effect relationships between prolonged stress, elevated GC levels, and cognitive and mood disorders while the evidence for a link between chronic stress/GC and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases is growing. This brief review considers some of the cellular mechanisms through which stress and GC may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD and PD.
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209
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Lim DW, Lee MS, Her S, Cho S, Lee CH, Kim IH, Han D. Antidepressant-Like Effects of Lindera obtusiloba Extracts on the Immobility Behavior of Rats in the Forced Swim Test. Molecules 2016; 21:277. [PMID: 26927055 PMCID: PMC6273877 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lindera obtusiloba extracts are commonly used as an alternative medicine due to its numerous health benefits in Korea. However, the antidepressant-like effects of L. obtusiloba extracts have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to determine whether L. obtusiloba extracts exhibited antidepressant-like activity in rats subjected to forced swim test (FST)-induced depression. Acute treatment of rats with L. obtusiloba extracts (200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced immobility time and increased swimming time without any significant change in climbing. Rats treated with L. obtusiloba extracts also exhibited a decrease in the limbic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to the FST, as indicated by attenuation of the corticosterone response and decreased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the hippocampus CA3 region. In addition, L. obtusiloba extracts, at concentrations that were not affected by cell viability, significantly decreased luciferase activity in response to cortisol in a concentration-dependent manner by the glucocorticoid binding assay in HeLa cells. Our findings suggested that the antidepressant-like effects of L. obtusiloba extracts were likely mediated via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of L. obtusiloba extracts as an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lim
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Mi-Sook Lee
- Division of Bio-Imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Song Her
- Division of Bio-Imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Suengmok Cho
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
| | - Daeseok Han
- Research Group of Innovative Special Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea.
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210
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Kershaw JL, Hall AJ. Seasonal variation in harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) blubber cortisol - A novel indicator of physiological state? Sci Rep 2016; 6:21889. [PMID: 26906193 PMCID: PMC4764809 DOI: 10.1038/srep21889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is one of the main glucocorticoid hormones involved in both the mammalian stress response, and in fat metabolism and energy regulation, making it of increasing interest as a biomarker for stress, health and overall physiological state. However, transient stress responses to animal handling and sampling may be important sources of measurement artefact when investigating circulating concentrations of this hormone in wildlife. Here, cortisol concentrations were measured in the plasma and, for the first time, in the blubber of live captured adult harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Plasma cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with capture time, suggesting that they were largely driven by a stress response to the capture event. In contrast, blubber cortisol concentrations were shown not to be significantly affected by capture time and varied significantly by sex and by season, with higher concentrations during natural fasting periods of their life cycle, particularly during the moult. These results suggest that cortisol may play a key role in increased fat metabolism during highly energetically demanding periods, and that blubber concentrations have the potential to be used as physiological state indicators in phocid seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife. KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife. KY16 8LB, UK
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211
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Pomilio C, Pavia P, Gorojod RM, Vinuesa A, Alaimo A, Galvan V, Kotler ML, Beauquis J, Saravia F. Glial alterations from early to late stages in a model of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence of autophagy involvement in Aβ internalization. Hippocampus 2016; 26:194-210. [PMID: 26235241 PMCID: PMC5467976 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease without effective therapy. Brain amyloid deposits are classical histopathological hallmarks that generate an inflammatory reaction affecting neuronal and glial function. The identification of early cell responses and of brain areas involved could help to design new successful treatments. Hence, we studied early alterations of hippocampal glia and their progression during the neuropathology in PDAPP-J20 transgenic mice, AD model, at 3, 9, and 15 months (m) of age. At 3 m, before deposits formation, microglial Iba1+ cells from transgenic mice already exhibited signs of activation and larger soma size in the hilus, alterations appearing later on stratum radiatum. Iba1 immunohistochemistry revealed increased cell density and immunoreactive area in PDAPP mice from 9 m onward selectively in the hilus, in coincidence with prominent amyloid Congo red + deposition. At pre-plaque stages, GFAP+ astroglia showed density alterations while, at an advanced age, the presence of deposits was associated with important glial volume changes and apparently being intimately involved in amyloid degradation. Astrocytes around plaques were strongly labeled for LC3 until 15 m in Tg mice, suggestive of increased autophagic flux. Moreover, β-Amyloid fibrils internalization by astrocytes in in vitro conditions was dependent on autophagy. Co-localization of Iba1 with ubiquitin or p62 was exclusively found in microglia contacting deposits from 9 m onward, suggesting torpid autophagy. Our work characterizes glial changes at early stages of the disease in PDAPP-J20 mice, focusing on the hilus as an especially susceptible hippocampal subfield, and provides evidence that glial autophagy could play a role in amyloid processing at advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pomilio
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Pavia
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Mayra Gorojod
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angeles Vinuesa
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Physiology, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Monica Lidia Kotler
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Beauquis
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Departamento De Quimica Biologica, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Instituto De Biologia Y Medicina Experimental Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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212
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Wittenborn AK, Rahmandad H, Rick J, Hosseinichimeh N. Depression as a systemic syndrome: mapping the feedback loops of major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:551-562. [PMID: 26621339 PMCID: PMC4737091 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a complex public health problem with considerable variation in treatment response. The systemic complexity of depression, or the feedback processes among diverse drivers of the disorder, contribute to the persistence of depression. This paper extends prior attempts to understand the complex causal feedback mechanisms that underlie depression by presenting the first broad boundary causal loop diagram of depression dynamics. METHOD We applied qualitative system dynamics methods to map the broad feedback mechanisms of depression. We used a structured approach to identify candidate causal mechanisms of depression in the literature. We assessed the strength of empirical support for each mechanism and prioritized those with support from validation studies. Through an iterative process, we synthesized the empirical literature and created a conceptual model of major depressive disorder. RESULTS The literature review and synthesis resulted in the development of the first causal loop diagram of reinforcing feedback processes of depression. It proposes candidate drivers of illness, or inertial factors, and their temporal functioning, as well as the interactions among drivers of depression. The final causal loop diagram defines 13 key reinforcing feedback loops that involve nine candidate drivers of depression. CONCLUSIONS Future research is needed to expand upon this initial model of depression dynamics. Quantitative extensions may result in a better understanding of the systemic syndrome of depression and contribute to personalized methods of evaluation, prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Wittenborn
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - H. Rahmandad
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. Rick
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - N. Hosseinichimeh
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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213
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Karki P, Johnson J, Son DS, Aschner M, Lee E. Transcriptional Regulation of Human Transforming Growth Factor-α in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:964-976. [PMID: 26797516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) is known to play multifunctional roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including the provision of neurotropic properties that protect neurons against various neurotoxic insults. Previously, we reported that TGF-α mediates estrogen-induced enhancement of glutamate transporter GLT-1 function in astrocytes. However, the regulatory mechanism of TGF-α at the transcriptional level remains to be established. Our findings revealed that the human TGF-α promoter contains consensus sites for several transcription factors, such as NF-κB and yin yang 1 (YY1). NF-κB served as a positive regulator of TGF-α promoter activity, corroborated by observations that overexpression of NF-κB p65 increased, while mutation in the NF-κB binding sites in the TGF-α promoter reduced the promoter activity in rat primary astrocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 50 μM) or quinazoline (QNZ; 10 μM) also abolished TGF-α promoter activity, and NF-κB directly bound to its consensus site in the TGF-α promoter as evidenced by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Dexamethasone (DX) increased TGF-α promoter activity by activation of NF-κB. Treatment of astrocytes with 100 nM of DX for 24 h activated its glucocorticoid receptor and signaling proteins, including MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and PKA, via non-genomic pathways, to enhance TGF-α promoter activity and expression. YY1 served as a critical negative regulator of the TGF-α promoter as overexpression of YY1 decreased, while mutation of YY1 binding site in the promoter increased TGF-α promoter activity. Treatment for 3 h with 250 μM of manganese (Mn), an environmental neurotoxin, decreased astrocytic TGF-α expression by activation of YY1. Taken together, our results suggest that NF-κB is a critical positive regulator, whereas YY1 is a negative regulator of the TGF-α promoter. These findings identify potential molecular targets for neurotherapeutics that may modulate TGF-α regulation and afford neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - James Johnson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.
