Trends in prevalence of diabetes in Asian countries

Dietary Patterns and Risk for Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Dietary patterns are a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The prevalence of MetS has increased in Korea, and this condition has become a public health issue. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to identify the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of MetS among Korean women.The data of 5189 participants were analyzed to determine dietary intake and lifestyle. A principal components analysis was employed to determine participant dietary patterns with regard to 106 food items. MetS was diagnosed using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. Logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the associations between dietary pattern quintiles and MetS and to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for potential confounders.Three dietary patterns were identified: "traditional," "western," and "prudent." The "prudent" dietary pattern consisted of a high intake of fruits and fruit products as well as nuts, dairy, and a low consumption of grains; this pattern was negatively associated with the risk of MetS. The highest quintile of the "prudent" dietary pattern was significantly less likely to develop MetS (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.36-0.68, P for trend <0.001) compared with the lowest quintile. This pattern was also negatively associated with all of the MetS diagnostic criteria: abdominal obesity (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.41-0.65), blood pressure (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87), triglycerides (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52-0.85), fasting glucose (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43-0.95), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.42-0.68). However, the "traditional" and "western" dietary patterns were not associated with the risk of MetS.The "prudent" dietary pattern was negatively associated with the risk of developing MetS among Korean women.

Current Status of Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at General Hospitals in South Korea

BACKGROUND

In Korea, the prevalence, complications, and mortality rate of diabetes are rapidly increasing. However, investigations on the actual condition of diabetes management are very limited due to lack of nation-wide research or multicenter study. Hence, we have minutely inquired the current status of diabetes management and achievement of glucose target goal in general hospital offering education program. That way, we are able to furnish data for policy making of diabetes education and draw up guideline which may allow us to reduce the morbidity and mortality of diabetes.

METHODS

The subjects consisted of 2,610 patients with type 2 diabetes who visited the 13 general hospital in Seoul or Gyeonggi region from March 19 to May 29, 2013. General characteristics, associated diseases, complications, and management status were investigated.

RESULTS

The mean age was 61.0±11.6 years, body mass index was 25.0±3.3 kg/m(2), and family history of diabetes was 50.5%. The mean duration of diabetes was 10.7±7.9 years and 53% received education about diabetes. The prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia were 59.2% and 65.5%, respectively, and 18.3% of the subjects were accompanied by liver disease. Diabetic retinopathy appeared in 31.6%, nephropathy in 28.1%, and neuropathy in 19.9% of the subjects. The mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level was 7.3%±1.3% and the achieving rate based on Korean Diabetes Association guideline (HbA1c <6.5%) was 24.8%, blood pressure (130/80 mm Hg or less) was 49.4%, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (<100 mg/dL) was 63.6%. The reaching rate to the target level in four parameters (blood glucose, blood pressure, lipids, and body weight) was 7.8%.

CONCLUSION

The blood glucose control rate was lower than other parameters, and the implementation rate of diabetes education was only 53%. Thus more appropriate glucose control and systematic diabetes education are imperative.

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Vietnam: A Systematic Review

This systematic review examined trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and identified its risk factors among adults in Vietnam. PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and Scopus databases were searched to identify relevant literature. The search yielded 10 studies, including 2 national surveys and 8 regional investigations. National prevalence estimates of T2DM were 2.7% in 2002 and 5.4% in 2012. The estimates for the northern region were 1.4% in 1994 and 3.7% in 2012 and those for the southern region were 3.8% in 2004, 7.0% in 2008, and 12.4% in 2010. The major determinants of T2DM included older age, urban residence, high levels of body and abdominal fat, physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, genetic factors, and hypertension. The prevalence rate by gender was variable in both national and regional studies. There was insufficient information available on some potentially important risk factors such as smoking, dietary intake, income, and educational level. Our review signifies a rapidly growing prevalence of T2DM in Vietnam and suggests that extra effort is required to prevent and control this disease.

Disparities in diabetes management in Asian Americans in New York City compared with other racial/ethnic minority groups

We examined diabetes management practices among Hispanics, Blacks, and 3 Asian American subgroups in New York City. Compared with Blacks and Hispanics, all 3 Asian American subgroups had lower average rates of diabetes management practices. Compared with Blacks, Chinese and Koreans were significantly less likely to participate in all diabetes management behaviors and practices, whereas Asian Indians were significantly less likely to perform feet checks or undergo an eye examination. Results demonstrated the need for health care provider interventions and training to support diabetes management among Asian Americans.

