201
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Ranganathan P, Mohamed R, Jayakumar C, Brands MW, Ramesh G. Deletion of UNC5B in Kidney Epithelium Exacerbates Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice. Am J Nephrol 2015; 41:220-30. [PMID: 25896231 DOI: 10.1159/000381428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidance cue netrin-1 was shown to have protective effects in diabetic nephropathy. However, the role of its receptor UNC5B in diabetic kidney disease is unknown. Moreover, whether netrin-1 is protective against diabetic kidney disease in a genetic model of nephropathy and in the nephropathy prone DBA background is also unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the significance of UNC5B in tubular epithelial cells in chronic kidney disease due to diabetes and evaluate whether netrin-1 is also protective in the case of a nephropathy-prone mouse. METHODS Proximal tubular epithelium-specific UNC5B knockout mice as well as heterozygous UNC5B knockout mice were used to determine the roles of UNC5B in nephropathy. Diabetes was induced in these tissue-specific knockout, heterozygous and WT mice, and albuminuria was then monitored. RESULTS WT and heterozygous diabetic mice developed significant albuminuria at 8 weeks after induction of diabetes as compared to buffer-treated control mice. However, albuminuria was significantly more pronounced in mice with proximal tubule specific deletion of UNC5B. Transgenic overexpression of netrin-1 in proximal tubules in the DBA background and administration of recombinant netrin-1 to Ins2Akita mice also significantly reduced diabetes-induced albuminuria and suppressed glomerular and interstitial lesions. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that netrin-1 signaling in proximal tubular epithelium may play a critical role in the protection of kidney against diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punithavathi Ranganathan
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Ga., USA
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202
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Li SY, Huang PH, Tarng DC, Lin TP, Yang WC, Chang YH, Yang AH, Lin CC, Yang MH, Chen JW, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Chien S, Chu PH, Lin SJ. Four-and-a-Half LIM Domains Protein 2 Is a Coactivator of Wnt Signaling in Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:3072-84. [PMID: 25855776 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a microvascular complication that leads to kidney dysfunction and ESRD, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Podocyte Wnt-pathway activation has been demonstrated to be a trigger mechanism for various proteinuric diseases. Notably, four-and-a-half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) is highly expressed in urogenital systems and has been implicated in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here, we used in vitro podocyte culture experiments and a streptozotocin-induced DKD model in FHL2 gene-knockout mice to determine the possible role of FHL2 in DKD and to clarify its association with the Wnt pathway. In human and mouse kidney tissues, FHL2 protein was abundantly expressed in podocytes but not in renal tubular cells. Treatment with high glucose or diabetes-related cytokines, including angiotensin II and TGF-β1, activated FHL2 protein and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cultured podocytes. This activation also upregulated FHL2 expression and promoted FHL2 translocation from cytosol to nucleus. Genetic deletion of the FHL2 gene mitigated the podocyte dedifferentiation caused by activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling under Wnt-On, but not under Wnt-Off, conditions. Diabetic FHL2(+/+) mice developed markedly increased albuminuria and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane compared with nondiabetic FHL2(+/+) mice. However, FHL2 knockout significantly attenuated these DKD-induced changes. Furthermore, kidney samples from patients with diabetes had a higher degree of FHL2 podocyte nuclear translocation, which was positively associated with albuminuria and progressive renal function deterioration. Therefore, we conclude that FHL2 has both structural and functional protein-protein interactions with β-catenin in the podocyte nucleus and that FHL2 protein inhibition can mitigate Wnt/β-catenin-induced podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yuan Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Lin
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chang Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hwa Chang
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Hang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Institute and Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- The Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shu Chien
- Departments of Bioengineering, Nanoengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine; Healthcare Center; Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Institute and Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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203
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Liu JY, Chen XX, Tang SCW, Lao LX, Sze SCW, Lee KF, Zhang KYB. Edible plants from traditional Chinese medicine is a promising alternative for the management of diabetic nephropathy. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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204
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Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD, Izquierdo MC, Martin-Cleary C, Garcia-Bermejo L, Moreno JA, Ruiz-Ortega M, Draibe J, Cruzado JM, Garcia-Gonzalez MA, Lopez-Novoa JM, Soler MJ, Sanz AB. Translational value of animal models of kidney failure. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:205-20. [PMID: 25814248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with decreased renal function and increased mortality risk, while the therapeutic armamentarium is unsatisfactory. The availability of adequate animal models may speed up the discovery of biomarkers for disease staging and therapy individualization as well as design and testing of novel therapeutic strategies. Some longstanding animal models have failed to result in therapeutic advances in the clinical setting, such as kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury and diabetic nephropathy models. In this regard, most models for diabetic nephropathy are unsatisfactory in that they do not evolve to renal failure. Satisfactory models for additional nephropathies are needed. These include anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, IgA nephropathy, anti-phospholipase-A2-receptor (PLA2R) membranous nephropathy and Fabry nephropathy. However, recent novel models hold promise for clinical translation. Thus, the AKI to CKD translation has been modeled, in some cases with toxins of interest for human CKD such as aristolochic acid. Genetically modified mice provide models for Alport syndrome evolving to renal failure that have resulted in clinical recommendations, polycystic kidney disease models that have provided clues for the development of tolvaptan, that was recently approved for the human disease in Japan; and animal models also contributed to target C5 with eculizumab in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Some ongoing trials explore novel concepts derived from models, such TWEAK targeting as tissue protection for lupus nephritis. We now review animal models reproducing diverse, genetic and acquired, causes of AKI and CKD evolving to kidney failure and discuss the contribution to clinical translation and prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria C Izquierdo
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Garcia-Bermejo
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Dpt. of Pathology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Moreno
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Draibe
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L׳Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Cruzado
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L׳Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Gonzalez
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Nefrología, Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose M Lopez-Novoa
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamnca, Spain
| | - Maria J Soler
- REDinREN, Madrid, Spain; Nephrology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDinREN, Madrid, Spain.
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205
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Marumo T, Yagi S, Kawarazaki W, Nishimoto M, Ayuzawa N, Watanabe A, Ueda K, Hirahashi J, Hishikawa K, Sakurai H, Shiota K, Fujita T. Diabetes Induces Aberrant DNA Methylation in the Proximal Tubules of the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2388-97. [PMID: 25653098 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014070665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms may underlie the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Because the kidney is a heterogeneous organ with different cell types, we investigated DNA methylation status of the kidney in a cell type-specific manner. We first identified genes specifically demethylated in the normal proximal tubules obtained from control db/m mice, and next delineated the candidate disease-modifying genes bearing aberrant DNA methylation induced by diabetes using db/db mice. Genes involved in glucose metabolism, including Sglt2, Pck1, and G6pc, were selectively hypomethylated in the proximal tubules in control mice. Hnf4a, a transcription factor regulating transporters for reabsorption, was also selectively demethylated. In diabetic mice, aberrant hypomethylation of Agt, Abcc4, Cyp4a10, Glut5, and Met and hypermethylation of Kif20b, Cldn18, and Slco1a1 were observed. Time-dependent demethylation of Agt, a marker of diabetic kidney disease, was accompanied by histone modification changes. Furthermore, inhibition of DNA methyltransferase or histone deacetylase increased Agt mRNA in cultured human proximal tubular cells. Aberrant DNA methylation and concomitant changes in histone modifications and mRNA expression in the diabetic kidney were resistant to antidiabetic treatment with pioglitazone. These results suggest that an epigenetic switch involving aberrant DNA methylation causes persistent mRNA expression of select genes that may lead to phenotype changes of the proximal tubules in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Marumo
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yagi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, and
| | - Wakako Kawarazaki
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimoto
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Nobuhiro Ayuzawa
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Kohei Ueda
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Junichi Hirahashi
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Keiichi Hishikawa
- Department of Advanced Nephrology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Shiota
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, and
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan;
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206
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Gorin Y, Cavaglieri RC, Khazim K, Lee DY, Bruno F, Thakur S, Fanti P, Szyndralewiez C, Barnes JL, Block K, Abboud HE. Targeting NADPH oxidase with a novel dual Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor attenuates renal pathology in type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1276-87. [PMID: 25656366 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00396.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by Nox NADPH oxidases may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The efficacy of the Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor GKT137831 on the manifestations of DN was studied in OVE26 mice, a model of type 1 diabetes. Starting at 4-5 mo of age, OVE26 mice were treated with GKT137831 at 10 or 40 mg/kg, once-a-day for 4 wk. At both doses, GKT137831 inhibited NADPH oxidase activity, superoxide generation, and hydrogen peroxide production in the renal cortex from diabetic mice without affecting Nox1 or Nox4 protein expression. The increased expression of fibronectin and type IV collagen was reduced in the renal cortex, including glomeruli, of diabetic mice treated with GKT137831. GKT137831 significantly reduced glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial matrix expansion, urinary albumin excretion, and podocyte loss in OVE26 mice. GKT137831 also attenuated macrophage infiltration in glomeruli and tubulointerstitium. Collectively, our data indicate that pharmacological inhibition of Nox1/4 affords broad renoprotection in mice with preexisting diabetes and established kidney disease. This study validates the relevance of targeting Nox4 and identifies GKT137831 as a promising compound for the treatment of DN in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gorin
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Rita C Cavaglieri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Khaled Khazim
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Doug-Yoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Francesca Bruno
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sachin Thakur
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Audie Leon Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | | | - Jeffrey L Barnes
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Audie Leon Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hanna E Abboud
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Audie Leon Murphy Memorial Hospital Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; and
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207
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Oltean S, Qiu Y, Ferguson JK, Stevens M, Neal C, Russell A, Kaura A, Arkill KP, Harris K, Symonds C, Lacey K, Wijeyaratne L, Gammons M, Wylie E, Hulse RP, Alsop C, Cope G, Damodaran G, Betteridge KB, Ramnath R, Satchell SC, Foster RR, Ballmer-Hofer K, Donaldson LF, Barratt J, Baelde HJ, Harper SJ, Bates DO, Salmon AHJ. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A165b Is Protective and Restores Endothelial Glycocalyx in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:1889-904. [PMID: 25542969 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of ESRD in high-income countries and a growing problem across the world. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is thought to be a critical mediator of vascular dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy, yet VEGF-A knockout and overexpression of angiogenic VEGF-A isoforms each worsen diabetic nephropathy. We examined the vasculoprotective effects of the VEGF-A isoform VEGF-A165b in diabetic nephropathy. Renal expression of VEGF-A165b mRNA was upregulated in diabetic individuals with well preserved kidney function, but not in those with progressive disease. Reproducing this VEGF-A165b upregulation in mouse podocytes in vivo prevented functional and histologic abnormalities in diabetic nephropathy. Biweekly systemic injections of recombinant human VEGF-A165b reduced features of diabetic nephropathy when initiated during early or advanced nephropathy in a model of type 1 diabetes and when initiated during early nephropathy in a model of type 2 diabetes. VEGF-A165b normalized glomerular permeability through phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 in glomerular endothelial cells, and reversed diabetes-induced damage to the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx. VEGF-A165b also improved the permeability function of isolated diabetic human glomeruli. These results show that VEGF-A165b acts via the endothelium to protect blood vessels and ameliorate diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Qiu
