251
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White LO, Ising M, von Klitzing K, Sierau S, Michel A, Klein AM, Andreas A, Keil J, Resch L, Müller-Myhsok B, Uhr M, Gausche R, Manly JT, Crowley MJ, Kirschbaum C, Stalder T. Reduced hair cortisol after maltreatment mediates externalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:998-1007. [PMID: 28244601 PMCID: PMC5570647 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enduring impact of childhood maltreatment on biological systems and ensuing psychopathology remains incompletely understood. Long-term effects of stress may be reflected in cumulative cortisol secretion over several months, which is now quantifiable via hair cortisol concentrations (HCC). We conducted a first comprehensive investigation utilizing the potential of hair cortisol analysis in a large sample of maltreated and nonmaltreated children and adolescents. METHOD Participants included 537 children and adolescents (3-16 years; 272 females) with maltreatment (n = 245) or without maltreatment histories (n = 292). Maltreated subjects were recruited from child protection services (CPS; n = 95), youth psychiatric services (n = 56), and the community (n = 94). Maltreatment was coded using the Maltreatment Classification System drawing on caregiver interviews and complemented with CPS records. Caregivers and teachers reported on child mental health. HCC were assessed in the first 3 cm hair segment. RESULTS Analyses uniformly supported that maltreatment coincides with a gradual and dose-dependent reduction in HCC from 9 to 10 years onwards relative to nonmaltreated controls. This pattern emerged consistently from both group comparisons between maltreated and nonmaltreated subjects (27.6% HCC reduction in maltreated 9-16-year-olds) and dimensional analyses within maltreated subjects, with lower HCC related to greater maltreatment chronicity and number of subtypes. Moreover, both group comparisons and dimensional analyses within maltreated youth revealed that relative HCC reduction mediates the effect of maltreatment on externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS From middle childhood onwards, maltreatment coincides with a relative reduction in cortisol secretion, which, in turn, may predispose to externalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars O. White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany,Corresponding Author:
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai von Klitzing
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Sierau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Michel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Jena, Germany
| | - Annette M. Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Andreas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Keil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonhard Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jody T. Manly
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tobias Stalder
- Institute of Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany, Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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252
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Anderson EL, Heron J, Ben-Shlomo Y, Kuh D, Cooper R, Lawlor DA, Fraser A, Howe LD. Adversity in childhood and measures of aging in midlife: Findings from a cohort of british women. Psychol Aging 2017; 32:521-530. [PMID: 28891666 PMCID: PMC5592847 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have assessed whether socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity during childhood are associated with objective measures of aging later in life. We assessed associations of socioeconomic position (SEP) and total psychosocial adversity during childhood, with objectively measured cognitive and physical capability in women during midlife. Adverse childhood experiences were retrospectively reported at mean ages 28-30 years in women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children (N = 2,221). We investigated associations of childhood SEP and total psychosocial adversity, with composite measures of cognitive and physical capability at mean age 51 years. There was evidence that, compared with participants whose fathers had professional occupations, participants whose fathers had managerial/technical, skilled nonmanual, skilled manual, and partly or unskilled manual occupations had, on average, lower physical and cognitive capability. There was a clear trend for increasing magnitudes of association with lowering childhood SEP. There was also evidence that greater total psychosocial adversity in childhood was associated with lower physical capability. Total psychosocial adversity in childhood was not associated with cognitive capability. Lower SEP in childhood is detrimental to cognitive and physical capability in midlife, at least in part, independently of subsequent SEP in adulthood. Greater psychosocial adversity in childhood is associated with poorer physical capability, independently of social disadvantage in childhood. Our findings highlight the need for interventions to both identify and support children experiencing socioeconomic or psychosocial of adversity as early as possible. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Anderson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol
| | - Diana Kuh
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
| | - Laura D Howe
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol
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253
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DeVylder JE, Cogburn C, Oh HY, Anglin D, Smith ME, Sharpe T, Jun HJ, Schiffman J, Lukens E, Link B. Psychotic Experiences in the Context of Police Victimization: Data From the Survey of Police-Public Encounters. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:993-1001. [PMID: 28369639 PMCID: PMC5581896 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat has been proposed as the common mechanism underlying several well-replicated risk factors for sub-threshold psychotic experiences (PEs) identified in epidemiological research. Victimization by the police may likewise be socially defeating among vulnerable individuals and, therefore, may be associated with elevated risk for PEs. However, no prior studies have examined the relation between police victimization and PEs. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to police victimization (ie, physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect) would be associated with increased odds for PEs in the Survey of Police-Public Encounters data (N = 1615), a general population sample of adults from 4 US cities. Respondents who reported each type of police victimization were more likely to report PEs in logistic regression analyses (all P < .01), most of which were significant even when adjusting for demographic variables, psychological distress, and self-reported crime involvement (adjusted OR range: 1.30 to 7.16). Furthermore, the prevalence of PEs increased with greater exposure to police victimization in a linear dose-response relation, OR (95% CI) = 1.44 (1.24-1.66). These findings suggest that police victimization is a clinically important and previously unreported risk factor for PEs in the urban US population. These findings support the need for community-based outreach efforts and greater police training to reduce the prevalence of this exposure, particularly in socially disadvantaged urban communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E DeVylder
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD;,To whom correspondence should be addressed; School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 525 W Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, US; tel: 410-706-6234, fax: 410-706-6046, e-mail:
| | | | - Hans Y Oh
- University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA
| | - Deidre Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, New York, NY
| | | | - Tanya Sharpe
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hyun-Jin Jun
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ellen Lukens
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Bruce Link
- School of Public Policy, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
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254