Multicenter cohort study of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in HIV-infected patients in China

BACKGROUND

As life expectancy increases, HIV-infected patients are facing a wide array of metabolic complications, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). However, little is known about the incidence of and risk factors for glycemic disorders in Chinese HIV-infected patients.

METHODS

Longitudinal data were pooled from a multicenter clinical trial of combination antiretroviral regimens between 2009 and 2010 across Mainland China. DM was defined as fasting glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/L and IFG as between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L on 2 separate measurements. We calculated the incidence densities of DM and IFG. Risk factors for DM and IFG were also identified.

RESULTS

Four hundred fifteen patients contributed 457.35 person-years of follow-up. The incidence densities of DM and IFG were 2.62 and 35.64 per 100 person-years, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, advanced age [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01 to 1.04], hepatitis B virus coinfection (adjusted HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.38), and baseline fasting glucose (adjusted HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.63) were associated with DM and IFG.

CONCLUSIONS

A high incidence of DM and IFG was detected in Chinese HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for an increased risk of glycemic disorders in Chinese HIV-infected patients, particularly those of advanced age, with hepatitis B virus coinfection or high baseline fasting glucose.

Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and TNF-α lowering properties of extract of the traditionally used plant Ixeris gracilis in alloxan-induced diabetic mice

CONTEXT

Ixeris gracilis DC. Stebbins (Asteraceae) is a plant considered to be medicinal by local communities of Meghalaya, India.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the antidiabetic potential, antioxidant activity, and effect of the 80% methanolic extract of the leaves of Ixeris gracilis on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Varying doses (250-1000 mg/kg body weight) were administered intraperitoneally to normoglycemic mice and their hypoglycemic properties noted for 24 h; the optimum dose observed was used to evaluate its antihyperglycemic activity and effect on glucose tolerance. In vitro antioxidant activity was analyzed by assessing the DPPH radicals scavenging ability of the extract and the total polyphenols, flavonoid, carbohydrate, and protein contents were determined. Diabetic mice were then subjected to daily intraperitoneal injections of the extract for 12 days after which the antioxidant enzyme activities in the tissues were assayed and serum TNF-α was evaluated by ELISA.

RESULTS

The extract displayed varying hypoglycemic activity. The dose of 250 mg/kg body weight exhibited potent antihyperglycemic activity and improved glucose tolerance. The extract was able to scavenge free radicals (IC50 57.544 µg/ml) and contained polyphenol (76.269 ± 0.204 mg GAE/g dry wt), flavonoid (70.070 ± 0.626 mg rutin equivalent/g dry wt), protein (4.368 ± 8.916 mg/g dry wt), and carbohydrate (558.189 ± 0.002 mg/g dry wt). TNF-α level and overall activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the liver, kidney, and brain of extract-treated diabetic mice were improved.

CONCLUSION

The study supports the inclusion of Ixeris gracilis in the list of plants with antidiabetic potential.

Improvement of pulmonary function with arm swing exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes

[Purpose] Obesity and hyperglycemia play roles in the impairment of pulmonary function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Low-intensity exercise is known to reduce body fat and improve hyperglycemia. The arm swing exercise (ASE), a low-intensity exercise, is easy and convenient to perform without any equipment and is suitable for daily practice. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of ASE on lung function and obesity in overweight T2DM patients. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-four subjects continued their daily life routines for 8 weeks (control period), and then performed ASE for 8 weeks (30 minutes per day, 3 days per week) (ASE period). Pulmonary function tests were performed, and fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid profiles, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (HSCRP), insulin concentration, and anthropometric parameters were measured before and after each period. [Results] After the ASE period, the forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration, and maximal voluntary ventilation were increased when compared with after the control period. HbA1c, a low-density lipoprotein, malondialdehyde, oxidized glutathione, and the percent body fat were significantly decreased when compared with after the control period. However, other parameters, such as lung volume, anthropometric parameters, and fasting blood glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and glutathione concentrations, showed no differences between the two periods. [Conclusion] These data suggest that there is improvement of pulmonary functions in T2DM patients after ASE training.

