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Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T, Satora P, Sroka P. Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: a review. Eur J Nutr 2015; 54:325-41. [PMID: 25672526 PMCID: PMC4365176 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the metabolism of chemical compounds found within food. Bacterial metabolites are different from those that can be generated by human enzymes because bacterial processes occur under anaerobic conditions and are based mainly on reactions of reduction and/or hydrolysis. In most cases, bacterial metabolism reduces the activity of dietary compounds; however, sometimes a specific product of bacterial transformation exhibits enhanced properties. Studies on the metabolism of polyphenols by the intestinal microbiota are crucial for understanding the role of these compounds and their impact on our health. This review article presents possible pathways of polyphenol metabolism by intestinal bacteria and describes the diet-derived bioactive metabolites produced by gut microbiota, with a particular emphasis on polyphenols and their potential impact on human health. Because the etiology of many diseases is largely correlated with the intestinal microbiome, a balance between the host immune system and the commensal gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining health. Diet-related and age-related changes in the human intestinal microbiome and their consequences are summarized in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Duda-Chodak
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Technical Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149, Kraków, Poland,
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252
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Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T, Satora P, Sroka P. Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: a review. Eur J Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0852-y pmid: 25672526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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253
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Schokker D, Zhang J, Vastenhouw SA, Heilig HGHJ, Smidt H, Rebel JMJ, Smits MA. Long-lasting effects of early-life antibiotic treatment and routine animal handling on gut microbiota composition and immune system in pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116523. [PMID: 25658611 PMCID: PMC4319779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In intensive pig husbandry systems, antibiotics are frequently administrated during early life stages to prevent respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract infections, often in combination with stressful handlings. The immediate effects of these treatments on microbial colonization and immune development have been described recently. Here we studied whether the early life administration of antibiotics has long-lasting effects on the pig's intestinal microbial community and on gut functionality. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate the long-lasting effect of early-life treatment, piglets were divided into three different groups receiving the following treatments: 1) no antibiotics and no stress, 2) antibiotics and no stress, and 3) antibiotics and stress. All treatments were applied at day four after birth. Sampling of jejunal content for community scale microbiota analysis, and jejunal and ileal tissue for genome-wide transcription profiling, was performed at day 55 (~8 weeks) and day 176 (~25 weeks) after birth. Antibiotic treatment in combination with or without exposure to stress was found to have long-lasting effects on host intestinal gene expression involved in a multitude of processes, including immune related processes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results obtained in this study indicate that early life (day 4 after birth) perturbations have long-lasting effects on the gut system, both in gene expression (day 55) as well as on microbiota composition (day 176). At day 55 high variance was observed in the microbiota data, but no significant differences between treatment groups, which is most probably due to the newly acquired microbiota during and right after weaning (day 28). Based on the observed difference in gene expression at day 55, it is hypothesized that due to the difference in immune programming during early life, the systems respond differently to the post-weaning newly acquired microbiota. As a consequence, the gut systems of the treatment groups develop into different homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans G. H. J. Heilig
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M. J. Rebel
- Central Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A. Smits
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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254
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Kainulainen V, Tang Y, Spillmann T, Kilpinen S, Reunanen J, Saris PEJ, Satokari R. The canine isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus LAB20 adheres to intestinal epithelium and attenuates LPS-induced IL-8 secretion of enterocytes in vitro. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:4. [PMID: 25591990 PMCID: PMC4320479 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For a good probiotic candidate, the abilities to adhere to intestinal epithelium and to fortify barrier function are considered to be crucial for colonization and functionality of the strain. The strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LAB20 was isolated from the jejunum of a healthy dog, where it was found to be the most pre-dominant lactobacilli. In this study, the adhesion ability of LAB20 to intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) lines, IECs isolated from canine intestinal biopsies, and to canine, porcine and human intestinal mucus was investigated. Further, we studied the ability of LAB20 to fortify the epithelial cell monolayer and to reduce LPS-induced interleukin (IL-8) release from enterocytes. Results We found that LAB20 presented higher adhesion to canine colonic mucus as compared to mucus isolated from porcine colon. LAB20 showed adhesion to HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines, and importantly also to canine IECs isolated from canine intestinal biopsies. In addition, LAB20 increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of enterocyte monolayers and thus strengthened the intestinal barrier function. The strain showed also anti-inflammatory capacity in being able to attenuate the LPS-induced IL-8 production of HT-29 cells. Conclusion In conclusion, canine indigenous strain LAB20 is a potential probiotic candidate for dogs adhering to the host epithelium and showing intestinal barrier fortifying and anti-inflammatory effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0337-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Kainulainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yurui Tang
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Thomas Spillmann
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Susanne Kilpinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57 (Viikintie 49), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Justus Reunanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Per E J Saris
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Reetta Satokari
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66 (Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Dhiman RK, Rana B, Agrawal S, Garg A, Chopra M, Thumburu KK, Khattri A, Malhotra S, Duseja A, Chawla YK. Probiotic VSL#3 reduces liver disease severity and hospitalization in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1327-37.e3. [PMID: 25450083 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about whether probiotics can affect outcomes of patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). We assessed the efficacy of a probiotic preparation in preventing the recurrence of HE (primary outcome) and reducing the number of hospitalizations and severity of liver disease in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS We performed a double-blind trial at a tertiary care hospital in India. Patients with cirrhosis who had recovered from an episode of HE during the previous month were assigned randomly (using computer-generated allocation) to groups given a probiotic preparation (VSL#3, 9 × 10(11) bacteria; CD Pharma India Private Limited, New Delhi, India) (n = 66) or placebo (n = 64) daily for 6 months. RESULTS There was a trend toward a reduction in the development of breakthrough HE among patients receiving the probiotic (34.8% in the probiotic group vs 51.6% in the placebo group; hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-1.11; P = .12). Fewer patients in the probiotic group were hospitalized for HE (19.7% vs 42.2%, respectively; HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23-0.87; P = .02) or for complications of cirrhosis (24.2%) than in the placebo group (45.3%) (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.95; P = .034). Child-Turcotte-Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease scores improved significantly from baseline to 6 months in the probiotic group, but not in the placebo group. There were no adverse events related to VSL#3. CONCLUSIONS Over a 6-month period, daily intake of VSL#3 significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization for HE, as well as Child-Turcotte-Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease scores, in patients with cirrhosis. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01110447.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Baldev Rana
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Swastik Agrawal
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Chopra
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kiran K Thumburu
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Khattri
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Samir Malhotra
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh K Chawla
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
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256
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Recommendations for probiotic use in humans-a 2014 update. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:999-1007. [PMID: 25310351 PMCID: PMC4210857 DOI: 10.3390/ph7100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have gained worldwide use during the last two decades. However, which probiotic to use in which clinical condition has remained confusing in some clinical conditions. We convened a workshop at Yale in conjunction with Harvard in 2005, inviting a spectrum of probiotic authorities to discuss and reach conclusions on recommendations for use in common clinical conditions; the workshop was reconvened again in 2008 and in 2011. Each time the group of authorities was enlarged and varied depending on research studies. This article lists the recommendations updated from 2011 and is amended to bring it up to date in childhood and adult diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, allergic disorders, and radiation enteritis pending our 4th Triennial Yale/Harvard workshop to be convened in 2015.