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Green MJ, Tzoumakis S, McIntyre B, Kariuki M, Laurens KR, Dean K, Chilvers M, Harris F, Butler M, Brinkman SA, Carr VJ. Childhood Maltreatment and Early Developmental Vulnerabilities at Age 5 Years. Child Dev 2017; 89:1599-1612. [PMID: 28805252 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined associations between maltreatment and early developmental vulnerabilities in a population sample of 68,459 children (Mage = 5.62 years, SD = .37) drawn from the Australian state of New South Wales, using linked administrative data for the children and their parents (collected 2001-2009). Associations were estimated between (a) any maltreatment, (b) the number of maltreatment types, and (c) the timing of first reported maltreatment and vulnerability and risk status on multiple developmental domains (i.e., physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and communication). Pervasive associations were revealed between maltreatment and all developmental domains; children exposed to two or more maltreatment types, and with first maltreatment reported after 3 years of age, showed greater likelihood of vulnerability on multiple domains, relative to nonmaltreated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Green
- University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia
| | | | - Maina Kariuki
- University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia
| | | | - Kimberlie Dean
- University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia.,Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network
| | | | - Felicity Harris
- University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia
| | | | | | - Vaughan J Carr
- University of New South Wales.,Neuroscience Research Australia.,Monash University
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255
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Campbell-Sills L, Kessler RC, Ursano RJ, Rosellini AJ, Afifi TO, Colpe LJ, Heeringa SG, Nock MK, Sampson NA, Sareen J, Schoenbaum M, Sun X, Jain S, Stein MB. Associations of childhood bullying victimization with lifetime suicidal behaviors among new U.S. Army soldiers. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:701-710. [PMID: 28370897 PMCID: PMC5542865 DOI: 10.1002/da.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have documented associations of childhood bullying victimization with suicidal behaviors. However, many failed to adjust for concomitant risk factors and none investigated this relationship in military personnel. This study aimed to estimate independent associations of childhood bullying victimization with suicidal behaviors among U.S. Army soldiers. METHODS Soldiers reporting for basic training completed a cross-sectional survey assessing mental disorders, suicidal behaviors, and childhood adversities including two types of bullying victimization: (1) Physical Assault/Theft and (2) Bullying Comments/Behaviors. Associations of childhood bullying experiences with suicidal behaviors were estimated using discrete-time survival analysis of person-year data from 30,436 soldiers. Models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, childhood maltreatment by adults, and mental disorders. RESULTS After comprehensive adjustment for other risk factors, more frequent Physical Assault/Theft by peers during childhood was associated with increased odds of lifetime suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.11-1.26, P < .001) and attempt (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.50, P < .001). More frequent Bullying Comments/Behaviors were associated with increased risk of ideation (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.26-1.35, P < .001), plan (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.35-1.54, P < .001), attempt (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.15-1.33, P < .001), and onset of plan among ideators (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.15, P = .002). Relative to no bullying victimization, exposure to the most persistent bullying was associated with two- to fourfold increase in risk for suicidal behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Childhood bullying victimization is associated with lifetime suicidal behaviors among new soldiers. Exposure to Bullying Comments/Behaviors during childhood is associated with progression from suicidal ideation to plan. Improved recognition of these relationships may inform risk mitigation interventions for soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald C. Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J. Ursano
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tracie O. Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lisa J. Colpe
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven G. Heeringa
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew K. Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nancy A. Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Jain
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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256
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Debowska A, Willmott D, Boduszek D, Jones AD. What do we know about child abuse and neglect patterns of co-occurrence? A systematic review of profiling studies and recommendations for future research. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 70:100-111. [PMID: 28609690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Latent class (LCA) and latent profile (LPA) analysis represent methodological approaches to identify subgroups of maltreated individuals. Although research examining child abuse and neglect (CAN) profiles is still rare, the application of person-centered techniques to clarify CAN types co-occurrence has substantially increased in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide a summary and critical evaluation of the findings of LCA/LPA child maltreatment research to: (a) systemize the current understanding of patterns of maltreatment across populations and (b) elucidate interactive effects of CAN types on psychosocial functioning. A search in PsychInfo, Eric, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct, and Google Scholar was performed. Sixteen studies examining the co-occurrence between child physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and/or exposure to domestic violence were identified. A critical review of the studies revealed inconsistent findings as to the number of CAN classes, but most research uncovered a poly-victimized and a low abuse group. Further, multiple victimization was associated with most adverse internalizing and externalizing outcomes, especially when sexual abuse was present. Exposure to physical and emotional abuse was frequently reported to lead to behavioural problems. Based on the present study results, we provide a set of recommendations for surpassing the current methodological and conceptual limitations in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Boduszek
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK; SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
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257
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Beyond comorbidity: Toward a dimensional and hierarchical approach to understanding psychopathology across the life span. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:971-986. [PMID: 27739384 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel developmentally informed framework to push research beyond a focus on comorbidity between discrete diagnostic categories and to move toward research based on the well-validated dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology. For example, a large body of research speaks to the validity and utility of the internalizing and externalizing spectra as organizing constructs for research on common forms of psychopathology. The internalizing and externalizing spectra act as powerful explanatory variables that channel the psychopathological effects of genetic and environmental risk factors, predict adaptive functioning, and account for the likelihood of disorder-level manifestations of psychopathology. As such, our proposed theoretical framework uses the internalizing and externalizing spectra as central constructs to guide future psychopathology research across the life span. The framework is particularly flexible, because any of the facets or factors from the dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology can form the focus of research. We describe the utility and strengths of this framework for developmental psychopathology in particular and explore avenues for future research.