Association of 18bp insertion/deletion polymorphism, at -2549 position of VEGF gene, with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of North Indian population

BACKGROUND

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent multifunctional cytokine which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic micro-vascular complications. Human VEGF gene is said to be highly polymorphic. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the 18 bp fragment at -2549 position of the promoter region in VEGF gene is said to be of particular interest. The study was aimed to evaluate association of Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the 18 bp fragment at -2549 position of the promoter region in VEGF gene, with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

This cross sectional study enrolled 40 subjects each of diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetes mellitus without nephropathy (DM) and normal control subjects. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Genotyping of the VEGF gene insertion/ deletion (I/D) polymorphism was done by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The frequency of VEGF alleles and genotype distribution were compared in diabetic nephropathy, uncomplicated diabetic and control groups.

RESULTS

DD genotype and D allele were found to be significantly associated with DN group (p = 0.009 and 0.02 respectively) in comparison to DM group. Also DD genotype conferred significant risk of diabetic nephropathy in DM group (OR = 4.2) (against combined frequency of ID and II genotype) so does D allele 2.09 (against I allele).

CONCLUSION

DD genotype and D allele in I/D polymorphism at -2549 position of VEGF gene is associated with increased susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in north Indian population.

Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia

Background

Insulin resistance is a strong predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chronic helminth infections might protect against insulin resistance via a caloric restriction state and indirectly via T-helper-2 polarization of the immune system. Therefore the elimination of helminths might remove this beneficial effect on insulin resistance.

Methods/Design

To determine whether soil-transmitted helminth infections are associated with a better whole-body insulin sensitivity and whether this protection is reversible by anthelmintic treatment, a household-based cluster-randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in the area of Nangapanda on Flores Island, Indonesia, an area endemic for soil-transmitted helminth infections. The trial incorporates three monthly treatment with albendazole or matching placebo for one year, whereby each treatment round consists of three consecutive days of supervised drug intake. The presence of soil-transmitted helminths will be evaluated in faeces using microscopy and/or PCR. The primary outcome of the study will be changes in insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR, while the secondary outcomes will be changes in body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, 2 h-glucose levels after oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, serum lipid levels, immunological parameters, and efficacy of anthelmintic treatment.

Discussion

The study will provide data on the effect of helminth infections on insulin resistance. It will assess the relationship between helminth infection status and immune responses as well as metabolic parameters, allowing the establishment of a link between inflammation and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. In addition, it will give information on anthelmintic treatment efficacy and effectiveness.

Trial registration

This study has been approved by the ethical committee of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (ref: 549/H2.F1/ETIK/2013), and has been filed by the ethics committee of Leiden University Medical Center, clinical trial number: ISRCTN75636394. The study is reported in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines for cluster-randomised trials.

Literature review on the management of diabetic foot ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the most costly and devastating complication of diabetes mellitus, which affect 15% of diabetic patients during their lifetime. Based on National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence strategies, early effective management of DFU can reduce the severity of complications such as preventable amputations and possible mortality, and also can improve overall quality of life. The management of DFU should be optimized by using a multidisciplinary team, due to a holistic approach to wound management is required. Based on studies, blood sugar control, wound debridement, advanced dressings and offloading modalities should always be a part of DFU management. Furthermore, surgery to heal chronic ulcer and prevent recurrence should be considered as an essential component of management in some cases. Also, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, electrical stimulation, negative pressure wound therapy, bio-engineered skin and growth factors could be used as adjunct therapies for rapid healing of DFU. So, it’s suggested that with appropriate patient education encourages them to regular foot care in order to prevent DFU and its complications.

Association of time in blood glucose range with outcomes following cardiac surgery

Background

The importance of optimal postoperative glycemic control in cardiac patients remains unclear. Various glycemic targets have been prescribed to reduce wound infection and overall mortality rates.

Aim of the work: To assess glucose control, as determined by time in range (TIR), in patients with glycemic targets of 6.0 to 8.1 mmol/L, and to determine factors related to poor control.

Methods

This prospective descriptive study evaluated 227 consecutive patients, 100 with and 127 without diabetes, after cardiac surgery. Patients received insulin to target glucose concentrations of 6.0 to 8.1 mmol/L. Data analyzed included patient age, gender, race, Euro score, cardiopulmonary bypass time (CPB), aortic cross clamp time (ACC), length of ventilation, stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and stay in the hospital. Patients were divided into two groups, those who maintained > 80% and < 80% TIR. Outcome variables were compared in diabetics and non-diabetics.

