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Schug TT, Janesick A, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and disease susceptibility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:204-15. [PMID: 21899826 PMCID: PMC3220783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals have significant impacts on biological systems. Chemical exposures during early stages of development can disrupt normal patterns of development and thus dramatically alter disease susceptibility later in life. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interfere with the body's endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic and immune effects in humans. A wide range of substances, both natural and man-made, are thought to cause endocrine disruption, including pharmaceuticals, dioxin and dioxin-like compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and other pesticides, and components of plastics such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates. EDCs are found in many everyday products--including plastic bottles, metal food cans, detergents, flame retardants, food additives, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides. EDCs interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, activity, or elimination of natural hormones. This interference can block or mimic hormone action, causing a wide range of effects. This review focuses on the mechanisms and modes of action by which EDCs alter hormone signaling. It also includes brief overviews of select disease endpoints associated with endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus T Schug
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Extramural Research and Training, Cellular, Organ and Systems Pathobiology Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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202
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Plotan M, Elliott CT, Scippo ML, Muller M, Antignac JP, Malone E, Bovee TF, Mitchell S, Connolly L. The application of reporter gene assays for the detection of endocrine disruptors in sport supplements. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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203
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Frizzell C, Ndossi D, Verhaegen S, Dahl E, Eriksen G, Sørlie M, Ropstad E, Muller M, Elliott CT, Connolly L. Endocrine disrupting effects of zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol at the level of nuclear receptor binding and steroidogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:210-7. [PMID: 21803136 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a secondary metabolite of fungi which is produced by certain species of the genus Fusarium and can occur in cereals and other plant products. Reporter gene assays incorporating natural steroid receptors and the H295R steroidogenesis assay have been implemented to assess the endocrine disrupting activity of ZEN and its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL). α-ZOL exhibited the strongest estrogenic potency (EC(50) 0.022±0.001 nM), slightly less potent than 17-β estradiol (EC(50) 0.015±0.002 nM). ZEN was ~70 times less potent than α-ZOL and twice as potent as β-ZOL. Binding of progesterone to the progestagen receptor was shown to be synergistically increased in the presence of ZEN, α-ZOL or β-ZOL. ZEN, α-ZOL or β-ZOL increased production of progesterone, estradiol, testosterone and cortisol hormones in the H295R steroidogenesis assay, with peak productions at 10 μM. At 100 μM, cell viability decreased and levels of hormones were significantly reduced except for progesterone. β-ZOL increased estradiol concentrations more than α-ZOL or ZEN, with a maximum effect at 10 μM, with β-ZOL (562±59 pg/ml)>α-ZOL (494±60 pg/ml)>ZEN (375±43 pg/ml). The results indicate that ZEN and its metabolites can act as potential endocrine disruptors at the level of nuclear receptor signalling and by altering hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frizzell
- Institute of Agri-food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
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204
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Activation of Penile Proadipogenic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma with an Estrogen: Interaction with Estrogen Receptor Alpha during Postnatal Development. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:651419. [PMID: 18769493 PMCID: PMC2519140 DOI: 10.1155/2008/651419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) ligand diethylstilbesterol (DES) between neonatal days 2 to 12 induces penile adipogenesis and adult infertility in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo interaction between DES-activated ERα and the proadipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Transcripts for PPARs α, β, and γ and γ1a splice variant were detected in Sprague-Dawley normal rat penis with PPARγ predominating. In addition, PPARγ1b and PPARγ2 were newly induced by DES. The PPARγ transcripts were significantly upregulated with DES and reduced by antiestrogen ICI 182, 780. At the cellular level, PPARγ protein was detected in urethral transitional epithelium and stromal, endothelial, neuronal, and smooth muscular cells. Treatment with DES activated ERα and induced adipocyte differentiation in corpus cavernosum penis. Those adipocytes exhibited strong nuclear PPARγ expression. These results suggest a biological overlap between PPARγ and ERα and highlight a mechanism for endocrine disruption.
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205
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Abstract
Synthetic chemicals currently used in a variety of industrial and agricultural applications are leading to widespread contamination of the environment. Even though the intended uses of pesticides, plasticizers, antimicrobials, and flame retardants are beneficial, effects on human health are a global concern. These so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt hormonal balance and result in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. New in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies link human EDC exposure with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Here we review the main chemical compounds that may contribute to metabolic disruption. We then present their demonstrated or suggested mechanisms of action with respect to nuclear receptor signaling. Finally, we discuss the difficulties of fairly assessing the risks linked to EDC exposure, including developmental exposure, problems of high- and low-dose exposure, and the complexity of current chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Casals-Casas
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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206
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Gene alterations of ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors by estrogen and bisphenol a using microarray analysis. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:99-107. [PMID: 21826169 PMCID: PMC3145995 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may interfere with the endocrine system(s) of our body and have an estrogenicity, we evaluated the effect(s) of bisphenol A (BPA) on the transcriptional levels of altered genes in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BG-1 ovarian cancer cells by microarray and real-time polymerase-chain reaction. In this study, treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) or BPA increased mRNA levels of E2-responsive genes related to apoptosis, cancer and cell cycle, signal transduction and nucleic acid binding etc. In parallel with their microarray data, the mRNA levels of some altered genes including RAB31_MEMBER RAS ONCOGENE FAMILY (U59877), CYCLIN D1 (X59798), CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 4 (U37022), IGF-BINDING PROTEIN 4 (U20982), and ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (NM_000479) were significantly induced by E2 or BPA in this cell model. These results indicate that BPA in parallel with E2 induced the transcriptional levels of E2-responsive genes in an estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BG-1 cells. In conclusion, these microarray and real-time polymerase-chain reaction results indicate that BPA, a potential weak estrogen, may have estrogenic effect by regulating E2-responsive genes in ER-positive BG-1 cells and BG-1 cells would be the best in vitro model to detect these estrogenic EDCs.
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207
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Mnif W, Hassine AIH, Bouaziz A, Bartegi A, Thomas O, Roig B. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2265-303. [PMID: 21776230 PMCID: PMC3138025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8062265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are compounds that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system of both wildlife and humans. A huge number of chemicals have been identified as endocrine disruptors, among them several pesticides. Pesticides are used to kill unwanted organisms in crops, public areas, homes and gardens, and parasites in medicine. Human are exposed to pesticides due to their occupations or through dietary and environmental exposure (water, soil, air). For several years, there have been enquiries about the impact of environmental factors on the occurrence of human pathologies. This paper reviews the current knowledge of the potential impacts of endocrine disruptor pesticides on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Mnif
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité de Recherche 02/UR/09-01, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, de Monastir, BP 74, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; E-Mails: (W.M.); (A.I.H.H); (A.B.)