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214
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Dendritic Spines in Depression: What We Learned from Animal Models. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8056370. [PMID: 26881133 PMCID: PMC4736982 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8056370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, a severe psychiatric disorder, has been studied for decades, but the underlying mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Depression is closely associated with alterations in dendritic spine morphology and spine density. Therefore, understanding dendritic spines is vital for uncovering the mechanisms underlying depression. Several chronic stress models, including chronic restraint stress (CRS), chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), have been used to recapitulate depression-like behaviors in rodents and study the underlying mechanisms. In comparison with CRS, CUMS overcomes the stress habituation and has been widely used to model depression-like behaviors. CSDS is one of the most frequently used models for depression, but it is limited to the study of male mice. Generally, chronic stress causes dendritic atrophy and spine loss in the neurons of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Meanwhile, neurons of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens exhibit an increase in spine density. These alterations induced by chronic stress are often accompanied by depression-like behaviors. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of the chronic stress-induced remodeling of dendritic spines in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens and also discusses the putative underlying mechanisms.
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215
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de Kloet ER, Molendijk ML. Coping with the Forced Swim Stressor: Towards Understanding an Adaptive Mechanism. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6503162. [PMID: 27034848 PMCID: PMC4806646 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6503162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the forced swim test (FST) rodents progressively show increased episodes of immobility if immersed in a beaker with water from where escape is not possible. In this test, a compound qualifies as a potential antidepressant if it prevents or delays the transition to this passive (energy conserving) behavioural style. In the past decade however the switch from active to passive "coping" was used increasingly to describe the phenotype of an animal that has been exposed to a stressful history and/or genetic modification. A PubMed analysis revealed that in a rapidly increasing number of papers (currently more than 2,000) stress-related immobility in the FST is labeled as a depression-like phenotype. In this contribution we will examine the different phases of information processing during coping with the forced swim stressor. For this purpose we focus on the action of corticosterone that is mediated by the closely related mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the limbic brain. The evidence available suggests a model in which we propose that the limbic MR-mediated response selection operates in complementary fashion with dopaminergic accumbens/prefrontal executive functions to regulate the transition between active and passive coping styles. Upon rescue from the beaker the preferred, mostly passive, coping style is stored in the memory via a GR-dependent action in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. It is concluded that the rodent's behavioural response to a forced swim stressor does not reflect depression. Rather the forced swim experience provides a unique paradigm to investigate the mechanistic underpinning of stress coping and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. de Kloet
- Division of Medical Pharmacology and Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M. L. Molendijk
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
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216
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Xavier AM, Anunciato AKO, Rosenstock TR, Glezer I. Gene Expression Control by Glucocorticoid Receptors during Innate Immune Responses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:31. [PMID: 27148162 PMCID: PMC4835445 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory compounds that have been extensively used in clinical practice for several decades. GC's effects on inflammation are generally mediated through GC receptors (GRs). Signal transduction through these nuclear receptors leads to dramatic changes in gene expression programs in different cell types, typically due to GR binding to DNA or to transcription modulators. During the last decade, the view of GCs as exclusive anti-inflammatory molecules has been challenged. GR negative interference in pro-inflammatory gene expression was a landmark in terms of molecular mechanisms that suppress immune activity. In fact, GR can induce varied inhibitory molecules, including a negative regulator of Toll-like receptors pathway, or subject key transcription factors, such as NF-κB and AP-1, to a repressor mechanism. In contrast, the expression of some acute-phase proteins and other players of innate immunity generally requires GR signaling. Consequently, GRs must operate context-dependent inhibitory, permissive, or stimulatory effects on host defense signaling triggered by pathogens or tissue damage. This review aims to disclose how contradictory or comparable effects on inflammatory gene expression can depend on pharmacological approach (including selective GC receptor modulators; SEGRMs), cell culture, animal treatment, or transgenic strategies used as models. Although the current view of GR-signaling integrated many advances in the field, some answers to important questions remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Machado Xavier
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Isaias Glezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Isaias Glezer,
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217
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Perusini JN, Meyer EM, Long VA, Rau V, Nocera N, Avershal J, Maksymetz J, Spigelman I, Fanselow MS. Induction and Expression of Fear Sensitization Caused by Acute Traumatic Stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:45-57. [PMID: 26329286 PMCID: PMC4677128 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fear promotes adaptive responses to threats. However, when the level of fear is not proportional to the level of threat, maladaptive fear-related behaviors characteristic of anxiety disorders result. Post-traumatic stress disorder develops in response to a traumatic event, and patients often show sensitized reactions to mild stressors associated with the trauma. Stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) is a rodent model of this sensitized responding, in which exposure to a 15-shock stressor nonassociatively enhances subsequent fear conditioning training with only a single trial. We examined the role of corticosterone (CORT) in SEFL. Administration of the CORT synthesis blocker metyrapone prior to the stressor, but not at time points after, attenuated SEFL. Moreover, CORT co-administered with metyrapone rescued SEFL. However, CORT alone without the stressor was not sufficient to produce SEFL. In these same animals, we then looked for correlates of SEFL in terms of changes in excitatory receptor expression. Western blot analysis of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) revealed an increase in the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit that correlated with SEFL. Thus, CORT is permissive to trauma-induced changes in BLA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Perusini
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward M Meyer
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Virginia A Long
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinuta Rau
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Nocera
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Avershal
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Maksymetz
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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218
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Arnett MG, Muglia LM, Laryea G, Muglia LJ. Genetic Approaches to Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Regulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:245-60. [PMID: 26189452 PMCID: PMC4677126 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The normal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and resultant glucocorticoid (GC) secretion, is essential for human health. Disruption of GC regulation is associated with pathologic, psychological, and physiological disease states such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, hypertension, diabetes, and osteopenia, among others. As such, understanding the mechanisms by which HPA output is tightly regulated in its responses to environmental stressors and circadian cues has been an active area of investigation for decades. Over the last 20 years, however, advances in gene targeting and genome modification in rodent models have allowed the detailed dissection of roles for key molecular mediators and brain regions responsible for this control in vivo to emerge. Here, we summarize work done to elucidate the function of critical neuropeptide systems, GC-signaling targets, and inflammation-associated pathways in HPA axis regulation and behavior, and highlight areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda G Arnett
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7009, Attention Melinda Arnett, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA, Tel: +1 513 803 8040, Fax: +1 513 803 5009, E-mail:
| | - Lisa M Muglia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gloria Laryea
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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219