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and
| | | | | | - Chris Neal
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and
| | | | - Amit Kaura
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emma Wylie
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - George Cope
- Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Raina Ramnath
- Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Ballmer-Hofer
- Biomolecular Research, Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lucy F Donaldson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and School of Life Sciences and
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H J Salmon
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;
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208
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Liu X, Yang G, Fan Q, Wang L. Proteomic profile in glomeruli of type-2 diabetic KKAy mice using 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2705-13. [PMID: 25515740 PMCID: PMC4278697 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. To search for glomerular proteins associated with early-stage DN, glomeruli of spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKAy mice were analyzed by 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Material/Methods Glomeruli of 20-week spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKAy mice and age-matched C57BL/6 mice were isolated by kidney perfusion with magnetic beads. Proteomic profiles of glomeruli were investigated by using 2D-DIGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the results of proteomics. Immunohistochemical and semi-quantitative analysis were used to confirm the differential expression of prohibitin and annexin A2 in glomeruli. Results We identified 19 differentially expressed proteins – 17 proteins were significantly up-regulated and 2 proteins were significantly down-regulated in glomeruli of diabetic KKAy mice. Among them, prohibitin and annexin A2 were up-regulated and Western blot analysis validated the same result in proteomics. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed up-regulation of prohibitin and annexin A2 in glomeruli of KKAy mice. Conclusions Our findings suggest that prohibitin and annexin A2 may be associated with early-stage DN. Further functional research might help to reveal the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Qiuling Fan
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Lining Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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209
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Thibodeau JF, Holterman CE, Burger D, Read NC, Reudelhuber TL, Kennedy CRJ. A novel mouse model of advanced diabetic kidney disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113459. [PMID: 25514595 PMCID: PMC4267730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available rodent models exhibit characteristics of early diabetic nephropathy (DN) such as hyperfiltration, mesangial expansion, and albuminuria yet features of late DN (hypertension, GFR decline, tubulointerstitial fibrosis) are absent or require a significant time investment for full phenotype development. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to develop a mouse model of advanced DN with hypertension superimposed (HD mice). Mice transgenic for human renin cDNA under the control of the transthyretin promoter (TTRhRen) were employed as a model of angiotensin-dependent hypertension. Diabetes was induced in TTRhRen mice through low dose streptozotocin (HD-STZ mice) or by intercrossing with OVE26 diabetic mice (HD-OVE mice). Both HD-STZ and HD-OVE mice displayed more pronounced increases in urinary albumin levels as compared with their diabetic littermates. Additionally, HD mice displayed renal hypertrophy, advanced glomerular scarring and evidence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Both HD-OVE and HD-STZ mice showed evidence of GFR decline as FITC-inulin clearance was decreased compared to hyperfiltering STZ and OVE mice. Taken together our results suggest that HD mice represent a robust model of type I DN that recapitulates key features of human disease which may be significant in studying the pathogenesis of DN and in the assessment of putative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Thibodeau
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chet E. Holterman
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi C. Read
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy L. Reudelhuber
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher R. J. Kennedy
- Kidney Research Centre, Division of Nephrology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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210
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Gomes IBS, Porto ML, Santos MCLFS, Campagnaro BP, Pereira TMC, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC. Renoprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of oral low-dose quercetin in the C57BL/6J model of diabetic nephropathy. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:184. [PMID: 25481305 PMCID: PMC4271322 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease in diabetic patients. Increasing evidence from studies in the rodents has suggested that this disease is associated with increased oxidative stress due to hyperglycemia. In the present study, we evaluated the renoprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of the flavonoid quercetin in C57BL/6J model of DN. Methods DN was induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 100 mg/kg/day, for 3 days) in adult C57BL/6J mice. Six weeks later, mice were divided into the following groups: diabetic mice treated with quercetin (DQ, 10 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks), diabetic mice treated with vehicle (DV) or non-treated non-diabetic (ND) mice. Results Quercetin treatment caused a reduction in polyuria (~45%) and glycemia (~35%), abolished the hypertriglyceridemia and had significant effects on renal function including, decreased proteinuria and high plasma levels of uric acid, urea and creatinine, which were accompanied by beneficial effects on the structural changes of the kidney including glomerulosclerosis. Flow cytometry showed a decrease in oxidative stress and apoptosis in DN mice. Conclusion Taken together, these data show that quercetin effectively attenuated STZ-induced cytotoxicity in renal tissue. This study provides convincing experimental evidence and perspectives on the renoprotective effects of quercetin in diabetic mice and outlines a novel therapeutic strategy for this flavonoid in the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, UFES, Vitoria, Brazil.
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211
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Maile LA, Busby WH, Gollahon KA, Flowers W, Garbacik N, Garbacik S, Stewart K, Nichols T, Bellinger D, Patel A, Dunbar P, Medlin M, Clemmons D. Blocking ligand occupancy of the αVβ3 integrin inhibits the development of nephropathy in diabetic pigs. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4665-75. [PMID: 25171599 PMCID: PMC4239428 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia stimulates secretion of αVβ3 ligands from vascular cells, including endothelial cells, resulting in activation of the αVβ3 integrin. This study determined whether blocking ligand occupancy of αVβ3 would inhibit the development of diabetic nephropathy. Ten diabetic pigs received an F(ab)2 fragment of an antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the β3-subunit, and 10 received a control IgG F(ab)2 for 18 weeks. Nondiabetic pigs excreted 115 ± 50 μg of protein/mg creatinine compared with control F(ab)2-treated diabetic animals (218 ± 57 μg/mg), whereas diabetic animals treated with the anti-β3 F(ab)2 excreted 119 ± 55 μg/mg (P < .05). Mesangial volume/glomerular volume increased to 21 ± 2.4% in control-treated diabetic animals compared with 14 ± 2.8% (P < .01) in animals treated with active antibody. Diabetic animals treated with control F(ab)2 had significantly less glomerular podocin staining compared with nondiabetic animals, and this decrease was attenuated by treatment with anti-β3 F(ab)2. Glomerular basement membrane thickness was increased in the control, F(ab)2-treated diabetic animals (212 ± 14 nm) compared with nondiabetic animals (170 ± 8.8 nm), but it was unchanged (159.9 ± 16.4 nm) in animals receiving anti-β3 F(ab)2. Podocyte foot process width was greater in control, F(ab)2-treated, animals (502 ± 34 nm) compared with animals treated with the anti-β3 F(ab)2 (357 ± 47 nm, P < .05). Renal β3 tyrosine phosphorylation decreased from 13 934 ± 6437 to 6730 ± 1524 (P < .01) scanning units in the anti-β3-treated group. We conclude that administration of an antibody that inhibits activation of the β3-subunit of αVβ3 that is induced by hyperglycemia attenuates proteinuria and early histologic changes of diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that it may have utility in preventing the progression of this disease complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Maile
- Department of Medicine (L.A.M., W.H.B., K.A.G., T.N., D.B., A.P., P.D., M.M., D.C.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; and Department of Animal Science (W.F., N.G., S.G., K.S.), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Zhao J, Miyamoto S, You YH, Sharma K. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation inhibits nuclear translocation of Smad4 in mesangial cells and diabetic kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F1167-77. [PMID: 25428125 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00234.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by diffuse mesangial matrix expansion and is largely dependent on the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Smad4 is required for TGF-β signaling; however, its regulation has not been well characterized in diabetic kidney disease. Here, we report that high glucose is sufficient to stimulate nuclear translocation of Smad4 in mesangial cells and that stimulation of the major energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a potent effect to block Smad4 nuclear translocation. Activation of AMPK by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) inhibited high glucose-induced and TGF-β stimulation of nuclear Smad4. To identify which of the catalytic α-subunits may be involved, small interfering (si) RNA-based inhibition of AMPK α1- or α2-subunit was employed. Inhibition of either subunit reduced overall AMPK activity and contributed to Smad4 nuclear accumulation. In an animal model of early diabetic kidney disease, induction of diabetes was found to markedly stimulate Smad4 protein levels and enhance nuclear accumulation. AMPK activation with AICAR completely prevented the upregulation of Smad4 and reduced mesangial matrix accumulation. We conclude that stimulation of Smad4 in cell culture and in in vivo models of early diabetic kidney disease is dependent on AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Zhao
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; and
| | - Satoshi Miyamoto
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California, La Jolla, California; Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, La Jolla, California
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Maezawa Y, Onay T, Scott RP, Keir LS, Dimke H, Li C, Eremina V, Maezawa Y, Jeansson M, Shan J, Binnie M, Lewin M, Ghosh A, Miner JH, Vainio SJ, Quaggin SE. Loss of the podocyte-expressed transcription factor Tcf21/Pod1 results in podocyte differentiation defects and FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2459-70. [PMID: 24904088 PMCID: PMC4214535 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013121307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells with an elaborate cytoskeleton and are critical components of the glomerular barrier. We identified a bHLH transcription factor, Tcf21, that is highly expressed in developing and mature podocytes. Because conventional Tcf21 knockout mice die in the perinatal period with major cardiopulmonary defects, we generated a conditional Tcf21 knockout mouse to explore the role of this transcription factor in podocytes in vivo. Tcf21 was deleted from podocytes and podocyte progenitors using podocin-cre (podTcf21) and wnt4-cre (wnt4creTcf21) driver strains, respectively. Loss of Tcf21 from capillary-loop stage podocytes (podTcf21) results in simplified glomeruli with a decreased number of endothelial and mesangial cells. By 5 weeks of age, 40% of podTcf21 mice develop massive proteinuria and lesions similar to FSGS. Notably, the remaining 60% of mice do not develop proteinuria even when aged to 8 months. By contrast, earlier deletion of Tcf21 from podocyte precursors (wnt4creTcf21) results in a profound developmental arrest of podocyte differentiation and renal failure in 100% of mice during the perinatal period. Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role for Tcf21 in the differentiation and maintenance of podocytes. Identification of direct targets of this transcription factor may provide new therapeutic avenues for proteinuric renal disease, including FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Maezawa
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tuncer Onay
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rizaldy P Scott
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Keir
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Dimke
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chengjin Li
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vera Eremina
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuko Maezawa
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Jeansson
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jingdong Shan
- Biocenter and Infotech Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemisty and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Matthew Binnie
