201
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Huang MC, Hsueh TY, Cheng YY, Lin LC, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetics and Biliary Excretion of Fisetin in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6300-6307. [PMID: 29862816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this study is that fisetin and phase II conjugated forms of fisetin may partly undergo biliary excretion. To investigate this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment, and their bile ducts were cannulated with polyethylene tubes for bile sampling. The pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that the average area-under-the-curve (AUC) ratios ( k (%) = AUCconjugate/AUCfree-form) of fisetin, its glucuronides, and its sulfates were 1:6:21 in plasma and 1:4:75 in bile, respectively. Particularly, the sulfated metabolites were the main forms that underwent biliary excretion. The biliary excretion rate ( kBE (%) = AUCbile/AUCplasma) indicates the amount of fisetin eliminated by biliary excretion. The biliary excretion rates of fisetin, its glucuronide conjugates, and its sulfate conjugates were approximately 144, 109, and 823%, respectively, after fisetin administration (30 mg/kg, iv). Furthermore, biliary excretion of fisetin is mediated by P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Chan Huang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2 , Taipei 112 , Taiwan
| | - Thomas Y Hsueh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei 112 , Taiwan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery , Taipei City Hospital , Taipei 10341 , Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yi Cheng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2 , Taipei 112 , Taiwan
| | - Lie-Chwen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine , Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taipei 112 , Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , 155 Li-Nong Street, Section 2 , Taipei 112 , Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708 , Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science , China Medical University , Taichung 40402 , Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National United University , Miaoli 36063 , Taiwan
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202
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Bierly J, Labay LM. The Utility of Bile in Postmortem Forensic Toxicology. Acad Forensic Pathol 2018; 8:324-327. [PMID: 31240045 DOI: 10.1177/1925362118782073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bile is one matrix type that may be collected at autopsy and submitted to the toxicology laboratory for analysis. Because it is an excretion product of the liver, it can be used for screening purposes and to determine what drugs an individual used or was exposed to prior to death. This paper presents collection and analytical considerations of bile, and provides an overview of its utility from a testing and interpretation perspective. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2018 8(2): 324-327.
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203
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Martin G, Kolida S, Marchesi JR, Want E, Sidaway JE, Swann JR. In Vitro Modeling of Bile Acid Processing by the Human Fecal Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1153. [PMID: 29922256 PMCID: PMC5996868 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, the products of concerted host and gut bacterial metabolism, have important signaling functions within the mammalian metabolic system and a key role in digestion. Given the complexity of the mega-variate bacterial community residing in the gastrointestinal tract, studying associations between individual bacterial genera and bile acid processing remains a challenge. Here, we present a novel in vitro approach to determine the bacterial genera associated with the metabolism of different primary bile acids and their potential to contribute to inter-individual variation in this processing. Anaerobic, pH-controlled batch cultures were inoculated with human fecal microbiota and treated with individual conjugated primary bile acids (500 μg/ml) to serve as the sole substrate for 24 h. Samples were collected throughout the experiment (0, 5, 10, and 24 h) and the bacterial composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the bile acid signatures were characterized using a targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) approach. Data fusion techniques were used to identify statistical bacterial-metabolic linkages. An increase in gut bacteria associated bile acids was observed over 24 h with variation in the rate of bile acid metabolism across the volunteers (n = 7). Correlation analysis identified a significant association between the Gemmiger genus and the deconjugation of glycine conjugated bile acids while the deconjugation of taurocholic acid was associated with bacteria from the Eubacterium and Ruminococcus genera. A positive correlation between Dorea and deoxycholic acid production suggest a potential role for this genus in cholic acid dehydroxylation. A slower deconjugation of taurocholic acid was observed in individuals with a greater abundance of Parasutterella and Akkermansia. This work demonstrates the utility of integrating compositional (metataxonomics) and functional (metabonomics) systems biology approaches, coupled to in vitro model systems, to study the biochemical capabilities of bacteria within complex ecosystems. Characterizing the dynamic interactions between the gut microbiota and the bile acid pool enables a greater understanding of how variation in the gut microbiota influences host bile acid signatures, their associated functions and their implications for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynn Martin
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Kolida
- OptiBiotix Health PLC, Innovation Centre, York, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Want
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan R Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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204
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Rossi P, Difrancia R, Quagliariello V, Savino E, Tralongo P, Randazzo CL, Berretta M. B-glucans from Grifola frondosa and Ganoderma lucidum in breast cancer: an example of complementary and integrative medicine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24837-24856. [PMID: 29872510 PMCID: PMC5973856 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Culinary and medicinal mushrooms are widely used in Asian countries, both as dietary supplements and as nutraceutical foods. They have recently become popular in Europe, as well, for their nutritional and health benefits. In particular, epidemiological studies conducted in Asia suggest that mushroom intake, together with other phytotherapy substances, protects against cancer, specifically gastrointestinal (GI) and breast cancers. Most of the data come from in vitro studies and in vivo experimental animal models. Therefore, in order to translate the updated knowledge to clinical research (i.e., from bench to bedside) a systematic translational research program should be initiated. Future randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of G. frondosa and G. lucidum on conventional treatment outcomes are warranted. The purpose of this review was to describe the emerging mechanisms of action of the mushrooms' anticancer functions which makes their use in clinical practice so promising. Clinical effects of mycotherapy (specifically, the use of Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa) on long-term survival, tumor response, host immune functions, inflammation, and QoL in cancer patients were also addressed. Adverse events associated with mycotherapy were also investigated. Emerging data point to a potential role of G. lucidum for modulating the carcinogenic potential of GI microbiota, which suggests a new complementary and integrated approach to breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS - Foundation G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Savino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano (PN), Italy
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205
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Kalt W, McDonald JE, Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR, Liu Y, Fillmore SAE. Human anthocyanin bioavailability: effect of intake duration and dosing. Food Funct 2018; 8:4563-4569. [PMID: 29115354 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01074e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While in vitro and animal evidence supports a role for anthocyanins in human health, future opportunities in berry health benefits will rest upon evidence from clinical intervention trials. Because little is known about the behaviour of anthocyanins during long term intake in humans, several clinical design factors were examined. Urine from volunteers (n = 17) who consumed blueberry juice daily was analysed using LC-MS/MS for predicted flavonoid-based products of anthocyanins in relation to a 5-day anthocyanin-free run-in, 28 days of blueberry juice intake, a 7-day washout and two dosing regimens. Total and parent anthocyanin content in urine varied 10-fold among the 17 participants. A high 24-0 h total anthocyanin excretion was associated with high anthocyanin retention (i.e. 0 h, before blueberry juice intake). Total anthocyanin excretion was not different before and after up to 7 days of washout indicative of a slow release of anthocyanins. Urinary excretion of anthocyanins declined during the 36-day study. The 24-0 h excretion was greater for total anthocyanins but not for parent anthocyanins when daily blueberry juice was taken all at once rather than as ⅓ doses taken thrice daily. However parent anthocyanins were retained better (higher 0 h) with 1× dosing. These findings could aid in the design of clinical research on anthocyanins and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, 32 Main St, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada.