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Gesmundo I, Villanova T, Gargantini E, Arvat E, Ghigo E, Granata R. The Mineralocorticoid Agonist Fludrocortisone Promotes Survival and Proliferation of Adult Hippocampal Progenitors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:66. [PMID: 27379018 PMCID: PMC4910464 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation has been shown to reduce adult hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. By contrast, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling is associated with neuronal survival in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and impairment of hippocampal MR has been linked to pathological conditions, such as depression or neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we aimed to further clarify the protective role of MR in adult hippocampal neurons by studying the survival and proliferative effects of the highly potent MR agonist fludrocortisone (Fludro) in adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPs), along with the associated signaling mechanisms. Fludro, which upregulated MR but not GR expression, increased survival and proliferation and prevented apoptosis in AHPs cultured in growth factor-deprived medium. These effects were blunted by the MR antagonist spironolactone and by high doses of the GR agonist dexamethasone. Moreover, they involved signaling through cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and its downstream targets glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and mammalian target of rapamycin. Furthermore, Fludro attenuated the detrimental effects of amyloid-β peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42) on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis in AHPs, and increased the phosphorylation of both PI3K/Akt and GSK-3β, which was reduced by Aβ1-42. Finally, Fludro blocked Aβ1-42-induced hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, which is a main feature of Alzheimer's disease. Overall, these results are the first to show the protective and proliferative role of Fludro in AHPs, suggesting the potential therapeutic importance of targeting MR for increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tania Villanova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gargantini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arvat
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Oncological Endocrinology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Riccarda Granata,
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220
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Henckens MJAG, Klumpers F, Everaerd D, Kooijman SC, van Wingen GA, Fernández G. Interindividual differences in stress sensitivity: basal and stress-induced cortisol levels differentially predict neural vigilance processing under stress. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:663-73. [PMID: 26668010 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure is known to precipitate psychological disorders. However, large differences exist in how individuals respond to stressful situations. A major marker for stress sensitivity is hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis function. Here, we studied how interindividual variance in both basal cortisol levels and stress-induced cortisol responses predicts differences in neural vigilance processing during stress exposure. Implementing a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design, 120 healthy male participants were exposed to a stress-induction and control procedure, followed by an emotional perception task (viewing fearful and happy faces) during fMRI scanning. Stress sensitivity was assessed using physiological (salivary cortisol levels) and psychological measures (trait questionnaires). High stress-induced cortisol responses were associated with increased stress sensitivity as assessed by psychological questionnaires, a stronger stress-induced increase in medial temporal activity and greater differential amygdala responses to fearful as opposed to happy faces under control conditions. In contrast, high basal cortisol levels were related to relative stress resilience as reflected by higher extraversion scores, a lower stress-induced increase in amygdala activity and enhanced differential processing of fearful compared with happy faces under stress. These findings seem to reflect a critical role for HPA-axis signaling in stress coping; higher basal levels indicate stress resilience, whereas higher cortisol responsivity to stress might facilitate recovery in those individuals prone to react sensitively to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J A G Henckens
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Klumpers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Everaerd
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C Kooijman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido A van Wingen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1070 AW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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221
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Cox SR, MacPherson SE, Ferguson KJ, Royle NA, Maniega SM, Hernández MDCV, Bastin ME, MacLullich AM, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Does white matter structure or hippocampal volume mediate associations between cortisol and cognitive ageing? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:129-37. [PMID: 26298692 PMCID: PMC4642652 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid (GC) levels putatively damage specific brain regions, which in turn may accelerate cognitive ageing. However, many studies are cross-sectional or have relatively short follow-up periods, making it difficult to relate GCs directly to changes in cognitive ability with increasing age. Moreover, studies combining endocrine, MRI and cognitive variables are scarce, measurement methods vary considerably, and formal tests of the underlying causal hypothesis (cortisol→brain→cognition) are absent. In this study, 90 men, aged 73 years, provided measures of fluid intelligence, processing speed and memory, diurnal and reactive salivary cortisol and two measures of white matter (WM) structure (WM hyperintensity volume from structural MRI and mean diffusivity averaged across 12 major tracts from diffusion tensor MRI), hippocampal volume, and also cognitive ability at age 11. We tested whether negative relationships between cognitive ageing differences (over more than 60 years) and salivary cortisol were significantly mediated by WM and hippocampal volume. Significant associations between reactive cortisol at 73 and cognitive ageing differences between 11 and 73 (r=-.28 to -.36, p<.05) were partially mediated by both WM structural measures, but not hippocampal volume. Cortisol-WM relationships were modest, as was the degree to which WM structure attenuated cortisol-cognition associations (<15%). These data support the hypothesis that GCs contribute to cognitive ageing differences from childhood to the early 70s, partly via brain WM structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. Fax: +44 (0)131 651 1771.
| | - Sarah E. MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J. Ferguson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria del C. Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair M.J. MacLullich
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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222
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Chaudhury D, Liu H, Han MH. Neuronal correlates of depression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4825-48. [PMID: 26542802 PMCID: PMC4709015 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder effecting approximately 121 million people worldwide and recent reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest that it will be the leading contributor to the global burden of diseases. At present, the most commonly used treatment strategies are still based on the monoamine hypothesis that has been the predominant theory in the last 60 years. Clinical observations show that only a subset of depressed patients exhibits full remission when treated with classical monoamine-based antidepressants together with the fact that patients exhibit multiple symptoms suggest that the pathophysiology leading to mood disorders may differ between patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that depression is a neural circuit disorder and that onset of depression may be located at different regions of the brain involving different transmitter systems and molecular mechanisms. This review synthesises findings from rodent studies from which emerges a role for different, yet interconnected, molecular systems and associated neural circuits to the aetiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Chaudhury
- Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, Office 106, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island Campus, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - He Liu
- Division of Science, Experimental Research Building, Office 106, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island Campus, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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223
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Montes-Cobos E, Li X, Fischer HJ, Sasse A, Kügler S, Didié M, Toischer K, Fassnacht M, Dressel R, Reichardt HM. Inducible Knock-Down of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Mice Disturbs Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Attenuates Heart Failure Induced by Pressure Overload. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143954. [PMID: 26605921 PMCID: PMC4659617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inactivation in mice results in early postnatal lethality. Therefore we generated mice in which MR expression can be silenced during adulthood by administration of doxycycline (Dox). Using a lentiviral approach, we obtained two lines of transgenic mice harboring a construct that allows for regulatable MR inactivation by RNAi and concomitant expression of eGFP. MR mRNA levels in heart and kidney of inducible MR knock-down mice were unaltered in the absence of Dox, confirming the tightness of the system. In contrast, two weeks after Dox administration MR expression was significantly diminished in a variety of tissues. In the kidney, this resulted in lower mRNA levels of selected target genes, which was accompanied by strongly increased serum aldosterone and plasma renin levels as well as by elevated sodium excretion. In the healthy heart, gene expression and the amount of collagen were unchanged despite MR levels being significantly reduced. After transverse aortic constriction, however, cardiac hypertrophy and progressive heart failure were attenuated by MR silencing, fibrosis was unaffected and mRNA levels of a subset of genes reduced. Taken together, we believe that this mouse model is a useful tool to investigate the role of the MR in pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montes-Cobos
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrike J. Fischer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - André Sasse
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Didié
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Partner site Göttingen, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl Toischer
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Partner site Göttingen, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Partner site Göttingen, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger M. Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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224