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Pole Technologie Sidi Thabet, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Aziza Ibn Hadj Hassine
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité de Recherche 02/UR/09-01, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, de Monastir, BP 74, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; E-Mails: (W.M.); (A.I.H.H); (A.B.)
| | - Aicha Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité de Recherche 02/UR/09-01, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, de Monastir, BP 74, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; E-Mails: (W.M.); (A.I.H.H); (A.B.)
| | - Aghleb Bartegi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 1759, 31982, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
| | - Olivier Thomas
- Environment and Health Research laboratory (LERES), Advanced School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard - CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; E-Mail: (O.T.)
| | - Benoit Roig
- Environment and Health Research laboratory (LERES), Advanced School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard - CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; E-Mail: (O.T.)
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208
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Vajda AM, Barber LB, Gray JL, Lopez EM, Bolden AM, Schoenfuss HL, Norris DO. Demasculinization of male fish by wastewater treatment plant effluent. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 103:213-21. [PMID: 21473848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to effluent from the City of Boulder, Colorado wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) under controlled conditions in the field to determine if the effluent induced reproductive disruption in fish. Gonadal intersex and other evidence of reproductive disruption were previously identified in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in Boulder Creek downstream from this WWTP effluent outfall. Fish were exposed within a mobile flow-through exposure laboratory in July 2005 and August 2006 to WWTP effluent (EFF), Boulder Creek water (REF), or mixtures of EFF and REF for up to 28 days. Primary (sperm abundance) and secondary (nuptial tubercles and dorsal fat pads) sex characteristics were demasculinized within 14 days of exposure to 50% and 100% EFF. Vitellogenin was maximally elevated in both 50% and 100% EFF treatments within 7 days and significantly elevated by 25% EFF within 14 days. The steroidal estrogens 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol, as well as estrogenic alkylphenols and bisphenol A were identified within the EFF treatments and not in the REF treatment. These results support the hypothesis that the reproductive disruption observed in this watershed is due to endocrine-active chemicals in the WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Vajda
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, UCB 354, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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209
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Zimmer KE, Montaño M, Olsaker I, Dahl E, Berg V, Karlsson C, Murk AJ, Skaare JU, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S. In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) extracted from burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2040-2048. [PMID: 21420147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of two mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line. The two mixtures were obtained from the livers of burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes (Mjøsa and Losna) with different contaminant profiles. Steroid hormone levels in the cell culture medium and mRNA levels of 16 genes involved in steroidogenesis were investigated. The crude Lake Mjøsa extract had to be diluted ten times more than the Lake Losna extract in order to prevent cytotoxicity. The ten times diluted Lake Mjøsa mixture had higher levels of DDT and derivates (∑DDTs, 1.7 times) and brominated flame retardants (∑BDEs and HBCD, 15-25 times) than the Lake Losna mixture, which, on the other hand, had higher concentrations of ∑PCBs (1.5 times higher) and also of HCB, ∑HCH isomers and ∑chlordane isomers (5-20 times higher). In the cell culture media, only cortisol levels were increased at the highest exposure concentration to the Lake Mjøsa mixture, while both cortisol and estradiol levels were increased following exposure to the two highest Lake Losna mixture exposure concentrations. Testosterone levels decreased only at the highest exposure concentration of the Lake Losna mixture. Multivariate models suggested that ∑PCBs, and to a lesser extent ∑DDTs, were responsible for the cortisol responses, while estradiol and testosterone alterations were best explained by HCB and ∑PCBs, respectively. Exposure to the mixtures generally increased mRNA levels, with smaller effects exerted by the Lake Mjøsa mixture than the Lake Losna mixture. It was concluded that both mixtures affected steroidogenesis in the H295R cells. Small differences in mixture composition, rather than the high content of brominated flame retardants in the Lake Mjøsa mixture, were suggested to be the most probable reason for the apparent differences in potencies of the two mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Zimmer
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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210
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Marx-Stoelting P, Pfeil R, Solecki R, Ulbrich B, Grote K, Ritz V, Banasiak U, Heinrich-Hirsch B, Moeller T, Chahoud I, Hirsch-Ernst K. Assessment strategies and decision criteria for pesticides with endocrine disrupting properties relevant to humans. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:574-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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211
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Lyche JL, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Karlsson C, Stavik B, Berg V, Skåre JU, Alestrøm P, Ropstad E. Natural mixtures of POPs affected body weight gain and induced transcription of genes involved in weight regulation and insulin signaling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 102:197-204. [PMID: 21356182 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide, and is associated with chronic illnesses such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and dyslipidemias (metabolic syndrome). Commonly held causes of obesity are overeating coupled with a sedentary lifestyle. However, it has also been postulated that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may be related to the significant increase in the prevalence of obesity and associated diseases. In the present study, developmental and reproductive effects of lifelong exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of two natural mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated using classical and molecular methods in a controlled zebrafish model. The mixtures used were extracted from burbot (Lota lota) liver originating from freshwater systems in Norway (Lake Mjøsa and Lake Losna). The concentration of POPs in the zebrafish ranged from levels detected in wild fish (Lake Mjøsa and Lake Losna), to concentrations reported in human and wildlife populations. Phenotypic effects observed in both exposure groups included (1) earlier onset of puberty, (2) elevated male/female sex ratio, and (3) increased body weight at 5 months of age. Interestingly, genome-wide transcription profiling identified functional networks of genes, in which key regulators of weight homeostasis (PPARs, glucocoricoids, CEBPs, estradiol), steroid hormone functions (glucocoricoids, estradiol, NCOA3) and insulin signaling (HNF4A, CEBPs, PPARG) occupied central positions. The increased weight and the regulation of genes associated with weight homeostasis and insulin signaling observed in the present study suggest that environmental pollution may affect the endocrine regulation of the metabolism, possibly leading to increased weight gain and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan L Lyche
- Dept. Production Animal Clinical Science, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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212
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Migliarini B, Piccinetti CC, Martella A, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Carnevali O. Perspectives on endocrine disruptor effects on metabolic sensors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:416-23. [PMID: 21130769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting (EDs) chemicals can increase or block the metabolism of endogenous peptidergic or steroid hormones by activating or antagonizing nuclear receptors in the hypothalamus, besides adipose tissue, liver and gonads. Toxicological and epidemiological studies have suggested the involvement of different EDs in an increasing number of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature from experimental animal studies demonstrating the impairment of body weight raised by the deregulation of peptidergic signals as well as by the activation of key metabolic molecular targets. Regarding the modification of gene transcription levels induced by EDs, new data on DEHP effect on food intake and lipid metabolism in the experimental model zebrafish (Danio rerio) have also been included in this review providing evidences about the dangerousness of DEHP low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Migliarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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213