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206
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Frisch K, Stimson DHR, Venkatachalam T, Pierens GK, Keiding S, Reutens D, Bhalla R. N-(4-[ 18F]fluorobenzyl)cholylglycine, a novel tracer for PET of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids: Radiosynthesis and proof-of-concept studies in rats. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 61:56-62. [PMID: 29783201 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of conjugated bile acids is an important physiological process crucial for regulation of intracellular concentrations of bile acids and their function as detergents and signal carriers. Only few bile acid-derived imaging agents have been synthesized and hitherto none have been evaluated for studies of EHC. We hypothesized that N-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)cholylglycine ([18F]FBCGly), a novel fluorine-18 labeled derivative of endogenous cholylglycine, would be a suitable tracer for PET of the EHC of conjugated bile acids, and we report here a radiosynthesis of [18F]FBCGly and a proof-of-concept study by PET/MR in rats. METHODS A radiosynthesis of [18F]FBCGly was developed based on reductive alkylation of glycine with 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde followed by coupling to cholic acid. [18F]FBCGly was investigated in vivo by dynamic PET/MR in anesthetized rats; untreated or treated with cholyltaurine or rifampicin. Possible in vivo metabolites of [18F]FBCGly were investigated by analysis of blood and bile samples, and the stability of [18F]FBCGly towards enzymatic de-conjugation by Cholylglycine Hydrolase was tested in vitro. RESULTS [18F]FBCGly was produced with a radiochemical purity of 96% ± 1% and a non-decay corrected radiochemical yield of 1.0% ± 0.3% (mean ± SD; n = 12). PET/MR studies showed that i.v.-administrated [18F]FBCGly underwent EHC within 40-60 min with a rapid transhepatic transport from blood to bile. In untreated rats, the radioactivity concentration of [18F]FBCGly was approximately 15 times higher in bile than in liver tissue. Cholyltaurine and rifampicin inhibited the biliary secretion of [18F]FBCGly. No fluorine-18 metabolites of [18F]FBCGly were observed. CONCLUSION We have developed a radiosynthesis of a novel fluorine-18 labeled bile acid derivative, [18F]FBCGly, and shown by PET/MR that [18F]FBCGly undergoes continuous EHC in rats without metabolizing. This novel tracer may prove useful in PET studies on the effect of drugs or diseases on the EHC of conjugated bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Frisch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Damion H R Stimson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Taracad Venkatachalam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregory K Pierens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susanne Keiding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rajiv Bhalla
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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207
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Soulele K, Karalis V. On the population pharmacokinetics and the enterohepatic recirculation of total ezetimibe. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:446-456. [PMID: 29629619 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1463117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ezetimibe is a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor, with an erratic pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, attributed to an extensive enterohepatic recirculation (EHC). The aim of this study was to develop a population PK model able to adequately characterize the complex distribution processes of total ezetimibe. The analysis was performed on the individual concentration-time data obtained from 28 healthy subjects who participated in a bioequivalence study comparing two oral ezetimibe formulations. The population PK analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effect modeling, where different EHC models were developed and evaluated for their performance. Total ezetimibe pharmacokinetics was best described by a four-compartment model featuring EHC through the inclusion of an additional gallbladder compartment, which was assumed to release drug at specific time-intervals consistent with food intake. The final PK model was able to adequately estimate the population pharmacokinetic parameters and to allow for a formal characterization of the pharmacokinetic profile and the secondary peaks due to enterohepatic recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Soulele
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Vangelis Karalis
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.,b Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM)/Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH) , Heraklion, Crete , Greece
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208
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Sharma A, Benbrook DM, Woo S. Pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of a novel, orally-bioavailable anti-cancer drug, SHetA2. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194046. [PMID: 29634717 PMCID: PMC5892888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SHetA2 is a small molecule drug with promising cancer prevention and therapeutic activity and a high preclinical safety profile. The study objectives were to perform interspecies scaling and pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling of SHetA2 for human PK prediction. The PK data obtained from mice, rats, and dogs after intravenous and oral doses were used for simultaneous fitting to PK models. The disposition of SHetA2 was best described by a two-compartment model. The absorption kinetics was well characterized with a first-order absorption model for mice and rats, and a gastrointestinal transit model for dogs. Oral administration of SHetA2 showed a relatively fast absorption in mice, prolonged absorption (i.e., flip-flop kinetics) toward high doses in rats, and an early peak followed by a secondary peak at high doses in dogs. The oral bioavailability was 17.7-19.5% at 20-60 mg/kg doses in mice, <1.6% at 100-2000 mg/kg in rats, and 11.2% at 100 mg/kg decreasing to 3.45% at 400 mg/kg and 1.11% at 1500 mg/kg in dogs. The disposition parameters were well correlated with the body weight for all species using the allometric equation, which predicted values of CL (17.3 L/h), V1 (36.2 L), V2 (68.5 L) and CLD (15.2 L/h) for a 70-kg human. The oral absorption rate and bioavailability of SHetA2 was highly dependent on species, doses, formulations, and possibly other factors. The limited bioavailability at high doses was taken into consideration for the suggested first-in-human dose, which was much lower than the dose estimated based on toxicology studies. In summary, the present study provided the PK model for SHetA2 that depicted the disposition and absorption kinetics in preclinical species, and computational tools for human PK prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Sukyung Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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209
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McNamara RK, Kalt W, Shidler MD, McDonald J, Summer SS, Stein AL, Stover AN, Krikorian R. Cognitive response to fish oil, blueberry, and combined supplementation in older adults with subjective cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 64:147-156. [PMID: 29458842 PMCID: PMC5822748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Given evidence that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and anthocyanin-rich blueberries provide neurocognitive benefit, we investigated long-term supplementation in older adults with cognitive complaints. In a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, elderly men and women received daily fish oil (FO) or blueberry (BB) or both. Diet records confirmed that participants reduced background consumption of EPA, DHA, and anthocyanins as prescribed. Erythrocyte EPA + DHA composition increased in the FO groups (p = 0.0001). Total urinary anthocyanins did not differ between the groups after supplementation but glycoside and native (food) forms increased only in the BB-supplemented groups. The FO (p = 0.03) and BB (p = 0.05) groups reported fewer cognitive symptoms, and the BB group showed improved memory discrimination (p = 0.04), indicating that supplementation improved cognition. Cognitive benefit in the BB group was associated with the presence of urinary anthocyanins reflecting recent BB intake but not with anthocyanin metabolites. However, combined FO + BB treatment was not associated with cognitive enhancement as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marcelle D Shidler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jane McDonald
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Suzanne S Summer
- Clinical Translational Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amanda L Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amanda N Stover
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert Krikorian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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210
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Hwang I, Park SI, Lee S, Lee B, Yu KS, Jeon JY, Kim MG. Pharmacokinetics of fixed-dose combination of rosuvastatin 20 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg compared to concurrent administration of individual tablets in healthy Korean subjects. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2018; 26:16-24. [PMID: 32055543 PMCID: PMC6989225 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2018.26.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet of rosuvastatin 20 mg/ezetimibe 10 mg with that of concurrent administration of individual rosuvastatin 20 mg tablet and ezetimibe 10 mg tablet in healthy subjects. A randomized, open label, single-dose, two-way crossover study was conducted. Subjects randomly received test formulation (FDC tablet of rosuvastatin 20 mg/ezetimibe 10 mg) or reference formulation (co-administration of rosuvastatin 20 mg tablet and ezetimibe 10 mg tablet). After 2 weeks of washout, subjects received the other treatment. Blood samples were collected up to 72 hours post-dose in each period. Plasma concentrations of rosuvastatin, ezetimibe and total ezetimibe (ezetimibe + ezetimibe glucuronide) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The geometric mean ratio (GMR) of Cmax and AUClast (90% confidence interval, CI) for rosuvastatin was 1.036 (0.979-1.096) and 1.024 (0.981-1.070), respectively. The corresponding values for ezetimibe were 0.963 (0.888-1.043) and 1.021 (0.969-1.074), respectively. The corresponding values for total ezetimibe were 0.886 (0.835-0.940) and 0.983 (0.946-1.022), respectively. FDC tablet containing rosuvastatin 20 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg is bioequivalent to the co-administration of commercially available individual tablets of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe as GMR with 90% CI of Cmax and AUClast of rosuvastatin, ezetimibe and total ezetimibe were contained within conventionally accepted bioequivalence criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-In Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungHwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - BackHwan Lee
- Research & Development Division, Alvogen Korea Co., Ltd. Seoul 07326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Jeon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gul Kim
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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211
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Abstract
PURPOSE Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) is a fundamental pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter driven predominantly by passive processes and physicochemical properties of the compound. Human Vdss can be estimated using in silico mechanistic methods or empirically scaled from Vdss values obtained from preclinical species. In this study the accuracy and the complementarity of these two approaches are analyzed leveraging a large data set (over 150 marketed drugs). METHODS For all the drugs analyzed in this study experimental in vitro measurements of LogP, plasma protein binding and pKa are used as input for the mechanistic in silico model to predict human Vdss. The software used for predicting human tissue partition coefficients and Vdss based on the method described by Rodgers and Rowland is made available as supporting information. RESULTS This assessment indicates that overall the in silico mechanistic model presented by Rodgers and Rowland is comparably accurate or superior to empirical approaches based on the extrapolation of in vivo data from preclinical species. CONCLUSIONS These results illustrate the great potential of mechanistic in silico models to accurately predict Vdss in humans. This in silico method does not rely on in vivo data and is, consequently, significantly time and resource sparing. The success of this in silico model further suggests that reasonable predictability of Vdss in preclinical species could be obtained by a similar process.
