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Minda JP, Rabi R. Ego depletion interferes with rule-defined category learning but not non-rule-defined category learning. Front Psychol 2015; 6:35. [PMID: 25688220 PMCID: PMC4310281 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable research on category learning has suggested that many cognitive and environmental factors can have a differential effect on the learning of rule-defined (RD) categories as opposed to the learning of non-rule-defined (NRD) categories. Prior research has also suggested that ego depletion can temporarily reduce the capacity for executive functioning and cognitive flexibility. The present study examined whether temporarily reducing participants’ executive functioning via a resource depletion manipulation would differentially impact RD and NRD category learning. Participants were either asked to write a story with no restrictions (the control condition), or without using two common letters (the ego depletion condition). Participants were then asked to learn either a set of RD categories or a set of NRD categories. Resource depleted participants performed more poorly than controls on the RD task, but did not differ from controls on the NRD task, suggesting that self regulatory resources are required for successful RD category learning. These results lend support to multiple systems theories and clarify the role of self-regulatory resources within this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Minda
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Rahel Rabi
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
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252
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Juhl J, Routledge C. The awareness of death reduces subjective vitality and self-regulatory energy for individuals with low interdependent self-construal. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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253
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Frayne E, Coulson S, Adams R, Croxson GR. Self-regulatory fatigue after neurological and musculoskeletal injury: implications for physiotherapy management. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x14y.0000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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254
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Gau LS, Woodside AG, Martin D. Explaining seemingly paradoxical consumer experiences: conjoining weekly road rage and church attendance. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2015; 54:93-111. [PMID: 23892730 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-013-9759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of the current study are threefold: Provide evidence that an extreme paradoxical group exists-people frequently attending church and exhibiting road rage, profile this group, and frame possible explanations for the seemingly paradoxical behaviors. This study employs data from a national (USA) lifestyle survey conducted by Market Facts with 3,350 American respondents. The major questions asked about church participation and road-rage behavior ("giving a finger" and "flashing headlights"). Nomologically, relevant activities include 3 items for church goers and 3 items for road-rage givers. Additionally, 14 items profiled the lifestyles of the unique paradoxical behavior segment. Utilizing cross-tabulation tables, property space analyses identify the double extreme (XX) group (18 people) and other 6 groups with a significant chi-square test, confirming the extreme group exists. Analyses of variance test results show that comparing nomologically relevant activities among the seven groups is all statistically significant, indicating the nomological validity is met. Overall, the XX group tends to have more males, be younger, and have a higher proportion of people working in sales. The profile of lifestyle analyses shows the XX group members have both high ambitions and expectations, might be very frustrated individuals, and equip with the adventurous and masculine traits related to aggression. The XX behavior group's demographic and psychographic characteristics portray similar lifestyles that differ from other groups. Case-based analyses provide further contextual information of nuances to XX segment individuals. The limited energy theory, the Eagleman's theory of unconscious mind, and justification theory help to explain why people conjointly go to church and commit road rage. Addressing chronic paradoxical behaviors provides implications for social de-marketing to reduce aggressive anti-social behavior such as road rage. Frequent church attendance may help make people more sensitive to their wrongdoings and gradually revise the anti-social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shiue Gau
- Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng, Taichung city, 41354, Taiwan,
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255
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Lange F. If ego depletion cannot be studied using identical tasks, it is not ego depletion. Appetite 2015; 84:325-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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256
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Abstract
The exercise of self-control is of great significance in people’s daily lives and in the organization of social institutions. The reasonableness of the self-control concept, however, has been challenged by recent developments in cognitive, behavioral, and neurosciences that identify human behavior as a result of complex automatic processes generated by people’s environments. Collating more data on self-control and developing new theoretical approaches is crucial to meeting this challenge. Still, this article argues that a conceptual analysis of the meaning of self-control is also needed. Reflecting on recent work in philosophy, it discusses how self-controlled behavior is characterized not only by distinct causal mechanisms, but also by fundamental normative evaluations. Four conceptualizations of self-control will be presented to highlight why the corresponding self-control failures are essentially also normative failures. Furthermore, it discusses how the normativity of self-controlled behavior can contribute to further theorizing in social psychology.
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257
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Kazén M, Kuhl J, Leicht EM. When the going gets tough…: Self-motivation is associated with invigoration and fun. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 79:1064-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Kazén
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, 49074, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Julius Kuhl
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, 49074, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Leicht
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, 49074, Osnabrück, Germany.