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Jin Y, Chen R, Wang L, Liu J, Yang Y, Zhou C, Liu W, Fu Z. Effects of metolachlor on transcription of thyroid system-related genes in juvenile and adult Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:487-93. [PMID: 21081129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metolachlor (MT) is one of the most important pesticides applied to corn and other crops for controlling broadleaf and grass weeds. However, the effects of MT on the thyroid system in fish remain to be elucidated. In the present experiment, transcription of genes related to the thyroid system, including thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh), deiodinase 2 (Dio2), thyroid hormone receptor α (Thrα), and thyroid hormone receptor β (Thrβ), were induced by MT in a sex-, developmental stage-, and tissue- specific manner when medaka were exposed to various concentrations of MT for 14 days. The transcriptional levels of the genes were only significantly altered in both juvenile and adult female medaka in response to MT exposure. And the lowest concentrations able to significantly induce transcription of the selected genes were 10 and 100 μg/L in juvenile and adult female medaka, respectively. In adult female medaka, a significant up-regulation of these genes was detected only in the brain, with little or no effect in the liver. Furthermore, MT-induced (100 μg/L) transcription of thyroid system-related genes was enhanced significantly in male juvenile medaka in the presence of estrogen (E2) (50 and 100 ng/L). Moreover, the mRNA levels of Thrα and Thrβ in males increase with the combined treatments of 100 μg/L MT and 100 ng/L E2. Dio2 increased when exposed to 100 μg/L MT and 50 or 100 ng/L E2. The information obtained in the present study suggests that MT has the potential to influence several steps of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis homeostasis and to disrupt the thyroid system in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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214
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Van Dyk JS, Pletschke B. Review on the use of enzymes for the detection of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:291-307. [PMID: 21055790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are released intentionally into the environment and, through various processes, contaminate the environment. Three of the main classes of pesticides that pose a serious problem are organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates. While pesticides are associated with many health effects, there is a lack of monitoring data on these contaminants. Traditional chromatographic methods are effective for the analysis of pesticides in the environment, but have limitations and prevent adequate monitoring. Enzymatic methods have been promoted for many years as an alternative method of detection of these pesticides. The main enzymes that have been utilised in this regard have been acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, organophosphorus hydrolase and tyrosinase. The enzymatic methods are based on the activation or inhibition of the enzyme by a pesticide which is proportional to the concentration of the pesticide. Research on enzymatic methods of detection, as well as some of the problems and challenges associated with these methods, is extensively discussed in this review. These methods can serve as a tool for screening large samples which can be followed up with the more traditional chromatographic methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Susan Van Dyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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215
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Inoue D, Nakama K, Sawada K, Watanabe T, Matsui H, Sei K, Nakanishi T, Ike M. Screening of agonistic activities against four nuclear receptors in wastewater treatment plants in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:125-132. [PMID: 21476351 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential endocrine disruptive effects through multiple nuclear receptors (NRs), especially non-steroidal NRs, in municipal wastewater, we examined the agonistic activities on four NRs (estrogen receptor alpha, thyroid hormone receptor alpha, retinoic acid receptor alpha and retinoid X receptor alpha) of untreated and treated wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Investigation of the influent and effluent of seven WWTPs revealed that agonistic activities against steroidal and non-steroidal NRs were always detected in the influents and partially remained in the effluents. Further investigation of four WWTPs employing conventional activated sludge, pseudo-anoxic-oxic, anoxic-oxic and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic processes revealed that the ability to reduce the agonistic activity against each of the four NRs varies depending on the treatment process. These results indicated that municipal wastewater in Japan commonly contains endocrine disrupting chemicals that exert agonistic activities on steroidal and non-steroidal NRs, and that some of these chemicals are released into the natural aquatic environment. Although the results obtained in yeast assays suggested that measured levels of non-steroidal NR agonists in the effluent of WWTPs were not likely to cause any biological effect, further study is required to assess their possible risks in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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216
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Decherf S, Demeneix BA. The obesogen hypothesis: a shift of focus from the periphery to the hypothalamus. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:423-448. [PMID: 21790320 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The obesogen concept proposes that environmental contaminants may be contributing to the epidemic of obesity and its related pathology, metabolic disorder. The first references to such a notion appeared at the beginning of the current decade, with the hypothesis that the correlation between increasing incidence of obesity and enhanced industrial chemical production was not simply coincidental, but potentially causally related. The next event was the introduction of the term "obesogen" as representing an environmental pollutant that adversely affects various aspects of adipose tissue functions. More recently, the concept was extended to include substances that may modify metabolic balance at the central, hypothalamic level. The actions of two prime candidate obesogens, tributyltin (TBT) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), acting at the central level are the main focus of this review. Having discussed the evidence for contaminant accumulation in the environment and in human tissues and the potential mechanisms of action, data are provided showing that these two widespread pollutants modify hypothalamic gene regulations. Our studies are based on maternal exposure and measurement of effects in the progeny, mainly based on in vivo gene reporter assays. Such models are obviously pertinent to testing current hypotheses that propose that early exposure might exert effects on later development and physiological functions. The potential molecular mechanisms involved are discussed, as are the broader physiological consequences of these hypothalamic dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Decherf
- CNRS UMR 7221 «Evolution of Endocrine Regulations», Department Regulations, Development and Molecular Diversity, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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217
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Markman S, Müller CT, Pascoe D, Dawson A, Buchanan KL. Pollutants affect development in nestling starlings Sturnus vulgaris. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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López-Darias J, Pino V, Meng Y, Anderson JL, Afonso AM. Utilization of a benzyl functionalized polymeric ionic liquid for the sensitive determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; parabens and alkylphenols in waters using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cross-talk between androgen receptor and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor reveals existence of a novel modulatory action of anti-androgenic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:964-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chaturvedi NK, Kumar S, Negi S, Tyagi RK. Endocrine disruptors provoke differential modulatory responses on androgen receptor and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor: potential implications in metabolic disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:291-308. [PMID: 20830510 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic comparison of the impact of some potential endocrine disruptors (EDs) on modulation of androgen receptor (AR) and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR) function was conducted in a multi-step analysis. Promoter-reporter-based transcription assays were performed in conjunction with receptor dynamic studies in living cells that helped implicating the suspected EDs for their deleterious effects. We demonstrate that most of the selected EDs not only inhibit AR transcriptional activity, but also alter its subcellular dynamics. Conversely, some of these anti-androgenic compounds were potent activator of xeno-sensing nuclear receptor, PXR. Interestingly, agonist-activated AR that associates with the mitotic chromatin fails to achieve this association when bound to anti-androgenic EDs. Conclusively, most EDs (except BCH) behaved like pure antagonist for AR while as agonist for PXR. Subsequent experiments with DDT treatment in mice model indicated that in testis AR and its regulated genes PEM and ODC levels are down-regulated, whereas in liver of same mice PEM is up-regulated while AR and ODC remain unchanged. On the contrary, PXR and its regulated genes CYP3A11 and MDR1 levels in mice liver were up-regulated while in testis PXR remained unchanged, CYP3A11 up-regulated and MDR1 were down-regulated. Based on a novel "Biopit" concept it is speculated that long-term exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may influence the epigenetic profile of target cells via transcription factors thereby making them vulnerable to onset of chemically induced endocrine-related malignancies or metabolic disorders.