- Division of Respirology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moshe Lewin
- Department of Nephrology, RAMBAM Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Asish Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Biocenter and Infotech Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemisty and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois;
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Olea-Herrero N, Arenas MI, Muñóz-Moreno C, Moreno-Gómez-Toledano R, González-Santander M, Arribas I, Bosch RJ. Bisphenol-A induces podocytopathy with proteinuria in mice. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:2057-66. [PMID: 24809654 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A, a chemical used in the production of the plastic lining of food and beverage containers, can be found in significant levels in human fluids. Recently, bisphenol-A has been associated with low-grade albuminuria in adults as well as in children. Since glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) are commonly affected in proteinuric conditions, herein we explored the effects of bisphenol-A on podocytes in vitro and in vivo. On cultured podocytes we first observed that bisphenol-A-at low or high concentrations-(10 nM and 100 nM, respectively) was able to induce hypertrophy, diminish viability, and promote apoptosis. We also found an increase in the protein expression of TGF-β1 and its receptor, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1, as well as collagen-IV, while observing a diminished expression of the slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and podocin. Furthermore, mice intraperitoneally injected with bisphenol-A (50 mg/Kg for 5 weeks) displayed an increase in urinary albumin excretion and endogenous creatinine clearance. Renal histology showed mesangial expansion. At ultrastructural level, podocytes displayed an enlargement of both cytoplasm and foot processes as well as the presence of condensed chromatin, suggesting apoptosis. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry for WT-1 (specific podocyte marker) and the TUNEL technique showed podocytopenia as well as the presence of apoptosis, respectively. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Bisphenol-A exposure promotes a podocytopathy with proteinuria, glomerular hyperfiltration and podocytopenia. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential role of bisphenol-A in the pathogenesis as well as in the progression of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Olea-Herrero
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology and Experimental Nephrology, Department of System Biology/Physiology Unit, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (28871), Spain
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215
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You H, Gao T, Cooper TK, Morris SM, Awad AS. Diabetic nephropathy is resistant to oral L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1292-301. [PMID: 25320354 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00176.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent publication showed that pharmacological blockade of arginases confers kidney protection in diabetic nephropathy via a nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS)3-dependent mechanism. Arginase competes with endothelial NOS (eNOS) for the common substrate L-arginine. Lack of L-arginine results in reduced NO production and eNOS uncoupling, which lead to endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we hypothesized that L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation would ameliorate diabetic nephropathy. DBA mice injected with multiple low doses of vehicle or streptozotocin (50 mg/kg ip for 5 days) were provided drinking water with or without L-arginine (1.5%, 6.05 g·kg(-1)·day(-1)) or L-citrulline (1.66%, 5.73 g·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 9 wk. Nonsupplemented diabetic mice showed significant increases in albuminuria, blood urea nitrogen, glomerular histopathological changes, kidney macrophage recruitment, kidney TNF-α and fibronectin mRNA expression, kidney arginase activity, kidney arginase-2 protein expression, and urinary oxidative stress along with a significant reduction of nephrin and eNOS protein expression and kidney nitrite + nitrate compared with normal mice after 9 wk of diabetes. Surprisingly, L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation in diabetic mice did not affect any of these parameters despite greatly increasing kidney and plasma arginine levels. These findings demonstrate that chronic L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation does not prevent or reduce renal injury in a model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning You
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Gao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Sidney M Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alaa S Awad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania;
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216
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Takahashi T, Harris RC. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in diabetic nephropathy: lessons from diabetic eNOS knockout mice. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:590541. [PMID: 25371905 PMCID: PMC4211249 DOI: 10.1155/2014/590541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in many countries. The animal models that recapitulate human DN undoubtedly facilitate our understanding of this disease and promote the development of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic interventions. Based on the clinical evidence showing the association of eNOS dysfunction with advanced DN, we and others have created diabetic mice that lack eNOS expression and shown that eNOS-deficient diabetic mice exhibit advanced nephropathic changes with distinct features of progressive DN, including pronounced albuminuria, nodular glomerulosclerosis, mesangiolysis, and arteriolar hyalinosis. These studies clearly defined a critical role of eNOS in DN and developed a robust animal model of this disease, which enables us to study the pathogenic mechanisms of progressive DN. Further, recent studies with this animal model have explored the novel mechanisms by which eNOS deficiency causes advanced DN and provided many new insights into the pathogenesis of DN. Therefore, here we summarize the findings obtained with this animal model and discuss the roles of eNOS in DN, unresolved issues, and future investigations of this animal model study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamune Takahashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, S-3223, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, S-3223, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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217
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Yamaguchi I, Myojo K, Sanada H, Takami A, Suzuki Y, Imaizumi M, Takada C, Kimoto N, Saeki K, Yamate J, Takaba K. Five-sixth Nephrectomy in Female Common Marmosets(Callithrix jacchus) as a Chronic Renal Failure Model: -A Longitudinal Course of Serum Biochemical, Hematological and Histopathological Changes-. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:183-95. [PMID: 25378803 PMCID: PMC4217228 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2013-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the relevance and availability of subtotal nephrectomized common marmoset monkeys as a chronic renal failure (CRF) model, we observed for 26 weeks the pathophysiological condition of female marmosets subjected to five-sixth surgical nephrectomy (5/6Nx) by a two-step surgical method. The 5/6Nx marmosets showed a significant increase in serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and cystatin-C immediately after 5/6Nx surgery. These renal disorder parameters subsequently tended to decrease with the passage of time but remained higher than the control levels by the end of the study. Hyperplastic parathyroid glands, a high turnover state of osteodystrophy in the femoral bone with higher serum ALP activity and anemia with hypocellularity of bone marrow were evident. The 5/6Nx marmosets showed a stable CRF condition for a long time and some characteristic disorders similar to those observed in CRF patients. These diagnostic aspects might be a species-specific anatomical and physiological signature, reflecting the nutritional condition. The CRF model using 5/6Nx marmosets might become a useful method of evaluating the unique mechanism of CRF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Yamaguchi
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Kensuke Myojo
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sanada
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takami
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Yui Suzuki
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
- Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, 1–58 Rinkuu Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Minami Imaizumi
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Chie Takada
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Naoya Kimoto
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Koji Saeki
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, 1–58 Rinkuu Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598–8531, Japan
| | - Katsumi Takaba
- Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411–8731, Japan
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Hinamoto N, Maeshima Y, Yamasaki H, Nasu T, Saito D, Watatani H, Ujike H, Tanabe K, Masuda K, Arata Y, Sugiyama H, Sato Y, Makino H. Exacerbation of diabetic renal alterations in mice lacking vasohibin-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107934. [PMID: 25255225 PMCID: PMC4178006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasohibin-1 (VASH1) is a unique endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis that is induced in endothelial cells by pro-angiogenic factors. We previously reported renoprotective effect of adenoviral delivery of VASH1 in diabetic nephropathy model, and herein investigated the potential protective role of endogenous VASH1 by using VASH1-deficient mice. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic VASH1 heterozygous knockout mice (VASH1+/−) or wild-type diabetic mice were sacrificed 16 weeks after inducing diabetes. In the diabetic VASH1+/− mice, albuminuria were significantly exacerbated compared with the diabetic wild-type littermates, in association with the dysregulated distribution of glomerular slit diaphragm related proteins, nephrin and ZO-1, glomerular basement membrane thickning and reduction of slit diaphragm density. Glomerular monocyte/macrophage infiltration and glomerular nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 were significantly exacerbated in the diabetic VASH1+/− mice compared with the diabetic wild-type littermates, accompanied by the augmentation of VEGF-A, M1 macrophage-derived MCP-1 and phosphorylation of IκBα, and the decrease of angiopoietin-1/2 ratio and M2 macrophage-derived Arginase-1. The glomerular CD31+ endothelial area was also increased in the diabetic VASH1+/− mice compared with the diabetic-wild type littermates. Furthermore, the renal and glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular accumulation of mesangial matrix and type IV collagen and activation of renal TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling, a key mediator of renal fibrosis, were exacerbated in the diabetic VASH1+/− mice compared with the diabetic wild-type littermates. In conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes cultured under high glucose condition, transfection of VASH1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in the reduction of nephrin, angiopoietin-1 and ZO-1, and the augmentation of VEGF-A compared with control siRNA. These results suggest that endogenous VASH1 may regulate the development of diabetic renal alterations, partly via direct effects on podocytes, and thus, a strategy to recover VASH1 might potentially lead to the development of a novel therapeutic approach for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Hinamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yohei Maeshima
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroko Yamasaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuyo Nasu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watatani
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruyo Ujike
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanabe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kana Masuda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Arata
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Peritoneal Dialysis, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Sato
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging, and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Makino
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Urinary semaphorin 3A correlates with diabetic proteinuria and mediates diabetic nephropathy and associated inflammation in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1245-56. [PMID: 25249008 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin 3A (sema3A) was recently identified as an early diagnostic biomarker of acute kidney injury. However, its role as a biomarker and/or mediator of chronic kidney disease (CKD) related to diabetic nephropathy is unknown. We examined the expression of sema3A in diabetic animal models and in humans and tested whether sema3A plays a pathogenic role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. The expression of sema3A was localized to podocytes and epithelial cells in distal tubules and collecting ducts in control animals, and its expression was increased following the induction of diabetes. Quantification of sema3A urinary excretion in three different diabetic mouse models showed that excretion was increased as early as 2 weeks after the induction of diabetes and increased over time, in conjunction with the development of nephropathy. Consistent with the mouse data, increased sema3A urinary excretion was detected in diabetic patients with albuminuria, particularly in those with macroalbuminuria. Genetic ablation of sema3A or pharmacological inhibition with a novel sema3A inhibitory peptide was protected against diabetes-induced albuminuria, kidney fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and renal dysfunction. We conclude that sema3A is both a biomarker and a mediator of diabetic kidney disease and could be a promising therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy. Key messages Diabetes induced sema3A excretion in urine. Increased semaphorin 3A was associated with severity of albuminuria. Seme3A-mediated diabetes induced glomerulosclerosis. Peptide-based inhibition of semaphorin3A suppressed diabetic nephropathy.