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258
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Chow JT, Lau S. Nature Gives Us Strength: Exposure to Nature Counteracts Ego-Depletion. The Journal of Social Psychology 2014; 155:70-85. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2014.972310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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259
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Zadra JR, Proffitt DR. Implicit associations have a circadian rhythm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110149. [PMID: 25365254 PMCID: PMC4217730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study shows that people's ability to inhibit implicit associations that run counter to their explicit views varies in a circadian pattern. The presence of this rhythmic variation suggests the involvement of a biological process in regulating automatic associations—specifically, with the current data, associations that form undesirable social biases. In 1998, Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz introduced the Implicit Association Test as a means of measuring individual differences in implicit cognition. The IAT is a powerful tool that has become widely used. Perhaps most visibly, studies employing the IAT demonstrate that people generally hold implicit biases against social groups, which often conflict with their explicitly held views. The IAT engages inhibitory processes similar to those inherent in self-control tasks. Because the latter processes are known to be resource-limited, we considered whether IAT scores might likewise be resource dependent. Analyzing IAT performance from over a million participants across all times of day, we found a clear circadian pattern in scores. This finding suggests that the IAT measures not only the strength of implicit associations, but also the effect of variations in the physiological resources available to inhibit their undesirable influences on explicit behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Zadra
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dennis R. Proffitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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260
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Chatzisarantis NLD, Hagger MS. Illusionary delusions. Willingness to exercise self-control can mask effects of glucose on self-control performance in experimental paradigms that use identical self-control tasks. Appetite 2014; 84:322-4. [PMID: 25450893 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present article is to highlight limitations of Lange and Eggert's methodology of using identical self-control tasks in testing effects of glucose on depletion of self-control resources and self-control performance. We suggest that when participants engage in two identical self-control tasks, cognitions developed during initial act of self-control may mask the effects of glucose on self-control performance by undermining willingness to exert effort during the second act of self-control. As a consequence, glucose may increase ability to exercise self-control but participants may not want to capitalize on this "ability advantage" because they are unwilling to exercise self-control. The present article concludes that researchers who test the glucose hypothesis in the context of a depletion paradigm should employ dissimilar acts of self-control and ensure that depleted participants are sufficiently motivated to exercise self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin S Hagger
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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261
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Bode S, Murawski C, Soon CS, Bode P, Stahl J, Smith PL. Demystifying “free will”: The role of contextual information and evidence accumulation for predictive brain activity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:636-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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262
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Goldfarb L, Henik A. Is the brain a resource-cheapskate? Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:857. [PMID: 25386130 PMCID: PMC4208413 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liat Goldfarb
- The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva, Israel
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263
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Yang JS, Hung HV. Emotions as Constraining and Facilitating Factors for Creativity: Companionate Love and Anger. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/caim.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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264
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Curtis J, Burkley E, Burkley M. The Rhythm Is Gonna Get You: The Influence of Circadian Rhythm Synchrony on Self-Control Outcomes. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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265
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Masicampo EJ, Martin SR, Anderson RA. Understanding and Overcoming Self-control Depletion. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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266
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Abstract
The limited resource or strength model of self-control posits that the use of self-regulatory resources leads to depletion and poorer performance on subsequent self-control tasks. We conducted four studies (two with community samples, two with young adult samples) utilizing a frequently used depletion procedure (crossing out letters protocol) and the two most frequently used dependent measures of self-control (handgrip perseverance and modified Stroop). In each study, participants completed a baseline self-control measure, a depletion or control task (randomized), and then the same measure of self-control a second time. There was no evidence for significant depletion effects in any of these four studies. The null results obtained in four attempts to replicate using strong methodological approaches may indicate that depletion has more limited effects than implied by prior publications. We encourage further efforts to replicate depletion (particularly among community samples) with full disclosure of positive and negative results.