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221
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Wang RL, Bencic D, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT, Lazorchak J, Edwards S. A transcriptomics-based biological framework for studying mechanisms of endocrine disruption in small fish species. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 98:230-244. [PMID: 20359757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to construct a transcriptomics-based framework of signal transduction pathways, transcriptional regulatory networks, and the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to facilitate formulation of specific, testable hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of endocrine disruption in fish. For the analyses involved, we used data from a total of more than 300 microarrays representing 58 conditions, which encompassed 4 tissue types from zebrafish of both genders exposed for 1 of 3 durations to 10 different test chemicals (17alpha-ethynyl estradiol, fadrozole, 17beta-trenbolone, fipronil, prochloraz, flutamide, muscimol, ketoconazole, trilostane, and vinclozolin). Differentially expressed genes were identified by one class t-tests for each condition, and those with false discovery rates of less than 40% and treatment/control ratios > or =1.3-fold were mapped to orthologous human, mouse, and rat pathways by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to look for overrepresentation of known biological pathways. To complement the analysis of known biological pathways, the genes regulated by approximately 1800 transcription factors were inferred using the ARACNE mutual information-based algorithm. The resulting gene sets for all transcriptional factors, along with a group of compiled HPG-axis genes and approximately 130 publicly available biological pathways, were analyzed for their responses to the 58 treatment conditions by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and its variant, Extended-GSEA. The biological pathways and transcription factors associated with multiple distinct treatments showed substantial interactions among the HPG-axis, TGF-beta, p53, and several of their cross-talking partners. These candidate networks/pathways have a variety of profound impacts on such cellular functions as stress response, cell cycle, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Wang
- USEPA, Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - David Bencic
- USEPA, Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- USEPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- USEPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jim Lazorchak
- USEPA, Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Stephen Edwards
- USEPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Santos-Silva AP, Moura EG, Pinheiro CR, Rios AS, Abreu-Villaça Y, Passos MCF, Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. Neonatal nicotine exposure alters leptin signaling in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in the late postnatal period and adulthood in rats. Life Sci 2010; 87:187-95. [PMID: 20600149 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Postnatal nicotine exposure causes precocious primary hypothyroidism and programs for overweight, hyperleptinemia and secondary hypothyroidism in adulthood. As leptin and thyroid hormones share the ability to increase energy expenditure, we studied the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during lactation on the leptin signaling in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis of suckling and adult offspring. MAIN METHODS Two days after delivery, osmotic minipumps were implanted in lactating rats, and nicotine (NIC, 6 mg/kg/day s.c.) or saline (C) was administered for 14days. Offspring were killed at 15 and 180 days-old. Proteins belonging to leptin signaling were analyzed by Western blot. Significant differences had p<0.05. KEY FINDINGS In the hypothalamus, NIC offspring showed higher OB-R and pSTAT-3 content (+58%,+1.34x) at 15 days, and lower OB-R, JAK-2 and pSTAT-3 (-61%, -42%, -56%) at 180 days. In the pituitary gland, NIC offspring showed lower JAK-2 content (-52%) at 15 days, but no differences in adulthood. In the thyroid gland, the NIC group presented lower OB-R, JAK-2 and STAT-3 (-44%, -50%, -47%) and higher pSTAT-3 expression (+80%) at 15 days. At 180 days-old, NIC offspring presented higher thyroid OB-R (+1.54x) and lower pSTAT-3 content (-34%). SIGNIFICANCE Neonatal primary hypothyroidism induced by maternal nicotine exposure during lactation may be partially explained by decreased leptin signaling in the thyroid, though the early stimulation of the central leptin pathway did not prevent the thyroid dysfunction. Long-term effects of postnatal nicotine exposure on leptin signaling in the hypothalamus and thyroid appear to involve central and peripheral leptin resistance in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Santos-Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kidani T, Kamei S, Miyawaki J, Aizawa J, Sakayama K, Masuno H. Bisphenol A downregulates Akt signaling and inhibits adiponectin production and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:834-43. [PMID: 20467186 DOI: 10.5551/jat.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA) and BPA-related chemicals, affect adiponectin production and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and whether BPA acts through Akt signaling. METHODS 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for 24 h with BPA at various concentrations (20-80 microM) in serum-deprived medium. The medium was filtered through a 0.2 microm filter. Adiponectin in the infranatants of cell homogenates and in the media was measured using an adiponectin ELISA kit. The levels of Akt and p-Akt in cultures treated for 24 h with or without 80 microM BPA were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS The control cultures (i.e., BPA was absent during a 24-h treatment period) contained 49.4 microg/mg DNA of adiponectin in the cells and secreted 35.5 microg/mg DNA of adiponectin into the medium. BPA at 80 microM dose-dependently decreased the amounts of intracellular and medium adiponectin by 60% (p<0.01) and 56% (p<0.01), respectively, and decreased the levels of Akt and p-Akt by 46% (p<0.01) and 29% (p<0.01), respectively, compared with the control cultures. Like BPA, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), and bisphenol B (BPB) decreased the amounts of intracellular and medium adiponectin. The order of the potential to decrease the amount of intracellular adiponectin was BPB>BPA>BPE>BPF. CONCLUSIONS BPA downregulates Akt signaling and inhibits adiponectin production and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Kidani
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan
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Saaristo M, Craft JA, Lehtonen KK, Lindström K. An endocrine disrupting chemical changes courtship and parental care in the sand goby. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 97:285-292. [PMID: 20060601 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a diverse group of compounds that can mimic, block or modulate the synthesis of natural hormones. They are known to cause impairment of reproduction of aquatic organisms at very low concentrations. The aim of this study was to examine how exposure from 10 to 31 days to 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2, 41 ng L(-1)) affects the courtship and parental care behaviour of male sand gobies (Pomatoschistus minutus). The sand goby exhibits a polygynous mating system, where males compete for females and provide paternal care. First, male courtship performance towards a stimulus female was recorded with video camera. Secondly, after the male had received eggs his parental care behaviour was video recorded. In addition to behavioural endpoints, we measured the expression of hepatic vitellogenin (Vtg) and zona radiata protein (Zrp) mRNA, as well as common somatic indices. Our study shows that exposure to EE2 affected male fanning behaviour during both courtship and parental care. Interestingly, small exposed males increased their courtship fanning to similar levels as larger control males. However, during parental care egg fanning was not related to male size, and all exposed males fanned more than control males. The EE2-exposure induced Vtg and Zrp mRNA expression in males and decreased hepatosomatic index (HSI), and increased gonadosomatic index (GSI). Females prefer males that fan more, which will favour the small EDC exposed males. This may lead to mating that favours males that are not strong enough to tend the eggs until they hatch, thus decreasing the reproductive success of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Saaristo