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212
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Microbial interactions with the intestinal epithelium and beyond: Focusing on immune cell maturation and homeostasis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:47-54. [PMID: 30294506 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites influence the function of epithelial, endothelial and immune cells in the intestinal mucosa. Microbial metabolites like SCFAs and B complex vitamins direct macrophage polarization whereas microbial derived biogenic amines modulate intestinal epithelium and immune response. Aberrant bacterial lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal carcinogenesis. Our perception of human microbes has changed from that of opportunistic pathogens to active participants maintaining intestinal and whole body homeostasis. This review attempts to explain the dynamic and enriched interactions between the intestinal epithelial mucosa and commensal bacteria in homeostasis maintenance.
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213
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Hamoud AR, Weaver L, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Bilirubin in the Liver-Gut Signaling Axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:140-150. [PMID: 29409713 PMCID: PMC5831340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin is a component of the heme catabolic pathway that is essential for liver function and has been shown to reduce hepatic fat accumulation. High plasma bilirubin levels are reflective of liver disease due to an injurious effect on hepatocytes. In healthy liver, bilirubin is conjugated and excreted to the intestine and converted by microbes to urobilinoids, which are reduced to the predominant pigment in feces, stercobilin, or reabsorbed. The function of urobilinoids in the gut or their physiological relevance of reabsorption is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the relationship of hepatic bilirubin signaling to the intestinal microbiota and its regulation of the liver-gut axis, as well as its capacity to mediate these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rizaq Hamoud
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Lauren Weaver
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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214
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Organs-on-a-chip: Current applications and consideration points for in vitro ADME-Tox studies. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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215
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Seljetun KO, Eliassen E, Karinen R, Moe L, Vindenes V. Quantitative method for analysis of six anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces, applied in a case with repeated samples from a dog. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:3. [PMID: 29343296 PMCID: PMC5772691 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticides is not uncommon in dogs, but few reports of the elimination kinetics and half-lives in this species have been published. Our objectives were to develop and validate a new method for the quantification of anticoagulant rodenticides in canine blood and faeces using reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) and apply the method on a case of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. Results Sample preparation was liquid–liquid extraction. Six anticoagulant rodenticides were separated using a UPLC® BEH C18-column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 10.2 and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. The limits of quantification were set at the levels of the lowest calibrator (1.5–2.7 ng/mL or ng/g). The method was successfully applied to a case from a dog accidentally poisoned with anticoagulant rodenticide. Coumatetralyl and brodifacoum concentrations were determined from serial blood and faecal samples. A terminal half-life of at least 81 days for coumatetralyl in blood was estimated, which is longer than previous reported in other species. A slow elimination of brodifacoum from the faeces was found, with traces still detectable in the faeces at day 513. Conclusions This study offers a new method of detection and quantification of six frequently used anticoagulant rodenticides in canine faeces. Such drugs might cause serious health effects and it is important to be able to detect these drugs, to initiate proper treatment. The very long elimination half-lives detected in our study is important to be aware of in assessment of anticoagulant rodenticide burden to the environment.
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216
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Okour M, Jacobson PA, Ahmed MA, Israni AK, Brundage RC. Mycophenolic Acid and Its Metabolites in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Semimechanistic Enterohepatic Circulation Model to Improve Estimating Exposure. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:628-639. [PMID: 29329489 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an approved immunosuppressive agent widely prescribed to prevent rejection after kidney transplantation. Wide between-subject variability (BSV) in MPA exposure exists which in part may be due to variability in enterohepatic recirculation (EHC). Several modeling strategies were developed to evaluate EHC as part of MPA pharmacokinetics, however mechanistic representation of EHC is limited. These models have not provided a satisfactory representation of the physiology of EHC in their modeling assumptions. The aim of this study was i) to develop an integrated model of MPA (total and unbound) and its metabolites (MPAG and acyl-MPAG) in kidney recipients, where this model provides a more physiological representation of EHC process, and ii) to evaluate the effect of donor and recipient clinical covariates and genotypes on MPA disposition. A five-compartment model with first-order input into an unbound MPA compartment connected to the MPAG, acyl-MPAG, and gallbladder compartment best fit the data. To represent the EHC process, the model was built based on the physiological concepts related to the hepatobiliary system and the gallbladder filling and emptying processes. The effect of cyclosporine versus tacrolimus on clearance of unbound MPA was included in the base model. Covariate analysis showed creatinine clearance to be significant on oral clearance of unbound MPA. The hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A) genetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs2393791) in the recipient significantly affected the fraction of enterohepatically-circulated drug. Oral clearance of MPAG was affected by recipient IMPDH1 SNP (rs2288553), diabetes at the time of transplant, and donor sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Okour
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation (CPMS), GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Pamala A Jacobson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mariam A Ahmed
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ajay K Israni
- Department of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Richard C Brundage
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Prandi S, Voigt A, Meyerhof W, Behrens M. Expression profiling of Tas2r genes reveals a complex pattern along the mouse GI tract and the presence of Tas2r131 in a subset of intestinal Paneth cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:49-65. [PMID: 28801754 PMCID: PMC11105753 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemical variability of the intestinal lumen requires the presence of molecular receptors detecting the various substances naturally occurring in the diet and as a result of the activity of the microbiota. Despite their early discovery, intestinal bitter taste receptors (Tas2r) have not yet been assigned an unambiguous physiological function. Recently, using a CRE-recombinant approach we showed that the Tas2r131 gene is expressed in a subset of mucin-producing goblet cells in the colon of mice. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the expression of the Tas2r131 locus is not restricted to this region. In the present study we aimed at characterizing the presence of positive cells also in other gastrointestinal regions. Our results show that Tas2r131+ cells appear in the jejunum and the ileum, and are absent from the stomach and the duodenum. We identified the positive cells as a subpopulation of deep-crypt Paneth cells in the ileum, strengthening the notion of a defensive role for Tas2rs in the gut. To get a broader perspective on the expression of bitter taste receptors in the alimentary canal, we quantified the expression of all 35 Tas2r genes along the gastrointestinal tract by qRT-PCR. We discovered that the number and expression level of Tas2r genes profoundly vary along the alimentary canal, with the stomach and the colon expressing the largest subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Prandi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anja Voigt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute for Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Yip LY, Aw CC, Lee SH, Hong YS, Ku HC, Xu WH, Chan JMX, Cheong EJY, Chng KR, Ng AHQ, Nagarajan N, Mahendran R, Lee YK, Browne ER, Chan ECY. The liver-gut microbiota axis modulates hepatotoxicity of tacrine in the rat. Hepatology 2018. [PMID: 28646502 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The gut microbiota possesses diverse metabolic activities, but its contribution toward heterogeneous toxicological responses is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the liver-gut microbiota axis in underpinning the hepatotoxicity of tacrine. We employed an integrated strategy combining pharmacokinetics, toxicology, metabonomics, genomics, and metagenomics to elucidate and validate the mechanism of tacrine-induced hepatotoxicity in Lister hooded rats. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated 3.3-fold higher systemic exposure to tacrine in strong responders that experienced transaminitis, revealing enhanced enterohepatic recycling of deglucuronidated tacrine in this subgroup, not attributable to variation in hepatic disposition gene expression. Metabonomic studies implicated variations in gut microbial activities that mapped onto tacrine-induced transaminitis. Metagenomics delineated greater deglucuronidation capabilities in strong responders, based on differential gut microbial composition (e.g., Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Enterobacteriaceae) and approximately 9% higher β-glucuronidase gene abundance compared with nonresponders. In the validation study, coadministration with oral β-glucuronidase derived from Escherichia coli and pretreatment with vancomycin and imipenem significantly modulated the susceptibility to tacrine-induced transaminitis in vivo. CONCLUSION This study establishes pertinent gut microbial influences in modifying the hepatotoxicity of tacrine, providing insights for personalized medicine initiatives. (Hepatology 2018;67:282-295).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yee Yip