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267
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Bray SR, Graham JD, Saville PD. Self-control training leads to enhanced cardiovascular exercise performance. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:534-43. [PMID: 25278342 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.949830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of two weeks of self-control strength training on maximum cardiovascular exercise performance. Forty-one participants completed a cognitive self-control depletion task (Stroop task) followed by a maximal graded cycling test and were randomized to training (maximal endurance contractions of spring handgrip trainers, twice daily) or no-treatment control groups. At follow-up (2 weeks), half of each group completed either a time-matched or trial-matched Stroop task followed by another maximal graded cycling test. Results showed a significant 2-way (training X time) interaction (P < 0.001), and a trend for the 3-way (training X time X cognitive task) interaction (P = 0.07). Decomposition of the interactions revealed that across sessions cycling performance increased in both training groups, did not change in the trial-matched cognitive task control group, and declined in the time-matched control group. We conclude that isometric handgrip training leads to self-control strength adaptations that enhance maximal cardiovascular exercise performance or tolerance of exercise at maximal levels of effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Bray
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada L8S 4K1
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268
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Duke DC, Harris MA. Executive function, adherence, and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a literature review. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14:532. [PMID: 25142717 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-014-0532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to examine and report findings from published research to date that has examined associations between executive function (EF), adherence, and glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes. A review of the published research is presented with the objectives of reporting the following: (1) the associations between EF and adherence, (2) the associations between EF and glycemic control, (3) proposed methodological considerations needed to advance related research, (4) recommendations for future research, and (5) clinical recommendations. The major conclusions of this review support the presence of an association between EF, adherence, and glycemic control. Additional prospective and controlled studies are necessary to fully understand the impact of EF on the ability of youth to independently manage type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny C Duke
- Division of Psychology, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 707 SW Gaines Street, Portland, OR, USA,
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269
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Personal prayer counteracts self-control depletion. Conscious Cogn 2014; 29:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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270
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Self-regulatory depletion in dogs: insulin release is not necessary for the replenishment of persistence. Behav Processes 2014; 110:22-6. [PMID: 25264236 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that self-control is constrained by a limited energy resource that can be depleted through exertion. Once depleted, this resource can be replenished by the consumption or even the taste of glucose. For example, the need to inhibit reduces subsequent persistence at problem solving by humans and dogs, an effect that is not observed when a glucose drink (but not a placebo) is administered following initial inhibition. The mechanism for replenishment by glucose is currently unknown. Energy transfer is not necessary, although insulin secretion may be involved. This possibility was investigated in the current study by having dogs exert self-control (sit-stay) and subsequently giving them (1) glucose that causes the release of insulin, (2) fructose that does not result in the release of insulin nor does it affect glucose levels (but it is a carbohydrate), or (3) a calorie-free drink. Persistence measures indicated that both glucose and fructose replenished canine persistence, whereas the calorie-free drink did not. These results indicate that insulin release is probably not necessary for the replenishment that is presumed to be responsible for the increase in persistence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Canine Behavior.
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271
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Brown DMY, Bray SR. Isometric exercise and cognitive function: an investigation of acute dose–response effects during submaximal fatiguing contractions. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:487-97. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.947524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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272
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McMinn D, Allan JL. The SNAPSHOT study protocol: SNAcking, Physical activity, Self-regulation, and Heart rate Over Time. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1006. [PMID: 25261200 PMCID: PMC4196005 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cognitive processes responsible for effortful behavioural regulation are known as the executive functions, and are implicated in several factors associated with behaviour control, including focussing on tasks, resisting temptations, planning future actions, and inhibiting prepotent responses. Similar to muscles, the executive functions become fatigued following intensive use (e.g. stressful situations, when tired or busy, and when regulating behaviour such as quitting smoking). Therefore, an individual may be more susceptible to engaging in unhealthy behaviours when their executive functions are depleted. In the present study we investigate associations between the executive functions, snack food consumption, and sedentary behaviour in real time. We hypothesise that individuals may be more susceptible to unhealthy snacking and sedentary behaviours during periods when their executive functions are depleted. We test this hypothesis using real-time objective within-person measurements. Methods/Design A sample of approximately 50 Scottish adults from varied socio-economic, working, and cultural backgrounds will participate in the three phases of the SNAcking, Physical activity, Self-regulation, and Heart rate Over Time (SNAPSHOT) study. Phase one will require participants to complete home-based questionnaires concerned with diet, eating behaviour, and physical activity (≈1.5 hours to complete). Phase two will constitute a 2-3 hour psychological laboratory testing session during which trait-level executive function, general intelligence, and diet and physical activity intentions, past behaviour, and automaticity will be measured. The final phase will involve a 7-day ambulatory protocol during which objective repeated assessments of executive function, snacking behaviour, physical activity, mood, heart rate, perceived energy level, current context and location will be measured during participants’ daily routines. Multi-level regression analysis, accounting for observations nested within participants, will be used to investigate associations between fluctuations in the executive functions and health behaviours. Discussion Data from the SNAPSHOT study will provide ecologically valid information to help better understand the temporal associations between self-regulatory resources (executive functions) and deleterious health behaviours such as snacking and sedentary behaviour. If we can identify particular periods of the day or locations where self-regulatory resources become depleted and produce suboptimal health behaviour, then interventions can be designed and targeted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McMinn
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill Campus, Ashgrove Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
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273