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Daskalakis NP, De Kloet ER, Yehuda R, Malaspina D, Kranz TM. Early Life Stress Effects on Glucocorticoid-BDNF Interplay in the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:68. [PMID: 26635521 PMCID: PMC4644789 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is implicated in the etiology of multiple psychiatric disorders. Important biological effects of ELS are manifested in stress-susceptible regions of the hippocampus and are partially mediated by long-term effects on glucocorticoid (GC) and/or neurotrophin signaling pathways. GC-signaling mediates the regulation of stress response to maintain homeostasis, while neurotrophin signaling plays a key role in neuronal outgrowth and is crucial for axonal guidance and synaptic integrity. The neurotrophin and GC-signaling pathways co-exist throughout the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the hippocampus, which has high expression levels of glucocorticoid-receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid-receptors (MR) as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB). This review addresses the effects of ELS paradigms on GC- and BDNF-dependent mechanisms and their crosstalk in the hippocampus, including potential implications for the pathogenesis of common stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Traumatic Stress Studies Division and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA ; Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Edo Ronald De Kloet
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Traumatic Stress Studies Division and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA ; Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University New York, NY, USA
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225
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Rybnikova E, Samoilov M. Current insights into the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic pre- and postconditioning using hypobaric hypoxia. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:388. [PMID: 26557049 PMCID: PMC4615940 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of organisms to repetitive mild hypoxia results in development of brain hypoxic/ischemic tolerance and cross-tolerance to injurious factors of a psycho-emotional nature. Such preconditioning by mild hypobaric hypoxia functions as a “warning” signal which prepares an organism, and in particular the brain, to subsequent more harmful conditions. The endogenous defense processes which are mobilized by hypoxic preconditioning and result in development of brain tolerance are based on evolutionarily acquired gene-determined mechanisms of adaptation and neuroprotection. They involve an activation of intracellular cascades including kinases, transcription factors and changes in expression of multiple regulatory proteins in susceptible areas of the brain. On the other hand they lead to multilevel modifications of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal endocrine axis regulating various functions in the organism. All these components are engaged sequentially in the initiation, induction and expression of hypoxia-induced tolerance. A special role belongs to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, in particular of histone acetylation leading to changes in chromatin structure which ensure access of pro-adaptive transcription factors activated by preconditioning to the promoters of target genes. Mechanisms of another, relatively novel, neuroprotective phenomenon termed hypoxic postconditioning (an application of mild hypoxic episodes after severe insults) are still largely unknown but according to recent data they involve apoptosis-related proteins, hypoxia-inducible factor and neurotrophins. The fundamental data accumulated to date and discussed in this review open new avenues for elaboration of the effective therapeutic applications of hypoxic pre- and postconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rybnikova
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, and Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuron Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Samoilov
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, and Laboratory of Regulation of Brain Neuron Functions, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
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226
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Okamoto M, Yamamura Y, Liu YF, Min-Chul L, Matsui T, Shima T, Soya M, Takahashi K, Soya S, McEwen BS, Soya H. Hormetic effects by exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis with glucocorticoid signaling. Brain Plast 2015; 1:149-158. [PMID: 29765839 PMCID: PMC5928539 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), although the exact nature of how this happens remains controversial. The beneficial effects of exercise vary depending upon the exercise condition, especially intensity. Most animal studies, however, have used wheel running, which only evaluates running distance (exercise volume) and does not consider intensity. In our rat model, we have found that exercise-induced neurogenesis varies depending on the intensity of the exercise and have found that exercise-enhanced neurogenesis is more pronounced with mild exercise than with moderate and/or intense exercise. This may be due, at least in part, to increased glucocorticoid (CORT) secretion. To test this hypothesis, we used our special exercise model in mice, with and without a stress response, based on the lactate threshold (LT) in which moderate exercise above the LT increases lactate and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release, while mild exercise does not. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to two weeks of exercise training and AHN was measured with a 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) pre-injection and immunohistochemistry. The role of glucocorticoid signaling was examined using intrapertioneal injections of antagonists for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mifepristone, and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), spironolactone. We found that, while mild exercise increased AHN without elevating CORT blood levels, both MR and GR antagonists abolished mild-exercise-induced AHN, but did not affect AHN under intense exercise. This suggests a facilitative, permissive role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in AHN during mild exercise (234/250).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yamamura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Lee Min-Chul
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeru Shima
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mariko Soya
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kanako Takahashi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shingo Soya
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry & Neuroendocrinology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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227
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Puga DA, Tovar CA, Guan Z, Gensel JC, Lyman MS, McTigue DM, Popovich PG. Stress exacerbates neuron loss and microglia proliferation in a rat model of excitotoxic lower motor neuron injury. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:246-54. [PMID: 26100488 PMCID: PMC4567453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All individuals experience stress and hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids/GCs) released during stressful events can affect the structure and function of neurons. These effects of stress are best characterized for brain neurons; however, the mechanisms controlling the expression and binding affinity of glucocorticoid receptors in the spinal cord are different than those in the brain. Accordingly, whether stress exerts unique effects on spinal cord neurons, especially in the context of pathology, is unknown. Using a controlled model of focal excitotoxic lower motor neuron injury in rats, we examined the effects of acute or chronic variable stress on spinal cord motor neuron survival and glial activation. New data indicate that stress exacerbates excitotoxic spinal cord motor neuron loss and associated activation of microglia. In contrast, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes and NG2+ glia were unaffected or were modestly suppressed by stress. Although excitotoxic lesions cause significant motor neuron loss and stress exacerbates this pathology, overt functional impairment did not develop in the relevant forelimb up to one week post-lesion. These data indicate that stress is a disease-modifying factor capable of altering neuron and glial responses to pathological challenges in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Puga
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - C Amy Tovar
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhen Guan
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Matthew S Lyman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dana M McTigue
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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228
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Prenatal alcohol exposure and prenatal stress differentially alter glucocorticoid signaling in the placenta and fetal brain. Neuroscience 2015; 342:167-179. [PMID: 26342748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adverse intrauterine environments increase vulnerability to chronic diseases across the lifespan. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which integrates multiple neuronal signals and ultimately controls the response to stressors, may provide a final common pathway linking early adversity and adult diseases. Both prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and prenatal stress (PS) induce a hyperresponsive HPA phenotype in adulthood. As glucocorticoids are pivotal for the normal development of many fetal tissues including the brain, we used animal models of PAE and PS to investigate possible mechanisms underlying fetal programing of glucocorticoid signaling in the placenta and fetal brain at gestation day (GD) 21. We found that both PAE and PS dams had higher corticosterone (CORT) levels than control dams. However, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) enzyme levels were increased in PAE and unchanged in PS placentae, although there were no differences in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) levels. Moreover, only PAE fetuses showed decreased body weight and increased placental weight, and hence a lower fetal/placental weight ratio, a marker of placenta efficiency, compared to all other prenatal groups. Importantly, PAE and PS differentially altered corticosteroid receptor levels in placentae and brains. In the PS condition, maternal CORT was negatively correlated with both 11β-HSD1 and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) protein levels in male and female placentae, whereas in the PAE condition, there were trends for a positive correlation between maternal CORT and 11β-HSD1, regardless of sex, and a negative correlation between maternal alcohol intake and MR in male placentae. In fetal brains, sexually dimorphic changes in MR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels, and the MR/GR ratio seen in C fetuses were absent in PAE and PS fetuses. In addition, PS but not PAE female fetuses had higher MR and lower GR expression levels in certain limbic areas compared to C female fetuses. Thus the similar adult HPA hyperresponsive phenotype in PAE and PS animals likely occurs through differential effects on glucocorticoid signaling in the placenta and fetal brain.