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Gasull M, Porta M, Pumarega J, Vioque J, Bosch de Basea M, Puigdomènech E, Morales E, Grimalt JO, Malats N. The relative influence of diet and serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds on K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:686-697. [PMID: 20350743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In exocrine pancreatic cancer (EPC) mechanistic relationships may exist among some organochlorine compounds (OCs) and mutations in the K-ras oncogene, as well as among the latter and dietary factors. OBJECTIVE To analyze (1) the relationship between food intake and serum concentrations of OCs in EPC patients and (2) the relative influence of food and OCs on the frequency of K-ras mutations in EPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Incident cases of EPC were prospectively identified, and interviewed face-to-face during hospital admission (N=135 patients with data on OCs and diet, and N=97 with additional information on K-ras status). OCs were measured by high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. RESULTS Consumption of milk and other dairy products was positively associated with concentrations of p,p'-DDT, PCB 138 and PCB 153 (log-transformed betas=0.652, 0.588 and 0.317, respectively; all p<0.05). When adjusted by OCs, dairy products were no longer associated with K-ras. By contrast, after adjusting by consumption of dairy products, patients with the highest concentrations of p,p'-DDT and some PCBs remained more likely to have a K-ras-mutated EPC than patients with lower concentrations (OR for upper tertile of PCB 138=5.5, 95% CI: 1.3-23.4). CONCLUSIONS Dairy products were a source of OCs. The association between dairy products and K-ras mutations was not independent of OCs. By contrast, the association between OCs and K-ras was not confounded by dairy products. OCs may be more likely to contribute to the occurrence of K-ras mutations than nutrients contained in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gasull
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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le Maire A, Bourguet W, Balaguer P. A structural view of nuclear hormone receptor: endocrine disruptor interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1219-37. [PMID: 20063036 PMCID: PMC11115495 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) represent a broad class of exogenous substances that cause adverse effects in the endocrine system by interfering with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action. The molecular mechanisms of EDCs involve different pathways including interactions with nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) which are primary targets of a large variety of environmental contaminants. Here, based on the crystal structures currently available in the Protein Data Bank, we review recent studies showing the many ways in which EDCs interact with NHRs and impact their signaling pathways. Like the estrogenic chemical diethylstilbestrol, some EDCs mimic the natural hormones through conserved protein-ligand contacts, while others, such as organotins, employ radically different binding mechanisms. Such structure-based knowledge, in addition to providing a better understanding of EDC activities, can be used to predict the endocrine-disrupting potential of environmental pollutants and may have applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane le Maire
- INSERM, U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UMR5048, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - William Bourguet
- INSERM, U554, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, 34090 Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UMR5048, Universités Montpellier 1 & 2, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), 34298 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, 34298 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34298 Montpellier, France
- CRLC Val d’Aurelle Paul Lamarque, 34298 Montpellier, France
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Inoue D, Nakama K, Sawada K, Watanabe T, Takagi M, Sei K, Yang M, Hirotsuji J, Hu J, Nishikawa JI, Nakanishi T, Ike M. Contamination with retinoic acid receptor agonists in two rivers in the Kinki region of Japan. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:2409-2418. [PMID: 20117817 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the agonistic activity against human retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha in the Lake Biwa-Yodo River and the Ina River in the Kinki region of Japan. To accomplish this, a yeast two-hybrid assay was used to elucidate the spatial and temporal variations and potential sources of RARalpha agonist contamination in the river basins. RARalpha agonistic activity was commonly detected in the surface water samples collected along two rivers at different periods, with maximum all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) equivalents of 47.6 ng-atRA/L and 23.5 ng-atRA/L being observed in Lake Biwa-Yodo River and Ina River, respectively. The results indicated that RARalpha agonists are always present and widespread in the rivers. Comparative investigation of RARalpha and estrogen receptor alpha agonistic activities at 20 stations along each river revealed that the spatial variation pattern of RARalpha agonist contamination was entirely different from that of the estrogenic compound contamination. This suggests that the effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants, a primary source of estrogenic compounds, seemed not to be the cause of RARalpha agonist contamination in the rivers. Fractionation using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) directed by the bioassay found two bioactive fractions from river water samples, suggesting the presence of at least two RARalpha agonists in the rivers. Although a trial conducted to identify RARalpha agonists in the major bioactive fraction was not completed as part of this study, comparison of retention times in HPLC analysis and quantification with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the major causative contaminants responsible for the RARalpha agonistic activity were not RAs (natural RAR ligands) and 4-oxo-RAs, while 4-oxo-RAs were identified as the major RAR agonists in sewage in Beijing, China. These findings suggest that there are unknown RARalpha agonists with high activity in the rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Inoue
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Effect of pharmaceutical potential endocrine disruptor compounds on protein disulfide isomerase reductase activity using di-eosin-oxidized-glutathione. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9507. [PMID: 20209080 PMCID: PMC2831067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) in the endoplasmic reticulum of all cells catalyzes the rearrangement of disulfide bridges during folding of membrane and secreted proteins. As PDI is also known to bind various molecules including hormones such as estradiol and thyroxin, we considered the hypothesis that adverse effects of endocrine-disrupter compounds (EDC) could be mediated through their interaction with PDI leading to defects in membrane or secreted proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings Taking advantage of the recent description of the fluorescence self quenched substrate di-eosin-oxidized-glutathion (DiE-GSSG), we determined kinetically the effects of various potential pharmaceutical EDCs on the in-vitro reductase activity of bovine liver PDI by measuring the fluorescence of the reaction product (E-GSH). Our data show that estrogens (ethynylestradiol and bisphenol-A) as well as indomethacin exert an inhibition whereas medroxyprogesteroneacetate and nortestosterone exert a potentiation of bovine PDI reductase activity. Conclusions The present data indicate that the tested EDCs could not only affect endocrine target cells through nuclear receptors as previously shown, but could also affect these and all other cells by positively or negatively affecting PDI activity. The substrate DiE-GSSG has been demonstrated to be a convenient substrate to measure PDI reductase activity in the presence of various potential EDCs. It will certainely be usefull for the screening of potential effect of all kinds of chemicals on PDI reductase activity.