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Rozand V, Pageaux B, Marcora SM, Papaxanthis C, Lepers R. Does mental exertion alter maximal muscle activation? Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:755. [PMID: 25309404 PMCID: PMC4176059 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental exertion is known to impair endurance performance, but its effects on neuromuscular function remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mental exertion reduces torque and muscle activation during intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors. Ten subjects performed in a randomized order three separate mental exertion conditions lasting 27 min each: (i) high mental exertion (incongruent Stroop task), (ii) moderate mental exertion (congruent Stroop task), (iii) low mental exertion (watching a movie). In each condition, mental exertion was combined with 10 intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensor muscles (one maximal voluntary contraction every 3 min). Neuromuscular function was assessed using electrical nerve stimulation. Maximal voluntary torque, maximal muscle activation and other neuromuscular parameters were similar across mental exertion conditions and did not change over time. These findings suggest that mental exertion does not affect neuromuscular function during intermittent maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Rozand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France ; Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy Dijon, France
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274
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Abstract
Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with a surge of new studies examining the interface of motivation and cognitive control. In the present article we survey research situated at this interface, considering work from cognitive and social psychology and behavioral economics, but with a particular focus on neuroscience research. We organize existing findings into three core areas, considering them in the light of currently vying theoretical perspectives. Based on the accumulated evidence, we advocate for a view of control function that treats it as a domain of reward-based decision making. More broadly, we argue that neuroscientific evidence plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms by which motivation and cognitive control interact. Opportunities for further cross-fertilization between behavioral and neuroscientific research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Botvinick
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540;
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275
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Baumeister RF. Self-regulation, ego depletion, and inhibition. Neuropsychologia 2014; 65:313-9. [PMID: 25149821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition is a major form of self-regulation. As such, it depends on self-awareness and comparing oneself to standards and is also susceptible to fluctuations in willpower resources. Ego depletion is the state of reduced willpower caused by prior exertion of self-control. Ego depletion undermines inhibition both because restraints are weaker and because urges are felt more intensely than usual. Conscious inhibition of desires is a pervasive feature of everyday life and may be a requirement of life in civilized, cultural society, and in that sense it goes to the evolved core of human nature. Intentional inhibition not only restrains antisocial impulses but can also facilitate optimal performance, such as during test taking. Self-regulation and ego depletion- may also affect less intentional forms of inhibition, even chronic tendencies to inhibit. Broadly stated, inhibition is necessary for human social life and nearly all societies encourage and enforce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy F Baumeister
- Florida State University, University in Tallahassee, FL, USA; King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia; VU Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY, USA.
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276
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Henriksen RE, Torsheim T, Thuen F. Loneliness, social integration and consumption of sugar-containing beverages: testing the social baseline theory. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104421. [PMID: 25105408 PMCID: PMC4126698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social Baseline Theory (SBT) proposes that close relationships aid in metabolic resource management and that individuals without significant relationships may experience more demands on their own neural metabolic resources on a daily basis when solving problems, remaining vigilant against potential threats and regulating emotional responses. This study tests a hypothesised consequence derived from SBT: relative social isolation leads to increased levels of sugar intake. METHODS Based on cross-sectional, self-reported data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (N = 90 084), information on social integration and the consumption of both sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened sodas and juices was obtained from a large number of women in early pregnancy. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess whether loneliness, marital status, relationship satisfaction, advice from others than partner, and cohesion at work is associated with consumption of sodas and juices. RESULTS Perceived loneliness was associated with elevated intake of all sugary beverages, while relationship satisfaction was negatively associated with all sugary beverages. Being married or cohabitating, having supportive friends, and having a sense of togetherness at work were associated with lower intake of two out of three sugar-containing beverages. These associations were significant, even after controlling for factors such as body mass index, weight related self-image, depression, physical activity, educational level, age and income. In comparison, a statistically significant relationship emerged between relationship satisfaction and artificially sweetened cola. No other predictor variables were significantly associated with any type of artificially sweetened beverage. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that loneliness and social integration influence the level of consumption of sugary beverages. The results support the hypothesis derived from the Social Baseline Theory that relative social isolation leads to increased levels of sugar intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torbjørn Torsheim
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Thuen
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
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277
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Zijlstra FRH, Cropley M, Rydstedt LW. From recovery to regulation: an attempt to reconceptualize 'recovery from work'. Stress Health 2014; 30:244-52. [PMID: 25100275 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The concept of 'recovery' (from work) has quickly gained in importance in the occupational health literature. However, we think that the conceptualization of 'recovery' needs some more attention. Although many authors acknowledge that 'recovery' refers to a 'process', the concept is often treated as a static construct. In this paper, we argue that recovery should be conceptualized as a dynamic construct related to changes in psychophysiological state of the person. We refer to two main theories that have provided a theoretical framework for research in this area: Meijman & Mulder's Effort-Recovery (E-R) model and Hobfoll's Conservation of Resources theory. In particular, the E-R model has been seminal in this area and stresses the element of changing psychophysiological states that has been used for reconceptualising 'recovery'. Various biological rhythms influence these changing psychophysiological states, and thus the level of energy (or effort) a person can mobilize or wants to mobilize. A distinction is made between 'physical fatigue' and 'mental fatigue' and its consequences for recovery. The discrepancy between 'actual state' and 'required state' has been suggested as the basis for 'recovery'. This emphasises that recovery is a dynamic and ongoing process, which also included motivational aspects, in particular as far as mental work is concerned. The capacity to maintain self-regulation of one's psychophysiological state is important in this respect. Thus, we propose that 'recovery' is the continuous process of harmonizing the 'actual state' with the state that is 'required' at that moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R H Zijlstra
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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278