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257
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Stockler-Pinto MB, Fouque D, Soulage CO, Croze M, Mafra D. Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresyl Sulfate in Chronic Kidney Disease. Could These Toxins Modulate the Antioxidant Nrf2-Keap1 Pathway? J Ren Nutr 2014; 24:286-91. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Ghosh TS, Sen Gupta S, Bhattacharya T, Yadav D, Barik A, Chowdhury A, Das B, Mande SS, Nair GB. Gut microbiomes of Indian children of varying nutritional status. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95547. [PMID: 24763225 PMCID: PMC3999041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malnutrition is a global health problem affecting more than 300 million pre-school children worldwide. It is one of the major health concerns in India since around 50% of children below the age of two suffer from various forms of malnutrition. The gut microbiome plays an important role in nutrient pre-processing, assimilation and energy harvest from food. Consequently, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been implicated in malnutrition. Methodology/Principal Findings Metagenomics approach was adopted to investigate the gut microbiome sampled from 20 rural Indian children with varying nutritional status. The changes in the abundances of various taxonomic and functional groups were investigated across these gut microbiomes. A core set of 23 genera were observed across samples, with some showing differential abundances with varying nutritional status. One of the findings of the current study is the positive/negative associations of specific taxonomic and functional groups with the nutritional status of the children. Notable alterations in the architecture of the inter-microbial co-occurrence networks were also observed with changes in nutritional status. A key example is the clustering of potentially pathogenic groups into a distinct hub in severely malnourished gut. Our data does not demonstrate causality with the microbiome patterns that we observed, rather a description of some interesting patterns, whose underlying mechanism remains to be uncovered. Conclusions The present study envisioned interrelationships between the pattern of gut microbiome and the nutritional status of children. The cause of this pattern needs to be explored. However, insights obtained from the present study form the basis for further metagenomic investigations on larger population of children. Results of such studies will be useful in identifying the key microbial groups that can be utilized for targeted therapeutic interventions for managing severe acute malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourav Sen Gupta
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | | | - Deepak Yadav
- Bio Sciences R&D, TCS Innovation Labs, Pune, India
| | - Anamitra Barik
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, West Bengal, India
- Department of Hepatology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Sharmila S. Mande
- Bio Sciences R&D, TCS Innovation Labs, Pune, India
- * E-mail: (SSM); (GBN)
| | - G. Balakrish Nair
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
- * E-mail: (SSM); (GBN)
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259
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Mafra D, Barros AF, Fouque D. Dietary protein metabolism by gut microbiota and its consequences for chronic kidney disease patients. Future Microbiol 2014; 8:1317-23. [PMID: 24059921 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of proteins and peptides by colonic microorganisms yields a great diversity of end products, including short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, amines, phenols, indoles, thiols, CO2, H2 and H2S, many of which have toxic properties. An increase of the dietary protein load in healthy individuals results in enhanced generation of these toxins, many of which are rapidly cleared by the kidneys. In this regard, the impact upon the colonic microbiota of controlled changes in the dietary protein has not been examined in chronic kidney disease patients. This review focuses on the impact of dietary proteins on the intestinal microbiota and its possible consequences for chronic kidney disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Mafra
- Cardiovascular Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
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260
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Prakash O, Munot H, Nimonkar Y, Sharma M, Kumbhare S, Shouche YS. Description of Pelistega indica sp. nov., isolated from human gut. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:1389-1394. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.059782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, coccoid bacterium was isolated from a stool sample of a healthy human subject and formed cream colour colonies on tryptic soy agar. Almost full-length (1500 bp) small subunit rRNA (16S rRNA) gene sequences were generated and a similarity search was conducted by blast. The results of the similarity search indicated that the bacterium belongs to the class
Betaproteobacteria
, family
Alcaligenaceae
. It showed maximum sequence similarity (96.5 %) with
Pelistega europaea
CCUG 39967T followed by
Advenella mimigardefordensis
DSM 17166T (96.1 %) and
Taylorella asinigenitalis
LMG 19572T (95.3 %). The DNA G+C content of strain HM-7T was 42 mol%. Strain HM-7T contained C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 0 3-OH and C18 : 0 as the dominant fatty acids. Morphological, physiological and biochemical data also indicated that strain HM-7T represents a member of the genus
Pelistega
, but at the same time distinguished it from
Pelistega europaea
CCUG 39967T, the only species of the genus with a validly published name. Based on polyphasic characterization we conclude that the bacterium represents a novel species of the genus
Pelistega
and propose the name Pelistega indica sp. nov., with strain HM-7T ( = MCC 2185T = DSM 27484T) as the type strain of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharastra 411007, India
| | - Hitendra Munot
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharastra 411007, India
| | - Yogesh Nimonkar
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharastra 411007, India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharastra 411007, India
| | - Shreyas Kumbhare
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharastra 411007, India
| | - Yogesh S. Shouche
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharastra 411007, India
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Tanida M, Imanishi K, Akashi H, Kurata Y, Chonan O, Naito E, Kunihiro S, Kawai M, Kato‐kataoka A, Shibamoto T. Injection of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota affects autonomic nerve activities in a tissue-specific manner, and regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in rats. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:153-61. [PMID: 24843755 PMCID: PMC4023578 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Previously, it was observed that long-term ingestion of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) ameliorates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in rats fed a high-fat diet. In the present study, we examined its possible role in the autonomic nervous system during LcS-induced modulations in glucose and lipid metabolism or cardiovascular functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study examined the effects of intragastric (IG) LcS injection on autonomic nerve tones in anesthetized rats by electrophysiological method. RESULTS We found that an IG injection of LcS suppressed neural activity of sympathetic nerves supplying the white adipose tissue of urethane-anesthetized rats in a dose-dependent manner, whereas sympathetic nerve outflow to brown adipose tissue was not affected by the IG LcS injection. Furthermore, the IG LcS injection reduced efferent sympathetic nerve outflow to the adrenal gland and liver, but did not alter gastric vagal nerve activity, renal sympathetic nerve activity, as well as mean arterial pressure. To test the involvement of afferent vagal nerves and the abdominal organs, we examined the adrenal sympathetic response to an LcS injection in rats with ablated afferent vagal nerves, and found that the adrenal sympathetic nerve response to LcS was inhibited in vagotomized rats. In addition, we found that oral ingestion of LcS attenuated the hyperglycemic response to glucose loading and blood glycerol levels in conscious rats. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that LcS might affect tissue-specific autonomic nerves through the afferent vagal nerve pathway to modulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tanida
- Department of Physiology IIKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Kazuki Imanishi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Haruna Akashi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Life SciencesRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Yasutaka Kurata
- Department of Physiology IIKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | - Osamu Chonan
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological ResearchYakult Honsha Co., Ltd.KunitachiTokyoJapan
| | - Eiichiro Naito
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological ResearchYakult Honsha Co., Ltd.KunitachiTokyoJapan
| | - Satoru Kunihiro
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological ResearchYakult Honsha Co., Ltd.KunitachiTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuhisa Kawai
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological ResearchYakult Honsha Co., Ltd.KunitachiTokyoJapan
| | - Akito Kato‐kataoka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological ResearchYakult Honsha Co., Ltd.KunitachiTokyoJapan
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262
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Sanz-Pamplona R, Berenguer A, Cordero D, Molleví DG, Crous-Bou M, Sole X, Paré-Brunet L, Guino E, Salazar R, Santos C, de Oca J, Sanjuan X, Rodriguez-Moranta F, Moreno V. Aberrant gene expression in mucosa adjacent to tumor reveals a molecular crosstalk in colon cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:46. [PMID: 24597571 PMCID: PMC4023701 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A colorectal tumor is not an isolated entity growing in a restricted location of the body. The patient’s gut environment constitutes the framework where the tumor evolves and this relationship promotes and includes a complex and tight correlation of the tumor with inflammation, blood vessels formation, nutrition, and gut microbiome composition. The tumor influence in the environment could both promote an anti-tumor or a pro-tumor response. Methods A set of 98 paired adjacent mucosa and tumor tissues from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 50 colon mucosa from healthy donors (246 samples in total) were included in this work. RNA extracted from each sample was hybridized in Affymetrix chips Human Genome U219. Functional relationships between genes were inferred by means of systems biology using both transcriptional regulation networks (ARACNe algorithm) and protein-protein interaction networks (BIANA software). Results Here we report a transcriptomic analysis revealing a number of genes activated in adjacent mucosa from CRC patients, not activated in mucosa from healthy donors. A functional analysis of these genes suggested that this active reaction of the adjacent mucosa was related to the presence of the tumor. Transcriptional and protein-interaction networks were used to further elucidate this response of normal gut in front of the tumor, revealing a crosstalk between proteins secreted by the tumor and receptors activated in the adjacent colon tissue; and vice versa. Remarkably, Slit family of proteins activated ROBO receptors in tumor whereas tumor-secreted proteins transduced a cellular signal finally activating AP-1 in adjacent tissue. Conclusions The systems-level approach provides new insights into the micro-ecology of colorectal tumorogenesis. Disrupting this intricate molecular network of cell-cell communication and pro-inflammatory microenvironment could be a therapeutic target in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Victor Moreno