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Metabolomics, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Sze Han Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Shuen Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chen Ku
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston Hecheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessalyn Mei Xuan Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eleanor Jing Yi Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kern Rei Chng
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda Hui Qi Ng
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Niranjan Nagarajan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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Gerisch M, Hafner FT, Lang D, Radtke M, Diefenbach K, Cleton A, Lettieri J. Mass balance, metabolic disposition, and pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of regorafenib in healthy human subjects. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 81:195-206. [PMID: 29188322 PMCID: PMC5754413 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the mass balance, metabolic disposition, and pharmacokinetics of a single dose of regorafenib in healthy volunteers. In addition, in vitro metabolism of regorafenib in human hepatocytes was investigated. Methods Four healthy male subjects received one 120 mg oral dose of regorafenib containing approximately 100 µCi (3.7 MBq) [14C]regorafenib. Plasma concentrations of parent drug were derived from HPLC–MS/MS analysis and total radioactivity from liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Radiocarbon analyses used HPLC with fraction collection followed by LSC for all urine samples, plasma, and fecal homogenate extracts. For the in vitro study, [14C]regorafenib was incubated with human hepatocytes and analyzed using HPLC–LSC and HPLC–HRMS/MS. Results Regorafenib was the major component in plasma, while metabolite M-2 (pyridine N-oxide) was the most prominent metabolite. Metabolites M-5 (demethylated pyridine N-oxide) and M-7 (N-glucuronide) were identified as minor plasma components. The mean concentration of total radioactivity in plasma/whole blood appeared to plateau at 1–4 h and again at 6–24 h post-dose. In total, 90.5% of administered radioactivity was recovered in the excreta within a collection interval of 12 days, most of which (71.2%) was eliminated in feces, while excretion via urine accounted for 19.3%. Regorafenib (47.2%) was the most prominent component in feces and was not excreted into urine. Excreted metabolites resulted from oxidative metabolism and glucuronidation. Conclusions Regorafenib was eliminated predominantly in feces as well as by hepatic biotransformation. The multiple biotransformation pathways of regorafenib decrease the risk of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00280-017-3480-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kitisripanya T, Udomsin O, Komaikul J, Inyai C, Limsuwanchote S, Yusakul G, Putalun W. A pilot pharmacokinetic study of miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol on rabbit sera using polyclonal antibody-based icELISA analysis. Phytother Res 2017; 32:365-369. [PMID: 29168310 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Miroestrol (ME) and deoxymiroestrol (DME) are the most potent phytoestrogens and bioactive markers in Pueraria candollei var. mirifica tuberous roots. To understand their pharmacokinetic profiles, a pharmacokinetic study of ME and DME, at 0.43 and 0.21 mg per kg body weight, respectively, in three rabbits was performed after orally administering a single dose of P. candollei var. mirifica enriched fraction extract. Two established polyclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were validated to determine ME and DME in rabbit sera. In rabbits, the area under the 0- to 48-hr concentration-time curve of ME and DME were 854.92 and 1,692.84 ng·h/ml, respectively. The maximum concentration of ME was measured 1 hr after administration as 69.62 ± 8.28 ng/ml, and the maximum concentration of DME was measured at 3 hr as 81.8 ± 5.43 ng/ml. These results provide an initial approach for designing and studying the relationship between the ME and DME levels and their therapeutic effects based on their pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharita Kitisripanya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Orapin Udomsin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jukrapun Komaikul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chadathorn Inyai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Supattra Limsuwanchote
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, 222 Thaiburi, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), National Research University-Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Lack of ethnic differences of moxifloxacin and metabolite pharmacokinetics in East Asian men. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 45:199-214. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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222
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Deng J, Zhu X, Chen Z, Fan CH, Kwan HS, Wong CH, Shek KY, Zuo Z, Lam TN. A Review of Food–Drug Interactions on Oral Drug Absorption. Drugs 2017; 77:1833-1855. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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223
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Bean TG, Arnold KE, Lane JM, Bergström E, Thomas-Oates J, Rattner BA, Boxall ABA. Predictive framework for estimating exposure of birds to pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2335-2344. [PMID: 28198558 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present and evaluate a framework for estimating concentrations of pharmaceuticals over time in wildlife feeding at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The framework is composed of a series of predictive steps involving the estimation of pharmaceutical concentration in wastewater, accumulation into wildlife food items, and uptake by wildlife with subsequent distribution into, and elimination from, tissues. Because many pharmacokinetic parameters for wildlife are unavailable for the majority of drugs in use, a read-across approach was employed using either rodent or human data on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Comparison of the different steps in the framework against experimental data for the scenario where birds are feeding on a WWTP contaminated with fluoxetine showed that estimated concentrations in wastewater treatment works were lower than measured concentrations; concentrations in food could be reasonably estimated if experimental bioaccumulation data are available; and read-across from rodent data worked better than human to bird read-across. The framework provides adequate predictions of plasma concentrations and of elimination behavior in birds but yields poor predictions of distribution in tissues. The approach holds promise, but it is important that we improve our understanding of the physiological similarities and differences between wild birds and domesticated laboratory mammals used in pharmaceutical efficacy/safety trials, so that the wealth of data available can be applied more effectively in ecological risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2335-2344. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Bean
- Environment Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Arnold
- Environment Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M Lane
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ed Bergström
- Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry and Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry and Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- United States Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Bacterial bile salt hydrolase: an intestinal microbiome target for enhanced animal health. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 17:148-158. [PMID: 28155801 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To effectively mitigate antimicrobial resistance in the agricultural ecosystem, there is an increasing pressure to reduce and eliminate the use of in-feed antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in food animals. However, limiting antibiotic use could compromise animal production efficiency and health. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Increasing evidence has shown that the growth-promoting effect of AGPs was highly correlated with the reduced activity of bile salt hydrolase (BSH), an intestinal bacterial enzyme that has a negative impact on host fat digestion and energy harvest; consistent with this finding, the population of Lactobacillus species, the major intestinal BSH-producer, was significantly reduced in response to AGP use. Thus, BSH is a key mechanistic microbiome target for developing novel alternatives to AGPs. Despite recent significant progress in the characterization of diverse BSH enzymes, research on BSH is still in its infancy. This review is focused on the function of BSH and its significant impacts on host physiology in human beings, laboratory animals and food animals. The gaps in BSH-based translational microbiome research for enhanced animal health are also identified and discussed.