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van Hooff MLM, Geurts SAE. Need satisfaction during free evening hours: examining its role in daily recovery. Stress Health 2014; 30:198-208. [PMID: 25100271 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to shed light on the role of satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness and competence in the recovery process during free evening hours. We examined to what extent (1) need satisfaction during free evening hours contributed to employees' recovery status before bedtime and (2) employees' recovery status at the end of the workday affected their subsequent need satisfaction. Vigour and (low) anxiety were included as indicators of recovery. Data were collected by means of a 5-day daily diary study (two measurements daily: at the end of the workday and before bedtime) among 64 participants. Multilevel analyses showed that need satisfaction during free evening hours was related to an improved recovery status (i.e. increased levels of vigour and decreased levels of anxiety) before bedtime. Furthermore, results showed that employees with a lower recovery status at the end of their workday reported less need satisfaction during the subsequent free evening. With these results, it can be concluded that employees who would benefit the most from satisfaction of their basic psychological needs have the least resources available to actually achieve this satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon L M van Hooff
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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279
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Riva P, Wesselmann ED, Wirth JH, Carter-Sowell AR, Williams KD. When Pain Does Not Heal: The Common Antecedents and Consequences of Chronic Social and Physical Pain. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2014.917975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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280
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Physiological and psychological effects of deception on pacing strategy and performance: a review. Sports Med 2014; 43:1243-57. [PMID: 24002790 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of an optimal pacing strategy during exercise is to enhance performance whilst ensuring physiological limits are not surpassed, which has been shown to result in a metabolic reserve at the end of the exercise. There has been debate surrounding the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain how pace is regulated, with more recent research investigating a central control of exercise regulation. Deception has recently emerged as a common, practical approach to manipulate key variables during exercise. There are a number of ways in which deception interventions have been designed, each intending to gain particular insights into pacing behaviour and performance. Deception methodologies can be conceptualised according to a number of dimensions such as deception timing (prior to or during exercise), presentation frequency (blind, discontinuous or continuous) and type of deception (performance, biofeedback or environmental feedback). However, research evidence on the effects of deception has been perplexing and the use of complex designs and varied methodologies makes it difficult to draw any definitive conclusions about how pacing strategy and performance are affected by deception. This review examines existing research in the area of deception and pacing strategies, and provides a critical appraisal of the different methodological approaches used to date. It is hoped that this analysis will inform the direction and methodology of future investigations in this area by addressing the mechanisms through which deception impacts upon performance and by elucidating the potential application of deception techniques in training and competitive settings.
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281
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Baker SR, Gibson BG. Social oral epidemi(olog)(2) y where next: one small step or one giant leap? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014; 42:481-94. [PMID: 25039714 PMCID: PMC4288991 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, there has been heated debate critically reflecting on social epidemiology. Yet, very little of this debate has reached oral epidemiology. This is no more noticeable than in the field of oral health inequalities. One of the significant achievements of social oral epidemiology has been the persistent documentation of social patterning of oral disease. Nevertheless, where social oral epidemiology has fallen down is going beyond description to explaining these patterns. Thinking how and in what way things happen, not just in relation to oral health inequalities but also more broadly, requires a more creative approach which links to scholarship outside of dentistry, including the work from critical epidemiologists to that within the social sciences. The aim of this review study is to provide a critical commentary on key aspects of more general epidemiological debates in order to inform and develop social oral epidemiology theory and methodology. In the first section, 'Where are we now?', six key debates are reflected upon: (i) analysis of variance versus analysis of causes, (ii) the fallacy of independent effects, (iii) black box thinking, (iv) theory and the understanding of mechanisms, (v) individualization of risk and (vi) the meaning of 'social'. In the second section, 'Where to next?' we draw on a number of fundamental issues from within the social science literature in order to highlight possible channels of future inquiry. Our overriding goal throughout is to facilitate a critical engagement in order to improve understanding and generate knowledge in relation to population oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Baker
- Unit of Dental Public Health, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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282
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Touré-Tillery M, Fishbach A. How to Measure Motivation: A Guide for the Experimental Social Psychologist. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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283
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Yam KC, Chen XP, Reynolds SJ. Ego depletion and its paradoxical effects on ethical decision making. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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284
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Lange F, Kurzban R. Sugar levels relate to aggression in couples without supporting the glucose model of self-control. Front Psychol 2014; 5:572. [PMID: 24959161 PMCID: PMC4051197 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lange
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Kurzban
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
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285
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Turn It All You Want: Still No Effect of Sugar Consumption on Ego Depletion. JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS 2014. [DOI: 10.5334/jeps.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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286
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Gao H, Zhang Y, Wang F, Xu Y, Hong YY, Jiang J. Regret causes ego-depletion and finding benefits in the regrettable events alleviates ego-depletion. The Journal of General Psychology 2014; 141:169-206. [PMID: 24940811 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2014.884053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that experiencing regret would result in ego-depletion, while finding benefits (i.e., "silver linings") in the regret-eliciting events counteracted the ego-depletion effect. Using a modified gambling paradigm (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) and a retrospective method (Experiments 3 and 5), five experiments were conducted to induce regret. Results revealed that experiencing regret undermined performance on subsequent tasks, including a paper-and-pencil calculation task (Experiment 1), a Stroop task (Experiment 2), and a mental arithmetic task (Experiment 3). Furthermore, finding benefits in the regret-eliciting events improved subsequent performance (Experiments 4 and 5), and this improvement was mediated by participants' perceived vitality (Experiment 4). This study extended the depletion model of self-regulation by considering emotions with self-conscious components (in our case, regret). Moreover, it provided a comprehensive understanding of how people felt and performed after experiencing regret and after finding benefits in the events that caused the regret.