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258
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Hanson JL, van den Bos W, Roeber BJ, Rudolph KD, Davidson RJ, Pollak SD. Early adversity and learning: implications for typical and atypical behavioral development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:770-778. [PMID: 28158896 PMCID: PMC5474156 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who experience early adversity often develop emotion regulatory problems, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this relation. We tested whether general associative learning processes contribute to associations between adversity, in the form of child maltreatment, and negative behavioral outcomes. METHODS Eighty-one participants between 12 and 17 years of age were recruited for this study and completed a probabilistic learning Task. Forty-one of these participants had been exposed to physical abuse, a form of early adversity. Forty additional participants without any known history of maltreatment served as a comparison group. All participants (and their parents) also completed portions of the Youth Life Stress Interview to understand adolescent's behavior. We calculated measures of associative learning, and also constructed mathematical models of learning. RESULTS We found that adolescents exposed to high levels of adversity early in their lives had lower levels of associative learning than comparison adolescents. In addition, we found that impaired associative learning partially explained the higher levels of behavioral problems among youth who suffered early adversity. Using mathematical models, we also found that two components of learning were specifically affected in children exposed to adversity: choice variability and biases in their beliefs about the likelihood of rewards in the environment. CONCLUSIONS Participants who had been exposed to early adversity were less able than their peers to correctly learn which stimuli were likely to result in reward, even after repeated feedback. These individuals also used information about known rewards in their environments less often. In addition, individuals exposed to adversity made decisions early in the learning process as if rewards were less consistent and occurred more at random. These data suggest one mechanism through which early life experience shapes behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wouter van den Bos
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Karen D. Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seth D. Pollak
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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259
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Child maltreatment: the central roles of parenting capacities and attachment. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 15:81-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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260
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Impact of child maltreatment on meaning in life in psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 251:204-211. [PMID: 28214436 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) worsens prognosis and quality of life in several psychiatric conditions. Meaning in life is a construct which relates to the sense of purpose that one can perceive in life, and is a key aspect of recovery in psychiatric patients. The lasting impact of CM on meaning in life and its mediating variables have not been studied in patients with chronic persistent psychiatric conditions. One hundred and sixty-six patients with bipolar disorder (N=35), psychotic disorder (N=73), anorexia nervosa (N=30) or borderline personality disorder (N=28) were assessed for meaning in life (revised version of the Life Regard Index (LRI-R)), for CM (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)) and for internalized/externalized psychopathology. CM was associated with a lower LRI score. Structural Equation Modeling showed that internalized psychopathology (depression, hopelessness and low self-esteem) was the main mediator of the impact of CM on meaning in life. The direct effect of CM on meaning in life was not significant. Having suffered from negligence or abuse during childhood is associated with lower meaning in life in adults with persistent and pervasive psychiatric disorders. Treating depressive symptoms and improving self-esteem may improve meaning in life in patients with severe mental disorders who were affected by CM.
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261
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McCrory EJ, Gerin MI, Viding E. Annual Research Review: Childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the shift to preventative psychiatry - the contribution of functional brain imaging. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:338-357. [PMID: 28295339 PMCID: PMC6849838 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is a potent predictor of poor mental health across the life span. We argue that there is a need to improve the understanding of the mechanisms that confer psychiatric vulnerability following maltreatment, if we are to progress from simply treating those with a manifest disorder, to developing effective preventative approaches that can help offset the likelihood that such disorders will emerge in the first place. METHODS We review extant functional neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents exposed to early neglect and/or maltreatment, including physical, sexual and emotional abuse across four neurocognitive domains: threat processing, reward processing, emotion regulation and executive control. Findings are discussed in the context of 'latent vulnerability', where alterations in neurocognitive function are considered to carry adaptive value in early adverse caregiving environments but confer long-term risk. RESULTS Studies on threat processing indicate heightened as well as depressed neural responsiveness in maltreated samples, particularly in the amygdala, thought to reflect threat hypervigilance and avoidance respectively. Studies on reward processing generally report blunted neural response to anticipation and receipt of rewards, particularly in the striatum, patterns associated with depressive symptomatology. Studies on emotion regulation report increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during active emotion regulation, possibly reflecting greater effortful processing. Finally, studies of executive control report increased dorsal ACC activity during error monitoring and inhibition. CONCLUSIONS An emerging body of work indicates that altered neurocognitive functioning following maltreatment: (a) is evident even in the absence of overt psychopathology; (b) is consistent with perturbations seen in individuals presenting with psychiatric disorder; (c) can predict future psychiatric symptomatology. These findings suggest that maltreatment leads to neurocognitive alterations that embed latent vulnerability to psychiatric disorder, establishing a compelling case for identifying those children at most risk and developing mechanistically informed models of preventative intervention. Such interventions should aim to offset the likelihood of any future psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon J. McCrory
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Anna Freud National Centre for Children and FamiliesLondonUK
| | - Mattia I. Gerin
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Anna Freud National Centre for Children and FamiliesLondonUK
| | - Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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262
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Debowska A, Boduszek D. Child abuse and neglect profiles and their psychosocial consequences in a large sample of incarcerated males. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 65:266-277. [PMID: 27989568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Research examining child abuse and neglect (CAN) profiles among adult offender populations is lacking. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study was to address this limitation by using latent class analysis (LCA) to identify meaningful classes of individuals who have experienced physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, as well as neglect. Another aim was to estimate the association between CAN class membership and external criteria (psychopathy factors, self-esteem, attitudes towards male sexual violence in dating relationships, child sexual abuse myth acceptance, violent offending, and age). Data were collected among a large systematically selected sample of adult male inmates (N=1261). Based on LCA, three unique classes of CAN were distinguished, including a 'low abuse' group (43.4% of the sample), a 'high physical and emotional abuse' group (51.3%), and a 'poly-victimized' group (5.3%). The analysis revealed that the CAN classes were differentially associated with affective responsiveness, cognitive responsiveness, personal self-esteem, prison self-esteem, attitudes towards male sexual violence in dating relationships, and violent offending. Findings highlight the unique nature of CAN constellations among criminal justice involved participants. The significance of the present results is discussed in relation to past and future research. Potential contributions to treatment strategies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boduszek