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225
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Atilano-Roque A, Roda G, Fogueri U, Kiser JJ, Joy MS. Effect of Disease Pathologies on Transporter Expression and Function. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S205-21. [PMID: 27385176 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transporters are important determinants of drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. The clinical relevance of drug transporters in drug disposition and toxicology depends on their localization in liver, kidney, and brain. There has been growing evidence regarding the importance of disease status on alterations in metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins. This review focuses on uptake and efflux transporter proteins in liver, kidney, and brain and discusses mechanisms of altered transporter expression and function secondary to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandla Atilano-Roque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gavriel Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Uma Fogueri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kiser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Melanie S Joy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Development of Improved Dosing Regimens for Mycophenolate Mofetil Based on Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses in Adults with Lupus Nephritis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 42:993-1004. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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228
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Yang G, Ge S, Singh R, Basu S, Shatzer K, Zen M, Liu J, Tu Y, Zhang C, Wei J, Shi J, Zhu L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Gao S, Hu M. Glucuronidation: driving factors and their impact on glucuronide disposition. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:105-138. [PMID: 28266877 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1293682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a well-recognized phase II metabolic pathway for a variety of chemicals including drugs and endogenous substances. Although it is usually the secondary metabolic pathway for a compound preceded by phase I hydroxylation, glucuronidation alone could serve as the dominant metabolic pathway for many compounds, including some with high aqueous solubility. Glucuronidation involves the metabolism of parent compound by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) into hydrophilic and negatively charged glucuronides that cannot exit the cell without the aid of efflux transporters. Therefore, elimination of parent compound via glucuronidation in a metabolic active cell is controlled by two driving forces: the formation of glucuronides by UGT enzymes and the (polarized) excretion of these glucuronides by efflux transporters located on the cell surfaces in various drug disposition organs. Contrary to the common assumption that the glucuronides reaching the systemic circulation were destined for urinary excretion, recent evidences suggest that hepatocytes are capable of highly efficient biliary clearance of the gut-generated glucuronides. Furthermore, the biliary- and enteric-eliminated glucuronides participate into recycling schemes involving intestinal microbes, which often prolong their local and systemic exposure, albeit at low systemic concentrations. Taken together, these recent research advances indicate that although UGT determines the rate and extent of glucuronide generation, the efflux and uptake transporters determine the distribution of these glucuronides into blood and then to various organs for elimination. Recycling schemes impact the apparent plasma half-life of parent compounds and their glucuronides that reach intestinal lumen, in addition to prolonging their gut and colon exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Yang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China.,b Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Shufan Ge
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Rashim Singh
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Katherine Shatzer
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Ming Zen
- d Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jiong Liu
- e Department of Digestive Diseases Surgery , Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Yifan Tu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Chenning Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jinbao Wei
- a Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Wudang Herbal Medicine Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Jian Shi
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- f Department of Pharmacy , Institute of Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Song Gao
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
| | - Ming Hu
- c Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Pharmacy , College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine , Shiyan , Hubei , China
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Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. État de l’art de l’analyse de la bile en toxicologie médicolégale. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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230
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Pellock SJ, Redinbo MR. Glucuronides in the gut: Sugar-driven symbioses between microbe and host. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8569-8576. [PMID: 28389557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.767434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal milieu is astonishingly complex and home to a constantly changing mixture of small and large molecules, along with an abundance of bacteria, viral particles, and eukaryotic cells. Such complexity makes it difficult to develop testable molecular hypotheses regarding host-microbe interactions. Fortunately, mammals and their associated gastrointestinal (GI) microbes contain complementary systems that are ideally suited for mechanistic studies. Mammalian systems inactivate endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds by linking them to a glucuronic acid sugar for GI excretion. In the GI tract, the microbiota express β-glucuronidase enzymes that remove the glucuronic acid as a carbon source, effectively reversing the actions of mammalian inactivation. Thus, by probing the actions of microbial β-glucuronidases, and by understanding which substrate glucuronides they process, molecular insights into mammalian-microbial symbioses may be revealed amid the complexity of the intestinal tract. Here, we focus on glucuronides in the gut and the microbial proteins that process them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Pellock
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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231
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Sigfridsson K, Nilsson L, Ahlqvist M, Andersson T, Granath AK. Preformulation investigation and challenges; salt formation, salt disproportionation and hepatic recirculation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:262-272. [PMID: 28366653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A compound, which is a selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, was investigated. The aim of the presented studies was to evaluate the potential of the further development of the compound. Fundamental physicochemical properties and stability of the compound were characterized in solution by liquid chromatography and NMR and in solid-state by various techniques. The drug itself is a lipophilic acid with tendency to form aggregates in solution. The neutral form was only obtained in amorphous form with a glass-transition temperature of approximately 0°C. The intrinsic solubility at room temperature was determined to 0.03mg/mL. Chemical stability studies of the compound in aqueous solutions showed good stability for at least two weeks at room temperature, except at pH1, where a slight degradation was already observed after one day. The chemical stability in the amorphous solid-state was investigated during a period of three months. At 25°C/60% relative humidity (RH) and 40°C/75% RH no significant degradation was observed. At 80°C, however, some degradation was observed after four weeks and approximately 3% after three months. In an accelerated photostability study, degradation of approximately 4% was observed. Attempts to identify a crystalline form of the neutral compound were unsuccessful, however, salt formation with tert-butylamine, resulted in crystalline material. Results from stability tests of the presented crystalline salt form indicated improved chemical stability at conditions whereas the amorphous neutral form degraded. However, the salt form of the drug dissociated under certain conditions. The drug was administered both per oral and intravenously, as amorphous nanoparticles, to conscious dogs. Plasma profiles showed curves with secondary absorption peaks, indicating hepatic recirculation following both administration routes. A similar behavior was observed in rats after oral administration of a pH-adjusted solution. The observed double peaks in plasma exposure and the dissociation tendency of the salt form, were properties that contributed to make further development of the candidate drug challenging. Options for development of solid dosage forms of both amorphous and crystalline material of the compound are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Nilsson
- AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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232
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Ferrara SJ, Meinig JM, Placzek AT, Banerji T, McTigue P, Hartley MD, Sanford-Crane HS, Banerji T, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. Ester-to-amide rearrangement of ethanolamine-derived prodrugs of sobetirome with increased blood-brain barrier penetration. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2743-2753. [PMID: 28385597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic options for treating demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) do not stimulate myelin repair, thus creating a clinical need for therapeutic agents that address axonal remyelination. Thyroid hormone is known to play an important role in promoting developmental myelination and repair, and CNS permeable thyromimetic agents could offer an increased therapeutic index compared to endogenous thyroid hormone. Sobetirome is a clinical stage thyromimetic that has been shown to have promising activity in preclinical models related to MS and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a genetic disease that involves demyelination. Here we report a new series of sobetirome prodrugs containing ethanolamine-based promoieties that were found to undergo an intramolecular O,N acyl migration to form the pharmacologically relevant amide species. Several of these systemically administered prodrugs deliver more sobetirome to the brain compared to unmodified sobetirome. Pharmacokinetic properties of the parent drug sobetirome and amidoalcohol prodrug 3 are described and prodrug 3 was found to be more potent than sobetirome in target engagement in the brain from systemic dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J Ferrara
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - J Matthew Meinig
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Andrew T Placzek
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Tapasree Banerji
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Peter McTigue
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Meredith D Hartley
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Hannah S Sanford-Crane
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Tania Banerji