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287
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Merriman JD, Von Ah D, Miaskowski C, Aouizerat BE. Proposed mechanisms for cancer- and treatment-related cognitive changes. Semin Oncol Nurs 2014; 29:260-9. [PMID: 24183157 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the proposed mechanisms of cognitive changes associated with non-central nervous system cancers and cancer treatment. DATA SOURCES Review and synthesis of databased publications and review articles. CONCLUSION Proposed mechanisms include cytokine upregulation, hormonal changes, neurotransmitter dysregulation, attentional fatigue, genetic predisposition, and comorbid symptoms. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Oncology nurses need to understand the multiple mechanisms that may contribute to the development of cancer- and treatment-related cognitive changes so that they can identify patients at high risk and help patients understand why these changes occur.
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288
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Stanton SCE, Campbell L, Loving TJ. Energized by love: thinking about romantic relationships increases positive affect and blood glucose levels. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:990-5. [PMID: 24924647 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the impact of thinking of a current romantic partner on acute blood glucose responses and positive affect over a short period of time. Participants in romantic relationships were randomly assigned to reflect on their partner, an opposite-sex friend, or their morning routine. Blood glucose levels were assessed prior to reflection, as well as at 10 and 25 min postreflection. Results revealed that individuals in the routine and friend conditions exhibited a decline in glucose over time, whereas individuals in the partner condition did not exhibit this decline (rather, a slight increase) in glucose over time. Reported positive affect following reflection was positively associated with increases in glucose, but only for individuals who reflected on their partner, suggesting this physiological response reflects eustress. These findings add to the literature on eustress in relationships and have implications for relationship processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C E Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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289
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DeGrazia D. Moral enhancement, freedom, and what we (should) value in moral behaviour. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2014; 40:361-8. [PMID: 23355049 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2012-101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of human traits has received academic attention for decades, but only recently has moral enhancement using biomedical means--moral bioenhancement (MB)--entered the discussion. After explaining why we ought to take the possibility of MB seriously, the paper considers the shape and content of moral improvement, addressing at some length a challenge presented by reasonable moral pluralism. The discussion then proceeds to this question: Assuming MB were safe, effective, and universally available, would it be morally desirable? In particular, would it pose an unacceptable threat to human freedom? After defending a negative answer to the latter question--which requires an investigation into the nature and value of human freedom--and arguing that there is nothing inherently wrong with MB, the paper closes with reflections on what we should value in moral behaviour.