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and CIBERESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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263
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El Aidy S, Derrien M, Aardema R, Hooiveld G, Richards S, Dane A, Dekker J, Vreeken R, Levenez F, Doré J, Zoetendal E, van Baarlen P, Kleerebezem M. Transient inflammatory-like state and microbial dysbiosis are pivotal in establishment of mucosal homeostasis during colonisation of germ-free mice. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:67-77. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognised as a key-player in defining the health status of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, we demonstrated that colonisation of healthy germfree mice with a conventional microbiota (conventionalisation) elicits temporal and region specific host-microbe communication responses that lead to the establishment of a microbiota-accommodating homeostatic state within 30 days. Here, the microbiota composition profiles, mucosal transcriptomes and plasma-analytes in germ-free and conventionalised C57/BL 6 J mice were assessed to decipher the features of the distinctive and pivotal events occurring four days after initiation of the conventionalisation process. The dominance of the microbial genera Helicobacter, Sphingomonas and Mucispirillum in the gut microbiota coincided with the transient mounting of proinflammatory responses in the mucosa and the transiently elevated levels of specific (inflammatory) cytokines and amines in plasma. The overrepresented microbes have previously been associated with the potential to cause disease under certain conditions, illustrating that conventionalisation proceeds through a transient state that resembles situations associated with dysbiosis. However, no overt mucosal inflammation was observed, suggesting a pivotal role of the overrepresented bacterial groups in priming and maturation of the immune system during the process of conventionalisation. These findings imply that the transiently elevated relative overgrowth of particular microbial genera functions as pivotal adjuvants to elicit the corresponding proinflammatory cascades, which precede the full maturation of the different arms of the immune system following these events and is required to achieve a microbiota-accommodating homeostasis in healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. El Aidy
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M. Derrien
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Danone Research, Route départementale 128, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Aardema
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G. Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S.E. Richards
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane A453, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - A. Dane
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J. Dekker
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Animal Sciences, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Vreeken
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - F. Levenez
- Commensal and Food Bacteria Group, INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J. Doré
- Commensal and Food Bacteria Group, INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E.G. Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P. van Baarlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M. Kleerebezem
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Animal Sciences, Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
- NIZO food research, Health Department, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, the Netherlands
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Kelishadi R, Farajian S, Safavi M, Mirlohi M, Hashemipour M. A randomized triple-masked controlled trial on the effects of synbiotics on inflammation markers in overweight children. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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265
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Kelishadi R, Farajian S, Safavi M, Mirlohi M, Hashemipour M. A randomized triple-masked controlled trial on the effects of synbiotics on inflammation markers in overweight children. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2014; 90:161-8. [PMID: 24184299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the low degree of inflammation in obesity contributes to systemic metabolic dysfunction. Recent experimental studies proposed some effects of alteration in gut microbiota on inflammatory factors. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of a synbiotic supplement on inflammation markers in overweight and obese children and adolescents. METHODS this randomized triple-masked controlled trial was conducted among 70 participants aged 6 to 18 years, with a body mass index (BMI) equal or higher than the 85th percentile. They were randomly assigned into two groups of equal number to receive synbiotic or placebo for eight weeks. RESULTS fifty-six of 70 participants (80%) completed the study. Compared with the placebo group, the synbiotic group had significant decrease in mean values of tumor necrosis-α and interleukin-6, with significant increase in adiponectin; these changes were no longer significant after adjustment for BMI. There was no significant change in the mean values of high-sensitive C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION the present findings suggest the positive influence of synbiotic supplementation on inflammation factors, which are dependent to its effect on weight reduction in overweight and obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sanam Farajian
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Morteza Safavi
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirlohi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Hashemipour
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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266
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Costa DJ, Marteau P, Amouyal M, Poulsen LK, Hamelmann E, Cazaubiel M, Housez B, Leuillet S, Stavnsbjerg M, Molimard P, Courau S, Bousquet J. Efficacy and safety of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei LP-33 in allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (GA2LEN Study). Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:602-7. [PMID: 24569538 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES An imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells is involved in allergic rhinitis (AR) that may be improved by probiotics. To test the efficacy of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei LP-33, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was carried out in patients with AR to grass pollen treated with loratadine and presenting altered quality of life. SUBJECTS/METHODS Subjects with persistent AR, symptomatic during the grass pollen season, and a positive skin test or specific immunoglobulin E to grass pollens were included by general practitioners (GPs). All received loratadine for 5 weeks. The primary end point was the improvement in Rhinitis Quality of Life (RQLQ) global score at the fifth week of LP-33 consumption compared with placebo (in addition to loratadine). Secondary end points included nasal and ocular symptoms (individual and total symptom scores), visual analogue scale and time of first exacerbation of the symptoms when loratadine was stopped. RESULTS A total of 425 subjects were included. Using intent-to-treat analysis, the RQLQ global score decreased significantly more in the LP-33 group than in the placebo group (P=0.0255, difference=-0.286 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.536; -0.035)). No significant differences were noted for the change of the rhinitis total symptom score 5 global score between groups (P=0.1288, difference=-0.452 (95% CI: -1.036; 0.132)). Significant differences in ocular symptoms (RQLQ) were observed between groups (P=0.0029, difference=-0.4087 (95% CI: -0.6768; -0.1407)). CONCLUSIONS This study performed by GPs shows that LP-33 improves the quality of life of subjects with persistent AR who are currently being treated with an oral H1-antihistamine. Whereas nasal symptoms had not changed, ocular symptoms had consistently improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Costa
- Primary Care Department, University of Medicine, Montpellier I University, Montpellier, France
| | - P Marteau
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Department of Hepato-gastro-enterology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - M Amouyal
- Primary Care Department, University of Medicine, Montpellier I University, Montpellier, France
| | - L K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Hamelmann
- University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Pediatrics, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Cazaubiel
- Biofortis, Mérieux NutriSciences Company, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - B Housez
- Biofortis, Mérieux NutriSciences Company, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - S Leuillet
- Biofortis, Mérieux NutriSciences Company, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - M Stavnsbjerg
- Global Regulatory and External Affairs, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - P Molimard
- Merck Consumer Health, Merck Médication Familiale, Dijon, France
| | - S Courau
- Merck Consumer Health, Merck Médication Familiale, Dijon, France
| | - J Bousquet
- 1] Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France [2] Inserm, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology team, Villejuif, France
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267
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High red blood cell distribution width is closely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26:174-8. [PMID: 24025980 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e328365c403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been reported to be a risk marker of morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular diseases in various study populations. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, the relationship between RDW and NAFLD is less certain. PATIENTS AND METHODS RDW was determined using a Coulter counter together with the hemoglobin level in 1637 normal control individuals and 619 NAFLD patients who were consecutively referred by general practitioners for routine medical check-up. The total plasma cholesterol, plasma triglyceride, and fasting glucose were determined using a multichannel analyzer, and BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the incidence of hypertension and coronary artery disease were measured using statistical analysis. RESULTS Patients with NAFLD had a higher RDW, BMI, waist to hip ratio, SBP and DBP, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and hypertension incidence (P<0.01), and were also younger (P<0.01). NAFLD was considered as a dependent variable, whereas age, sex, BMI, waist to hip ratio, RDW, hemoglobin, SBP and DBP, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and hypertension were considered as covariate variables. We found that age (β=-0.031, P<0.01), BMI (β=0.265, P<0.01), waist to hip ratio (β=6.166, P<0.01), RDW (β=0.154, P<0.01), fasting plasma glucose (β=0.301, P<0.01), and triglyceride (β=0.222, P<0.01) were significantly associated with the risk for NAFLD, analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION Patients with NAFLD were more likely to have high levels of RDW. Moreover, NAFLD was associated with age, BMI, RDW, fasting plasma glucose, and triglyceride. If confirmed in future follow-up studies, this association might provide a rationale to introduce the easy, inexpensive RDW in algorithms for NAFLD risk prediction.