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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Abbiati RA, Manca D. Enterohepatic Circulation Effect in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models: The Sorafenib Case. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Andrea Abbiati
- PSE-Lab, Process Systems
Engineering Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo
da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Manca
- PSE-Lab, Process Systems
Engineering Laboratory, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo
da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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234
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Sato H, Ogino M, Yakushiji K, Suzuki H, Shiokawa KI, Kikuchi H, Seto Y, Onoue S. Ginger Extract-Loaded Solid Dispersion System with Enhanced Oral Absorption and Antihypothermic Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1365-1370. [PMID: 28132501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to enhance the antihypothermic action of ginger extract (GE) employing a solid dispersion (SD) approach. The prepared SD of GE (GE/SD) was characterized in terms of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The antihypothermic action of GE samples was evaluated in a rat model of hypothermia. GE/SD exhibited improved dissolution behavior of the major active ingredients in GE, 6-gingerol (6G) and 8-gingerol (8G), with levels of dissolution 12- and 31-fold higher than that of GE, respectively. Even after storage under accelerated conditions, limited degradations of 6G and 8G were observed in GE/SD, although 6G and 8G were slightly degraded in GE. After oral administration of GE (300 mg/kg) and GE/SD (100 mg of GE/kg), the relative bioavailabilities of 6G and 8G in GE/SD were 5.0- and 5.8-fold higher than those in GE, respectively. Orally administered GE/SD (30 mg of GE/kg) inhibited ethanol-evoked hypothermia because of improved oral absorption of 6G and 8G. From these observations, the SD approach might be efficacious for enhancing the nutraceutical potentials of GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sato
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ogino
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yakushiji
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shiokawa
- Japan Preventive Medical Laboratory Company, Ltd. , 3-6-36 Toyoda, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8027, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikuchi
- Japan Preventive Medical Laboratory Company, Ltd. , 3-6-36 Toyoda, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8027, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Seto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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235
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Orbach SM, Less RR, Kothari A, Rajagopalan P. In Vitro Intestinal and Liver Models for Toxicity Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1898-1910. [PMID: 33440548 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human body is exposed to hundreds of chemicals every day. Many of these toxicants have unknown effects on the body that can be deleterious. Furthermore, chemicals can have a synergistic effect, resulting in toxic responses of cocktails at relatively low individual exposure levels. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver are the first organs to be exposed to ingested pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. As a result, these organs often experience extensive damage from xenobiotics and their metabolites. In vitro models offer a promising method for testing toxic effects. Many advanced in vitro models have been developed for GI and liver toxicity. These models strive to recapitulate the in vivo organ architecture to more accurately model chemical toxicity. In this review, we discuss many of these advances, in addition to recent efforts to integrate the GI and the liver in vitro for a more holistic toxicity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Orbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rebekah R Less
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and §ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anjaney Kothari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, and ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissue, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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236
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Yang Z, Liu J, Huang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Pan Y, Yang Y, Cheng D. Radiosynthesis and pharmacokinetics of [ 18F]fluoroethyl bufalin in hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mice. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:329-338. [PMID: 28138256 PMCID: PMC5238771 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bufalin, the main component of a Chinese traditional medicine chansu, shows convincing anticancer effects in a lot of tumor cell lines. However, its in vivo behavior is still unclear. This research aimed to evaluate how bufalin was dynamically absorbed after intravenous injection in animal models. We developed a radiosynthesis method of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin to noninvasively evaluate the tissue biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mice. Methods [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin was synthesized with conjugation of 18F-CH2CH2OTs and bufalin. The radiochemical purity was proved by the radio-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pharmacokinetic studies of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin were then performed in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. Furthermore, the biodistribution and metabolism of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 tumor-bearing nude mice were studied in vivo by micro-positron emission tomography (micro-PET). Results The radiochemical purity (RCP) of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin confirmed by radio-HPLC was 99%±0.18%, and [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin showed good in vitro and in vivo stabilities. Blood dynamics of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin conformed to the two compartments in the ICR mice model. The pharmacokinetic parameters of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin were calculated by DAS 2.0 software. The area under concentration–time curve (AUC0–t) and the values of clearance (CL) were 540.137 μg/L·min and 0.001 L/min/kg, respectively. The half-life of distribution (t1/2α) and half-life of elimination (t1/2β) were 0.693 and 510.223 min, respectively. Micro-PET imaging showed that [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin was quickly distributed via the blood circulation; the major tissue biodistribution of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 tumor-bearing mice was liver and bladder. Conclusion [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin was accumulated rapidly in the liver at an early time point (5 min) post injection (pi) and then declined slowly, mainly through both the hepatic pathway and the renal pathway. Our study showed the biodistribution of [18F]fluoroethyl bufalin in micro-PET images and provided visible information for demonstrating the bioactivities of bufalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshuo Yang
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Jianhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine
| | - Zhouji Zhang
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yanjia Pan
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yunke Yang
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Dengfeng Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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237
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Merrigan SD, Kish-Trier E, Seegmiller JC, Johnson-Davis KL. LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of mycophenolic acid, mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide, and 7-O-mycophenolic acid glucuronide in serum. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2017; 3:41-48. [PMID: 39193102 PMCID: PMC11322753 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the active metabolite of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), which is commonly prescribed after organ transplantation in conjunction with other immunosuppressants. MMF therapy is monitored to balance therapeutic efficacy with minimizing adverse effects associated with high serum concentrations. A LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of MPA and two additional metabolites, 7-O-mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) and mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide (AcMPAG), in serum using reverse-phase chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive electrospray ionization mode. Analytes were chromatographically resolved and the method was linear from 0.5 to 30.0 µg/ml MPA, 4.7 to 300 µg/ml MPAG, and from 0.5 to 30.0 µg/ml AcMPAG. Calibration curves for all analytes had r ≥ 0.990. Intra- and inter-assay imprecision coefficients of variation (CVs) were ≤6.9% and ≤14.5%, respectively. No ion suppression or interferences were observed. The method compared favorably with an unaffiliated reference laboratory. Retrospective data analyses indicate interpatient differences in drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Merrigan
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Erik Kish-Trier
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jesse C. Seegmiller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kamisha L. Johnson-Davis
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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238
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Zhai Q, Yu L, Li T, Zhu J, Zhang C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota and physiological conditions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under waterborne cadmium exposure. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 110:501-513. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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239
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In vivo imaging of systemic transport and elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous molecules in mice. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1335-1352. [PMID: 27999878 PMCID: PMC5316407 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a two-photon microscopy-based method to evaluate the in vivo systemic transport of compounds. This method comprises imaging of the intact liver, kidney and intestine, the main organs responsible for uptake and elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous molecules. The image quality of the acquired movies was sufficient to distinguish subcellular structures like organelles and vesicles. Quantification of the movement of fluorescent dextran and fluorescent cholic acid derivatives in different organs and their sub-compartments over time revealed significant dynamic differences. Calculated half-lives were similar in the capillaries of all investigated organs but differed in the specific sub-compartments, such as parenchymal cells and bile canaliculi of the liver, glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules of the kidney and lymph vessels (lacteals) of the small intestine. Moreover, tools to image immune cells, which can influence transport processes in inflamed tissues, are described. This powerful approach provides new possibilities for the analysis of compound transport in multiple organs and can support physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, in order to obtain more precise predictions at the whole body scale.