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290
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Leung CM, Stone WS, Lee EHM, Seidman LJ, Chen EYH. Impaired facilitation of self-control cognition by glucose in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled study. Schizophr Res 2014; 156:38-45. [PMID: 24731620 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in healthy individuals show that exerting self-control consumes cognitive resources, which reduces subsequent self-control performance. Restoring the availability of blood glucose eliminates this impairment. Patients with schizophrenia are found to have self-regulatory dysfunctions. This study aims to investigate whether patient's (a) glucose facilitation effects will be impaired, and (b) will have exaggerated depletion in a self-control task. METHOD 40 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 40 normal controls were recruited. A two drinks (glucose vs. placebo)×two depleting phases (self-control depleted vs. non-depleted) between-groups design was used. We examined the blood glucose levels before and after the selfcontrol depletion phase and the subsequent performances in two self-control tasks (handgrip and Stroop tests) after the drink condition. RESULTS The four groups (depleting×glucose, depleting×placebo, non-depleting×glucose and nondepleting×placebo) of both patients and normal controls were comparable on a number of characteristics. The change in blood glucose level in the depleting group was significantly different from those in the non-depleting group. Two×two between-subjects ANOVAs were carried out to test the performances in the handgrip and Stroop tasks. Significant interactions were found in healthy controls regarding both tasks. However, a significant interaction was only found in patients regarding the handgrip task but not the Stroop task. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an abnormal glucose facilitation effect in patients during a cognitive self-control task but not during a physical self-control task. The findings also suggested for the first time that a self-control depletion effect is intact in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William S Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Division of Public Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Division of Public Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Eric Yu-Hai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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291
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Glenn DE, Minor TR, Vervliet B, Craske MG. The effect of glucose on hippocampal-dependent contextual fear conditioning. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:847-54. [PMID: 24199667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic challenge of trauma disrupts hippocampal functioning, which is necessary for processing the complex co-occurring elements comprising the traumatic context. Poor contextual memory of trauma may subsequently contribute to intrusive memories and overgeneralization of fear. Glucose consumption following trauma may be a means to protect hippocampal functioning and contextual fear learning. This study experimentally examined the effect of glucose on hippocampal-dependent contextual learning versus cued fear learning in humans. METHODS Forty-two male participants underwent cued conditioning with an unconditional stimulus (US) (shock) paired with a discrete conditional stimulus (geometric shape) and context conditioning (requiring hippocampal processing) with a US unpredictably paired with a background context (picture of room). Participants were then blindly randomized to consume either a 25 g glucose or sweet-tasting placebo drink and returned for a test phase 24 hours later. Measures included acoustic startle response, US expectancy, blood glucose levels, and arousal ratings. RESULTS The glucose group showed superior retention of hippocampal-dependent contextual learning at test relative to the placebo group, as demonstrated by acoustic startle response and US expectancy ratings. Glucose and placebo groups did not differ on any measure of cued fear learning at test. CONCLUSIONS This study provides experimental evidence that in mildly stressed humans postconditioning glucose consumption improves retention of hippocampal-dependent contextual learning but not cued learning. Ultimately, glucose consumption following trauma may be a means of improving learning about the traumatic context, thereby preventing subsequent development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Glenn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Thomas R Minor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bram Vervliet
- Department of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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292
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Xu H, Bègue L, Sauve L, Bushman BJ. Sweetened blood sweetens behavior. Ego depletion, glucose, guilt, and prosocial behavior. Appetite 2014; 81:8-11. [PMID: 24882450 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although guilt feels bad to the individual, it is good for society because guilty feelings can prompt people to perform good deeds. Previous research shows that fatigue decreases guilty feelings and helpful behavior. This present research tests whether glucose restores guilty feelings and increases helpful behavior. Depleted participants watched a movie about butchering animals for their meat or skin and were told to express no emotions, whereas non-depleted participants watched the same movie, but could express their emotions. Afterwards they drank a glucose or placebo beverage. Having participants play a game in which another person was punished for their errors induced guilt. Finally, participants played a dictator game in which they could leave lottery tickets for the next participant. Depleted participants felt less guilty and helped less than non-depleted participants, and those who consumed a placebo beverage felt less guilt and helped less than those who consumed a glucose beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Xu
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Psychologie, University of Grenoble 2, UFR SHS, 1251 avenue Centrale, BP 47, 38040, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Bègue
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Psychologie, University of Grenoble 2, UFR SHS, 1251 avenue Centrale, BP 47, 38040, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Laure Sauve
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Psychologie, University of Grenoble 2, UFR SHS, 1251 avenue Centrale, BP 47, 38040, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Brad J Bushman
- School of Communication and the Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 3016 Derby Hall, 154 N Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Communication Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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293