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229
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Programming after Recurrent Hypoglycemia during Development. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1729-40. [PMID: 26343738 PMCID: PMC4600155 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Permanent brain injury is a complication of recurrent hypoglycemia during development. Recurrent hypoglycemia also has adverse consequences on the neuroendocrine system. Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, characterized by ineffective glucose counterregulation during hypoglycemia, is well described in children and adults on insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus. Whether recurrent hypoglycemia also has a programming effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA) axis has not been well studied. Hypoglycemia is a potent stress that leads to increased glucocorticoid secretion in all age groups, including the perinatal period. Other conditions associated with exposure to excess glucocorticoid in the perinatal period have a programming effect on the HPA axis activity. Limited animal data suggest the possibility of similar programming effect after recurrent hypoglycemia in the postnatal period. The age at exposure to hypoglycemia likely determines the HPA axis response in adulthood. Recurrent hypoglycemia in the early postnatal period likely leads to a hyperresponsive HPA axis, whereas recurrent hypoglycemia in the late postnatal period lead to a hyporesponsive HPA axis in adulthood. The age-specific programming effects may determine the neuroendocrine response during hypoglycemia and other stressful events in individuals with history of recurrent hypoglycemia during development.
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230
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Hosseinichimeh N, Rahmandad H, Wittenborn AK. Modeling the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis: A review and extension. Math Biosci 2015; 268:52-65. [PMID: 26277048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple models of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been developed to characterize the oscillations seen in the hormone concentrations and to examine HPA axis dysfunction. We reviewed the existing models, then replicated and compared five of them by finding their correspondence to a dataset consisting of ACTH and cortisol concentrations of 17 healthy individuals. We found that existing models use different feedback mechanisms, vary in the level of details and complexities, and offer inconsistent conclusions. None of the models fit the validation dataset well. Therefore, we re-calibrated the best performing model using partial calibration and extended the model by adding individual fixed effects and an exogenous circadian function. Our estimated parameters reduced the mean absolute percent error significantly and offer a validated reference model that can be used in diverse applications. Our analysis suggests that the circadian and ultradian cycles are not created endogenously by the HPA axis feedbacks, which is consistent with the recent literature on the circadian clock and HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyousha Hosseinichimeh
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, 544 Whittemore Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA .
| | - Hazhir Rahmandad
- MIT Sloan School of Management, E62-462, 100 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA .
| | - Andrea K Wittenborn
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 W Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA .
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231
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Lin JC, Hu S, Ho PH, Hsu HJ, Postlethwait JH, Chung BC. Two Zebrafish hsd3b Genes Are Distinct in Function, Expression, and Evolution. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2854-62. [PMID: 25974401 PMCID: PMC4511139 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HSD3B catalyzes the synthesis of δ4 steroids such as progesterone in the adrenals and gonads. Individuals lacking HSD3B2 activity experience congenital adrenal hyperplasia with imbalanced steroid synthesis. To develop a zebrafish model of HSD3B deficiency, we characterized 2 zebrafish hsd3b genes. Our phylogenetic and conserved synteny analyses showed that the tandemly duplicated human HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes are coorthologs of zebrafish hsd3b1 on chromosome 9 (Dre9), whereas the gene called hsd3b2 resides on Dre20 in an ancestral chromosome segment, from which its ortholog was lost in the tetrapod lineage. Zebrafish hsd3b1(Dre 9) was expressed in adult gonads and headkidney, which contains interrenal glands, the zebrafish counterpart of the tetrapod adrenal. Knockdown of hsd3b1(Dre 9) caused the interrenal and anterior pituitary to expand and pigmentation to increase, resembling human HSD3B2 deficiency. The zebrafish hsd3b2(Dre 20) gene was expressed in zebrafish early embryos as maternal transcripts that disappeared 1 day after fertilization. Morpholino inactivation of hsd3b2(Dre 20) led to embryo elongation, which was rescued by the injection of hsd3b2 mRNA. Thus, zebrafish hsd3b2(Dre 20) evolved independently of hsd3b1(Dre 9) with a morphogenetic function during early embryogenesis. Zebrafish hsd3b1(Dre 9), on the contrary, functions like mammalian HSD3B2, whose deficiency leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Genome Sciences (J.-C.L., P.-H.H., B.-c.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology (J.-C.L., S.H., P.-H.H., H.-J.H., B.-c.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan; and Institute of Neuroscience (J.H.P.), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Shing Hu
- Institute of Genome Sciences (J.-C.L., P.-H.H., B.-c.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology (J.-C.L., S.H., P.-H.H., H.-J.H., B.-c.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan; and Institute of Neuroscience (J.H.P.), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Pei-Hung Ho
- Institute of Genome Sciences (J.-C.L., P.-H.H., B.-c.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology (J.-C.L., S.H., P.-H.H., H.-J.H., B.-c.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan; and Institute of Neuroscience (J.H.P.), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Institute of Genome Sciences (J.-C.L., P.-H.H., B.-c.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology (J.-C.L., S.H., P.-H.H., H.-J.H., B.-c.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan; and Institute of Neuroscience (J.H.P.), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - John H Postlethwait
- Institute of Genome Sciences (J.-C.L., P.-H.H., B.-c.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology (J.-C.L., S.H., P.-H.H., H.-J.H., B.-c.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan; and Institute of Neuroscience (J.H.P.), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Bon-chu Chung
- Institute of Genome Sciences (J.-C.L., P.-H.H., B.-c.C.), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology (J.-C.L., S.H., P.-H.H., H.-J.H., B.-c.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan; and Institute of Neuroscience (J.H.P.), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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232
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Abstract
Afferent neural signals are continuously transmitted from visceral organs to the brain. Interoception refers to the processing of visceral-afferent neural signals by the central nervous system, which can finally result in the conscious perception of bodily processes. Interoception can, therefore, be described as a prominent example of information processing on the ascending branch of the brain–body axis. Stress responses involve a complex neuro-behavioral cascade, which is elicited when the organism is confronted with a potentially harmful stimulus. As this stress cascade comprises a range of neural and endocrine pathways, stress can be conceptualized as a communication process on the descending branch of the brain–body axis. Interoception and stress are, therefore, associated via the bi-directional transmission of information on the brain–body axis. It could be argued that excessive and/or enduring activation (e.g., by acute or chronic stress) of neural circuits, which are responsible for successful communication on the brain–body axis, induces malfunction and dysregulation of these information processes. As a consequence, interoceptive signal processing may be altered, resulting in physical symptoms contributing to the development and/or maintenance of body-related mental disorders, which are associated with stress. In the current paper, we summarize findings on psychobiological processes underlying acute and chronic stress and their interaction with interoception. While focusing on the role of the physiological stress axes (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and autonomic nervous system), psychological factors in acute and chronic stress are also discussed. We propose a positive feedback model involving stress (in particular early life or chronic stress, as well as major adverse events), the dysregulation of physiological stress axes, altered perception of bodily sensations, and the generation of physical symptoms, which may in turn facilitate stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schulz
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development, University of Luxembourg Walferdange, Luxembourg
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Integrative Research Unit on Social and Individual Development, University of Luxembourg Walferdange, Luxembourg
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233