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240
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Li H, Zhang C, Fan R, Sun H, Xie H, Luo J, Wang Y, Lv H, Tang T. The effects of Chuanxiong on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats after biliary drainage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:117-124. [PMID: 27497635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chuanxiong Rhizoma (rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort), known as Chuanxiong in Chinese, has been used for treating cardiovascular diseases for centuries. Chuanxiong is a classical activating blood circulation herb in the treatment of thromboembolism heart diseases. Warfarin often combines with herbal prescriptions containing Chuanxiong in China. AIM OF THE STUDY The herb-drug interaction involving enterohepatic circulation process remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of Chuanxiong Rhizoma on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats after biliary drainage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups: WN (healthy rats after the gastric-administration of 0.5mg/kg warfarin sodium), WO (a rat model of biliary drainage after the gastric-administration of 0.5mg/kg warfarin sodium), WCN (healthy rats after the gastric-administration of 0.5mg/kg warfarin sodium and 10g/kg Chuanxiong decoction), and WCO (a rat model of biliary drainage after the gastric-administration of 0.5mg/kg warfarin sodium and 10g/kg Chuanxiong decoction). The levels of warfarin and internal standard were quantified by LC-MS/MS. Comparisons between groups were performed according to the main pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by the DAS 2.1.1 software. RESULTS The established LC-MS/MS method was specific, precise and rapid. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed a significant difference between the WN and WO groups. There were significant differences in the area under the curve (AUC0-t), peak concentration (Cmax), total plasma clearance (CLz/F) and mean residence time (MRT0-t) between the WCO and WCN groups; the AUC0-t of warfarin in the WCN group was 2.42 times than that of the WN group (p<0.01); the WCO group displayed a decreased to 61.6% in the Cmax compared the WO group (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Biliary drainage significantly influenced the disposition of warfarin, and Chuanxiong significantly affected the warfarin disposition in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, PR China
| | - Chunhu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Hua Sun
- Anhui Provincial Centre for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, PR China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Anhui Provincial Centre for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, PR China
| | - Jiekun Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
| | - Huiying Lv
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, PR China.
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
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Li Q, Xie LH, Si Y, Wong E, Upadhyay R, Yanez D, Weina PJ. Toxicokinetics and Hydrolysis of Artelinate and Artesunate in Malaria-Infected Rats. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:241-50. [PMID: 16126618 DOI: 10.1080/10915810591007201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparative toxicokinetic (TK) and hydrolysis studies of intravenously administered two new antimalarial agents, artelinate (AL) and artesunate (AS), were performed in malaria-infected rats using three daily equimolar doses (96 μmoles/kg). The TK evaluation was related to select one drug for severe malaria treatment in U.S. Army. Drug concentration of AS with daily dose of 36.7 mg/kg was one-third less on day 3 than on day 1, which resembled its active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), suggesting an autoinduction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes for AS. The results were similar to other artemisinin drugs, but not for AL. TK parameters of AL were very comparable from day 1 to day 3 at same AS molecular dose at 40.6 mg/kg. AS is the prodrug of DHA with the DHA/AS ratio of 5.26 compared to the ratio of 0.01 for DHA/AL. Other TK parameters revealed that the total AUC1–3 days (84.4 μg · h ml−1) of AL was fivefold higher than that of AS (15.7 mu;g h ml−1 of AS plus DHA). The elimination half-life of AL (7.1 h) was much longer than that of AS (0.36 h) or DHA (0.72 h). The remarkable alteration of the TK shape of AL may be caused by poor conversion rates to DHA and an enterohepatic circulation, which is confirmed by the present TK and tissue distribution studies. Compared to AS, higher drug exposure levels and longer exposure time of AL in the rat blood may be the cause of its increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigui Li
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA.
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Gastrointestinal microbiome and breast cancer: correlations, mechanisms and potential clinical implications. Breast Cancer 2016; 24:220-228. [PMID: 27709424 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiome plays as a symbiont which provides protection effect against invading pathogens, aids in the immune system development, nutrient reclamation and absorption as well as molecule breakdown. And it may avert carcinogenesis through these biological activities. By now, studies have been carried out to elaborate the association between gastrointestinal microbiome and breast cancer. It has been implicated that breast cancer was substantially associated with estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent functions of gastrointestinal microbiome. Evidence from animal experiments also confirmed mammary tumor-related changes in microbial community. The possible mechanisms involve estrogen metabolism, immune regulation, obese status and so forth. Based on the current evidence, cues on future management strategies of breast cancer such as antibiotics and dietary interventions are proposed. In conclusion, large-scale clinical studies and bench-based researches are needed to validate the associations and elaborate the mechanisms, so as to reduce the risk of breast cancer and improve the outcomes of those already diagnosed.
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Kong LL, Shen GL, Wang ZY, Zhuang XM, Xiao WB, Yuan M, Gong ZH, Li H. Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 Regulates the Hepatobiliary Excretion and Plasma Exposure of Thienorphine and Its Glucuronide Conjugate. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:242. [PMID: 27555820 PMCID: PMC4977286 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thienorphine (TNP) is a novel partial opioid agonist that has completed phase II clinical evaluation as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of opioid dependence. Previous studies have shown that TNP and its glucuronide conjugate (TNP-G) undergo significant bile excretion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of efflux transporters in regulating biliary excretion and plasma exposure of TNP and TNP-G. An ATPase assay suggested that TNP and TNP-G were substrates of P-gp and MRP2, respectively. The in vitro data from rat hepatocytes showed that bile excretion of TNP and TNP-G was regulated by the P-gp and MRP2 modulators. The accumulation of TNP and TNP-G in HepG2 cells significantly increased by the treatment of mdr1a or MRP2 siRNA for P-gp or MRP2 modulation. In intact rats, the bile excretion, and pharmacokinetic profiles of TNP and TNP-G were remarkably changed with tariquidar and probenecid pretreatment, respectively. Tariquidar increased the Cmax and AUC0-t and decreased MRT and T1/2 of TNP, whereas probenecid decreased the plasma exposure of TNP-G and increased its T1/2. Knockdown P-gp and MRP2 function using siRNA significantly increased the plasma exposure of TNP and TNP-G and reduced their mean retention time in mice. These results indicated the important roles of P-gp and MRP2 in hepatobiliary excretion and plasma exposure of TNP and TNP-G. Inhibition of the efflux transporters may affect the pharmacokinetics of TNP and result in a drug-drug interaction between TNP and the concomitant transporter inhibitor or inducer in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Lei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Centre for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Guo-Lin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing, China; Research Center for Import-Export Chemicals Safety of General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China, Chinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Bin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Hui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Beijing, China
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244
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Bendadani C, Steinhauser L, Albert K, Glatt H, Monien BH. Metabolism and excretion of 1-hydroxymethylpyrene, the proximate metabolite of the carcinogen 1-methylpyrene, in rats. Toxicology 2016; 366-367:43-52. [PMID: 27501763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Methylpyrene, an alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and environmental carcinogen, is activated by side-chain hydroxylation to 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP) and subsequent sulfo conjugation to the DNA-reactive 1-sulfooxymethylpyrene. In addition to the bioactivation, processes of metabolic detoxification and transport greatly influence the genotoxicity of 1-methylpyrene. For a better understanding of 1-HMP detoxification in vivo we studied urinary and fecal metabolites in rats following intraperitoneal doses of 19.3mg 1-HMP/kg body weight (5 rats) or the same dose containing 200μCi [(14)C]1-HMP/kg body weight (2 rats). After 48h, 48.0% (rat 1) and 29.1% (rat 2) of the radioactivity was recovered as 1-HMP in the feces. Six major metabolites were observed by UV and on-line radioactivity detection in urine samples and feces after HPLC separation. The compounds were characterized by mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR and (1)H-(1)H COSY NMR spectroscopy, which allowed assigning tentative molecular structures. Two prominent metabolites, 1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-6) and the acyl glucuronide of 1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-5) accounted for 17.7% (rat 1) and 25.2% (rat 2) of the overall radioactive dose. Further, we detected the acyl glucuronide of 6-hydroxy-1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-1) and 8-sulfooxy-1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-3) together with two regioisomers of M-3 (M-2 and M-4) differing in position of the sulfate group at the pyrene ring. In urine samples, the radioactivity of 1-pyrene carboxylic acid and its five derivatives amounted to 32.4% (rat 1) or 45.5% (rat 2) of the total [(14)C]1-HMP dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Bendadani