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Nagata T, Fukuzawa T, Takeda M, Fukazawa M, Mori T, Nihei T, Honda K, Suzuki Y, Kawabe Y. Tofogliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, improves renal and pancreatic function in db/db mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:519-31. [PMID: 23751087 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although inhibition of renal sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) has a stable glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes, the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes remains to be determined. To evaluate the renoprotective effect of SGLT2 inhibition more precisely, we compared the effects of tofogliflozin (a specific SGLT2 inhibitor) with those of losartan (an angiotensin II receptor antagonist) on renal function and beta-cell function in db/db mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of 8-week tofogliflozin or losartan treatment on renal and beta-cell function were investigated in db/db mice by quantitative image analysis of glomerular size, mesangial matrix expansion and islet beta-cell mass. Blood glucose, glycated Hb and insulin levels, along with urinary albumin and creatinine were measured KEY RESULTS Tofogliflozin suppressed plasma glucose and glycated Hb and preserved pancreatic beta-cell mass and plasma insulin levels. No improvement of glycaemic conditions or insulin level was observed with losartan treatment. Although the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of untreated db/db mice gradually increased from baseline, tofogliflozin or losartan treatment prevented this increase (by 50-70%). Tofogliflozin, but not losartan, attenuated glomerular hypertrophy. Neither tofogliflozin nor losartan altered matrix expansion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Long-term inhibition of renal SGLT2 by tofogliflozin not only preserved pancreatic beta-cell function, but also prevented kidney dysfunction in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that long-term use of tofogliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes may prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagata
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
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Chen G, Zhang X, Li C, Lin Y, Meng Y, Tang S. Role of the TGFβ/p65 pathway in tanshinone ⅡA-treated HBZY‑1 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2471-6. [PMID: 25174411 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone ⅡA (TⅡA) is widely used for the treatment of a number human diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN) (1). The present study was performed to examine the role of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/p65 pathway under TⅡA treatment in a glomerular mesangial cell model of DN. Firstly, it was identified that TⅡA inhibited the proliferation of HBZY‑1 cells, while simultaneously suppressing the expression of TGFβ and p65. In addition, glucose-induced HBZY‑1 cells were treated with TⅡA, si‑TGFβ and si‑p65. The results revealed that si‑TGFβ or si‑p65 were able to inhibit the proliferation of HBZY‑1 cells as well. Finally, the expression of TGFβ and p65 in a rat model of DN treated with TⅡA was detected. The results demonstrated that renal hypertrophy and 24 h urinary protein excretion were ameliorated in TⅡA-treated rats with DN. Furthermore, it was revealed that the protein levels of TGFβ and p65 were decreased in the DN rats following TⅡA treatment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that TGFβ and p65 were activated by TⅡA in HBZY‑1 cells. In addition, the expression of TGFβ and of p65 was downregulated in rats with DN treated with TⅡA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xingju Zhang
- BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics‑Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Yu Meng
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Shuifu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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Effects of CP-900691, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, agonist on diabetic nephropathy in the BTBR ob/ob mouse. J Transl Med 2014; 94:851-62. [PMID: 24955894 PMCID: PMC4404155 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperidine-based peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists are agents that are efficacious in improving lipid, glycemic, and inflammatory indicators in diabetes and obesity. This study sought to determine whether CP-900691 ((S)-3-[3-(1-carboxy-1-methyl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl ester; CP), a member of this novel class of agents, by decreasing plasma triglycerides, could prevent diabetic nephropathy in the Black and Tan, BRachyuric (BTBR) ob/ob mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Four-week old female BTBR WT and BTBR ob/ob mice received either regular chow or one containing CP (3 mg/kg per day) for 14 weeks. CP elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein, albuminuria, and urinary excretion of 8-epi PGF(2α), a product of the nonenzymatic metabolism of arachidonic acid and whose production is elevated in oxidative stress, in BTBR WT mice. In BTBR ob/ob mice, CP reduced plasma triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, fasting blood glucose, body weight, and plasma interleukin-6, while concomitantly improving insulin resistance. Despite these beneficial metabolic effects, CP had no effect on elevated plasma insulin, 8-epi PGF(2α) excretion, and albuminuria, and surprisingly, did not ameliorate the development of diabetic nephropathy, having no effect on the accumulation of renal macrophages, glomerular hypertrophy, and increased mesangial matrix expansion. In addition, CP did not increase plasma high-density lipoprotein in BTBR ob/ob mice, while paradoxically increasing total cholesterol levels. These findings indicate that 8-epi PGF(2α), possibly along with hyperinsulinemia and inflammatory and dysfunctional lipoproteins, is integral to the development of diabetic nephropathy and should be considered as a potential target of therapy in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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223
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Betz B, Conway BR. Recent Advances in Animal Models of Diabetic Nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 126:191-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000363300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Peng J, Li X, Zhang D, Chen JK, Su Y, Smith SB, Dong Z. Hyperglycemia, p53, and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis are involved in the susceptibility of diabetic models to ischemic acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2014; 87:137-50. [PMID: 24963915 PMCID: PMC4276728 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, are more susceptible to acute kidney injury (AKI) and have a worse prognosis following AKI. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we tested whether diabetic mice were more sensitive to AKI and show that renal ischemia-reperfusion induced significantly more severe AKI and higher mortality in the streptozotocin and the Akita diabetic mouse models. The severity of AKI in the mice correlated with their blood glucose levels. In vitro, high glucose-conditioned renal proximal tubular cells showed higher apoptosis and caspase activation following ATP-depletion and hypoxic injury, accompanied by a heightened mitochondrial accumulation of Bax and release of cytochrome c. In response to injury, both glucose-conditioned renal proximal tubular cells and diabetic kidney tissues showed markedly higher p53 induction. Suppression of p53 diminished the sensitivity of high glucose-conditioned cells to acute injury in vitro. Moreover, blockade of p53 by pifithrin-α, siRNA, or proximal tubule-targeted gene ablation reduced ischemic AKI in diabetic mice. Insulin reduced blood glucose in diabetic mice and largely attenuated their AKI sensitivity. Thus, our results suggest the involvement of hyperglycemia, p53 and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the susceptibility of diabetic models to AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Peng
- 1] Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China [3] Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- 1] Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China [3] Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongshan Zhang
- 1] Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China [3] Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- 1] Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA [2] Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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225
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Lanaspa MA, Ishimoto T, Cicerchi C, Tamura Y, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Chen W, Tanabe K, Andres-Hernando A, Orlicky DJ, Finol E, Inaba S, Li N, Rivard CJ, Kosugi T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Petrash JM, Sautin YY, Ejaz AA, Kitagawa W, Garcia GE, Bonthron DT, Asipu A, Diggle CP, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ. Endogenous fructose production and fructokinase activation mediate renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2526-38. [PMID: 24876114 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with activation of the polyol pathway, in which glucose is converted to sorbitol by aldose reductase. Previous studies focused on the role of sorbitol in mediating diabetic complications. However, in the proximal tubule, sorbitol can be converted to fructose, which is then metabolized largely by fructokinase, also known as ketohexokinase, leading to ATP depletion, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress. We and others recently identified a potential deleterious role of dietary fructose in the generation of tubulointerstitial injury and the acceleration of CKD. In this study, we investigated the potential role of endogenous fructose production, as opposed to dietary fructose, and its metabolism through fructokinase in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Wild-type mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes developed proteinuria, reduced GFR, and renal glomerular and proximal tubular injury. Increased renal expression of aldose reductase; elevated levels of renal sorbitol, fructose, and uric acid; and low levels of ATP confirmed activation of the fructokinase pathway. Furthermore, renal expression of inflammatory cytokines with macrophage infiltration was prominent. In contrast, diabetic fructokinase-deficient mice demonstrated significantly less proteinuria, renal dysfunction, renal injury, and inflammation. These studies identify fructokinase as a novel mediator of diabetic nephropathy and document a novel role for endogenous fructose production, or fructoneogenesis, in driving renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lanaspa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado;
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Christina Cicerchi
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yoshifuru Tamura
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Carlos A Roncal-Jimenez
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Wei Chen
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Katsuyuki Tanabe
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - David J Orlicky
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Esteban Finol
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Venezuelan Scientific Research Institute and University Hospital of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Shinichiro Inaba
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Nanxing Li
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Christopher J Rivard
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Tomoki Kosugi
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Laura G Sanchez-Lozada
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology and Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Mark Petrash
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - A Ahsan Ejaz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wataru Kitagawa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Gabriela E Garcia
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Aruna Asipu