Results

Patients with >80% and <80% TIR were matched in age, sex, gender, and Euro score. Failure to maintain target glycemia was significantly more frequent in diabetics (p = 0.001), in patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) > 8% (p = 0.0001), and in patients taking dopamine (p = 0.04) and adrenaline (p = 0.05). Times of CPB and ACC, length of stay in the ICU and ventilation were significantly higher in patients with TIR <80% than >80%. Rates of hypoglycemia, acute kidney injury, and in-hospital mortality were similar in the two groups, although the incidence of wound infection was higher in patients with TIR <80%. Both diabetics and non-diabetics with low TIR had poorer outcomes, as shown by length of stay and POAF. No significant differences were found between the two ethnic groups (Arabs and Asians).

Conclusion

Patients with >80% TIR, whether or not diabetics, had better outcomes than those with <80% TIR, as determined by wound infection, lengths of ventilation and ICU stay. Additionally, they were not subject to frequent hypoglycemic events. Preoperatively high HbA1C is likely a good predictor of poor glycemic control.

Estimated effects of white rice consumption and rice variety selection on incidence of type 2 diabetes in Cambodia

Objective

Rice consumption patterns are considered an important risk factor for diabetes in many countries. The present study aimed to model the impact of a shift in consumption of white rice from current to appropriately reduced levels and a shift in rice variety from one with a high glycaemic index to one with a low glycaemic index, on the burden of type 2 diabetes in Cambodia.

Design

Prevent Plus software was used to model the impact of selected changes to white rice consumption on the burden of type 2 diabetes. Data used for modelling included: demographic projections, relative risk estimates for white rice consumption and diabetes, diabetes incidence, rice type and quantities consumed. The 10-year projections were based on different scenarios of changes in risk factors.

Results

With no intervention, 10-year projections showed that total new diabetes cases will increase from 11 315 (9·1 per 10 000 person-years) for the year 2011 to 14 852 new cases (12·4 per 10 000 person-years) in 2020. However, this increase will be reduced by 27 % (average across 10 years) with a change in rice variety from Phka Rumdual to IR66 and by 26 % (average across 10 years) with a 25 % reduction in quantity from current consumption levels.

Conclusions

Changing rice consumption patterns has potential for an important impact on diabetes risk, with a change of rice variety having a similar impact on the burden of diabetes in communities consuming rice with a high glycaemic index as a 25 % reduction in the quantity of rice consumed. Similar effects are likely for other countries with rice as a staple food, diversity in rice varieties and high incidence of diabetes.

Cross-sectional study of glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition, a global concern, and a serious issue in Sri Lanka, where there is little data regarding the influence of dietary control, exercise, and adherence to medication behaviors among adults diabetes. In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, we identified current factors influencing glycemic control and glycemic control behavior among adults with diabetes. A total of 230 people attending diabetes clinics in a tertiary hospital and a primary care institute were administered the self-report Diabetes Information Form, assessing their socioeconomic and medical information and glycemic control behaviors. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviation. The results indicated that most participants had not achieved the recommended fasting blood glucose level (< 126 mg/dL). Although dietary control was practised by 72%, regular exercise was not practised by 85%, and while 77% reported adhering to regular medication, they still had poor glycemic control. The findings highlight the need for health professionals to adopt new strategies for diabetes education to overcome issues related to misconceptions and barriers in providing diabetes care in Sri Lanka.

Molecular mechanisms of anti-hyperglycemic effects of Costus speciosus extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the mechanisms of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of Costus speciosus (C. speciosus) root ethanolic extracts (CSREt) by assessing its action on insulin synthesis and glucose catabolic enzyme gene expression and activities in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats.

METHODS

This study was carried out at the Biochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt between July and August 2013. Sixty male albino rats (120 +/- 20 g weight, and 6 months old) were used and divided into 6 groups (n=10). Two groups served as diabetic and nondiabetic controls. Four groups of STZ diabetic animals were given oral C. speciosus (CSREt) in doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, and 600 µg/kg body weight of the standard drug glibenclamide for 4 weeks.

RESULTS

The CSREt 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight induced a decrease in blood glucose and an increase in serum insulin level, glucokinase (GK), aldolase, pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and glycogen synthase activities  in addition to a higher expression level of insulin, insulin receptor A (IRA), GK, PK, SDH, and glucose transporting protein.

CONCLUSION

The C. speciosus has anti-hyperglycemic activity. It induces insulin secretion and release from cells, as well as stimulates the tissue's insulin sensitivity leading to an increase of the tissues' glucose uptake, storage, and oxidation.