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268
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DiRienzo DB. Effect of probiotics on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: implications for heart-healthy diets. Nutr Rev 2013; 72:18-29. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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269
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Xiao S, Zhao L. Gut microbiota-based translational biomarkers to prevent metabolic syndrome via nutritional modulation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:303-14. [PMID: 24219358 PMCID: PMC4262049 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of the global epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its strong association with the increasing rate of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, it is critical to detect MetS at an early stage in the clinical setting to implement preventive intervention long before the complications arise. Lipopolysaccharide, the cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria produced from diet-disrupted gut microbiota, has been shown to induce metabolic endotoxemia, chronic low-grade inflammation, and ultimately insulin resistance. Therefore, ameliorating the inflammation and insulin resistance underlying MetS by gut microbiota-targeted, dietary intervention has gained increasing attention. In this review, we propose using dynamic monitoring of a set of translational biomarkers related with the etiological role of gut microbiota, including lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), for early detection and prevention of MetS via nutritional modulation. LBP initiates the recognition and monomerization of lipopolysaccharide and amplifies host immune responses, linking the gut-derived antigen load and inflammation indicated by the plasma levels of CRP. Fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR are measured to evaluate insulin sensitivity that is damaged by pro-inflammatory cytokines. The dynamic monitoring of these biomarkers in high-risk populations may provide translational methods for the quantitative and dynamic evaluation of dysbiosis-induced insulin resistance and the effectiveness of dietary treatment for MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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270
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Brahe LK, Astrup A, Larsen LH. Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota and obesity-related metabolic diseases? Obes Rev 2013; 14:950-9. [PMID: 23947604 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that there is a connection between diet, intestinal microbiota, intestinal barrier function and the low-grade inflammation that characterizes the progression from obesity to metabolic disturbances, making dietary strategies to modulate the intestinal environment relevant. In this context, the ability of some Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria to produce the short-chain fatty acid butyrate is interesting. A lower abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria has been associated with metabolic risk in humans, and recent studies suggest that butyrate might have an anti-inflammatory potential that can alleviate obesity-related metabolic complications, possibly due to its ability to enhance the intestinal barrier function. Here, we review and discuss the potential of butyrate as an anti-inflammatory mediator in metabolic diseases, and the potential for dietary interventions increasing the intestinal availability of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Brahe
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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271
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Aller MA, Heras NDL, Nava MP, Regadera J, Arias J, Lahera V. Splanchnic-aortic inflammatory axis in experimental portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7992-7999. [PMID: 24307792 PMCID: PMC3848146 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i44.7992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic and systemic low-grade inflammation has been proposed to be a consequence of long-term prehepatic portal hypertension. This experimental model causes minimal alternations in the liver, thus making a more selective study possible for the pathological changes characteristic of prehepatic portal hypertension. Low-grade splanchnic inflammation after long-term triple partial portal vein ligation could be associated with liver steatosis and portal hypertensive intestinal vasculopathy. In fact, we have previously shown that prehepatic portal hypertension in the rat induces liver steatosis and changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism similar to those produced in chronic inflammatory conditions described in metabolic syndrome in humans. Dysbiosis and bacterial translocation in this experimental model suggest the existence of a portal hypertensive intestinal microbiome implicated in both the splanchnic and systemic alterations related to prehepatic portal hypertension. Among the systemic impairments, aortopathy characterized by oxidative stress, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and profibrogenic mediators stand out. In this experimental model of long-term triple portal vein ligated-rats, the abdominal aortic proinflammatory response could be attributed to oxidative stress. Thus, the increased aortic reduced-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] oxidase activity could be associated with reactive oxygen species production and promote aortic inflammation. Also, oxidative stress mediated by NAD(P)H oxidase has been associated with risk factors for inflammation and atherosclerosis. The splanchnic and systemic pathology that is produced in the long term after triple partial portal vein ligation in the rat reinforces the validity of this experimental model to study the chronic low-grade inflammatory response induced by prehepatic portal hypertension.
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272
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Xiao S, Fei N, Pang X, Shen J, Wang L, Zhang B, Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li M, Sun L, Xue Z, Wang J, Feng J, Yan F, Zhao N, Liu J, Long W, Zhao L. A gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention for amelioration of chronic inflammation underlying metabolic syndrome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:357-67. [PMID: 24117923 PMCID: PMC4255291 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induced by endotoxin from a dysbiotic gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Modification of gut microbiota by a diet to balance its composition becomes a promising strategy to help manage obesity. A dietary scheme based on whole grains, traditional Chinese medicinal foods, and prebiotics (WTP diet) was designed to meet human nutritional needs as well as balance the gut microbiota. Ninety-three of 123 central obese volunteers (BMI ≥ 28 kg m(-2) ) completed a self-controlled clinical trial consisting of 9-week intervention on WTP diet followed by a 14-week maintenance period. The average weight loss reached 5.79 ± 4.64 kg (6.62 ± 4.94%), in addition to improvement in insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Pyrosequencing of fecal samples showed that phylotypes related to endotoxin-producing opportunistic pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae were reduced significantly, while those related to gut barrier-protecting bacteria of Bifidobacteriaceae increased. Gut permeability, measured as lactulose/mannitol ratio, was decreased compared with the baseline. Plasma endotoxin load as lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was also significantly reduced, with concomitant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and an increase in adiponectin. These results suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota via dietary intervention may enhance the intestinal barrier integrity, reduce circulating antigen load, and ultimately ameliorate the inflammation and metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kussmann M, Morine MJ, Hager J, Sonderegger B, Kaput J. Perspective: a systems approach to diabetes research. Front Genet 2013; 4:205. [PMID: 24187547 PMCID: PMC3807566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review here the status of human type 2 diabetes studies from a genetic, epidemiological, and clinical (intervention) perspective. Most studies limit analyses to one or a few omic technologies providing data of components of physiological processes. Since all chronic diseases are multifactorial and arise from complex interactions between genetic makeup and environment, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a collection of sub-phenotypes resulting in high fasting glucose. The underlying gene–environment interactions that produce these classes of T2DM are imperfectly characterized. Based on assessments of the complexity of T2DM, we propose a systems biology approach to advance the understanding of origin, onset, development, prevention, and treatment of this complex disease. This systems-based strategy is based on new study design principles and the integrated application of omics technologies: we pursue longitudinal studies in which each subject is analyzed at both homeostasis and after (healthy and safe) challenges. Each enrolled subject functions thereby as their own case and control and this design avoids assigning the subjects a priori to case and control groups based on limited phenotyping. Analyses at different time points along this longitudinal investigation are performed with a comprehensive set of omics platforms. These data sets are generated in a biological context, rather than biochemical compound class-driven manner, which we term “systems omics.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kussmann