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christine P Diggle
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; TMK Project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard J Johnson
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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226
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Patel M, Wang XX, Magomedova L, John R, Rasheed A, Santamaria H, Wang W, Tsai R, Qiu L, Orellana A, Advani A, Levi M, Cummins CL. Liver X receptors preserve renal glomerular integrity under normoglycaemia and in diabetes in mice. Diabetologia 2014; 57:435-46. [PMID: 24201575 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β are nuclear hormone receptors that are widely expressed in the kidney. They promote cholesterol efflux from cells and inhibit inflammatory responses by regulating gene transcription. Here, we hypothesised (1) that LXR deficiency would promote renal decline in a mouse model of diabetes by accelerating intraglomerular cholesterol accumulation and, conversely, (2) that LXR agonism would attenuate renal decline in diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) and maintained for 14 weeks in Lxrα/β (+/+) (Lxrα, also known as Nr1h3; Lxrβ, also known as Nr1h2) and Lxrα/β (-/-) mice. In addition, STZ-injected DBA/2J mice were treated with vehicle or the LXR agonist N,N-dimethyl-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) (80 mg/kg daily) for 10 weeks. To determine the role of cholesterol in diabetic nephropathy (DN), mice were placed on a Western diet after hyperglycaemia developed. RESULTS Even in the absence of diabetes, Lxrα/β (-/-) mice exhibited a tenfold increase in the albumin:creatinine ratio and a 40-fold increase in glomerular lipid accumulation compared with Lxrα/β (+/+) mice. When challenged with diabetes, Lxrα/β (-/-) mice showed accelerated mesangial matrix expansion and glomerular lipid accumulation, with upregulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. In the DN-sensitive STZ DBA/2J mouse model, DMHCA treatment significantly decreased albumin and nephrin excretion (by 50% each), glomerular lipids and plasma triacylglycerol (by 70%) and cholesterol (by 48%); it also decreased kidney inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared with vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data support the idea that LXR plays an important role in the normal and diabetic kidney, while showing that LXR, through its inhibitory effect on inflammation and cholesterol accumulation in glomeruli, could also be a novel therapeutic target for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
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Wang L, Tang Y, Eisner W, Sparks MA, Buckley AF, Spurney RF. Augmenting podocyte injury promotes advanced diabetic kidney disease in Akita mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:622-7. [PMID: 24491571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To determine if augmenting podocyte injury promotes the development of advanced diabetic nephropathy (DN), we created mice that expressed the enzyme cytosine deaminase (CD) specifically in podocytes of diabetic Akita mice (Akita-CD mice). In these mice, treatment with the prodrug 5-flucytosine (5-FC) causes podocyte injury as a result of conversion to the toxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We found that treatment of 4-5 week old Akita mice with 5-FC for 5 days caused robust albuminuria at 16 and 20 weeks of age compared to 5-FC treated Akita controls, which do not express CD (Akita CTLs). By 20 weeks of age, there was a significant increase in mesangial expansion in Akita-CD mice compared to Akita CTLs, which was associated with a variable increase in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) width and interstitial fibrosis. At 20 weeks of age, podocyte number was similarly reduced in both groups of Akita mice, and was inversely correlated with the albuminuria and mesangial expansion. Thus, enhancing podocyte injury early in the disease process promotes the development of prominent mesangial expansion, interstitial fibrosis, increased GBM thickness and robust albuminuria. These data suggest that podocytes play a key role in the development of advanced features of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Yuping Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - William Eisner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Anne F Buckley
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Robert F Spurney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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228
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Ma KL, Zhang Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Hu ZB, Ruan XZ, Liu BC. Establishment of an inflamed animal model of diabetic nephropathy. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:149-59. [PMID: 24520213 PMCID: PMC3920170 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Inflammatory stress plays a crucial role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study aimed to establish a novel inflamed animal model of DN and to evaluate its significance in DN. Methods Nondiabetic db/m mice and diabetic db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups: db/m, db/m+casein, db/db, and db/db+casein for eight weeks. Casein was subcutaneously injected to induce chronic inflammation. Body weight and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in the urine were measured every week. The plasma levels of serum amyloid protein A (SAA) and tumour necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) were determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The morphological changes to the renal pathology and ultra-microstructures were checked by pathological staining and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting were used to determine the protein expression of podocyte-specific molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kidneys. Results ACR, plasma levels of SAA and TNF-α, protein expression of inflammatory cytokines, mesangial expansion, collagen accumulation, and foot process effacement in kidneys of casein-injected db/db mice were significantly increased compared with the db/db mice. Casein injection markedly decreased the protein expression of Wilms' tumor-1 and nephrin in kidneys of db/db mice, which are specific podocyte biomarkers, suggesting that chronic inflammation accelerates podocyte injuries in db/db mice. Interestingly, no obvious urinary protein, inflammatory cytokine expression, or histological changes in the kidneys of casein-injected db/m mice were found compared with the db/m mice. Conclusion An inflamed animal model of DN was successfully established and may provide a useful tool for investigating the pathogenesis of DN under inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ling Ma
- 1. Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- 1. Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- 1. Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wu
- 1. Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ze Bo Hu
- 1. Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiong Zhong Ruan
- 2. Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL) Medical School, Royal Free Campus, UK
| | - Bi Cheng Liu
- 1. Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Riera M, Márquez E, Clotet S, Gimeno J, Roca-Ho H, Lloreta J, Juanpere N, Batlle D, Pascual J, Soler MJ. Effect of insulin on ACE2 activity and kidney function in the non-obese diabetic mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84683. [PMID: 24400109 PMCID: PMC3882249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice model because it develops autoimmune diabetes that resembles human type 1 diabetes. In diabetic mice, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was ten-fold increased at an "early stage" of diabetes, and twenty-fold increased at a "later stage" (21 and 40 days, respectively after diabetes diagnosis) as compared to non-obese resistant controls. In NOD Diabetic mice, glomerular enlargement, increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and increased blood pressure were observed in the early stage. In the late stage, NOD Diabetic mice developed mesangial expansion and reduced podocyte number. Circulating and urine ACE2 activity were markedly increased both, early and late in Diabetic mice. Insulin administration prevented albuminuria, markedly reduced GFR, blood pressure, and glomerular enlargement in the early stage; and prevented mesangial expansion and the reduced podocyte number in the late stage of diabetes. The increase in serum and urine ACE2 activity was normalized by insulin administration at the early and late stages of diabetes in Diabetic mice. We conclude that the Diabetic mice develops features of early kidney disease, including albuminuria and a marked increase in GFR. ACE2 activity is increased starting at an early stage in both serum and urine. Moreover, these alterations can be completely prevented by the chronic administration of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riera
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Márquez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Clotet
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gimeno
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heleia Roca-Ho
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lloreta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Juanpere
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Julio Pascual
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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230
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Giacco F, Du X, D’Agati VD, Milne R, Sui G, Geoffrion M, Brownlee M. Knockdown of glyoxalase 1 mimics diabetic nephropathy in nondiabetic mice. Diabetes 2014; 63:291-9. [PMID: 24062246 PMCID: PMC3868051 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differences in susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy (DN) between mouse strains with identical levels of hyperglycemia correlate with renal levels of oxidative stress, shown previously to play a central role in the pathogenesis of DN. Susceptibility to DN appears to be genetically determined, but the critical genes have not yet been identified. Overexpression of the enzyme glyoxalase 1 (Glo1), which prevents posttranslational modification of proteins by the glycolysis-derived α-oxoaldehyde, methylglyoxal (MG), prevents hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in cultured cells and model organisms. In this study, we show that in nondiabetic mice, knockdown of Glo1 increases to diabetic levels both MG modification of glomerular proteins and oxidative stress, causing alterations in kidney morphology indistinguishable from those caused by diabetes. We also show that in diabetic mice, Glo1 overexpression completely prevents diabetes-induced increases in MG modification of glomerular proteins, increased oxidative stress, and the development of diabetic kidney pathology, despite unchanged levels of diabetic hyperglycemia. Together, these data indicate that Glo1 activity regulates the sensitivity of the kidney to hyperglycemic-induced renal pathology and that alterations in the rate of MG detoxification are sufficient to determine the glycemic set point at which DN occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Giacco
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Xueliang Du
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Vivette D. D’Agati
- Division of Renal Pathology, Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ross Milne
- Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guangzhi Sui
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- Diabetes and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Brownlee
- Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Corresponding author: Michael Brownlee,