A cohort study of gestational diabetes mellitus and complimentary qualitative research: background, aims and design

BACKGROUND

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their offsprings are at increased risk of future type 2 diabetes and metabolic abnormalities. Early diagnosis and proper management of GDM, as well as, postpartum follow-up and preventive care is expected to reduce this risk. However, no large scale prospective studies have been done particularly from the developing world on this aspect. The objective of this study is to identify and follow a cohort of pregnant women with and without GDM and their offspring to identify determinants and risk factors for GDM, for various pregnancy outcomes, as well as, for the development of future diabetes and metabolic abnormalities.

METHODS

This is a prospective cohort study involving pregnant women attending prenatal clinics from urban, semi-urban and rural areas in the greater Chennai region in South India. Around 9850 pregnant women will be screened for GDM. Socio-economic status, demographic data, obstetric history, delivery and birth outcomes, perinatal and postnatal complications, neonatal morbidity, maternal postpartum and offsprings follow-up data will be collected. Those diagnosed with GDM will initially be advised routine care. Those unable to reach glycaemic control with diet alone will be advised to take insulin. Postpartum screening for glucose abnormalities will be performed at months 3 and 6 and then every year for 10 years. The offsprings will be followed up every year for anthropometric measurements and growth velocity, as well as, plasma glucose, insulin and lipid profile. In addition, qualitative research will be carried out to identify barriers and facilitators for early GDM screening, treatment compliance and postpartum follow-up and testing, as well as, for continued adherence to lifestyle modifications.

DISCUSSION

The study will demonstrate whether measures to improve diagnosis and care of GDM mothers followed by preventive postpartum care are possible in the routine care setting. It will also map out the barriers and facilitators for such initiatives and provide new evidence on the determinants and risk factors for both GDM development and occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and development of future diabetes and metabolic abnormalities in the GDM mother and her offspring.

Dietary patterns of Korean adults and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has been increasing in Korea and has been associated with dietary habits. The aim of our study was to identify the relationship between dietary patterns and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Using a validated food frequency questionnaire, we employed a cross-sectional design to assess the dietary intake of 1257 Korean adults aged 31 to 70 years. To determine the participants’ dietary patterns, we considered 37 predefined food groups in principal components analysis. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The abdominal obesity criterion was modified using Asian guidelines. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the metabolic syndrome were calculated across the quartiles of dietary pattern scores using log binomial regression models. The covariates used in the model were age, sex, total energy intake, tobacco intake, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 19.8% in men and 14.1% in women. The PCA identified three distinct dietary patterns: the ‘traditional’ pattern, the ‘meat’ pattern, and the ‘snack’ pattern. There was an association of increasing waist circumference and body mass index with increasing score in the meat dietary pattern. The multivariate-adjusted prevalence ratio of metabolic syndrome for the highest quartile of the meat pattern in comparison with the lowest quartile was 1.47 (95% CI: 1.00–2.15, p for trend = 0.016). A positive association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the dietary pattern score was found only for men with the meat dietary pattern (2.15, 95% CI: 1.10–4.21, p for trend = 0.005). The traditional pattern and the snack pattern were not associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The meat dietary pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean male adults.

Lixisenatide treatment improves glycaemic control in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin with or without sulfonylurea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week trial (GetGoal-M-Asia)

BACKGROUND

This study assessed the efficacy and safety of the once-daily glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, lixisenatide, in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin ± sulfonylurea.

METHODS

In this 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational study, patients were randomized to lixisenatide 20 µg once daily or placebo. The primary endpoint was absolute change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ) from baseline to week 24.

RESULTS

A total of 391 patients were randomized. Lixisenatide significantly reduced HbA1c levels compared with placebo (LS mean difference: -0.36%, p = 0.0004). A significantly higher proportion of lixisenatide-treated patients achieved HbA1c targets of <7% (p = 0.003) and ≤6.5% (p = 0.001) versus placebo. Lixisenatide was associated with a statistically significant reduction in 2-h postprandial plasma glucose after a standardized breakfast versus placebo (LS mean difference: -4.28 mmol/L, p < 0.0001) and a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.0109). There was no difference in weight loss versus placebo, with a modest reduction in body weight reported for both groups (lixisenatide: -1.50 kg, placebo: -1.24 kg; p = 0.296). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was 64.3% with lixisenatide versus 47.4% with placebo, with serious TEAEs reported in 1.5% versus 2.1% of patients, respectively. The most common TEAE in the lixisenatide group was nausea (16.3% vs 2.6% with placebo). The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycaemia was 5.6% with lixisenatide treatment and 2.6% with placebo (p = 0.1321), with no severe symptomatic hypoglycaemia events reported.