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Abstract
Male infertility, characterized by hypogonadism, decreased semen quality or ejaculatory dysfunction, accounts for approximately 20% of infertility cases. Obesity and metabolic dysfunction have been identified, among other causal factors, to contribute to male infertility. In the context of the Western world's 'obesity epidemic', this article discusses three main biological mechanisms linking obesity to impaired male reproductive function: hypogonadism, testicular heat stress/hypoxia-induced apoptosis and endocrine disruption by 'obesogens'. Among these, obesity-induced hypogonadism is undoubtedly the most clinically significant and is easily assessed. Rapidly expanding areas of research in this area include leptin modulation of kisspeptins and hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular hormone pathways, and roles of other adipocytokines in male infertility, as well as the impact of exposure to obesogens on the quality of semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Phillips
- a Assistant Professor, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Principal Scientist, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 43 Templeton Street, Room 215, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Nongnuj Tanphaichitr
- b Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, and Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Biochemistry/Microbiology/Immunology, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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Feige JN, Gerber A, Casals-Casas C, Yang Q, Winkler C, Bedu E, Bueno M, Gelman L, Auwerx J, Gonzalez FJ, Desvergne B. The pollutant diethylhexyl phthalate regulates hepatic energy metabolism via species-specific PPARalpha-dependent mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:234-41. [PMID: 20123618 PMCID: PMC2831923 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modulation of energetic homeostasis by pollutants has recently emerged as a potential contributor to the onset of metabolic disorders. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used industrial plasticizer to which humans are widely exposed. Phthalates can activate the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes on cellular models and induce peroxisome proliferation in rodents. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to evaluate the systemic and metabolic consequences of DEHP exposure that have remained so far unexplored and to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. METHODS As a proof of concept and mechanism, genetically engineered mouse models of PPARs were exposed to high doses of DEHP, followed by metabolic and molecular analyses. RESULTS DEHP-treated mice were protected from diet-induced obesity via PPARalpha-dependent activation of hepatic fatty acid catabolism, whereas the activity of neither PPARbeta nor PPARgamma was affected. However, the lean phenotype observed in response to DEHP in wild-type mice was surprisingly abolished in PPARalpha-humanized mice. These species differences are associated with a different pattern of coregulator recruitment. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that DEHP exerts species-specific metabolic actions that rely to a large extent on PPARalpha signaling and highlight the metabolic importance of the species-specific activation of PPARalpha by xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme N. Feige
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alan Gerber
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Casals-Casas
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carine Winkler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Bedu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Bueno
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gelman
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Béatrice Desvergne
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center “Frontiers in Genetics,” University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to B. Desvergne, Center for Integrative Genomics, Le Génopode, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Telephone: 41-0-21-692-41-40. Fax: 41-0-21-692-41-15. E-mail:
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Toxic environment and obesity pandemia: is there a relationship? Ital J Pediatr 2010; 36:8. [PMID: 20205780 PMCID: PMC2823765 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multi-factorial disease, resulting from genes, environment and behaviour interactions, and represents the most common metabolic disorder in the Western Hemisphere. Its prevalence has dramatically risen during the last three decades, reaching worldwide epidemic proportions. Recent cumulating evidence suggests that obesity may represent an adverse health consequence of exposure during the critical developmental windows to environmental chemicals disrupting endocrine function. Moreover, exposure to these chemicals seems to play a key role in the development of obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between this exposure and the obesity pandemia and the involved mechanisms as well as to refine hazard identification.
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Kojima H, Takeuchi S, Nagai T. Endocrine-disrupting Potential of Pesticides via Nuclear Receptors and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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233
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Hung CH, Yang SN, Kuo PL, Chu YT, Chang HW, Wei WJ, Huang SK, Jong YJ. Modulation of cytokine expression in human myeloid dendritic cells by environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals involves epigenetic regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:67-72. [PMID: 20056579 PMCID: PMC2831970 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is often associated with dysregulated immune homeostasis, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test a hypothesis that EDCs regulate the functions of human dendritic cells, a front-line, immunoregulatory cell type in contact with the environment. METHODS We investigated circulating myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from five subjects and measured their responses, with or without coculture with autologous T cells, to two common EDCs, nonylphenol (NP) and 4-octylphenol (4-OP). EDC-associated cytokine responses, signaling events, and histone modifications were examined using ELISA, Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, respectively. RESULTS In all cases, mDCs treated with NP or 4-OP demonstrated increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) but decreased baseline and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced (interleukin) (IL)-10 production; the increase in TNF-alpha was partially reversible by an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist. Activation of the MKK3/6-p38 signaling pathway marked the effect of NP on TNF-alpha expression, concomitant with enhanced levels of methyltranferase complex [mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) and tryptophan-aspartic acid repeat domain 5 (WDR5)] in the nucleus and of trimethylated H3K4, acetylated H3, and H4 at the TNFA gene locus. Further, up-regulated TNF-alpha expression was significantly suppressed in NP-treated mDCs by a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor. In the presence of NP-treated mDCs, T cells showed increased levels of IL-13 but decreased expression of interferon-gamma. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NP and 4-OP may have functional effects on the response of mDCs via, in part, the ER, MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signaling pathway, and histone modifications, with subsequent influence on the T-cell cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsing Hung
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine and
| | - San-Nan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Te Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Wei
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine and
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine and
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuh-Jyh Jong
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to Y-J. Jong, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, #100, Tz-You 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C. Telephone: 886-7-3121101-6506. Fax: 886-7-3213931. E-mail:
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Park KJ, Müller CT, Markman S, Swinscow-Hall O, Pascoe D, Buchanan KL. Detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in aerial invertebrates at sewage treatment works. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:1459-64. [PMID: 19880157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitute a diverse group of chemical compounds which can alter endocrine function in exposed animals. Whilst most studies have focussed on exposure of wildlife to EDCs via aquatic routes, there is the potential for transfer into the terrestrial food chain through consumption of contaminated prey items developing in sewage sludge and waste water at sewage treatment works. In this study, we determine levels of EDCs in aerial insects whose larval stages develop on percolating filter beds at sewage treatment works. We compare absolute concentrations of known EDCs with those collected from aquatic environments not exposed to sewage effluent outflow. Our findings document for the first time that aerial invertebrates developing on sewage filter beds take up a range of chemicals thought to be incorporated from the sewage effluent, which act as endocrine disruptors. For two synthetic chemicals (17alpha-ethinylestradiol and butylated hydroxy aniline), concentrations were significantly higher in insects captured around percolating filter beds than sites over 2 km from the nearest sewage works. A number of species of insectivorous bats and birds, some of which are declining or threatened, use sewage works as principle foraging sites. We calculate approximate exposure levels for a species of bat known to forage within sewage works and suggest that further research is warranted to assess the ecological implications of consuming contaminated invertebrate prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Park