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Knipper M, Panford-Walsh R, Singer W, Rüttiger L, Zimmermann U. Specific synaptopathies diversify brain responses and hearing disorders: you lose the gain from early life. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:77-93. [PMID: 25843689 PMCID: PMC4487345 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Before hearing onset, inner hair cell (IHC) maturation proceeds under the influence of spontaneous Ca(2+) action potentials (APs). The temporal signature of the IHC Ca(2+) AP is modified through an efferent cholinergic feedback from the medial olivocochlear bundle (MOC) and drives the IHC pre- and post-synapse phenotype towards low spontaneous (spike) rate (SR), high-threshold characteristics. With sensory experience, the IHC pre- and post-synapse phenotype matures towards the instruction of low-SR, high-threshold and of high-SR, low-threshold auditory fiber characteristics. Corticosteroid feedback together with local brain-derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) and catecholaminergic neurotransmitters (dopamine) might be essential for this developmental step. In this review, we address the question of whether the control of low-SR and high-SR fiber characteristics is linked to various degrees of vulnerability of auditory fibers in the mature system. In particular, we examine several IHC synaptopathies in the context of various hearing disorders and exemplified shortfalls before and after hearing onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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234
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Russell GM, Kalafatakis K, Lightman SL. The importance of biological oscillators for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and tissue glucocorticoid response: coordinating stress and neurobehavioural adaptation. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:378-88. [PMID: 25494867 PMCID: PMC4539599 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for life. It has a circadian rhythm that anticipates the metabolic, immunoregulatory and cognitive needs of the active portion of the day, and retains an ability to react rapidly to perceived stressful stimuli. The circadian variation in glucocorticoids is very 'noisy' because it is made up from an underlying approximately hourly ultradian rhythm of glucocorticoid pulses, which increase in amplitude at the peak of circadian secretion. We have shown that these pulses emerge as a consequence of the feedforward-feedback relationship between the actions of corticotrophin hormone (ACTH) on the adrenal cortex and of endogenous glucocorticoids on pituitary corticotrophs. The adrenal gland itself has adapted to respond preferentially to a digital signal of ACTH and has its own feedforward-feedback system that effectively amplifies the pulsatile characteristics of the incoming signal. Glucocorticoid receptor signalling in the body is also adapted to respond in a tissue-specific manner to oscillating signals of glucocorticoids, and gene transcriptional and behavioural responses depend on the pattern (i.e. constant or pulsatile) of glucocorticoid presentation. During major stressful activation of the HPA, there is a marked remodelling of the pituitary-adrenal interaction. The link between ACTH and glucocorticoid pulses is maintained, although there is a massive increase in the adrenal responsiveness to the ACTH signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Kalafatakis
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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de Kloet AD, Krause EG, Solomon MB, Flak JN, Scott KA, Kim DH, Myers B, Ulrich-Lai YM, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Herman JP. Adipocyte glucocorticoid receptors mediate fat-to-brain signaling. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 56:110-9. [PMID: 25808702 PMCID: PMC4511277 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related (e.g., depression) and metabolic pathologies (e.g., obesity) are important and often co-morbid public health concerns. Here we identify a connection between peripheral glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling originating in fat with the brain control of both stress and metabolism. Mice with reduced adipocyte GR hypersecrete glucocorticoids following acute psychogenic stress and are resistant to diet-induced obesity. This hypersecretion gives rise to deficits in responsiveness to exogenous glucocorticoids, consistent with reduced negative feedback via adipocytes. Increased stress reactivity occurs in the context of elevated hypothalamic expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-excitatory neuropeptides and in the absence of altered adrenal sensitivity, consistent with a central cite of action. Our results identify a novel mechanism whereby activation of the adipocyte GR promotes peripheral energy storage while inhibiting the HPA axis, and provide functional evidence for a fat-to-brain regulatory feedback network that serves to regulate not just homeostatic energy balance but also responses to psychogenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette D. de Kloet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45237, USA,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA,Correspondence to: Annette D. de Kloet, Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, 100 S. Newell Drive (Bldg. 59, RM L4-162), Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-392-9236, . James P. Herman, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road ML0506, Cincinnati, OH 45237, Phone: 513-558-4813, Fax: 513-558-9104,
| | - Eric G. Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matia B. Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Flak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45237, USA
| | - Karen A. Scott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 45237, USA
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA,Correspondence to: Annette D. de Kloet, Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, 100 S. Newell Drive (Bldg. 59, RM L4-162), Gainesville, FL 32611, Phone: 352-392-9236, . James P. Herman, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road ML0506, Cincinnati, OH 45237, Phone: 513-558-4813, Fax: 513-558-9104,
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236
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McKlveen JM, Myers B, Herman JP. The medial prefrontal cortex: coordinator of autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:446-56. [PMID: 25737097 PMCID: PMC4580281 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Responding to real or potential threats in the environment requires the coordination of autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioural processes to promote adaptation and survival. These diverging systems necessitate input from the limbic forebrain to integrate and modulate functional output in accordance with contextual demand. In the present review, we discuss the potential role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a coordinator of behavioural and physiological stress responses across multiple temporal and contextual domains. Furthermore, we highlight converging evidence from rodent and human research indicating the necessity of the mPFC for modulating physiological energetic systems to mobilise or limit energetic resources as needed to ultimately promote behavioural adaptation in the face of stress. We review the literature indicating that glucocorticoids act as one of the primary messengers in the reallocation of energetic resources having profound effects locally within the mPFC, as well as shaping how the mPFC acts within a network of brain structures to modulate responses to stress. Finally, we discuss how both rodent and human studies point toward a critical role of the mPFC in the coordination of anticipatory responses to stress and why this distinction is an important one to make in stress neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. McKlveen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Brent Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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237
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Mastication as a Stress-Coping Behavior. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:876409. [PMID: 26090453 PMCID: PMC4450283 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress induces various physical and mental effects that may ultimately lead to disease. Stress-related disease has become a global health problem. Mastication (chewing) is an effective behavior for coping with stress, likely due to the alterations chewing causes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system. Mastication under stressful conditions attenuates stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and catecholamines, as well as the expression of stress-related substances, such as neurotrophic factors and nitric oxide. Further, chewing reduces stress-induced changes in central nervous system morphology, especially in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. In rodents, chewing or biting on wooden sticks during exposure to various stressors reduces stress-induced gastric ulcer formation and attenuates spatial cognitive dysfunction, anxiety-like behavior, and bone loss. In humans, some studies demonstrate that chewing gum during exposure to stress decreases plasma and salivary cortisol levels and reduces mental stress, although other studies report no such effect. Here, we discuss the neuronal mechanisms that underline the interactions between masticatory function and stress-coping behaviors in animals and humans.
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Abstract
The human brain undergoes a remarkable transformation during fetal life and the first postnatal years from a relatively undifferentiated but pluripotent organ to a highly specified and organized one. The outcome of this developmental maturation is highly dependent on a sequence of environmental exposures that can have either positive or negative influences on the ultimate plasticity of the adult brain. Many environmental exposures are beyond the control of the individual, but nutrition is not. An ever-increasing amount of research demonstrates not only that nutrition shapes the brain and affects its function during development but also that several nutrients early in life have profound and long-lasting effects on the brain. Nutrients have been shown to alter opening and closing of critical and sensitive periods of particular brain regions. This paper discusses the roles that various nutrients play in shaping the developing brain, concentrating specifically on recently explicated biological mechanisms by which particularly salient nutrients influence childhood and adult neural plasticity.