CONCLUSIONS

In Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus insufficiently controlled on metformin ± sulfonylurea, lixisenatide significantly improved glycaemic control and was well tolerated during the 24-week study.

Clinical experience of switching from glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin to insulin detemir in type 2 diabetes: Observations from the Indian cohort in the A1chieve study

AIM

To explore the clinical safety and effectiveness of insulin detemir (IDet) in a subgroup of Indian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) switched from either insulin glargine (IGlar) or neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in the 24-week, non-interventional A1chieve study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Indian patients with T2D switching from pre-study IGlaror NPH insulin to IDet were included. Safety and effectiveness outcomes were evaluated by the physicians in local clinical settings.

RESULTS

A total of 102 patients switched from IGlar to IDet (GLA group) and 39 patients switched from NPH insulin to IDet (NEU group). At baseline, the mean glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were 9.9 ± 1.8% in the GLA group and 9.1 ± 1.2% in the NEU group. No serious adverse drug reactions, serious adverse events, or major hypoglycemic events were reported in either group throughout the study. At baseline and Week 24, 11.8% and 7.5% of patients, respectively, reported overall hypoglycemic events in the GLA group. No hypoglycemic events were reported at Week 24 in the NEU group. At Week 24, the mean HbA1c levels were 7.6 ± 0.9% in the GLA group and 7.3 ± 0.7% in the NEU group. The mean fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose and quality of life also appeared to improve over 24 weeks.

CONCLUSION

Switching to IDet therapy from IGlar and NPH insulin was well-tolerated and appeared to be associated with improved glycogenic control in Indian patients.

Disparity in diabetes risk across Native Hawaiians and different Asian groups: the multiethnic cohort

We evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle risk factors on ethnic disparity in diabetes incidence among 89 198 Asian, Native Hawaiian, and white participants of the Multiethnic Cohort who completed multiple questionnaires. After 12 years of follow-up, 11 218 new cases were identified through self-report and health plan linkages. BMI was lowest in Chinese/Koreans, Japanese, and Filipinos (22.4, 23.5, and 23.9 kg/m(2)). Using Cox regression, the unadjusted hazard ratios were 1.9 (Chinese/Korean), 2.1 (Japanese, Mixed-Asian), 2.2 (Filipino), 2.5 (Native Hawaiian), and 2.6 (part-Asian) as compared with whites. With BMI added, the risk for Japanese, Filipinos, Chinese/Koreans, and mixed-Asians increased (8%-42%) but declined in part-Asians and Native Hawaiians (17%-31%). When lifestyle and dietary factors were also included, the risk was attenuated in all groups (6%-14%). Despite their lower BMI, Asian Americans have a higher diabetes risk than whites, but dietary and lifestyle factors do not account for the excess risk.

Foodborne cereulide causes beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis

Aims/Hypothesis

To study the effects of cereulide, a food toxin often found at low concentrations in take-away meals, on beta-cell survival and function.

Methods

Cell death was quantified by Hoechst/Propidium Iodide in mouse (MIN6) and rat (INS-1E) beta-cell lines, whole mouse islets and control cell lines (HepG2 and COS-1). Beta-cell function was studied by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Mechanisms of toxicity were evaluated in MIN6 cells by mRNA profiling, electron microscopy and mitochondrial function tests.

Results

24 h exposure to 5 ng/ml cereulide rendered almost all MIN6, INS-1E and pancreatic islets apoptotic, whereas cell death did not increase in the control cell lines. In MIN6 cells and murine islets, GSIS capacity was lost following 24 h exposure to 0.5 ng/ml cereulide (P<0.05). Cereulide exposure induced markers of mitochondrial stress including Puma (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis, P<0.05) and general pro-apoptotic signals as Chop (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein). Mitochondria appeared swollen upon transmission electron microscopy, basal respiration rate was reduced by 52% (P<0.05) and reactive oxygen species increased by more than twofold (P<0.05) following 24 h exposure to 0.25 and 0.50 ng/ml cereulide, respectively.