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Fajardo RJ, Karim L, Calley VI, Bouxsein ML. A review of rodent models of type 2 diabetic skeletal fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1025-40. [PMID: 24585709 PMCID: PMC5315418 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicating that adult type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased fracture risk continues to mount. Unlike osteoporosis, diabetic fractures are associated with obesity and normal to high bone mineral density, two factors that are typically associated with reduced fracture risk. Animal models will likely play a critical role in efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms of skeletal fragility in T2D and to develop preventative treatments. In this review we critically examine the ability of current rodent models of T2D to mimic the skeletal characteristics of human T2D. We report that although there are numerous rodent models of T2D, few have undergone thorough assessments of bone metabolism and strength. Further, we find that many of the available rodent models of T2D have limitations for studies of skeletal fragility in T2D because the onset of diabetes is often prior to skeletal maturation and bone mass is low, in contrast to what is seen in adult humans. There is an urgent need to characterize the skeletal phenotype of existing models of T2D, and to develop new models that more closely mimic the skeletal effects seen in adult-onset T2D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J. Fajardo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Lamya Karim
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Virginia I. Calley
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
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232
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Kuwabara T, Mori K, Mukoyama M, Kasahara M, Yokoi H, Nakao K. Macrophage-mediated glucolipotoxicity via myeloid-related protein 8/toll-like receptor 4 signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 18:584-92. [PMID: 24357461 PMCID: PMC4139582 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-013-0922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this review, we summarize mouse models with both diabetes and dyslipidemia, and their associated complications. We then discuss molecules potentially involved in deterioration of DN by dyslipidemia. We focus especially upon toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and one of its endogenous ligands, myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8 or S100A8), since we have found that their mRNA levels are commonly increased in glomeruli of type 1 (streptozotocin [STZ]-induced) and type 2 (A-ZIP/F-1 lipoatrophic) diabetic mice. Gene expression of MRP8 and Tlr4 is further upregulated during worsening of STZ-induced DN by a high fat diet (HFD). Moreover, these HFD-induced changes are accompanied by enhanced gene expression of CCAAT element binding protein β and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the kidney, which have also been reported in pancreatic β cells under diabetic-hyperlipidemic conditions. Effects of a HFD upon DN are cancelled in Tlr4 knockout mice. Macrophages are the predominant source of MRP8 in glomeruli. In cultured macrophages, combinatorial treatment with high glucose and palmitate amplifies MRP8 expression in a Tlr4-dependent manner, and recombinant MRP8 protein markedly increases gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α. Here, we propose ‘macrophage-mediated glucolipotoxicity’ via activation of MRP8/TLR4 signaling as a novel mechanism of pathophysiology for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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233
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus contributes greatly to morbidity, mortality, and overall health care costs. In major part, these outcomes derive from the high incidence of progressive kidney dysfunction in patients with diabetes making diabetic nephropathy a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism involved and of the early dysfunctions observed in the diabetic kidney may permit the development of new strategies to prevent diabetic nephropathy. Here we review the pathophysiological changes that occur in the kidney in response to hyperglycemia, including the cellular responses to high glucose and the responses in vascular, glomerular, podocyte, and tubular function. The molecular basis, characteristics, and consequences of the unique growth phenotypes observed in the diabetic kidney, including glomerular structures and tubular segments, are outlined. We delineate mechanisms of early diabetic glomerular hyperfiltration including primary vascular events as well as the primary role of tubular growth, hyperreabsorption, and tubuloglomerular communication as part of a "tubulocentric" concept of early diabetic kidney function. The latter also explains the "salt paradox" of the early diabetic kidney, that is, a unique and inverse relationship between glomerular filtration rate and dietary salt intake. The mechanisms and consequences of the intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system and of diabetes-induced tubular glycogen accumulation are discussed. Moreover, we aim to link the changes that occur early in the diabetic kidney including the growth phenotype, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and formation of advanced glycation end products to mechanisms involved in progressive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
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234
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Tak E, Ridyard D, Kim JH, Zimmerman M, Werner T, Wang XX, Shabeka U, Seo SW, Christians U, Klawitter J, Moldovan R, Garcia G, Levi M, Haase V, Ravid K, Eltzschig HK, Grenz A. CD73-dependent generation of adenosine and endothelial Adora2b signaling attenuate diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:547-63. [PMID: 24262796 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide phosphohydrolysis by the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is the main source for extracellular generation of adenosine. Extracellular adenosine subsequently signals through four distinct adenosine A receptors (Adora1, Adora2a, Adora2b, or Adora3). Here, we hypothesized a functional role for CD73-dependent generation and concomitant signaling of extracellular adenosine during diabetic nephropathy. CD73 transcript and protein levels were elevated in the kidneys of diabetic mice. Genetic deletion of CD73 was associated with more severe diabetic nephropathy, whereas treatment with soluble nucleotidase was therapeutic. Transcript levels of renal adenosine receptors showed a selective induction of Adora2b during diabetic nephropathy. In a transgenic reporter mouse, Adora2b expression localized to the vasculature and increased after treatment with streptozotocin. Adora2b(-/-) mice experienced more severe diabetic nephropathy, and studies in mice with tissue-specific deletion of Adora2b in tubular epithelia or vascular endothelia implicated endothelial Adora2b signaling in protection from diabetic nephropathy. Finally, treatment with a selective Adora2b agonist (BAY 60-6583) conveyed potent protection from diabetes-associated kidney disease. Taken together, these findings implicate CD73-dependent production of extracellular adenosine and endothelial Adora2b signaling in kidney protection during diabetic nephropathy.
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235
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Brennan E, McEvoy C, Sadlier D, Godson C, Martin F. The genetics of diabetic nephropathy. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:596-619. [PMID: 24705265 PMCID: PMC3927570 DOI: 10.3390/genes4040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 40% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes will develop diabetic nephropathy (DN), resulting in chronic kidney disease and potential organ failure. There is evidence for a heritable genetic susceptibility to DN, but despite intensive research efforts the causative genes remain elusive. Recently, genome-wide association studies have discovered several novel genetic variants associated with DN. The identification of such variants may potentially allow for early identification of at risk patients. Here we review the current understanding of the key molecular mechanisms and genetic architecture of DN, and discuss the merits of employing an integrative approach to incorporate datasets from multiple sources (genetics, transcriptomics, epigenetic, proteomic) in order to fully elucidate the genetic elements contributing to this serious complication of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Caitríona McEvoy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Finian Martin
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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236
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White JJ, Mohamed R, Jayakumar C, Ramesh G. Tubular injury marker netrin-1 is elevated early in experimental diabetes. J Nephrol 2013; 26:1055-64. [PMID: 24052471 PMCID: PMC4001783 DOI: 10.5301/jn.5000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrin-1 was recently identified as an early diagnostic biomarker of acute kidney injury. However, its usefulness for early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown. The current study evaluated whether these proteins are increased in urine from experimental animals with diabetes. METHODS The current study evaluated whether netrin-1 is increased in urine from diabetic rats and mice, and whether netrin-1 correlated with development of nephropathy. RESULTS In rats, urinary netrin-1 excretion was significantly (p<0.001) higher in the diabetic group at 4 and 10 weeks after induction of diabetes as compared with the control group. Similarly, netrin-1 was increased significantly (p<0.001) in urine from hypertensive rats at 4 weeks as compared with controls. Likewise, urinary albumin excretion rates were increased in diabetic rats at 4 and 10 weeks as compared with controls and were increased in hypertensive rats at 4 weeks. Consistent with the diabetic model in rats, netrin-1 excretion was also increased early in diabetic mice's urine, and peak levels correlated with disease severity. CONCLUSION Netrin-1 can be detected in urine from diabetic and hypertensive rats and may serve as a useful early diagnostic biomarker for development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J White
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA 30912
| | | | - Ganesan Ramesh
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA 30912
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA 30912
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237
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You H, Gao T, Cooper TK, Brian Reeves W, Awad AS. Macrophages directly mediate diabetic renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1719-27. [PMID: 24173355 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00141.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage recruitment correlates strongly with the progression of renal impairment in diabetic nephropathy (DN), yet their direct role is not clear. We hypothesized that macrophages contribute to direct podocyte injury and/or an abnormal podocyte niche leading to DN. Experiments were conducted in CD11b-DTR mice treated with diphtheria toxin (DT) to deplete macrophages after streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Additional experiments were conducted in bone marrow chimeric (CD11b-DTR→ C57BL6/J) mice. Diabetes was associated with an increase in the M1-to-M2 ratio by 6 wk after the induction of diabetes. Macrophage depletion in diabetic CD11b-DTR mice significantly attenuated albuminuria, kidney macrophage recruitment, and glomerular histological changes and preserved kidney nephrin and podocin expression compared with diabetic CD11b-DTR mice treated with mutant DT. These data were confirmed in chimeric mice indicating a direct role of bone marrow-derived macrophages in DN. In vitro, podocytes grown in high-glucose media significantly increased macrophage migration compared with podocytes grown in normal glucose media. In addition, classically activated M1 macrophages, but not M2 macrophages, induced podocyte permeability. These findings provide evidence showing that macrophages directly contribute to kidney injury in DN, perhaps by altering podocyte integrity through the proinflammatory M1 subset of macrophages. Attenuating the deleterious effects of macrophages on podocytes could provide a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning You
- Penn State Univ., Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, H040, 500 Univ. Drive, PO Box 850, BMR Bldg., C5830, Hershey, PA 17033.