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK; SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
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263
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Castellví P, Miranda-Mendizábal A, Parés-Badell O, Almenara J, Alonso I, Blasco MJ, Cebrià A, Gabilondo A, Gili M, Lagares C, Piqueras JA, Roca M, Rodríguez-Marín J, Rodríguez-Jimenez T, Soto-Sanz V, Alonso J. Exposure to violence, a risk for suicide in youths and young adults. A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135:195-211. [PMID: 27995627 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association and magnitude of the effect of early exposure to different types of interpersonal violence (IPV) with suicide attempt and suicide death in youths and young adults. METHOD We searched six databases until June 2015. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) assessment of any type of IPV as risk factor of suicide attempt or suicide: (i) child maltreatment [childhood physical, sexual, emotional abuse, neglect], (ii) bullying, (iii) dating violence, and (iv) community violence; (2) population-based case-control or cohort studies; and (3) subjects aged 12-26 years. Random models were used for meta-analyses (Reg: CRD42013005775). RESULTS From 23 682 articles, 29 articles with 143 730 subjects for meta-analyses were included. For victims of any IPV, OR of subsequent suicide attempt was 1.99 (95% CI: 1.73-2.28); for child maltreatment, 2.25 (95% CI: 1.85-2.73); for bullying, 2.39 (95% CI: 1.89-3.01); for dating violence, 1.65 (95% CI: 1.40-1.94); and for community violence, 1.48 (95% CI: 1.16-1.87). Young victims of IPV had an OR of suicide death of 10.57 (95% CI: 4.46-25.07). CONCLUSION Early exposure to IPV confers a risk of suicide attempts and particularly suicide death in youths and young adults. Future research should address the effectiveness of preventing and detecting early any type of IPV exposure in early ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Castellví
- Health Services Research Group, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Miranda-Mendizábal
- Health Services Research Group, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health & Experimental Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Parés-Badell
- Health Services Research Group, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Almenara
- Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - I Alonso
- Morales Meseguer Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - M J Blasco
- Health Services Research Group, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health & Experimental Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Cebrià
- Department of Mental Health, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - A Gabilondo
- Outpatient Mental Health Care Network, Osakidetza-Basque Health Service, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Mental Health and Psychiatric Care Research Unit, BioDonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - M Gili
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS-IDISPA), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Network of Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - C Lagares
- Department of Statistics and Operative Research, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J A Piqueras
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - M Roca
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS-IDISPA), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Network of Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Marín
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - T Rodríguez-Jimenez
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - V Soto-Sanz
- Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - J Alonso
- Health Services Research Group, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Health & Experimental Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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264
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Sierau S, Brand T, Manly JT, Schlesier-Michel A, Klein AM, Andreas A, Garzón LQ, Keil J, Binser MJ, von Klitzing K, White LO. A Multisource Approach to Assessing Child Maltreatment From Records, Caregivers, and Children. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2017; 22:45-57. [PMID: 27789763 DOI: 10.1177/1077559516675724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Practitioners and researchers alike face the challenge that different sources report inconsistent information regarding child maltreatment. The present study capitalizes on concordance and discordance between different sources and probes applicability of a multisource approach to data from three perspectives on maltreatment-Child Protection Services (CPS) records, caregivers, and children. The sample comprised 686 participants in early childhood (3- to 8-year-olds; n = 275) or late childhood/adolescence (9- to 16-year-olds; n = 411), 161 from two CPS sites and 525 from the community oversampled for psychosocial risk. We established three components within a factor-analytic approach: the shared variance between sources on presence of maltreatment (convergence), nonshared variance resulting from the child's own perspective, and the caregiver versus CPS perspective. The shared variance between sources was the strongest predictor of caregiver- and self-reported child symptoms. Child perspective and caregiver versus CPS perspective mainly added predictive strength of symptoms in late childhood/adolescence over and above convergence in the case of emotional maltreatment, lack of supervision, and physical abuse. By contrast, convergence almost fully accounted for child symptoms for failure to provide. Our results suggest consistent information from different sources reporting on maltreatment is, on average, the best indicator of child risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sierau
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilman Brand
- 2 Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jody Todd Manly
- 3 Mount Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Schlesier-Michel
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- 4 Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Annette M Klein
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Andreas
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonhard Quintero Garzón
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Keil
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kai von Klitzing
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars O White
- 1 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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265
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Cecil CAM, Viding E, Fearon P, Glaser D, McCrory EJ. Disentangling the mental health impact of childhood abuse and neglect. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 63:106-119. [PMID: 27914236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether maltreatment types exert common or specific effects on mental health. In the current study, we aimed to systematically characterize the unique, shared and cumulative effects of maltreatment types on psychiatric symptoms, using data drawn from a community sample of high-risk youth (n=204, M=18.85). Analyses controlled for a range of potentially confounding variables, including socio-demographic variables, neighbourhood deprivation and levels of community violence exposure. Outcome measures included multi-informant reports of internalizing difficulties, as well as data on externalizing problems and trauma-related symptoms. We found that (i) consistent with previous studies, maltreatment types were highly interrelated and frequently co-occurred; (ii) symptom severity linearly increased with the number of maltreatment types experienced (more so for self-report vs informant ratings); and (iii) while most forms of maltreatment were significantly associated with mental health outcomes when examined individually, few unique effects were observed when modelling maltreatment types simultaneously, pointing to an important role of shared variance in driving maltreatment effects on mental health. Emotional abuse emerged as the main independent predictor of psychiatric symptomatology - over and above other maltreatment types - and this effect was comparable for males and females (i.e. no significant interaction with sex). Findings contribute to a better understanding of heterogeneity in individual responses to maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Danya Glaser