- Centre for Conservation Science, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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235
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Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces NR4A subfamily and GIOT-1 gene expression, and suppresses CYP19 expression in human granulosa-like tumor cell line KGN. Toxicol Lett 2009; 191:353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV, Keith SW, Aronne LJ, Barger J, Baskin M, Benca RM, Biggio J, Boggiano MM, Eisenmann JC, Elobeid M, Fontaine KR, Gluckman P, Hanlon EC, Katzmarzyk P, Pietrobelli A, Redden DT, Ruden DM, Wang C, Waterland RA, Wright SM, Allison DB. Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:868-913. [PMID: 19960394 PMCID: PMC2932668 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903372599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a global issue and shows no signs of abating, while the cause of this epidemic remains unclear. Marketing practices of energy-dense foods and institutionally-driven declines in physical activity are the alleged perpetrators for the epidemic, despite a lack of solid evidence to demonstrate their causal role. While both may contribute to obesity, we call attention to their unquestioned dominance in program funding and public efforts to reduce obesity, and propose several alternative putative contributors that would benefit from equal consideration and attention. Evidence for microorganisms, epigenetics, increasing maternal age, greater fecundity among people with higher adiposity, assortative mating, sleep debt, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical iatrogenesis, reduction in variability of ambient temperatures, and intrauterine and intergenerational effects as contributing factors to the obesity epidemic are reviewed herein. While the evidence is strong for some contributors such as pharmaceutical-induced weight gain, it is still emerging for other reviewed factors. Considering the role of such putative etiological factors of obesity may lead to comprehensive, cause specific, and effective strategies for prevention and treatment of this global epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J McAllister
- Department of Infections and Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Porta M, López T, Pumarega J, Jariod M, Crous-Bou M, Marco E, Rifà J, Grimalt JO, Malats N, Real FX. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma blood concentrations of some organochlorine compounds and coffee intake are independently associated with KRAS mutations. Mutagenesis 2009; 24:513-21. [PMID: 19797353 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While KRAS activation is a fundamental initiating event in the aetiopathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), environmental factors influencing the occurrence and persistence of KRAS mutations remain largely unknown. The objective was to test the hypothesis that in PDA there are aetiopathogenic relationships among concentrations of some organochlorine compounds (OCs) and the mutational status of the KRAS oncogene, as well as among the latter and coffee intake. Incident cases of PDA were interviewed and had blood drawn at hospital admission (N = 103). OCs were measured by high-resolution gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Cases whose tumours harboured a KRAS mutation had higher concentrations of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 138, 153 and 180 than cases with wild-type KRAS, but differences were statistically significant only for p,p'-DDT and PCBs 138 and 153. The association between coffee intake and KRAS mutations remained significant (P-trend < 0.015) when most OCs where accounted for. When p,p'-DDT, PCB 153, coffee and alcohol intake were included in the same model, all were associated with KRAS (P = 0.042, 0.007, 0.016 and 0.025, respectively). p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and PCB 138 were significantly associated with the two most prevalent KRAS mutations (Val and Asp). OCs and coffee may have independent roles in the aetiopathogenesis of PDA through modulation of KRAS activation, acquisition or persistence, plausibly through non-genotoxic or epigenetic mechanisms. Given that KRAS mutations are the most frequent abnormality of oncogenes in human cancers, and the lifelong accumulation of OCs in humans, refutation or replication of the findings is required before any implications are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Porta
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica-Hospital del Mar, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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He F, Wen HS, Dong SL, Shi B, Chen CF, Wang LS, Yao J, Mu XJ, Zhou YG. Polymorphisms within promoter of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) ovary cytochrome P450-c19 (CYP19a) gene associated with reproductive traits. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2009; 35:333-340. [PMID: 19578940 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 aromatase, which is encoded by the CYP19a gene, converts androgens to estradiol. Considerable evidence suggests that estrogens play an important role in fish reproductive process. Therefore CYP19a is an excellent candidate gene for reproductive traits. Variants in the promoter of the CYP19a gene might also be involved in the control of aromatase expression and affect regulatory mechanism linking cholesterol metabolism to the synthesis of sex steroids. In this study, nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected with polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), namely A-680G, G-672A, AGTAGT-649 inserting or deleting, T-623C, C-410A, T7-454A, T-402C, TTTCCAGACTGA-345 inserting or deleting, and G-297C. Nine SNPs within the promoter of the CYP19a gene were tested for association with four reproductive traits [serum testosterone (T), serum 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and gonadosomatic index (GSI)] in a population of 50 female Japanese flounder individuals. A locus, P3 (TTTCCAGACTGA-345 inserting or deleting, G-297C), was significantly associated with 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) level (P < 0.05) in female Japanese flounder. In addition, there was significant association between one diplotype based on nine SNPs and reproductive trait. The genetic effect for E(2) level of diplotype D3 was significantly higher than those of other diplotypes (P < 0.05). Results indicate that these genetic effects of those variants on E(2) level may help to explain CYP19a gene status in the reproductive endocrinology of Japanese flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
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de Jager C, Aneck-Hahn N, Bornman M, Farias P, Leter G, Eleuteri P, Rescia M, Spano M. Sperm chromatin integrity in DDT-exposed young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:2429-38. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Rochester JR, Millam JR. Phytoestrogens and avian reproduction: Exploring the evolution and function of phytoestrogens and possible role of plant compounds in the breeding ecology of wild birds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 154:279-88. [PMID: 19559809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are secondary plant compounds, which can act to mimic estrogen and cause the disruption of estrogenic responses in organisms. Although there is a substantial body of research studying phytoestrogens, including their mechanisms of estrogenic effects, evolution, and detection in biological systems, little is known about their ecological significance. There is evidence, however, that an ecological relationship involving phytoestrogens exists between plants and animals-plants may produce phytoestrogens to reduce fecundity of organisms that eat them. Birds and other vertebrates may also exploit phytoestrogens to regulate their own reproduction-there are well known examples of phytoestrogens inhibiting reproduction in higher vertebrates, including birds. Also, common plant stressors (e.g., high temperature) increase the production of secondary plant compounds, and, as evidence suggests, also induce phytoestrogen biosynthesis. These observations are consistent with the single study ever done on phytoestrogens and reproduction in wild birds [Leopold, A.S., Erwin, M., Oh, J., Browning, B., 1976. Phytoestrogens adverse effects on reproduction in California quail. Science 191, 98-100.], which found that drought stress correlated with increased levels of phytoestrogens in plants, and that increased phytoestrogen levels correlated with decreased young. This review discusses the hypothesis that plants may have an effect on the reproduction of avian species by producing phytoestrogens as a plant defense against herbivory, and that birds may "use" changing levels of phytoestrogens in the vegetation to ensure that food resources will support potential young produced. Evidence from our laboratory and others appear to support this hypothesis.