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238
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The protective roles of GLP-1R signaling in diabetic nephropathy: possible mechanism and therapeutic potential. Kidney Int 2013; 85:579-89. [PMID: 24152968 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut incretin hormone that has an antioxidative protective effect on various tissues. Here, we determined whether GLP-1 has a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy using nephropathy-resistant C57BL/6-Akita and nephropathy-prone KK/Ta-Akita mice. By in situ hybridization, we found the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expressed in glomerular capillary and vascular walls, but not in tubuli, in the mouse kidney. Next, we generated C57BL/6-Akita Glp1r knockout mice. These mice exhibited higher urinary albumin levels and more advanced mesangial expansion than wild-type C57BL/6-Akita mice, despite comparable levels of hyperglycemia. Increased glomerular superoxide, upregulated renal NAD(P)H oxidase, and reduced renal cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) activity were noted in the Glp1r knockout C57BL/6-Akita mice. Treatment with the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide suppressed the progression of nephropathy in KK/Ta-Akita mice, as demonstrated by reduced albuminuria and mesangial expansion, decreased levels of glomerular superoxide and renal NAD(P)H oxidase, and elevated renal cAMP and PKA activity. These effects were abolished by an adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 and a selective PKA inhibitor H-89. Thus, GLP-1 has a crucial role in protection against increased renal oxidative stress under chronic hyperglycemia, by inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase, a major source of superoxide, and by cAMP-PKA pathway activation.
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239
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Li XC, Zhuo JL. Current insights and new perspectives on the roles of hyperglucagonemia in non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:522-30. [PMID: 23996678 PMCID: PMC3810031 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is well recognized as a noninsulin-dependent diabetic disease. Clinical evidence indicates that the level of circulating insulin may be normal, subnormal, and even elevated in type 2 diabetic patients. Unlike type 1 diabetes, the key problem for type 2 diabetes is not due to the absolute deficiency of insulin secretion, but because the body is no longer sensitive to insulin. Thus, insulin resistance is increased and the sensitivity to insulin is reset, so increasing levels of insulin are required to maintain body glucose and metabolic homeostasis. How insulin resistance is increased and what factors contribute to its development in type 2 diabetes remain incompletely understood. Overemphasis of insulin deficiency alone may be too simplistic for us to understand how type 2 diabetes is developed and should be treated, since glucose metabolism and homeostasis are tightly controlled by both insulin and glucagon. Insulin acts as a YIN factor to lower blood glucose level by increasing cellular glucose uptake, whereas glucagon acts as a YANG factor to counter the action of insulin by increasing glucose production. Furthermore, other humoral factors other than insulin and glucagon may also directly or indirectly contribute to increased insulin resistance and the development of hyperglycemia. The purpose of this article is to briefly review recently published animal and human studies in this field, and provide new insights and perspectives on recent debates as to whether hyperglucagonemia and/or glucagon receptors should be targeted to treat insulin resistance and target organ injury in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao C Li
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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240
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Walkin L, Herrick SE, Summers A, Brenchley PE, Hoff CM, Korstanje R, Margetts PJ. The role of mouse strain differences in the susceptibility to fibrosis: a systematic review. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:18. [PMID: 24294831 PMCID: PMC3849643 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, a number of genetic factors have been linked to the development of fibrosis in a variety of different organs. Seeking a wider understanding of this observation in man is ethically important. There is mounting evidence suggesting that inbred mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds demonstrate variable susceptibility to a fibrotic injury. We performed a systematic review of the literature describing strain and organ specific response to injury in order to determine whether genetic susceptibility plays a role in fibrogenesis. Data were collected from studies that were deemed eligible for analysis based on set inclusion criteria, and findings were assessed in relation to strain of mouse, type of injury and organ of investigation. A total of 44 studies were included covering 21 mouse strains and focusing on fibrosis in the lung, liver, kidney, intestine and heart. There is evidence that mouse strain differences influence susceptibility to fibrosis and this appears to be organ specific. For instance, C57BL/6J mice are resistant to hepatic, renal and cardiac fibrosis but susceptible to pulmonary and intestinal fibrosis. However, BALB/c mice are resistant to pulmonary fibrosis but susceptible to hepatic fibrosis. Few studies have assessed the effect of the same injury stimulus in different organ systems using the same strains of mouse. Such mouse strain studies may prove useful in elucidating the genetic as well as epigenetic factors in humans that could help determine why some people are more susceptible to the development of certain organ specific fibrosis than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Walkin
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- 3.107 Blond McIndoe Laboratory, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sarah E Herrick
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Angela Summers
- Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Paul E Brenchley
- Manchester Institute of Nephrology and Transplantation, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Grafton St, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Catherine M Hoff
- Baxter Healthcare, Renal Division Scientific Affairs, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, McGaw Park, Chicago, Illinois, 60015-4625, USA
| | - Ron Korstanje
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Peter J Margetts
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S4L8, Canada
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241
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Yu SY, Qi R, Zhao H. Losartan reverses glomerular podocytes injury induced by AngII via stabilizing the expression of GLUT1. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6295-301. [PMID: 24062074 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte impairment is a key pathogenic even in the initiation and development of glomerular diseases associated with proteinuria. The type 2 diabetic patients is characterized by progressive increases in albuminuria which are associated with the development of characteristic histopathological features. Losartan had a benefit in decreasing albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients,suggesting that losartan may have another effect other than blockade of the traditional renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, the mechanism has remained undetermined. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is the predominant basal glucose transporter. In the kidney, GLUT1 was overexpressed predominantly in glomerular mesangial cells and in small vessels, rather than in podocytes. The increased glomerular GLUT1 mimicked diabetes-induced glomerular GLUT1 expression. In this study, we hypothesized that increased GLUT1 expression induced by angiotensinII (AngII) contributes to the progression of podocytes injury, losartan can block the effect of AngII and protect podocytes via stabilizing the expression of GLUT1, our results strongly suggest that losartan has a direct and protective effect on podocytes. This represents a novel mechanism by which losartan may protect podocyte from apoptotic death and improve podocyte function via stabilizing the expression of GLUT1. This finding underlines the crucial role of GLUT1 in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Yu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China,
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242
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Mitchell T, Johnson MS, Ouyang X, Chacko BK, Mitra K, Lei X, Gai Y, Moore DR, Barnes S, Zhang J, Koizumi A, Ramanadham S, Darley-Usmar VM. Dysfunctional mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress in Akita(+/Ins2)-derived β-cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E585-99. [PMID: 23820623 PMCID: PMC3761167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00093.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin release from pancreatic β-cells plays a critical role in blood glucose homeostasis, and β-cell dysfunction leads to the development of diabetes mellitus. In cases of monogenic type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) that involve mutations in the insulin gene, we hypothesized that misfolding of insulin could result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidant production, and mitochondrial damage. To address this, we used the Akita(+/Ins2) T1DM model in which misfolding of the insulin 2 gene leads to ER stress-mediated β-cell death and thapsigargin to induce ER stress in two different β-cell lines and in intact mouse islets. Using transformed pancreatic β-cell lines generated from wild-type Ins2(+/+) (WT) and Akita(+/Ins2) mice, we evaluated cellular bioenergetics, oxidative stress, mitochondrial protein levels, and autophagic flux to determine whether changes in these processes contribute to β-cell dysfunction. In addition, we induced ER stress pharmacologically using thapsigargin in WT β-cells, INS-1 cells, and intact mouse islets to examine the effects of ER stress on mitochondrial function. Our data reveal that Akita(+/Ins2)-derived β-cells have increased mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidant production, mtDNA damage, and alterations in mitochondrial protein levels that are not corrected by autophagy. Together, these findings suggest that deterioration in mitochondrial function due to an oxidative environment and ER stress contributes to β-cell dysfunction and could contribute to T1DM in which mutations in insulin occur.