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Eamon J McCrory
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, UK
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266
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Glück TM, Knefel M, Lueger-Schuster B. A network analysis of anger, shame, proposed ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder, and different types of childhood trauma in foster care settings in a sample of adult survivors. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8:1372543. [PMID: 29038691 PMCID: PMC5632767 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1372543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Anger and shame are aspects that are specifically associated with psychopathology and maladaptation after childhood abuse and neglect. They are known to influence symptom maintenance and exacerbation; however, their interaction is not fully understood. Objective: To explore with network analysis the association and interaction of prolonged, complex interpersonal childhood abuse and neglect in institutional foster care settings [institutional abuse (IA)] with anger, shame, and the proposed 11th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in adult survivors. Method: Adult survivors of IA (N = 220, mean age = 57.95 years) participated in the study and were interviewed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the International Trauma Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Displaced Aggression Questionnaire, and shame-related items. To identify the most central aspects, we used a staged network analysis and centrality analysis approach: (1) on the scale level; (2) on the item/symptom level; and (3) with modularity analysis to find communities within the item-level network. Results: Trait anger, anger rumination, emotional abuse, and PTSD re-experiencing symptoms played the most important roles on a scale level and were then further analyzed on the item/symptom level. The most central symptom on the item level was anger rumination related to meaningful past events. The modularity analysis supported discriminant validity of the included scales. Conclusions: Anger is an important factor in the psychopathological processes following childhood abuse. Anger rumination is closely related to PTSD symptoms; however, anger is not a part of the proposed ICD-11 PTSD in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Glück
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Knefel
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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267
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Rougemont-Bücking A, Grazioli VS, Daeppen JB, Gmel G, Studer J. Family-Related Stress versus External Stressors: Differential Impacts on Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use in Young Men. Eur Addict Res 2017; 23:284-297. [PMID: 29275419 DOI: 10.1159/000485031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intense stress increases substance use (SU). However, little is known about the extent to which distinctive forms of stress should be weighted with regard to their effects on SU. This study aimed to determine whether family-related stress factors (FSF) influenced SU in a different way than external stress factors (ESF). Data was drawn from a Swiss cohort study on SU risk factors (C-SURF), involving 5,308 young adult men. Twelve month use of alcohol and of illicit substances was assessed. FSF and ESF for the time period preceding SU were measured. FSF and ESF were both significantly associated with SU. FSF had a greater impact on the use of most substances than did ESF. The FSF with the strongest association with SU was lack of parental monitoring. Regarding ESF, the cumulative number of stressful external events had a higher impact on SU than previous physical or sexual assault by a stranger. In contrast, physical or sexual assault by a family member was not found to be associated with subsequent SU. These findings have important implications for SU prevention programmes focusing on male teenagers, as it is difficult to screen and intervene in subtle forms of maltreatment in families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronique S Grazioli
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Bernard Daeppen
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Studer
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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268
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders (separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) are common and disabling conditions that mostly begin during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. They differ from developmentally normative or stress-induced transient anxiety by being marked (ie, out of proportion to the actual threat present) and persistent, and by impairing daily functioning. Most anxiety disorders affect almost twice as many women as men. They often co-occur with major depression, alcohol and other substance-use disorders, and personality disorders. Differential diagnosis from physical conditions-including thyroid, cardiac, and respiratory disorders, and substance intoxication and withdrawal-is imperative. If untreated, anxiety disorders tend to recur chronically. Psychological treatments, particularly cognitive behavioural therapy, and pharmacological treatments, particularly selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-noradrenaline-reuptake inhibitors, are effective, and their combination could be more effective than is treatment with either individually. More research is needed to increase access to and to develop personalised treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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269
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Howarth E, Moore THM, Welton NJ, Lewis N, Stanley N, MacMillan H, Shaw A, Hester M, Bryden P, Feder G. IMPRoving Outcomes for children exposed to domestic ViolencE (IMPROVE): an evidence synthesis. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3310/phr04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundExposure to domestic violence and abuse (DVA) during childhood and adolescence increases the risk of negative outcomes across the lifespan.ObjectivesTo synthesise evidence on the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of interventions for children exposed to DVA, with the aim of making recommendations for further research.Design(1) A systematic review of controlled trials of interventions; (2) a systematic review of qualitative studies of participant and professional experience of interventions; (3) a network meta-analysis (NMA) of controlled trials and cost-effectiveness analysis; (4) an overview of current UK provision of interventions; and (5) consultations with young people, parents, service providers and commissioners.SettingsNorth America (11), the Netherlands (1) and Israel (1) for the systematic review of controlled trials of interventions; the USA (4) and the UK (1) for the systematic review of qualitative studies of participant and professional experience of interventions; and the UK for the overview of current UK provision of interventions and consultations with young people, parents, service providers and commissioners.ParticipantsA total of 1345 children for the systematic review of controlled trials of interventions; 100 children, 202 parents and 39 professionals for the systematic review of qualitative studies of participant and professional experience of interventions; and 16 young people, six parents and 20 service providers and commissioners for the consultation with young people, parents, service providers and commissioners.InterventionsPsychotherapeutic, advocacy, parenting skills and advocacy, psychoeducation, psychoeducation and advocacy, guided self-help.Main outcome measuresInternalising symptoms and externalising behaviour, mood, depression symptoms and diagnosis, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and self-esteem for the systematic review of controlled trials of interventions and NMA; views about and experience of interventions for the systematic review of qualitative studies of participant and professional experience of interventions and consultations.