Conclusions/Interpretation

Cereulide causes apoptotic beta-cell death at low concentrations and impairs beta-cell function at even lower concentrations, with mitochondrial dysfunction underlying these defects. Thus, exposure to cereulide even at concentrations too low to cause systemic effects appears deleterious to the beta-cell.

Perinatal exposure of mice to the pesticide DDT impairs energy expenditure and metabolism in adult female offspring

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been used extensively to control malaria, typhus, body lice and bubonic plague worldwide, until countries began restricting its use in the 1970s. Its use in malaria control continues in some countries according to recommendation by the World Health Organization. Individuals exposed to elevated levels of DDT and its metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) have an increased prevalence of diabetes and insulin resistance. Here we hypothesize that perinatal exposure to DDT disrupts metabolic programming leading to impaired metabolism in adult offspring. To test this, we administered DDT to C57BL/6J mice from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5 and studied their metabolic phenotype at several ages up to nine months. Perinatal DDT exposure reduced core body temperature, impaired cold tolerance, decreased energy expenditure, and produced a transient early-life increase in body fat in female offspring. When challenged with a high fat diet for 12 weeks in adulthood, female offspring perinatally exposed to DDT developed glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and altered bile acid metabolism. Perinatal DDT exposure combined with high fat feeding in adulthood further impaired thermogenesis as evidenced by reductions in core temperature and in the expression of numerous RNA that promote thermogenesis and substrate utilization in the brown adipose tissue of adult female mice. These observations suggest that perinatal DDT exposure impairs thermogenesis and the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids which may increase susceptibility to the metabolic syndrome in adult female offspring.

Sex specific incidence rates of type 2 diabetes and its risk factors over 9 years of follow-up: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Objective

To investigate the population-based incidence of type 2 diabetes and its potential risk factors in a sex-split cohort of Iranian population.

Materials and Methods

A total of 8400 non-diabetic participants, aged ≥20 years (3620 men and 4780 women) entered the study. Crude and age standardized incidence rates per 1000 person-years were calculated for whole population and each sex separately. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals for all potential risk factors in both uni-variable and multivariable models.

Results

During a median follow-up of 9.5 years, 736 new cases of diabetes were identified, including 433 women and 303 men. The annual crude and age-standardized incidence rates (95% CI) of diabetes in the total population were 10.6 (9.92–11.4) and 9.94 (7.39–13.6) per 1000 person-years of follow-up and the corresponding sex specific rates were 10.2 (9.13–11.4) and 9.36 (5.84–14.92) in men and 11.0 (9.99–12.0) and 10.1 (7.24–13.9) in women, respectively. In the multivariable model, the risk for incident diabetes was significantly associated with fasting and 2 hour post challenge plasma glucose as well as family history of diabetes in both men and women. However, among women, only the contribution of wrist circumference to incident diabetes achieved statistical significance [HR: 1.16 (1.03–1.31)] with waist/height ratio being marginally significant [HR: 1.02 (0.99–1.04)]; while among men, only body mass index was a significant predictor [HR: 1.12 (1.02–1.22)]. Additionally, low education level conferred a higher risk for incident diabetes only among men [HR: 1.80 (1.23–2.36); P for interaction with sex = 0.003].

Conclusion

Overall, sex did not significantly modify the impact of risk factors associated with diabetes among Iranian adults; however, among modifiable risk factors, the independent role of lower education and general adiposity in men and central adiposity in women might require different preventive strategies.

"It is not possible for me to have diabetes"-community perceptions on diabetes and its risk factors in Rural Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia

Accumulating evidence suggests that negative perceptions towards diabetes can limit the management and prevention of the disease. The negative perceptions towards diabetes are prevalent in many different settings, especially among rural communities. Few qualitative studies have been performed to understand how the community views diabetes and its associated risk factors. This study aimed to explore general community perceptions of diabetes and its risk factors in rural Indonesia. A total of 68 participants were recruited to 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) comprised of different age groups and sexes. The FGDs were conducted in six villages in rural Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia, from 2011 to 2012. All FGDs were recorded and transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was performed to describe and analyse how the rural community perceived diabetes and its risk factors. Diabetes was perceived as a visible and scary sugar disease, and the affected individuals themselves were blamed for getting the disease. Recognised as ‘sugar’ or ‘sweet-pee’ disease with terrifying effects, diabetes was believed to be a disease with no cure. The participants seemed to have an unrealistic optimism with regards to the diabetes risk factors. They believed that diabetes would not affect them, only others, and that having family members with diabetes was necessary for one to develop diabetes. Our findings demonstrate that rural communities have negative perceptions about diabetes and at the same time individuals have unrealistic optimism about their own risk factors. Understanding how such communities perceive diabetes and its risk factors is important for planning prevention strategies. Health messages need to be tailored to health-related behaviours and the local culture’s concepts of diseases and risk factors.