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243
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Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular calcification is a regulated process that involves osteoprogenitor cells and frequently complicates common vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy. However, it is not clear whether the vascular endothelium has a role in contributing osteoprogenitor cells to the calcific lesions. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the vascular endothelium contributes osteoprogenitor cells to vascular calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we use 2 mouse models of vascular calcification, mice with gene deletion of matrix Gla protein, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-inhibitor, and Ins2Akita/+ mice, a diabetes model. We show that enhanced BMP signaling in both types of mice stimulates the vascular endothelium to contribute osteoprogenitor cells to the vascular calcification. The enhanced BMP signaling results in endothelial-mesenchymal transitions and the emergence of multipotent cells, followed by osteoinduction. Endothelial markers colocalize with multipotent and osteogenic markers in calcified arteries by immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Lineage tracing using Tie2-Gfp transgenic mice supports an endothelial origin of the osteogenic cells. Enhancement of matrix Gla protein expression in Ins2Akita/+ mice, as mediated by an Mgp transgene, limits the generation of multipotent cells. Moreover, matrix Gla protein-depleted human aortic endothelial cells in vitro acquire multipotency rendering the cells susceptible to osteoinduction by BMP and high glucose. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the endothelium is a source of osteoprogenitor cells in vascular calcification that occurs in disorders with high BMP activation, such as deficiency of BMP-inhibitors and diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Calcinosis/physiopathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Transdifferentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetic Angiopathies/genetics
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/deficiency
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/physiology
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins/physiology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, TIE-2/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Matrix Gla Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Albert Ly
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Melina Radparvar
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Mark R. Cubberly
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA
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244
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Dong Z, Chen CX. Effect of catalpol on diabetic nephropathy in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1023-1029. [PMID: 23746755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of catalpol on diabetic nephropathy in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed with normal pallet diet (NPD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks respectively. Then the HFD-fed rats were injected with 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for establishing diabetic model. The diabetic rats were randomly divided into five groups: model group, model plus catalpol 30, 60, 120 mg/kg groups and model plus metformin 200 mg/kg group. The NPD-fed rats were randomly divided into two groups: normal control group and normal plus catalpol 60 mg/kg control group. After administration for 10 weeks, random blood glucose (RBG), glycated serum protein (GSP), 24h urinary protein excretion (UPE), serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and kidney weight index (KWI) were determined. The kidney pathological changes were evaluated by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN), collagen type IV (Col IV) in renal cortex were determined. Real time RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of TGF-β1 and CTGF. RESULTS Catalpol could significantly reduce the KWI, improve the kidney function and pathological change, decrease the tissue level of Ang II, TGF-β1, CTGF, FN, Col IV. Catalpol could also down regulate the mRNA expressions of TGF-β1 and CTGF in renal cortex. CONCLUSION Catalpol may have beneficial effects against diabetic nephropathy. The mechanisms may be related to reducing the extracellular matrix accumulation by restraining the expression of TGF-β1, CTGF and Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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245
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Brouwers B, Pruniau VPEG, Cauwelier EJG, Schuit F, Lerut E, Ectors N, Declercq J, Creemers JWM. Phlorizin pretreatment reduces acute renal toxicity in a mouse model for diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27200-27207. [PMID: 23940028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is widely used as diabetogenic agent in animal models for diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, it is also directly cytotoxic to kidneys, making it difficult to distinguish between DN-related and STZ-induced nephropathy. Therefore, an improved protocol to generate mice for DN studies, with a quick and robust achievement of the diabetic state, without direct kidney toxicity is required. To investigate the mechanism leading to STZ-induced nephropathy, kidney damage was induced with a high dose of STZ. This resulted in delayed gastric emptying, at least partially caused by impaired desacyl ghrelin clearance. STZ uptake in the kidneys is to a large extent mediated by the sodium/glucose cotransporters (Sglts) because the Sglt inhibitor phlorizin could reduce STZ uptake in the kidneys. Consequently, the direct toxic effects in the kidney and the gastric dilatation were resolved without interfering with the β-cell toxicity. Furthermore, pancreatic STZ uptake was increased, hereby decreasing the threshold for β-cell toxicity, allowing for single low non-nephrotoxic STZ doses (70 mg/kg). In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the mechanism of STZ toxicity in kidneys and suggests a more efficient regime to induce DN with little or no toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brouwers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics
| | | | | | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven
| | - Evelyne Lerut
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadine Ectors
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Declercq
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics.
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics
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246
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Chronic administration of EP4-selective agonist exacerbates albuminuria and fibrosis of the kidney in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice through IL-6. J Transl Med 2013; 93:933-45. [PMID: 23817085 PMCID: PMC3941981 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is currently the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the western world. Exacerbated inflammation of the kidney is known to contribute acceleration of nephropathy. Despite increased COX-2-mediated production of prostanoid metabolite PGE2, knowledge on its involvement in the progression of diabetic kidney disease is not complete. Here, we show the cross talk of the PGE2-EP4 pathways and IL-6 in inducing albuminuria and fibrosis in an animal model of type 1 diabetes. Hyperglycemia causes enhanced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. Administration of PGE2 receptor EP4-selective agonist ONO-AE1-329 for 12 weeks exacerbated fibrosis and albuminuria. Diabetes-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines TNFα and TGFβ1 was enhanced in EP4 agonist-treated mice kidney. In addition, urinary excretion of cytokines (TNFα and IL-6) and chemokines (MCP-1 and IP-10) were significantly more in EP4-treated mice than vehicle-treated diabetes. Diabetes-induced collagen I and CTGF expression were also significantly higher in EP4-treated mice. However, EP4 agonist did not alter macrophage infiltration but increased cytokine and chemokine production in RAW264.7 cells. Interestingly, EP4-induced IL-6 expression in the kidney was localized in proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells. To confirm further whether EP4 agonist increases fibrosis and albuminuria through an increase in IL-6 expression, IL-6-knockout mice were administered with EP4 agonist. IL-6-knockout mice were resistant to EP4-induced exacerbation of albuminuria and diabetes and EP4-induced fibrosis. Our data suggest that EP4 agonist through IL-6 induces glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, and IL-6 represents a new factor in the EP4 pathway.
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247
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Pinach S, Burt D, Berrone E, Barutta F, Bruno G, Porta M, Perin PC, Gruden G. Retinal heat shock protein 25 in early experimental diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:579-85. [PMID: 22068623 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-011-0346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults, and oxidative stress has been pathogenically associated with retinal neurodegeneration. Cellular stresses induce expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and this results in cytoprotection. Our aim was to assess retinal expression of HSP25 in early experimental diabetes. Mice were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin injection. Ten weeks after diabetes onset retinal HSP25 expression were studied by real-time PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Expression of nitrotyrosine and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), was assessed by IHC and apoptosis by TUNEL. Retinal HSP25 mRNA and protein expression was significantly increased in diabetic as compared to non-diabetic animals and localised predominantly within the retinal ganglion cells (RGC) layer. This was paralleled overexpression of nitrotyrosine and SOD and enhanced apoptosis. In early experimental diabetes, HSP25 is overexpressed in the RGC layer in parallel with markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pinach
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, C/so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy,
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248
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Awad AS, Gao T, Gvritishvili A, You H, Liu Y, Cooper TK, Reeves WB, Tombran-Tink J. Protective role of small pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) peptide in diabetic renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F891-900. [PMID: 23884140 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00149.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with antiangiogenic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. PEDF is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but its direct role in the kidneys remains unclear. We hypothesize that a PEDF fragment (P78-PEDF) confers kidney protection in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The localization of the full-length PEDF protein were determined in DBA mice following multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Using immunohistochemistry, PEDF was localized in the kidney vasculature, interstitial space, glomeruli, tubules, and renal medulla. Kidney PEDF protein and mRNA expression were significantly reduced in diabetic mice. Continuous infusion of P78-PEDF for 6 wk resulted in protection from diabetic neuropathy as indicated by reduced albuminuria and blood urea nitrogen, increased nephrin expression, decreased kidney macrophage recruitment and inflammatory cytokines, and reduced histological changes compared with vehicle-treated diabetic mice. In vitro, P78-PEDF blocked the increase in podocyte permeability to albumin and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induced by puromycin aminonucleoside treatment. These findings highlight the importance of P78-PEDF peptide as a potential therapeutic modality in early phase diabetic renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Awad
- Associate Professor of Medicine, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State Univ., Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, H040, 500 Univ. Drive, P.O. Box 850, BMR Bldg., C5830, Hershey, PA 17033.
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249
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Kundu S, Pushpakumar SB, Tyagi A, Coley D, Sen U. Hydrogen sulfide deficiency and diabetic renal remodeling: role of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1365-78. [PMID: 23632630 PMCID: PMC3680700 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00604.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) causes adverse remodeling, whereas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) rescues organs in vascular diseases. The involvement of MMP-9 and H2S in diabetic renovascular remodeling is, however, not well characterized. We determined whether MMP-9 regulates H2S generation and whether H2S modulates connexin through N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R)-mediated pathway in the diabetic kidney. Wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J), diabetic (Akita, C57BL/6J-Ins2(Akita)), MMP-9(-/-) (M9KO), double knockout (DKO) of Akita/MMP-9(-/-) mice and in vitro cell culture were used in our study. Hyperglycemic Akita mice exhibited increased level of MMP-9 and decreased production of H2S. H2S-synthesizing enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase and cystathionine-γ-lyase were also diminished. In addition, increased expressions of NMDA-R1 and connexin-40 and -43 were observed in diabetic kidney. As expected, MMP-9 mRNA was not detected in M9KO kidneys. However, very thin protein expression and activity were detected. No other changes were noticed in M9KO kidney. In DKO mice, all the above molecules showed a trend toward baseline despite hyperglycemia. In vitro, glomerular endothelial cells treated with high glucose showed induction of MMP-9, attenuated H2S production, NMDA-R1 induction, and dysregulated conexin-40 and -43 expressions. Silencing MMP-9 by siRNA or inhibition of NMDA-R1 by MK801 or H2S treatment preserved connexin-40 and -43. We conclude that in diabetic renovascular remodeling MMP-9 plays a major role and that H2S has therapeutic potential to prevent adverse diabetic renal remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Glycosuria, Renal/genetics
- Glycosuria, Renal/metabolism
- Hydrogen Sulfide/metabolism
- Kidney Glomerulus/blood supply
- Kidney Glomerulus/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/blood supply
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kundu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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250
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New targets for treatment of diabetic nephropathy: what we have learned from animal models. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2013. [PMID: 23207723 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32835b3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an advance in our understanding of the mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy over the past few years and much of that has occurred because of studies in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in animal models of diabetic nephropathy, especially in mice, have underlined the multifactorial nature of the pathogenesis of the disease process and the recognition that these models only partly replicate the changes found in human disease. Despite these limitations, recent animal model studies have identified a number of new, specific molecular abnormalities that point to pathways and specific molecules as potential targets for preventive or therapeutic intervention. These specific targets include the diabetic nephropathy related decreases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and renal dopamine production and the increases in Nrf-2, JAK/STAT, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling. These and other altered signaling pathways are described in this review. We emphasize the use of a unique investigative resource, Nephromine, to utilize a library of mRNA expression data obtained from the kidney biopsies of humans with diabetic nephropathy, to compare and validate findings in mouse models with human disease. SUMMARY Several new pathways have been implicated in the progression of diabetic nephropathy through studies of animal models. Some of these appear to be altered in human diabetic nephropathy and may be targets for therapy.
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