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA Lausanne, Switzerland ; Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Switzerland ; Faculty of Science, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
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274
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jlr.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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275
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:619-31. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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276
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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277
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Wang Y, Xie J, Wang N, Li Y, Sun X, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Lactobacillus casei Zhang modulate cytokine and toll-like receptor expression and beneficially regulate poly I:C-induced immune responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:54-62. [PMID: 23350674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacilli are frequently used as probiotics due to their beneficial effects on health. Lactobacillus casei Zhang (LcZ), which has favorable probiotic properties, was first isolated from koumiss. In this study, the immunomodulating effects of LcZ on cytokine and toll-like receptor expression in RAW264.7 macrophages was assessed and it was found that live LcZ promotes production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-β. Transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also enhanced by viable LcZ. The immunostimulating effects of live LcZ are significantly attenuated in heat-killed LcZ. Live LcZ promotes TLR2 mRNA transcription, whereas heat-killed LcZ enhances transcription of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9. Furthermore, live LcZ significantly suppresses polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)-stimulated NO, iNOS and TNF-α expression while enhancing expression of IFN-β. It was also found that poly I:C-induced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) reporter gene activity was significantly up-regulated by live LcZ. These results suggest that LcZ keeps the innate immune system alert by increasing transcription of Toll-like receptors and enhancing production of pro-inflammatory mediators and type I IFN in macrophages. The synergistic effect of live LcZ with poly I:C on IFN-β expression is associated with increased activity of IRF-3. LcZ has the potential to be used as an adjuvant against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Wang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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Frasinariu OE, Ceccarelli S, Alisi A, Moraru E, Nobili V. Gut-liver axis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an input for novel therapies. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:543-51. [PMID: 23280158 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a multifactorial condition, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alteration of gut microbiota and increased intestinal permeability increase exposure of the liver to gut-derived bacterial products: lipopolysaccharides and unmethylated CpG DNA. These products stimulate innate immune receptors, namely Toll-like receptors, which activate signalling pathways involved in liver inflammation and fibrogenesis. Currently, there are several studies on the involvement of lipopolysaccharide-activated Toll-like receptor 4 signalling in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. There has been widespread interest in the study of the involvement of resident hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells activation in liver fibrogenesis upon TLR4 stimulation. Although the best evidence to support a role for gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-induced fibrosis comes largely from animal models, data from human studies are accumulating and could lead to new therapeutic approaches. Therapeutic modulation of gut microflora may be an alternative strategy to develop an anti-fibrotic therapy. In this review, we discuss the relevant role of gut-liver axis in non-alcoholic liver disease-associated liver fibrosis and discuss the evidence on novel anti-fibrotic therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia E Frasinariu
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Department of Mother and Child Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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279
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Eslamparast T, Eghtesad S, Hekmatdoost A, Poustchi H. Probiotics and Nonalcoholic Fatty liver Disease. Middle East J Dig Dis 2013; 5:129-36. [PMID: 24829682 PMCID: PMC3990183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronicliver disease worldwide, both in adults and in children. NAFLD represents aspectrum of liver diseases that range from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitisand cirrhosis. However, NAFLD is more prevalent in overweight and obeseindividuals. Evidences thus far suggest that hepatic triglyceride accumulationis not always derived from obesity; gut microbiota can also play a role in thedevelopment of insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, necroinflammation andfibrosis. On the other hand, probiotics can strengthen the intestinal wall, reducingits permeability, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia according toanimal and human studies. They can also reduce oxidative and inflammatoryliver damage, while improving the histological state in certain situations. Thisreview article focuses on research that has been conducted on probiotics andNAFLD, highlighting their efficacy as a novel therapeutic option for the treatmentof this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Eslamparast
- 1National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Eghtesad
- 2Digestive Diseases Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- 3Department of Clinical Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- 2Digestive Diseases Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,Corresponding Author: Hossein Poustchi, MD, PhD Digestive Diseases Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Tel: +98 21 82415300 Fax:+98 21 82415400
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280
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Chang P, Qu Y, Liu Y, Cui S, Zhu D, Wang H, Jin X. Multi-therapeutic effects of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on radiation-induced intestinal injury. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e685. [PMID: 23788042 PMCID: PMC3698545 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced intestinal injuries (RIII) commonly occur in patients who suffer from pelvic or abdominal cancer. However, current management of these injuries is ineffective. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively used in regenerative medicine and have achieved a high level of efficacy. In the present study, we hypothesised that human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAd-MSCs) could be used as potential tools to heal RIII. We observed that adult Sprague-Dawley rats that received whole-abdominal irradiation benefitted from hAd-MSC injection. hAd-MSCs had RIII-healing effects, including anti-inflammation, neovascularisation and maintenance of epithelium homeostasis, as indicated by elevated serum IL-10, upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor in irradiated intestine, mobilisation of CD31-positive haematopoietic stem cells or haematopoietic progenitor cells, and the prolonged presence of Bmi1-positive cells within crypts. Consequently, after hAd-MSC treatment, irradiated rats survived longer than non-treated animals. These results suggest that hAd-MSCs have therapeutic potential for RIII management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chang
- Cancer Center, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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281
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Bawa M, Saraswat VA. Gut-liver axis: role of inflammasomes. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013; 3:141-9. [PMID: 25755488 PMCID: PMC4216435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2013.03.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large multiprotein complexes that have the ability to sense intracellular danger signals through special NOD-like receptors or NLRs. They include NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 and NLRP6. They are involved in recognizing diverse microbial (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites), stress and damage signals, which result in direct activation of caspase-1, leading to secretion of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis. NLRP3 is the most studied antimicrobial immune response inflammasome. Recent studies reveal expression of inflammasomes in innate immune response cells including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Inflammasome deficiency has been linked to alterations in the gastrointestinal microflora. Alterations in the microbiome population and/or changes in gut permeability promote microbial translocation into the portal circulation and thus directly to the liver. Gut derived lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play a significant role in several liver diseases. Recent advancements in the sequencing technologies along with improved methods in metagenomics and bioinformatics have provided effective tools for investigating the 10(14) microorganisms of the human microbiome that inhabit the human gut. In this review, we examine the significance of inflammasomes in relation to the gut microflora and liver. This review also highlights the emerging functions of human microbiota in health and liver diseases.