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Citation Index, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Social Services Abstracts, Social Care Online, Sociological Abstracts, Social Science Citation Index, World Health Organization trials portal and clinicaltrials.gov.Review methodsA narrative review; a NMA and incremental cost-effectiveness analysis; and a qualitative synthesis.ResultsThe evidence base on targeted interventions was small, with limited settings and types of interventions; children were mostly < 14 years of age, and there was an absence of comparative studies. The interventions evaluated in trials were mostly psychotherapeutic and psychoeducational interventions delivered to the non-abusive parent and child, usually based on the child’s exposure to DVA (not specific clinical or broader social needs). Qualitative studies largely focused on psychoeducational interventions, some of which included the abusive parent. The evidence for clinical effectiveness was as follows: 11 trials reported improvements in behavioural or mental health outcomes, with modest effect sizes but significant heterogeneity and high or unclear risk of bias. Psychoeducational group-based interventions delivered to the child were found to be more effective for improving mental health outcomes than other types of intervention. Interventions delivered to (non-abusive) parents and to children were most likely to be effective for improving behavioural outcomes. However, there is a large degree of uncertainty around comparisons, particularly with regard to mental health outcomes. In terms of evidence of cost-effectiveness, there were no economic studies of interventions. Cost-effectiveness was modelled on the basis of the NMA, estimating differences between types of interventions. The outcomes measured in trials were largely confined to children’s mental health and behavioural symptoms and disorders, although stakeholders’ concepts of success were broader, suggesting that a broader range of outcomes should be measured in trials. Group-based psychoeducational interventions delivered to children and non-abusive parents in parallel were largely acceptable to all stakeholders. There is limited evidence for the acceptability of other types of intervention. In terms of the UK evidence base and service delivery landscape, there were no UK-based trials, few qualitative studies and little widespread service evaluation. Most programmes are group-based psychoeducational interventions. However, the funding crisis in the DVA sector is significantly undermining programme delivery.ConclusionsThe evidence base regarding the acceptability, clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions to improve outcomes for children exposed to DVA is underdeveloped. There is an urgent need for more high-quality studies, particularly trials, that are designed to produce actionable, generalisable findings that can be implemented in real-world settings and that can inform decisions about which interventions to commission and scale. We suggest that there is a need to pause the development of new interventions and to focus on the systematic evaluation of existing programmes. With regard to the UK, we have identified three types of programme that could be justifiably prioritised for further study: psycho-education delivered to mothers and children, or children alone; parent skills training in combination with advocacy: and interventions involving the abusive parent/caregiver. We also suggest that there is need for key stakeholders to come together to explicitly identify and address the structural, practical and cultural barriers that may have hampered the development of the UK evidence base to date.Future work recommendationsThere is a need for well-designed, well-conducted and well-reported UK-based randomised controlled trials with cost-effectiveness analyses and nested qualitative studies. Development of consensus in the field about core outcome data sets is required. There is a need for further exploration of the acceptability and effectiveness of interventions for specific groups of children and young people (i.e. based on ethnicity, age, trauma exposure and clinical profile). There is also a need for an investigation of the context in which interventions are delivered, including organisational setting and the broader community context, and the evaluation of qualities, qualifications and disciplines of personnel delivering interventions. We recommend prioritisation of psychoeducational interventions and parent skills training delivered in combination with advocacy in the next phase of trials, and exploratory trials of interventions that engage both the abusive and the non-abusive parent.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013004348 and PROSPERO CRD420130043489.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Howarth
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England (NIHR CLAHRC EoE), Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theresa HM Moore
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicky J Welton
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia Lewis
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicky Stanley
- Connect Centre, School of Social Work, Care and Community, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Shaw
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marianne Hester
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Bryden
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gene Feder
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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270
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Newcomb-Anjo SE, Barker ET, Howard AL. A Person-Centered Analysis of Risk Factors that Compromise Wellbeing in Emerging Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:867-883. [PMID: 27826745 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transition to adulthood is a major life course transition that can pose risk to wellbeing. Research is needed to identify patterns of risk for compromised wellbeing, in order to best identify supports for individuals during this potentially vulnerable transition. The purpose of this study was to identify profiles of risk in an emerging adulthood sample, and to relate these profiles to mental health and subjective and academic wellbeing. Undergraduate emerging adults (N = 903, 82 % female), aged 18-25 years (M = 21.14, SD = 1.75), completed a series of questionnaires about risk factors, mental health, and academic variables. Results from a latent profile analysis identified four distinct risk profiles: Low Risk (76 %), Low Social Support Risk (4 %), Financial Risk (11 %), and Multiple Risk (8 %). The risk profiles were subsequently related to mental health and subjective and academic wellbeing outcomes, using a pseudo-class draws approach. Analyses indicated that the risk-pattern profiles differed in several ways across outcomes. Implications for targeted interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Newcomb-Anjo
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Erin T Barker
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Andrea L Howard
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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271
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Associations between adverse childhood experiences and clinical characteristics of eating disorders. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35761. [PMID: 27804994 PMCID: PMC5090200 DOI: 10.1038/srep35761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with eating disorders (EDs) frequently report a history of childhood trauma (CT). We investigated whether certain subtypes of CT are associated with more severe features of EDs, independently of psychiatric comorbidity, and whether they act additively. One hundred and ninety-two patients with DSM-V-defined EDs were consecutively recruited. Five clinical characteristics were assessed: restraint, eating, shape and weight concerns on the EDE-Q, and daily functioning. CT was assessed by the childhood traumatism questionnaire. The clinical features were associated with at least one CT subtype (emotional, sexual or physical abuse, emotional neglect). Multivariate analyses adjusted for lifetime comorbid psychiatric disorders revealed that emotional abuse independently predicted higher eating, shape and weight concerns and lower daily functioning, whereas sexual and physical abuse independently predicted higher eating concern. A dose-effect relationship characterised the number of CT subtypes and the severity of the clinical features, suggesting a consistent and partly independent association between CT and more severe clinical and functional characteristics in EDs. Emotional abuse seems to have the most specific impact on ED symptoms. Last, not all CT subtypes have the same impact but they do act additively.