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241
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Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:293-342. [PMID: 19502515 PMCID: PMC2726844 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2715] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are substances in our environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction. In this first Scientific Statement of The Endocrine Society, we present the evidence that endocrine disruptors have effects on male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology. Results from animal models, human clinical observations, and epidemiological studies converge to implicate EDCs as a significant concern to public health. The mechanisms of EDCs involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) estrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, retinoid, and actions through other nuclear receptors; steroidogenic enzymes; neurotransmitter receptors and systems; and many other pathways that are highly conserved in wildlife and humans, and which can be modeled in laboratory in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, EDCs represent a broad class of molecules such as organochlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, fuels, and many other chemicals that are present in the environment or are in widespread use. We make a number of recommendations to increase understanding of effects of EDCs, including enhancing increased basic and clinical research, invoking the precautionary principle, and advocating involvement of individual and scientific society stakeholders in communicating and implementing changes in public policy and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis
- Endocrine Section of First Department of Medicine, Laiko Hospital, Medical School University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Jefferson WN. Environmental estrogens and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304:84-9. [PMID: 19433252 PMCID: PMC2682588 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals in the environment, in particular those with estrogenic activity, can disrupt the programming of endocrine signaling pathways that are established during development and result in adverse consequences that may not be apparent until much later in life. Most recently, obesity and diabetes join the growing list of adverse consequences that have been associated with developmental exposure to environmental estrogens during critical stages of differentiation. These diseases are quickly becoming significant public health issues and are fast reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. In this review, we summarize the literature from experimental animal studies documenting an association of environmental estrogens and the development of obesity, and further describe an animal model of exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) that has proven useful in studying mechanisms involved in abnormal programming of various differentiating estrogen-target tissues. Other examples of environmental estrogens including the phytoestrogen genistein and the environmental contaminant Bisphenol A are also discussed. Together, these data suggest new targets (i.e., adipocyte differentiation and molecular mechanisms involved in weight homeostasis) for abnormal programming by estrogenic chemicals, and provide evidence that support the scientific hypothesis termed "the developmental origins of adult disease". The proposal of an association of environmental estrogens with obesity and diabetes expands the focus on the diseases from intervention/treatment to include prevention/avoidance of chemical modifiers especially during critical windows of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retha R Newbold
- Developmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptor Section, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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Eveillard A, Mselli-Lakhal L, Mogha A, Lasserre F, Polizzi A, Pascussi JM, Guillou H, Martin PGP, Pineau T. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) activates the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR): a novel signalling pathway sensitive to phthalates. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1735-46. [PMID: 19428328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer, is detected in consumer's body fluids. Contamination occurs through environmental and food chain sources. In mouse liver, DEHP activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and regulates the expression of its target genes. Several in vitro investigations support the simultaneous recruitment of additional nuclear receptor pathways. We investigated, in vivo, the hepatic impact of low doses of DEHP on PPARalpha activation, and the putative activation of additional signalling pathways. Wild-type and PPARalpha-deficient mice were exposed to different doses of DEHP. Gene expression profiling delineated the role of PPARalpha and revealed a PPARalpha-independent regulation of several prototypic constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) target genes. Thus, we developed an original hepatic cell line expressing CAR to investigate its activation by DEHP. By means of a pharmacological inhibitor or CAR-targeting shRNAs, we established that CAR is required for the effect of DEHP on Cyp2b10, a recognized CAR target gene. Moreover, DEHP dose-dependently induced CYP2B6 in human primary hepatocyte cultures. This finding demonstrates that CAR also represents a transcriptional regulator sensitive to phthalates. CAR-mediated effects of DEHP provide a new rationale for most endpoints of phthalates toxicity described previously, including endocrine disruption, hepatocarcinogenesis and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Eveillard
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA UR66, Toulouse, France
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Zhou C, Verma S, Blumberg B. The steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), beyond xenobiotic metabolism. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2009; 7:e001. [PMID: 19240808 PMCID: PMC2646121 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.07001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) (also known as pregnane X receptor or PXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor activated by a diverse array of endogenous hormones, dietary steroids, pharmaceutical agents, and xenobiotic compounds. SXR has an enlarged, flexible, hydrophobic ligand binding domain (LBD) which is remarkably divergent across mammalian species and SXR exhibits considerable differences in its pharmacology among mammals. The broad response profile of SXR has led to the development of "the steroid and xenobiotic sensor hypothesis". SXR has been established as a xenobiotic sensor that coordinately regulates xenobiotic clearance in the liver and intestine via induction of genes involved in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. In the past few years, research has revealed new and mostly unsuspected roles for SXR in modulating inflammation, bone homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism, lipid homeostasis, energy homeostasis and cancer. The identification of SXR as a xenobiotic sensor has provided an important tool for studying new mechanisms through which diet, chemical exposure, and environment ultimately impact health and disease. The discovery and pharmacological development of new PXR modulators might represent an interesting and innovative therapeutic approach to combat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
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Schoonen WGEJ, Westerink WMA, Horbach GJ. High-throughput screening for analysis of in vitro toxicity. EXS 2009; 99:401-52. [PMID: 19157069 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies in the pharmaceutical industry during the last 10 years has been enormous. However, the attrition rate of drugs in the clinic due to toxicity during this period still remained 40-50%. The need for reduced toxicity failure led to the development of early toxicity screening assays. This chapter describes the state of the art for assays in the area of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, induction of specific enzymes from phase I and II metabolism, competition assays for enzymes of phase I and II metabolism, embryotoxicity as well as endocrine disruption and reprotoxicity. With respect to genotoxicity, the full Ames, Ames II, Vitotox, GreenScreen GC, RadarScreen, and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity assays are discussed. For cytotoxicity, cellular proliferation, calcein uptake, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial activity, radical formation, glutathione depletion as well as apoptosis are described. For high-content screening (HCS), the possibilities for analysis of cytotoxicity, micronuclei, centrosome formation and phospholipidosis are examined. For embryotoxicity, endocrine disruption and reprotoxicity alternative assays are reviewed for fast track analysis by means of nuclear receptors and membrane receptors. Moreover, solutions for analyzing enzyme induction by activation of nuclear receptors, like AhR, CAR, PXR, PPAR, FXR, LXR, TR and RAR are given.
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Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Lyche JL, Almaas C, Stavik B, Moe SJ, Aleksandersen M, Berg V, Jakobsen KS, Stenseth NC, Skåre JU, Alestrøm P, Ropstad E. Transcriptional regulation in liver and testis associated with developmental and reproductive effects in male zebrafish exposed to natural mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POP). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:112-130. [PMID: 19184727 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802537255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POP) occur as mixtures in nature and it is difficult to predict the toxicity of such mixtures based on knowledge about toxicity and mechanisms of action for single compounds. The present knowledge on the combined toxic effects and modes of actions of exposure to mixtures is limited. Thus, the scientifically based hazard and risk assessment of POP requires analytical and toxicological data from studies with environmental mixtures of POP. The application of genome wide transcription profiling in toxicology, in combination with classical endpoints, will improve the current understanding of the mechanisms of toxic processes. Furthermore, gene expression data may be useful in establishing new hypothesis and discovering new biomarkers for known toxicity as well as not yet recognized toxicity endpoints. In the present study, developmental and reproductive effects of lifelong exposure to environmental relevant concentrations of two natural mixtures of POP were investigated using classical and molecular methods in a controlled zebrafish model. The mixtures used were extracted from burbot (Lota lota) liver originating from freshwater systems in Norway: one mixture with high levels and one mixture with background levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and DDT. The concentration of POP in the zebrafish ranged from levels detected in wild fish from Lake Mjøsa, to concentrations reported in human and wildlife populations. Phenotypic effects observed in both exposure groups included (1) reduced survival, (2) earlier onset of puberty, (3) increased male/female sex ratio, and (4) differences in body weight at 5 mo of age. Interestingly, genome-wide transcription profiling showed changes in regulation of genes involved in endocrine signaling and growth. The transcriptomics changes included (1) key regulator genes for steroid and thyroid hormone functions (cga, ncoa3), (2) insulin signaling and metabolic homeostasis (pik3r1, pfkfb3, ptb1), and (3) p53 activation (mdm4). The effects observed in the experimental zebrafish model raise the question of whether chemical pollution represents a risk to the reproductive health of wild fish inhabiting the freshwater system.
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Iguchi T, Katsu Y. Commonality in Signaling of Endocrine Disruption from Snail to Human. Bioscience 2008. [DOI: 10.1641/b581109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Minh SD, Below S, Müller C, Hildebrandt JP. Novel mammalian cell lines expressing reporter genes for the detection of environmental chemicals activating endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptors (ArhR) or estrogen receptors (ER). Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1935-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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