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Key Words
- AIM2, absent in melanoma 2
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain
- CTB, Cholera toxin B
- DAMP, damage associated molecular patterns
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box1
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- NACHT, domain present in NAIP, CIITA, HET-E (Podospora anserina incompatibility, locus protein) and telomerase associated protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAIP, neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein
- NK/NKT, natural killer/natural killer T cells
- NLR, NOD-like receptor
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- PAMPs, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- inflammasomes
- inflammation
- liver disease
- mCMV, mouse cytomegalovirus
- microbiota
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Bawa
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana 160012, India
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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282
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Abstract
There is a strong relationship between liver and gut; while the portal venous system receives blood from the gut, and its contents may affect liver functions, liver in turn, affects intestinal functions through bile secretion. There is robust evidence that the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is linked to alterations in gut microbiota and their by-products such as ammonia, indoles, oxindoles, endotoxins, etc. In the setting of intestinal barrier and immune dysfunction, these by-products are involved in the pathogenesis of complications of liver cirrhosis including HE and systemic inflammation plays an important role. Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics may exhibit efficacy in the treatment of HE by modulating the gut flora. They improve derangement in flora by decreasing the counts of pathogenic bacteria and thus improving the endotoxemia, HE and the liver disease. Current evidence suggest that the trials evaluating the role of probiotics in the treatment of HE are of not high quality and all trials had high risk of bias and high risk of random errors. Therefore, the use of probiotics for patients with HE cannot be currently recommended. Further RCTs are required. This review summarizes the main literature findings about the relationships between gut flora and HE, both in terms of the pathogenesis and the treatment of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha K Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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283
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Abstract
Easy access to next generation sequencing has enabled the rapid analysis of complex microbial populations. To take full advantage of these technologies, animal models enabling the manipulation of human microbiomes and the study of the impact of such perturbations on the host are needed. To this aim we are developing experimentally tractable and clinically relevant pig models of the human adult and infant gastro-intestinal tract. The intestine of germ-free piglets was populated with human adult or infant fecal microbial populations, and the piglets were maintained on solid or milk diet, respectively. Amplicons of 16S rRNA V6 region were deep-sequenced to monitor to what extent the transplanted human microbiomes changed in the pig. Within 24 h of transfer of human fecal microbiome to pigs, bacterial microbiomes rich in Proteobacteria emerged. These populations evolved toward a more diverse composition rich in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. In the experiment where infant microbiome was used, the phylogenetic composition of the transplanted bacterial population converged toward that of the human inoculum. A majority of sequences belonged to a relatively small number of operational taxonomic units, whereas at the other end of the abundance spectrum, a large number of rare and transient OTUs were detected. Analysis of fecal and colonic microbiomes originating from the same animal indicate that feces closely replicate the colonic microbiome. We conclude that the pig intestine can be colonized with human fecal microbiomes to generate a realistic model of the human GI tract.
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284
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Weinhold B. Gut bacteria and melamine toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:a149. [PMID: 23635530 PMCID: PMC3673202 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.121-a149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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285
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Kashyap PC, Marcobal A, Ursell LK, Larauche M, Duboc H, Earle KA, Sonnenburg ED, Ferreyra JA, Higginbottom SK, Million M, Tache Y, Pasricha PJ, Knight R, Farrugia G, Sonnenburg JL. Complex interactions among diet, gastrointestinal transit, and gut microbiota in humanized mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:967-77. [PMID: 23380084 PMCID: PMC3890323 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Diet has major effects on the intestinal microbiota, but the exact mechanisms that alter complex microbial communities have been difficult to elucidate. In addition to the direct influence that diet exerts on microbes, changes in microbiota composition and function can alter host functions such as gastrointestinal (GI) transit time, which in turn can further affect the microbiota. METHODS We investigated the relationships among diet, GI motility, and the intestinal microbiota using mice that are germ-free (GF) or humanized (ex-GF mice colonized with human fecal microbiota). RESULTS Analysis of gut motility revealed that humanized mice fed a standard polysaccharide-rich diet had faster GI transit and increased colonic contractility compared with GF mice. Humanized mice with faster transit due to administration of polyethylene glycol or a nonfermentable cellulose-based diet had similar changes in gut microbiota composition, indicating that diet can modify GI transit, which then affects the composition of the microbial community. However, altered transit in mice fed a diet of fermentable fructooligosaccharide indicates that diet can change gut microbial function, which can affect GI transit. CONCLUSIONS Based on studies in humanized mice, diet can affect GI transit through microbiota-dependent or microbiota-independent pathways, depending on the type of dietary change. The effect of the microbiota on transit largely depends on the amount and type (fermentable vs nonfermentable) of polysaccharides present in the diet. These results have implications for disorders that affect GI transit and gut microbial communities, including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purna C. Kashyap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Angela Marcobal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Luke K. Ursell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Henri Duboc
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen A. Earle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Erica D. Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jessica A. Ferreyra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Steven K. Higginbottom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mulugeta Million
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Yvette Tache
- Department of Medicine, CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pankaj J. Pasricha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jusin l. Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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286
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Ermolenko E, Gromova L, Borschev Y, Voeikova A, Karaseva A, Ermolenko K, Gruzdkov A, Suvorov A. Influence of different probiotic lactic Acid bacteria on microbiota and metabolism of rats with dysbiosis. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2013; 32:41-9. [PMID: 24936361 PMCID: PMC4034318 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.32.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are often used for prevention and treatment of dysbiosis.
However, the action of various strains of LAB on metabolism and digestion under these
conditions are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
influence of probiotic LAB on metabolism, digestion and microbiota in animals with
dysbiosis. After administration of ampicillin and metronidazole male Wistar rats, were fed
products containing Enterococcus faecium L3 (E.f.), Lactobacillus
fermentum Z (L.f.) or milk (control 1). Animals in control
group 2 were fed milk, after water instead of antibiotics. Dyspeptic symptoms disappeared
after administration of probiotic compared with control 1. At the end of the experiment,
an increase in the content of enterococci and lactobacilli in the proximal part of the
small intestine was found in the animals treated with E.f. and
L.f., respectively. After the introduction of probiotic enterococci,
the quantity of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the intestines of rats increased, and
the content of Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli
decreased in comparison with the control group 1 and the group fed lactobacilli. The
activity of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase was greater in blood serum of
rats with dysbiosis receiving milk and lactobacilli. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase
activity increased in the epithelium and chyme in the jejunum of the animals treated with