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272
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Cicchetti D, Hetzel S, Rogosch FA, Handley ED, Toth SL. An investigation of child maltreatment and epigenetic mechanisms of mental and physical health risk. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1305-1317. [PMID: 27691979 PMCID: PMC5087600 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, differential methylation analyses of the whole genome were conducted among a sample of 548 school-aged low-income children (47.8% female, 67.7% Black, M age = 9.40 years), 54.4% of whom had a history of child maltreatment. In the context of a summer research camp, DNA samples via saliva were obtained. Using GenomeStudio, Methylation Module, and the Illumina Custom Model, differential methylation analyses revealed a pattern of greater methylation at low methylation sites (n = 197 sites) and medium methylation sites (n = 730 sites) and less methylation at high methylation sites (n = 907 sites) among maltreated children. The mean difference in methylation between the maltreated and nonmaltreated children was 6.2%. The relative risk of maltreatment with known disease biomarkers was also investigated using GenoGo MetaCore Software. A large number of network objects previously associated with mental health, cancer, cardiovascular systems, and immune functioning were identified evidencing differential methylation among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Site-specific analyses were also conducted for aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1), and nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1) genes, and the results highlight the importance of considering gender and the developmental timing of maltreatment. For ALDH2, the results indicated that maltreated girls evidenced significantly lower methylation compared to nonmaltreated girls, and maltreated boys evidenced significantly higher methylation compared to nonmaltreated boys. Moreover, early onset-not recently maltreated boys evidenced significantly higher methylation at ALDH2 compared to nonmaltreated boys. Similarly, children with early onset-nonrecent maltreatment evidenced significantly higher methylation compared to nonmaltreated children at ANKK1. The site-specific results were not altered by controlling for genotypic variation of respective genes. The findings demonstrate increased risk for adverse physical and mental health outcomes associated with differences in methylation in maltreated children and indicate differences among maltreated children related to developmental timing of maltreatment and gender in genes involved in mental health functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Cicchetti
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
| | - Susan Hetzel
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
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273
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Abstract
Maltreatment is associated with chronic depression, high negative self-attributions, and lifetime psychopathology. Adolescence is a sensitive period for the formation of self-concept. Identifying neurobiomarkers of self-processing in depressed adolescents with and without maltreatment may parse the effects of trauma and depression on self-development and chronic psychopathology. Depressed adolescents (n = 86) maltreated due to omission (DO, n = 13) or commission (DCM, n = 28) or without maltreatment (DC, n = 45), and HCs (HC, n = 37) appraised positive and negative self-descriptors in the scanner. DCM and DO showed hypoactivity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) while processing positive versus negative self-descriptors compared to DC youth, who in turn showed reduced dACC recruitment versus HC. HC youth showed the highest activation in the dACC and striatum during positive self-descriptors; these regions showed a linear decline in activity across DC, DO, and DCM. Low dACC activity to positive versus negative self-descriptors was linked to inadequate coregulation of children's emotions by parents. Negative self-cognitions prevalent in DCM and DO adolescents may be perpetuated by activity in the dACC and striatum. Reduced activation of the dACC and striatum for positive self-descriptors, coupled with enhanced activity for negative self-descriptors, may heighten the risk for persistent depression.
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274
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Molnar BE, Beatriz ED, Beardslee WR. Community-Level Approaches to Child Maltreatment Prevention. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:387-397. [PMID: 27580664 DOI: 10.1177/1524838016658879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Often the focus of the field of child maltreatment has concentrated on identifying and intervening on risk and protective factors at the individual and family levels; however, since the 1970s, the important roles that communities play in both exacerbating and preventing child maltreatment have received attention as well. This article outlines the development of this area of scientific inquiry, describes the theoretical frameworks utilized by existing programs, and describes several community-level programs aimed at preventing child maltreatment that show promise as scalable strategies to enhance individual and family strengths and reduce caregiver stress. Challenges inherent in community-level programming in increasingly diverse environments and in building/maintaining political will for sustainability of evidence-based efforts are discussed as well. A multilevel, holistic approach that takes into account developmental changes and needs of individuals as well as their environments is likely to bring about more sustainable change in protecting children from abuse and neglect than efforts focused solely on individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Molnar
- Institute on Urban Health Research & Practice, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Beatriz
- Institute on Urban Health Research & Practice, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William R Beardslee
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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275
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Puetz VB, Viding E, Palmer A, Kelly PA, Lickley R, Koutoufa I, Sebastian CL, McCrory EJ. Altered neural response to rejection-related words in children exposed to maltreatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:1165-73. [PMID: 27457415 PMCID: PMC5042060 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children exposed to maltreatment show neural sensitivity to facial cues signalling threat. However, little is known about how maltreatment influences the processing of social threat cues more broadly, and whether atypical processing of social threat cues relates to psychiatric risk. METHODS Forty-one 10- to 14-year-old children underwent a social rejection-themed emotional Stroop task during functional magnetic resonance imaging: 21 children with a documented history of maltreatment (11 F) and 19 comparison children with no maltreatment history (11 F). Groups were matched on age, pubertal status, gender, IQ, socioeconomic status, ethnicity and reading ability. Classic colour Stroop stimuli were also administered in the same paradigm to investigate potential differences in general cognitive control. RESULTS Compared with their peers, children who had experienced maltreatment showed reduced activation in the Rejection versus Neutral condition, across circuitry previously implicated in abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the left anterior insula, extending into left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex/orbitofrontal cortex; left amygdala; left inferior parietal cortex (STS); and bilateral visual association cortex, encompassing the cuneus and lingual gyrus. No group differences in neural or behavioural responses were found for the classic colour Stroop conditions. Significant negative associations between activity in bilateral cuneus and STS during the rejection-themed Stroop and higher self-reported PTSD symptomatology, including dissociation, were observed in children exposed to maltreatment. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a pattern of altered neural response to social rejection cues in maltreated children. Compared to their peers, these children displayed relative hypoactivation to rejection cues in regions previously associated with PTSD, potentially reflecting an avoidant coping response. It is suggested that such atypical processing of social threat may index latent vulnerability to future psychopathology in general and PTSD in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa B. Puetz