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239
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Pivonello R, Simeoli C, De Martino MC, Cozzolino A, De Leo M, Iacuaniello D, Pivonello C, Negri M, Pellecchia MT, Iasevoli F, Colao A. Neuropsychiatric disorders in Cushing's syndrome. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:129. [PMID: 25941467 PMCID: PMC4403344 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS), a rare endocrine disorder characterized by cortisol hypersecretion, is associated with psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. Major depression, mania, anxiety, and neurocognitive impairment are the most important clinical abnormalities. Moreover, patients most often complain of impairment in quality of life, interference with family life, social, and work performance. Surprisingly, after hypercortisolism resolution, despite the improvement of the overall prevalence of psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders, the brain volume loss at least partially persists and it should be noted that some patients may still display depression, anxiety, panic disorders, and neurocognitive impairment. This brief review aimed at describing the prevalence of psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders and their characterization both during the active and remission phases of CS. The last section of this review is dedicated to quality of life, impaired during active CS and only partially resolved after resolution of hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Cozzolino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Monica De Leo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Iacuaniello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of SalernoSalerno, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università “Federico II”Naples, Italy
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Paul S, Jeon WK, Bizon JL, Han JS. Interaction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons with the glucocorticoid system in stress regulation and cognitive impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:43. [PMID: 25883567 PMCID: PMC4382969 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial number of studies on basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons (BFCN) have provided compelling evidence for their role in the etiology of stress, cognitive aging, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. BFCN project to a broad range of cortical sites and limbic structures, including the hippocampus, and are involved in stress and cognition. In particular, the hippocampus, the primary target tissue of the glucocorticoid stress hormones, is associated with cognitive function in tandem with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis modulation. The present review summarizes glucocorticoid and HPA axis research to date in an effort to establish the manner in which stress affects the release of acetylcholine (ACh), glucocorticoids, and their receptor in the context of cognitive processes. We attempt to provide the molecular interactive link between the glucocorticoids and cholinergic system that contributes to BFCN degeneration in stress-induced acceleration of cognitive decline in aging and AD. We also discuss the importance of animal models in facilitating such studies for pharmacological use, to which could help decipher disease states and propose leads for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Kyung Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University Seoul, South Korea
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241
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The role of glucocorticoid receptor-dependent activity in the amygdala central nucleus and reversibility of early-life stress programmed behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e542. [PMID: 25849981 PMCID: PMC4462600 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) leads to sustained changes in gene expression and behavior, increasing the likelihood of developing a psychiatric disorder in adulthood. The neurobiological basis for the later-in-life psychopathology is relatively unknown. The current study used a mouse model of ELS, achieved by daily maternal separations during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life, to test the role of amygdalar glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in mediating the persistent increase in risk-taking behaviors. ELS produced a decrease in GR mRNA in the brain, with a notable reduction in the amygdala that was associated with sustained alterations in anxiety, fear and sociability-like behaviors. Lentiviral-mediated restoration of the GR mRNA deficit, specifically within the adult central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), reversed the enduring changes in anxiety and social behavior after ELS. These results provide evidence of lasting changes in CeA GR neural circuitry following ELS and suggest a mechanistic role for GR-regulated processes in the CeA in mediating the lifelong maladaptive behaviors of ELS. We demonstrate that the long-lasting behavioral effects of ELS are reversible later in life and implicate the involvement of CeA GR-dependent activity in the sustained dysregulation of emotion following ELS.
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242
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Shishkina GT, Bulygina VV, Dygalo NN. Behavioral effects of glucocorticoids during the first exposures to the forced swim stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:851-60. [PMID: 25134502 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glucocorticoids facilitate coping with stress, but their high levels have been also implicated in mood disorders. Due to this duality, the role of glucocorticoid signaling in the development of the first episodes of stress-induced depression remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To address this issue, effects of the glucocorticoid signal modulation on depressive-like behavior during pretest and test Porsolt swim sessions were examined. METHODS Metyrapone (MET; 150 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 3 h before pretest to block stress-induced increase in corticosterone levels. Dexamethasone (DEX; 0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) was applied to MET-treated rats 1 h before both pretest and test sessions. In addition to behavior during these sessions, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry 2 h after the second swim. RESULTS In pretest, MET-treated rats exhibited increased latency to immobility and shortened immobility. DEX reversed the behavioral effects of MET in the pretest. In the test, animals from MET + DEX group unexpectedly exhibited an antidepressant-like behavior. Swim stress increased GR expression in the frontal cortex irrespective of the pharmacological treatment. A significant elevation in GR expression was found in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of stressed MET + DEX-treated rats and in the PFC of unstressed rats 6 h after injection of DEX alone. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the increase in glucocorticoid levels under swim stress during pretest directly contributes to the development of the immobility response. Transition of DEX effect from prodepressant in the pretest to an antidepressant in the test was associated with the elevation in the PFC GR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina T Shishkina
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia,
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243
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Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Murison R, Turner JD, Muller CP, Gjermo P, Opstad K. Maternal Deprivation of Lewis Rat Pups Increases the Severity of Experi-mental Periodontitis in Adulthood. Open Dent J 2015; 9:65-78. [PMID: 25713634 PMCID: PMC4333617 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601509010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Early life adverse events may influence susceptibility/resistance to chronic inflammatory diseases later in life by permanently dysregulating brain-controlled immune-regulatory systems. We have investigated the impact of infant-mother separation during early postnatal life on the severity of experimental periodontitis, as well as systemic stress and immune responses, in adulthood. Material and Methods: Pups of periodontitis resistant Lewis rats were separated from their mothers for 3 h daily during postnatal days 2-14 (termed maternal deprivation; MD), separated for 15 min daily during the same time period (termed handling; HD), or left undisturbed. As adults, their behaviour was tested in a novel stressful situation, and ligature-induced periodontitis applied for 21 days. Two h before sacrifice all rats were exposed to a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge to induce a robust immune and stress response. Results: Compared to undisturbed controls, MD rats developed significantly more periodontal bone loss as adults, whereas HD rats showed a tendency to less disease. MD and HD rats exhibited depression-like behaviour in a novel open field test, while MD rats showed higher glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) expression in the hippocampus, and HD rats had altered methylation of genes involved in the expression of hippocampal Gr. LPS provoked a significantly lower increase in circulating levels of the cytokine TGF-1β in MD and HD rats, but there were no significant differences in levels of the stress hormone corticosterone. Conclusion: Stressful environmental exposures in very early life may alter immune responses in a manner that influences susceptibility/resistance to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Breivik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Yngvar Gundersen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Robert Murison
- Department of Biology and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Institute of Immunology, CRP- Santé/Laboratoire National de Sante, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, CRP- Santé/Laboratoire National de Sante, 20A Rue Auguste Lumière, L-1950, Luxembourg
| | - Per Gjermo
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Opstad
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
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244