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Otten R, Cladder-Micus MB, Pouwels JL, Hennig M, Schuurmans AAT, Hermans RCJ. Facing temptation in the bar: counteracting the effects of self-control failure on young adults' ad libitum alcohol intake. Addiction 2014; 109:746-53. [PMID: 24325574 DOI: 10.1111/add.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The self-control strength model suggests that exertion of self-control leads to poorer subsequent self-control performance. Failure of self-control has been suggested as an important underlying mechanism of excessive drinking. This study tested the effects of self-control failure on ad libitum drinking, and the potential moderating role of glucose and self-awareness on this relationship. DESIGN The current research examined in two experiments whether the effects of self-control failure were different for males and females, and whether glucose (experiment 1) and self-awareness (experiment 2) would counteract the effects of self-control failure. A between-participants design with four conditions was employed in each experiment. SETTING A semi-naturalistic drinking setting in the form of a laboratory bar. PARTICIPANTS Undergraduate students recruited at Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands (experiment 1: n = 106; experiment 2: n = 108). MEASUREMENTS The total amount of alcohol consumed during an experimental break (observational data) and questionnaire data on drinking patterns. FINDINGS Self-control failure led to increased levels of drinking in males (P < 0.05), whereas females drank less after being depleted (P < 0.01). Self-awareness, but not glucose, was found to counteract the effects of self-control failure among males (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Self-control failure leads to increased drinking of alcohol in males and decreased levels of drinking alcohol in females. However, increasing self-awareness appears to be a promising strategy in facing the temptation to drink when cognitive resources to inhibit intake are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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294
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Abstract
Reactivity refers to arousal of emotions, motor activity, and attention, and self-regulation refers to the ability to moderate those tendencies. In general, temperament is typically thought of as an individual's constitutionally (biologically) based behavioral proclivities. These proclivities often include emotional reactivity and self-regulation. Reactivity refers to arousal of emotions, motor activity, and attention, and self-regulation refers to the ability to moderate those tendencies. The traitlike nature of temperament makes it potentially salient to our understanding of the onset and development of stuttering because temperamental tendencies may result in greater reactivity or difficulty in coping. Emotions, which are more statelike and variable, may influence the variation of stuttering commonly observed both within and between speaking situations. Temperament and emotion may serve as a causal contributor to developmental stuttering, with empirical findings indicating that preschool-aged children who stutter (CWS) exhibit differences in temperament and emotion when compared with children who do not stutter. Given that empirical study of temperament in preschool-aged CWS is nascent, extensive discussion of clinical implications is challenging. With that caution, we present some early possibilities, including matching treatment approaches with the child's temperamental profile and using temperament as a predictor of treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Jones
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University
| | - Dahye Choi
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University
| | - Edward Conture
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University
| | - Tedra Walden
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
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295
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Sweet delusion. Glucose drinks fail to counteract ego depletion. Appetite 2014; 75:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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296
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Fargen KM, Friedman WA. The science of medical decision making: neurosurgery, errors, and personal cognitive strategies for improving quality of care. World Neurosurg 2014; 82:e21-9. [PMID: 24650488 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During the last 2 decades, there has been a shift in the U.S. health care system towards improving the quality of health care provided by enhancing patient safety and reducing medical errors. Unfortunately, surgical complications, patient harm events, and malpractice claims remain common in the field of neurosurgery. Many of these events are potentially avoidable. There are an increasing number of publications in the medical literature in which authors address cognitive errors in diagnosis and treatment and strategies for reducing such errors, but these are for the most part absent in the neurosurgical literature. The purpose of this article is to highlight the complexities of medical decision making to a neurosurgical audience, with the hope of providing insight into the biases that lead us towards error and strategies to overcome our innate cognitive deficiencies. To accomplish this goal, we review the current literature on medical errors and just culture, explain the dual process theory of cognition, identify common cognitive errors affecting neurosurgeons in practice, review cognitive debiasing strategies, and finally provide simple methods that can be easily assimilated into neurosurgical practice to improve clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Fargen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - William A Friedman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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297
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298
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Inzlicht M, Schmeichel BJ, Macrae CN. Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:127-33. [PMID: 24439530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Inzlicht
- University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Canada; Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - C Neil Macrae
- University of Aberdeen, School of Psychology, Aberdeen, UK
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299
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Osborn CY, Mayberry LS, Wagner JA, Welch GW. Stressors may compromise medication adherence among adults with diabetes and low socioeconomic status. West J Nurs Res 2014; 36:1091-110. [PMID: 24569697 DOI: 10.1177/0193945914524639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the impact of stressors on diabetes self-care have focused on a single stressor or have been largely qualitative. Therefore, we assessed the stressors experienced by a high-risk population with type 2 diabetes, and tested whether having more stressors was associated with less adherence to multiple self-care behaviors. Participants were recruited from a Federally Qualified Health Center and 192 completed a stressors checklist. Experiencing more stressors was associated with less adherence to diet recommendations and medications among participants who were trying to be adherent, but was not associated with adherence to other self-care behaviors. Because having more stressors was also associated with more depressive symptoms, we further adjusted for depressive symptoms. Stressors remained associated with less adherence to medications, but not to diet recommendations. For adults engaged in adherence, experiencing an accumulation of stressors presents barriers to adherence that are distinct from associated depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie A Wagner
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Garry W Welch
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
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Adriaanse MA, Weijers J, De Ridder DTD, De Witt Huberts J, Evers C. Confabulating reasons for behaving bad: The psychological consequences of unconsciously activated behaviour that violates one's standards. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke A. Adriaanse
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Weijers
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Denise T. D. De Ridder
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jessie De Witt Huberts
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Catharine Evers
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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