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Lisa Steinhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Albert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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245
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Li H, Wang Y, Fan R, Lv H, Sun H, Xie H, Tang T, Luo J, Xia Z. The effects of ferulic acid on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats after biliary drainage. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2173-80. [PMID: 27462142 PMCID: PMC4940002 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
According to previous research studies, warfarin can be detected in human bile after oral administration. Ferulic acid (FA) is the main bioactive component of many Chinese herbs for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. To elucidate the effects of FA on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats after biliary drainage is necessary. Twenty rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (WN): healthy rats after the administration of warfarin sodium, Group 2 (WO): a rat model of biliary drainage after the administration of warfarin sodium, Group 3 (WFN): healthy rats after the administration of warfarin sodium and FA, and Group 4 (WFO): a rat model of biliary drainage after the administration of warfarin sodium and FA. Blood samples were collected at different time points after administration. The concentrations of blood samples were determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Comparisons between groups were performed according to the main pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by the DAS 2.1.1 software. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed a significant difference between the WN and WO groups, the WO group showed a decrease of 51% and 41.6% in area under the curve from 0 to time (AUC0–t) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax), respectively, whereas time to Cmax (Tmax) was delayed 3.27 folds. There were significant differences between the WFO and WFN groups, the WFO group showed a decrease of 63.8% and 70% in AUC0–t and Cmax, respectively; the delay in Tmax between the WN and WFN groups (mean, from 132–432 minutes) was significantly different; the mean retention time from 0 to time (MRT0–t) between the WO and WFO groups (mean, from 718.31–606.13 minutes) also showed a significant difference. Enterohepatic circulation markedly influences the disposition of warfarin in rats, and FA significantly affected the warfarin disposition in rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Department of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Huiying Lv
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha
| | - Hua Sun
- Anhui Provincial Centre for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Anhui Provincial Centre for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Jiekun Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Zian Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
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246
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Evaluation of preclinical formulations for a poorly water-soluble compound. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:630-637. [PMID: 27462026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One central aim of the present work was to find a robust oral formulation approach for Compound A, both to achieve reliable pharmacodynamic read outs but also for long time safety assessment studies. The compound has low aqueous solubility (0.4μM at 37°C), is highly lipophilic and has high Caco-2 permeability, i.e. a typical BCS II compound. A nanocrystal formulation, some oil approaches and a fat diet approach were evaluated in vivo in rats. The two latter strategies resulted in significantly higher in vivo exposures after oral administration compared to the nanocrystal approach. For simplicity, and due to the project development program, a food pellet formulation was selected. In addition, tentative data from a subcutaneous study in mice using nanocrystals of the compound are presented, showing extended profiles on the cost of Cmax. Exposure data in monkeys after administration of nanocrystals both intravenously and per oral are presented. When switched from nanocrystals to an oil formulation, the observed oral exposure behavior was similar as observed in rats.
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247
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Decloedt A, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Vanden Bussche J, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y, Vanhaecke L. Mouldy feed: A possible explanation for the excretion of anabolic-androgenic steroids in horses. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.I. Decloedt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
| | | | - J. Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Garcia
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - M.-A. Popot
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - Y. Bonnaire
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - L. Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
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248
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Papathanasiou T, Juul RV, Gabel-Jensen C, Kreilgaard M, Lund TM. Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2630-43. [PMID: 27380190 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of morphine and gabapentin seems promising for the treatment of postoperative and neuropathic pain. Despite the well characterised pharmacodynamic interaction, little is known about possible pharmacokinetic interactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether co-administration of the two drugs leads to modifications of their pharmacokinetic profiles. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and gabapentin were characterised in rats following subcutaneous injections of morphine, gabapentin or their combination. Non-linear mixed effects modelling was applied to describe the pharmacokinetics of the compounds and possible interactions. RESULTS The plasma-concentration-time profiles of morphine and gabapentin were best described using a three- and a one-compartment disposition model respectively. Dose dependencies were found for morphine absorption rate and gabapentin bioavailability. Enterohepatic circulation of morphine-3-glucuronide was modelled using an oscillatory model. The combination did not lead to pharmacokinetic interactions for morphine or gabapentin but resulted in an estimated ~33% diminished morphine-3-glucuronide formation. CONCLUSIONS The finding of a lack of pharmacokinetic interaction strengthens the notion that the combination of the two drugs leads to better efficacy in pain treatment due to interaction at the pharmacodynamic level. The interaction found between gabapentin and morphine-3-glucuronide, the latter being inactive, might not have any clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Papathanasiou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Vestergaard Juul
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Gabel-Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Kreilgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Meldgaard Lund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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249
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McConaghy FF, Green LA, Colgan S, Morris LH. Studies of the pharmacokinetic profile, in vivo efficacy and safety of injectable altrenogest for the suppression of oestrus in mares. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:248-55. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FF McConaghy
- Ceva Animal Health Pty Ltd; 11 Moores Rd Glenorie New South Wales 2157 Australia
| | - LA Green
- SCEC Pty Ltd; Northbridge NSW Australia
| | - S Colgan
- SCEC Pty Ltd; Northbridge NSW Australia
| | - LH Morris
- Equibreed NZ Ltd; Te Awamutu New Zealand
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250
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Chen L, Liu Y, Jia D, Yang J, Zhao J, Chen C, Liu H, Liang X. Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Aurantiamide and Aurantiamide Acetate in Rats after Oral Administration of Portulaca oleracea L. Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3445-3455. [PMID: 27075043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiamide and aurantiamide acetate are the main active constituents of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), an edible plant with various biological activities. In this study, we developed a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method to quantitate the concentrations of aurantiamide and aurantiamide acetate in the plasma and various organ tissues of rat as the basis to study their pharmacological profile and distribution in vivo. Aurantiamide and aurantiamide acetate were rapidly absorbed following oral administration, both achieving a Cmax at around 0.2 h. The extent of their metabolisms also varied among different organ tissues, resulting in about 90% reduction in concentrations 4 h after their administration, thus leaving no long-term accumulation in the tissues. This is the first study to examine the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution of aurantiamide and aurantiamide acetate in rat, and our work may serve as the first step toward the investigation of the underlying mechanisms associated with the biological activity of purslane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongsheng Liu
- Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-macromolecules of Liaoning Province , Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
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