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Anna Freud CentreLondonUK
| | - Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amy Palmer
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Philip A. Kelly
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Anna Freud CentreLondonUK
| | - Rachael Lickley
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Anna Freud CentreLondonUK
| | - Iakovina Koutoufa
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Eamon J. McCrory
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Anna Freud CentreLondonUK
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276
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Taillieu TL, Brownridge DA, Sareen J, Afifi TO. Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: Results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2016; 59:1-12. [PMID: 27490515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a public health concern with well-established sequelae. However, compared to research on physical and sexual abuse, far less is known about the long-term impact of emotional maltreatment on mental health. The overall purpose of this study was to examine the association of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and both emotional abuse and neglect with other types of child maltreatment, a family history of dysfunction, and lifetime diagnoses of several Axis I and Axis II mental disorders. Data were from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected in 2004 and 2005 (n=34,653). The most prevalent form of emotional maltreatment was emotional neglect only (6.2%), followed by emotional abuse only (4.8%), and then both emotional abuse and neglect (3.1%). All categories of emotional maltreatment were strongly related to other forms of child maltreatment (odds ratios [ORs] ranged from 2.1 to 68.0) and a history of family dysfunction (ORs ranged from 2.2 to 8.3). In models adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, all categories of emotional maltreatment were associated with increased odds of almost every mental disorder assessed in this study (adjusted ORs ranged from 1.2 to 7.4). Many relationships remained significant independent of experiencing other forms of child maltreatment and a family history of dysfunction (adjusted ORs ranged from 1.2 to 3.0). The effects appeared to be greater for active (i.e., emotional abuse) relative to passive (i.e., emotional neglect) forms of emotional maltreatment. Childhood emotional maltreatment, particularly emotionally abusive acts, is associated with increased odds of lifetime diagnoses of several Axis I and Axis II mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Taillieu
- Applied Health Sciences PhD Program, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | - Jitender Sareen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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277
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Carliner H, Keyes KM, McLaughlin KA, Meyers JL, Dunn EC, Martins SS. Childhood Trauma and Illicit Drug Use in Adolescence: A Population-Based National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:701-8. [PMID: 27453084 PMCID: PMC4964281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are established risk factors for substance use disorders among adults, little is known about associations with drug use during adolescence, an important developmental stage for drug use prevention. We examined whether childhood PTEs were associated with illicit drug use among a representative sample of US adolescents. METHOD Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), which included adolescents aged 13 to 18 years (N = 9,956). Weighted logistic regression models estimated risk ratios for lifetime use of marijuana, cocaine, nonmedical prescription drugs, other drugs, and multiple drugs. RESULTS Exposure to any PTE before age 11 years was reported by 36% of the sample and was associated with higher risk for use of marijuana (risk ratio [RR] = 1.50), cocaine (RR = 2.78), prescription drugs (RR = 1.80), other drugs (RR = 1.90), and multiple drugs (RR = 1.74). A positive monotonic relationship was observed between number of PTEs and marijuana, other drug, and multiple drug use. Interpersonal violence was associated with all drug use outcomes. Accidents and unspecified events were associated with higher risk for marijuana, cocaine, and prescription drug use. CONCLUSION Potentially traumatic events in childhood are associated with risk for illicit drug use among US adolescents. These findings add to the literature by illustrating a potentially modifiable health behavior that may be a target for intervention. The results also highlight that adolescents with a trauma history are a high-risk group for illicit drug use and may benefit from trauma-focused prevention efforts that specifically address traumatic memories and coping strategies for dealing with stressful life events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacquelyn L. Meyers
- State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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278
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Cicchetti D, Doyle C. Child maltreatment, attachment and psychopathology: mediating relations. World Psychiatry 2016; 15:89-90. [PMID: 27265688 PMCID: PMC4911777 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dante Cicchetti
- Institute of Child Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Colleen Doyle
- Institute of Child Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
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279
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Van Assche E, Moons T, Van Leeuwen K, Colpin H, Verschueren K, Van Den Noortgate W, Goossens L, Claes S. Depressive symptoms in adolescence: The role of perceived parental support, psychological control, and proactive control in interaction with 5-HTTLPR. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 35:55-63. [PMID: 27077378 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. We investigated the role of perceived parenting dimensions and gene-environment interactions between these perceived parenting dimensions and five well-known variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs): 5-HTTLPR, STin2, DAT1, DRD4, and MAO-A, in depressive symptoms. METHODS From a non-clinical sample of 1111 Belgian adolescents (mean age: 13.79 years, SD=.94; 51% boys), 1103 adolescents consented for genetic research. Five VNTRs were analyzed using DNA from saliva samples. Perceived parenting dimensions (i.e., support, proactive control, psychological control, punishment, and harsh punishment) were examined using self-report scales completed by adolescents and their parents. Depressive symptoms were investigated using the CES-D self-report scale. Statistical analyses were performed in R using linear regression. RESULTS Parental support, as perceived by the adolescent, was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (CES-D) and psychological control was positively associated with these symptoms. The only interaction effect withstanding correction for multiple testing was observed for 5-HTTLPR and the difference in proactive control as perceived by adolescents in comparison to parents. Short-allele carriers showed more depressive symptoms when there was a higher discrepancy in proactive control as perceived by adolescents versus parents. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that perceived parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms, as measured by the CES-D. We only found modest evidence for 5-HTTLPR as a moderator in the association between the difference in perception of proactive control (adolescents vs. parents) and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Assche
- GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - T Moons
- GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; OPZ Geel, Dr. Sanodreef 4, Geel, Belgium
| | - K Van Leeuwen
- Department of Parenting and Special Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Colpin
- Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Verschueren
- Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Van Den Noortgate
- Department of Methodology of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Goossens
- Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Claes
- GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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