L. f. and in the chyme only in the animals treated with E.
f. Thus, the specific effects of different strains of probiotic LAB on the
microbiota, and on metabolism and digestion of various nutrients were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ermolenko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, acad. Pavlov str. 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Ludmila Gromova
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Makarova emb.6, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Yuri Borschev
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Makarova emb.6, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anna Voeikova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, acad. Pavlov str. 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Alena Karaseva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, acad. Pavlov str. 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Konstantin Ermolenko
- Laboratory of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Mira str. 16, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Andrei Gruzdkov
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Makarova emb.6, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, acad. Pavlov str. 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
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287
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Zhu Q, Gao R, Wu W, Qin H. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1285-300. [PMID: 23397545 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and abundant microbial community that can reach levels as high as 10(13)-10(14) microorganisms in the colon. These microorganisms are essential to a host's well-being in terms of nutrition and mucosa immunity. However, numerous studies have also implicated members of the colonic microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). While CRC involves a genetic component where damaged DNA and genetic instability initiates a malignant transformation, environmental factors can also contribute to the onset of CRC. Furthermore, considering the constant exposure of the colonic mucosa to the microbiome and/or its metabolites, the mucosa has long been proposed to contribute to colon tumorigenesis. However, the mechanistic details of these associations remain unknown. Fortunately, due to technical and conceptual advances, progress in characterizing the taxonomic composition, metabolic capacity, and immunomodulatory activity of human gut microbiota have been made, thereby elucidating its role in human health and disease. Furthermore, the use of experimental animal models and clinical/epidemiological studies of environmental etiological factors has identified a correlation between gut microbiota composition and gastrointestinal cancers. Bacteria continuously stimulate activated immunity in the gut mucosa and also contribute to the metabolism of bile and food components. However, the highest levels of carcinogen production are also associated with gut anaerobic bacteria and can be lowered with live lactobacilli supplements. In this review, evidence regarding the relationship between microbiota and the development of CRC will be discussed, as well as the role for microbial manipulation in affecting disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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288
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McCoy AN, Araújo-Pérez F, Azcárate-Peril A, Yeh JJ, Sandler RS, Keku TO. Fusobacterium is associated with colorectal adenomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53653. [PMID: 23335968 PMCID: PMC3546075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a player in colorectal cancer (CRC). While particular imbalances in the gut microbiota have been linked to colorectal adenomas and cancer, no specific bacterium has been identified as a risk factor. Recent studies have reported a high abundance of Fusobacterium in CRC subjects compared to normal subjects, but this observation has not been reported for adenomas, CRC precursors. We assessed the abundance of Fusobacterium species in the normal rectal mucosa of subjects with (n = 48) and without adenomas (n = 67). We also confirmed previous reports on Fusobacterium and CRC in 10 CRC tumor tissues and 9 matching normal tissues by pyrosequencing. We extracted DNA from rectal mucosal biopsies and measured bacterial levels by quantitative PCR of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Local cytokine gene expression was also determined in mucosal biopsies from adenoma cases and controls by quantitative PCR. The mean log abundance of Fusobacterium or cytokine gene expression between cases and controls was compared by t-test. Logistic regression was used to compare tertiles of Fusobacterium abundance. Adenoma subjects had a significantly higher abundance of Fusobacterium species compared to controls (p = 0.01). Compared to the lowest tertile, subjects with high abundance of Fusobacterium were significantly more likely to have adenomas (OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.37-9.74, p-trend 0.005). Cases but not controls had a significant positive correlation between local cytokine gene expression and Fusobacterium abundance. Among cases, the correlation for local TNF-α and Fusobacterium was r = 0.33, p = 0.06 while it was 0.44, p = 0.01 for Fusobacterium and IL-10. These results support a link between the abundance of Fusobacterium in colonic mucosa and adenomas and suggest a possible role for mucosal inflammation in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. McCoy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Félix Araújo-Pérez
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea Azcárate-Peril
- Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Sandler
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Temitope O. Keku
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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289
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Bengmark S. Nutrition of the critically ill — a 21st-century perspective. Nutrients 2013; 5:162-207. [PMID: 23344250 PMCID: PMC3571643 DOI: 10.3390/nu5010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Health care-induced diseases constitute a fast-increasing problem. Just one type of these health care-associated infections (HCAI) constitutes the fourth leading cause of death in Western countries. About 25 million individuals worldwide are estimated each year to undergo major surgery, of which approximately 3 million will never return home from the hospital. Furthermore, the quality of life is reported to be significantly impaired for the rest of the lives of those who, during their hospital stay, suffered life-threatening infections/sepsis. Severe infections are strongly associated with a high degree of systemic inflammation in the body, and intimately associated with significantly reduced and malfunctioning GI microbiota, a condition called dysbiosis. Deranged composition and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota, occurring from the mouth to the anus, has been found to cause impaired ability to maintain intact mucosal membrane functions and prevent leakage of toxins - bacterial endotoxins, as well as whole bacteria or debris of bacteria, the DNA of which are commonly found in most cells of the body, often in adipocytes of obese individuals or in arteriosclerotic plaques. Foods rich in proteotoxins such as gluten, casein and zein, and proteins, have been observed to have endotoxin-like effects that can contribute to dysbiosis. About 75% of the food in the Western diet is of limited or no benefit to the microbiota in the lower gut. Most of it, comprised specifically of refined carbohydrates, is already absorbed in the upper part of the GI tract, and what eventually reaches the large intestine is of limited value, as it contains only small amounts of the minerals, vitamins and other nutrients necessary for maintenance of the microbiota. The consequence is that the microbiota of modern humans is greatly reduced, both in terms of numbers and diversity when compared to the diets of our paleolithic forebears and the individuals living a rural lifestyle today. It is the artificial treatment provided in modern medical care - unfortunately often the only alternative provided - which constitute the main contributors to a poor outcome. These treatments include artificial ventilation, artificial nutrition, hygienic measures, use of skin-penetrating devices, tubes and catheters, frequent use of pharmaceuticals; they are all known to severely impair the microbiomes in various locations of the body, which, to a large extent, are ultimately responsible for a poor outcome. Attempts to reconstitute a normal microbiome by supply of probiotics have often failed as they are almost always undertaken as a complement to - and not as an alternative to - existing treatment schemes, especially those based on antibiotics, but also other pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, 4th floor, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
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290
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Carey CM, Kostrzynska M. Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria attenuate the proinflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:9-17. [PMID: 23391223 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2012-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological response to infections and tissue injury; however, abnormal immune responses can give rise to chronic inflammation and contribute to disease progression. Various dietary components, including probiotic lactic acid bacteria and prebiotics, have the potential to modulate intestinal inflammatory responses. One factor in particular, the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL-8), is one of the major mediators of the inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to investigate modulation of the inflammatory host response induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 in the presence of selected probiotics and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from human sources, dairy products, and farm animals. IL-8 gene expression and protein production in HT-29 cells were evaluated by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Pre-incubation of HT-29 cells with Lactobacillus kefir IM002, Bifidobacterium adolescentis FRP 61, Bifidobacterium longum FRP 68 and FRP 69, Bifidobacterium breve FRP 334, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides IM080 significantly inhibited IL-8 secretion induced by Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Co-culture of selected probiotics and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 reduced IL-8 production, while potential probiotics and LAB had no effect on IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells preincubated with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 prior to adding probiotics. Lactobacillus kefir IM002 supernatant also significantly reduced IL-8 production. In conclusion, our study suggests that probiotic bifidobacteria and LAB modulate cytokine induction and possess anti-inflammatory properties; however, the effectiveness is strain dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Carey
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Center, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Magdalena Kostrzynska
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Center, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
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291
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Sashinami H, Asano K, Yoshimura S, Mori F, Wakabayashi K, Nakane A. Salmon proteoglycan suppresses progression of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via regulation of Th17 and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Life Sci 2012; 91:1263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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292
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Bacha U, Ali MA, Basit A, Litaf U. Dietary management of inflammatory diseases. Lab Invest 2012. [PMCID: PMC3508833 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-s3-p12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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293
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Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012; 61:160-74. [PMID: 23037511 DOI: 10.1159/000342079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Probiotics have demonstrated significant potential as therapeutic options for a variety of diseases, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been fully elucidated yet. Several important mechanisms underlying the antagonistic effects of probiotics on various microorganisms include the following: modification of the gut microbiota, competitive adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, strengthening of the gut epithelial barrier and modulation of the immune system to convey an advantage to the host. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that probiotics communicate with the host by pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein-like receptors, which modulate key signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-ĸB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, to enhance or suppress activation and influence downstream pathways. This recognition is crucial for eliciting measured antimicrobial responses with minimal inflammatory tissue damage. A clear understanding of these mechanisms will allow for appropriate probiotic strain selection for specific applications and may uncover novel probiotic functions. The goal of this systematic review was to explore probiotic modes of action focusing on how gut microbes influence the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bermudez-Brito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology José Mataix, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
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294
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Bengmark S. Gut microbiota, immune development and function. Pharmacol Res 2012; 69:87-113. [PMID: 22989504 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota of Westerners is significantly reduced in comparison to rural individuals living a similar lifestyle to our Paleolithic forefathers but also to that of other free-living primates such as the chimpanzee. The great majority of ingredients in the industrially produced foods consumed in the West are absorbed in the upper part of small intestine and thus of limited benefit to the microbiota. Lack of proper nutrition for microbiota is a major factor under-pinning dysfunctional microbiota, dysbiosis, chronically elevated inflammation, and the production and leakage of endotoxins through the various tissue barriers. Furthermore, the over-comsumption of insulinogenic foods and proteotoxins, such as advanced glycation and lipoxidation molecules, gluten and zein, and a reduced intake of fruit and vegetables, are key factors behind the commonly observed elevated inflammation and the endemic of obesity and chronic diseases, factors which are also likely to be detrimental to microbiota. As a consequence of this lifestyle and the associated eating habits, most barriers, including the gut, the airways, the skin, the oral cavity, the vagina, the placenta, the blood-brain barrier, etc., are increasingly permeable. Attempts to recondition these barriers through the use of so called 'probiotics', normally applied to the gut, are rarely successful, and sometimes fail, as they are usually applied as adjunctive treatments, e.g. in parallel with heavy pharmaceutical treatment, not rarely consisting in antibiotics and chemotherapy. It is increasingly observed that the majority of pharmaceutical drugs, even those believed to have minimal adverse effects, such as proton pump inhibitors and anti-hypertensives, in fact adversely affect immune development and functions and are most likely also deleterious to microbiota. Equally, it appears that probiotic treatment is not compatible with pharmacological treatments. Eco-biological treatments, with plant-derived substances, or phytochemicals, e.g. curcumin and resveratrol, and pre-, pro- and syn-biotics offers similar effects as use of biologicals, although milder but also free from adverse effects. Such treatments should be tried as alternative therapies; mainly, to begin with, for disease prevention but also in early cases of chronic diseases. Pharmaceutical treatment has, thus far, failed to inhibit the tsunami of endemic diseases spreading around the world, and no new tools are in sight. Dramatic alterations, in direction of a paleolithic-like lifestyle and food habits, seem to be the only alternatives with the potential to control the present escalating crisis. The present review focuses on human studies, especially those of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, 4th floor, 74 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6AU, United Kingdom.