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Yau JLW, Noble J, Kenyon CJ, Ludwig M, Seckl JR. Diurnal and stress-induced intra-hippocampal corticosterone rise attenuated in 11β-HSD1-deficient mice: a microdialysis study in young and aged mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:787-92. [PMID: 25614240 PMCID: PMC4440343 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) locally regenerates active glucocorticoids from their inert forms thereby amplifying intracellular levels within target tissues including the brain. We previously showed greater increases in intra-hippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels upon Y-maze testing in aged wild-type than in 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice coinciding with impaired and intact spatial memory, respectively. Here we examined whether ageing influences 11β-HSD1 regulation of CORT in the dorsal hippocampus under basal conditions during the diurnal cycle and following stress. Intra-hippocampal CORT levels measured by in vivo microdialysis in freely behaving wild-type mice displayed a diurnal variation with peak levels in the evening that were significantly elevated with ageing. In contrast, the diurnal rise in intra-hippocampal CORT levels was greatly diminished in 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice and there was no rise with ageing; basal intra-hippocampal CORT levels were similar to wild-type controls. Furthermore, a short (3 min) swim stress induced a longer lasting increase in intra-hippocampal CORT levels in wild-type mice than in 11β-HSD1(-/-) mice despite no genotypic differences in elevation of plasma CORT. These data indicate that 11β-HSD1 activity contributes substantially to diurnal and stress-induced increases in hippocampal CORT levels. This contribution is even greater with ageing. Thus, 11β-HSD1 inhibition may be an attractive target for treating cognitive impairments associated with stress or ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Spiers JG, Chen HJC, Sernia C, Lavidis NA. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis induces cellular oxidative stress. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:456. [PMID: 25646076 PMCID: PMC4298223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids released from the adrenal gland in response to stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis induce activity in the cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) system. The redox system is a ubiquitous chemical mechanism allowing the transfer of electrons between donor/acceptors and target molecules during oxidative phosphorylation while simultaneously maintaining the overall cellular environment in a reduced state. The objective of this review is to present an overview of the current literature discussing the link between HPA axis-derived glucocorticoids and increased oxidative stress, particularly focussing on the redox changes observed in the hippocampus following glucocorticoid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jereme G Spiers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Conrad Sernia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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246
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Li B, Cui R. The Effects of Calorie Restriction in Depression and Potential Mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:536-42. [PMID: 26412073 PMCID: PMC4790398 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150326003852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression, also called major depressive disorder, is a neuropsychiatric disorder jeopardizing an increasing number of the population worldwide. To date, a large number of studies have devoted great attention to this problematic condition and raised several hypotheses of depression. Based on these theories, many antidepressant drugs were developed for the treatment of depression. Yet, the depressed patients are often refractory to the antidepressant therapies. Recently, increasing experimental evidences demonstrated the effects of calorie restriction in neuroendocrine system and in depression. Both basic and clinical investigations indicated that short-term calorie restriction might induce an antidepressant efficacy in depression, providing a novel avenue for treatment. Molecular basis underlying the antidepressant actions of calorie restriction might involve multiple physiological processes, primarily including orexin signaling activation, increased CREB phosphorylation and neurotrophic effects, release of endorphin and ketone production. However, the effects of chronic calorie restriction were quite controversial, in the cases that it often resulted in the long-term detrimental effects via inhibiting the function of 5-HT system and decreasing leptin levels. Here we review such dual effects of calorie restriction in depression and potential molecular basis behind these effects, especially focusing on antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, the Second Hospital of Jilin
University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, the Second Hospital of Jilin
University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, PR China
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247
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Chen H, Iinuma M, Onozuka M, Kubo KY. Chewing Maintains Hippocampus-Dependent Cognitive Function. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:502-9. [PMID: 26078711 PMCID: PMC4466515 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastication (chewing) is important not only for food intake, but also for preserving and promoting the general health. Recent studies have showed that mastication helps to maintain cognitive functions in the hippocampus, a central nervous system region vital for spatial memory and learning. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent progress of the association between mastication and the hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. There are multiple neural circuits connecting the masticatory organs and the hippocampus. Both animal and human studies indicated that cognitive functioning is influenced by mastication. Masticatory dysfunction is associated with the hippocampal morphological impairments and the hippocampus-dependent spatial memory deficits, especially in elderly. Mastication is an effective behavior for maintaining the hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance, which deteriorates with aging. Therefore, chewing may represent a useful approach in preserving and promoting the hippocampus-dependent cognitive function in older people. We also discussed several possible mechanisms involved in the interaction between mastication and the hippocampal neurogenesis and the future directions for this unique fascinating research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayue Chen
- 1. Department of Anatomy Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Iinuma
- 2. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Structure, Function and Development, Asahi University, School of Dentistry, Mizuho, 501-0296, Gifu, Japan
| | - Minoru Onozuka
- 3. Department of Judo Therapy and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama 227-0033, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kin-Ya Kubo
- 4. Seijoh University Graduate School of Health Care Studies, Tokai, 476-8588, Aichi, Japan
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Hall BS, Moda RN, Liston C. Glucocorticoid Mechanisms of Functional Connectivity Changes in Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Neurobiol Stress 2015; 1:174-183. [PMID: 25729760 PMCID: PMC4340078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress—especially chronic, uncontrollable stress—is an important risk factor for many neuropsychiatric disorders. The underlying mechanisms are complex and multifactorial, but they involve correlated changes in structural and functional measures of neuronal connectivity within cortical microcircuits and across neuroanatomically distributed brain networks. Here, we review evidence from animal models and human neuroimaging studies implicating stress-associated changes in functional connectivity in the pathogenesis of PTSD, depression, and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Changes in fMRI measures of corticocortical connectivity across distributed networks may be caused by specific structural alterations that have been observed in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and other vulnerable brain regions. These effects are mediated in part by glucocorticoids, which are released from the adrenal gland in response to a stressor and also oscillate in synchrony with diurnal rhythms. Recent work indicates that circadian glucocorticoid oscillations act to balance synapse formation and pruning after learning and during development, and chronic stress disrupts this balance. We conclude by considering how disrupted glucocorticoid oscillations may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and PTSD in vulnerable individuals, and how circadian rhythm disturbances may affect non-psychiatric populations, including frequent travelers, shift workers, and patients undergoing treatment for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baila S Hall
- Brain and Mind Research Institute and Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69 Street, Box 240, New York, NY 10021
| | - Rachel N Moda
- Brain and Mind Research Institute and Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69 Street, Box 240, New York, NY 10021
| | - Conor Liston
- Brain and Mind Research Institute and Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69 Street, Box 240, New York, NY 10021 ; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69 Street, Box 240, New York, NY 10021 ; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 413 East 69 Street, Box 240, New York, NY 10021
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249
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Abstract
Stress can have lasting effects on the brain and behavior. Delineating the impact of stress on the developing brain is fundamental for understanding mechanisms through which stress induces persistent effects on behavior that can lead to psychopathology. The growing field of translational developmental neuroscience has revealed a significant role of the timing of stress on risk, resilience, and neuroplasticity. Studies of stress across species have provided essential insight into the mechanisms by which the brain changes and the timing of those changes on outcome. In this article, we review the neurobiological effects of stress and propose a model by which sensitive periods of neural development interact with stressful life events to affect plasticity and the effects of stress on functional outcomes. We then highlight how early-life stress can alter the course of brain development. Finally, we examine mechanisms of buffering against early-life stress that may promote resilience and positive outcomes. The findings are discussed in the context of implications for early identification of risk and resilience factors and development of novel interventions that target the biological state of the developing brain to ultimately ameliorate the adverse consequences of stress during childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Gee
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065
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250
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Zelena D. The janus face of stress on reproduction: from health to disease. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:458129. [PMID: 25945091 PMCID: PMC4405284 DOI: 10.1155/2015/458129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenthood is a fundamental feature of all known life. However, infertility has been recognized as a public health issue worldwide. But even when the offspring are conceived, in utero problems can lead to immediate (abortion), early (birth), and late (adulthood) consequences. One of the most studied factors is stress. However, stress response is, per se, of adaptive nature allowing the organism to cope with challenges. Stressors lead to deterioration if one is faced with too long lasting, too many, and seemingly unsolvable situations. In stress adaptation the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the resulting glucocorticoid elevation are one of the most important mechanisms. At cellular level stress can be defined as an unbalance between production of free radicals and antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress is widely accepted as an important pathogenic mechanism in different diseases including infertility. On the other hand, the goal of free radical production is to protect the cells from infectious entities. This review aims to summarize the negative and positive influence of stress on reproduction as a process leading to healthy progeny. Special emphasis was given to the balance at the level of the organism and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Zelena
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony 43, Budapest 1083, Hungary
- *Dóra Zelena:
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