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295
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Bajaj JS, Hylemon PB, Ridlon JM, Heuman DM, Daita K, White MB, Monteith P, Noble NA, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Colonic mucosal microbiome differs from stool microbiome in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy and is linked to cognition and inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G675-85. [PMID: 22821944 PMCID: PMC3468538 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is linked to the gut microbiota, stool microbiome analysis has not found differences between HE and no-HE patients. This study aimed to compare sigmoid mucosal microbiome of cirrhotic patients to controls, between HE vs. no-HE patients, and to study their linkage with cognition and inflammation. Sixty cirrhotic patients (36 HE and 24 no-HE) underwent cognitive testing, stool collection, cytokine (Th1, Th2, Th17, and innate immunity), and endotoxin analysis. Thirty-six patients (19 HE and 17 no-HE) and 17 age-matched controls underwent sigmoid biopsies. Multitag pyrosequencing (including autochthonous genera, i.e., Blautia, Roseburia, Fecalibacterium, Dorea) was performed on stool and mucosa. Stool and mucosal microbiome differences within/between groups and correlation network analyses were performed. Controls had significantly higher autochthonous and lower pathogenic genera compared with cirrhotic patients, especially HE patients. HE patients had worse MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) score and cognition and higher IL-6 and endotoxin than no-HE. Mucosal microbiota was different from stool within both HE/no-HE groups. Between HE/no-HE patients, there was no difference in stool microbiota but mucosal microbiome was different with lower Roseburia and higher Enterococcus, Veillonella, Megasphaera, and Burkholderia abundance in HE. On network analysis, autochthonous genera (Blautia, Fecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Dorea) were associated with good cognition and decreased inflammation in both HE/no-HE, whereas genera overrepresented in HE (Enterococcus, Megasphaera, and Burkholderia) were linked to poor cognition and inflammation. Sigmoid mucosal microbiome differs significantly from stool microbiome in cirrhosis. Cirrhotic, especially HE, patients' mucosal microbiota is significantly different from controls with a lack of potentially beneficial autochthonous and overgrowth of potentially pathogenic genera, which are associated with poor cognition and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; ,2Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Jason M. Ridlon
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; ,2Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | | | - Kalyani Daita
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; ,2Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | | | | | | | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- 3Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
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296
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Otto B, Haag LM, Fischer A, Plickert R, Kühl AA, Göbel UB, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S. Campylobacter jejuni induces extra-intestinal immune responses via Toll-like-receptor-4 signaling in conventional IL-10 deficient mice with chronic colitis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:210-9. [PMID: 24688768 PMCID: PMC3962757 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the predominant causes for foodborne bacterial infections worldwide. We investigated whether signaling of C. jejuni-lipoproteins and -lipooligosaccharide via Toll-like-receptor (TLR) -2 and -4, respectively, is inducing intestinal and extra-intestinal immune responses following infection of conventional IL-10(-/-) mice with chronic colitis. At day 3 following oral infection, IL-10(-/-) mice lacking TLR-2 or TLR-4 harbored comparable C. jejuni strain ATCC 43431 loads in their colon. Interestingly, infected TLR-4(-/-) IL-10(-/-) mice displayed less compromized epithelial barrier function as indicated by lower translocation rates of live gut commensals into mesenteric lymphnodes (MLNs), and exhibited less distinct B lymphocyte responses in their colonic mucosa as compared to naїve IL-10(-/-) controls. Furthermore, in extra-intestinal compartments such as MLNs and spleens, abundance of myeloid cells was less distinct whereas relative percentages of activated T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells were higher in spleens and dendritic cells more abundant in MLNs of infected IL-10(-/-) animals lacking TLR-4 as compared to IL-10(-/-) controls. Taken together, in conventionally colonized IL-10(-/-) mice, TLR-4, but not TLR-2, is involved in mediating extra-intestinal pro-inflammatory immune responses following C. jejuni infection. Thus, conventional IL-10(-/-) mice are well suited to further dissect mechanisms underlying Campylobacter infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Otto
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - L.-M. Haag
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - A. Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - R. Plickert
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - A. A. Kühl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical
Immunology / Research Center Immuno-Sciences (RCIS), Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - U. B. Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - M. M. Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - S. Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité – University
Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany
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297
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Dhiman RK. Gut microbiota, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy: a puzzle with a solution in sight. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2012; 2:207-10. [PMID: 25755435 PMCID: PMC3940187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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298
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Pimentel GD, Micheletti TO, Pace F, Rosa JC, Santos RVT, Lira FS. Gut-central nervous system axis is a target for nutritional therapies. Nutr J 2012; 11:22. [PMID: 22490672 PMCID: PMC3342925 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, in the 1950s, the chemist Linus Pauling established a relationship between decreased longevity and obesity. At this time, with the advent of studies involving the mechanisms that modulate appetite control, some researchers observed that the hypothalamus is the "appetite centre" and that peripheral tissues have important roles in the modulation of gut inflammatory processes and levels of hormones that control food intake. Likewise, the advances of physiological and molecular mechanisms for patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel diseases, bariatric surgery and anorexia-associated diseases has been greatly appreciated by nutritionists. Therefore, this review highlights the relationship between the gut-central nervous system axis and targets for nutritional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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299
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Amalaradjou MAR, Bhunia AK. Modern approaches in probiotics research to control foodborne pathogens. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 67:185-239. [PMID: 23034117 PMCID: PMC7150249 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394598-3.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne illness is a serious public health concern. There are over 200 known microbial, chemical, and physical agents that are known to cause foodborne illness. Efforts are made for improved detection, control and prevention of foodborne pathogen in food, and pathogen associated diseases in the host. Several commonly used approaches to control foodborne pathogens include antibiotics, natural antimicrobials, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, ionizing radiations, and heat. In addition, probiotics offer a potential intervention strategy for the prevention and control of foodborne infections. This review focuses on the use of probiotics and bioengineered probiotics to control foodborne pathogens, their antimicrobial actions, and their delivery strategies. Although probiotics have been demonstrated to be effective in antagonizing foodborne pathogens, challenges exist in the characterization and elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms of action and in the development of potential delivery strategies that could maintain the viability and functionality of the probiotic in the target organ.
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