Per capita sugar consumption and prevalence of diabetes mellitus--global and regional associations

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a rampant epidemic worldwide. Causative factors and predisposition is postulated to be multi-factorial in origin and include changing life styles and diet. This paper examines the relationship between per capita sugar consumption and diabetes prevalence worldwide and with regard to territorial, economic and geographical regions.

Methods

Data from 165 countries were extracted for analysis. Associations between the population prevalence of diabetes mellitus and per capita sugar consumption (PCSC) were examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) and multivariate linear regression analysis with, infant mortality rates (IMR, as an general index maternal and child care), low birth weight (LBW, as an index of biological programming) and obesity prevalence included in the model as confounders.

Results

Despite the estimates for PCSC being relatively crude, a strong positive correlation coefficient (0.599 with p < 0.001) was observed between prevalence of diabetes mellitus and per capita sugar consumption using data from all 165 countries. Asia had the highest correlation coefficient with a PCC of 0.660 (p < 0.001) with strongest correlation noted in Central (PCC = 0.968; p < 0.001), South (PCC = 0.684; p = 0.050) and South East Asia (PCC = 0.916; p < 0.001). Per capita sugar consumption (p < 0.001; Beta = 0.360) remained significant at the last stage as associations of DM prevalence (R² = 0.458) in the multivariate backward linear regression model. The linear regression model was repeated with the data grouped according to the continent. Sugar was noted to be an independent association with DM only with regard to Asia (p < 0.001 Beta = 0.707) and South America (p = 0.010 Beta 0.550). When countries were categorized based on income PCS and DM demonstrated significant association only for upper middle income countries (p < 0.001 Beta 0.656).

Conclusions

These results indicate independent associations between DM prevalence rates and per capita sugar consumption both worldwide and with special regard to the Asian region. Prospective cohort studies are proposed to explore these associations further.

Long-term intake of rice improves insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rice as a carbohydrate source and its molecular mechanisms on insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).

METHODS

C57 BL/6 J mice were divided into three groups and were fed a low-fat diet (LFD); a HFD (with 18% fat, 0.5% cholesterol, 51.5% w/w cornstarch and sucrose); or a HFD with rice (HFD-CR, with 18% fat, 0.5% cholesterol and 51.5% w/w rice powder) for 12 wk. In the HFD-CR diet, cooked rice powder was substituted for cornstarch and sucrose in the HFD as a carbohydrate source.

RESULTS

HFD-CR-fed mice had significantly lower body weight, blood glucose, insulin and leptin levels and ameliorated glucose responses with decreased homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance compared with HFD-fed mice. Hepatic mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase were down-regulated in the HFD-CR group. The hypertrophied islet size and the decreased pancreatic mRNA expression of glucose transporter 2 in the HFD group were normalized with cooked rice consumption. Rice promoted glucose uptake by activating AMP-activated protein kinase and downstream glucose transporter 4 in the skeletal muscle.

CONCLUSION

Rice consumption as a carbohydrate source might potentiate improvements in glucose uptake via AMP-activated protein kinase activation and glucose transporter 4 expression in the skeletal muscles, thereby improving insulin sensitivity.

Forecasting the burden of type 2 diabetes in Singapore using a demographic epidemiological model of Singapore

OBJECTIVE

Singapore is a microcosm of Asia as a whole, and its rapidly ageing, increasingly sedentary population heralds the chronic health problems other Asian countries are starting to face and will likely face in the decades ahead. Forecasting the changing burden of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes in Singapore is vital to plan the resources needed and motivate preventive efforts.

METHODS

This paper describes an individual-level simulation model that uses evidence synthesis from multiple data streams-national statistics, national health surveys, and four cohort studies, and known risk factors-aging, obesity, ethnicity, and genetics-to forecast the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Singapore. This comprises submodels for mortality, fertility, migration, body mass index trajectories, genetics, and workforce participation, parameterized using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, and permits forecasts by ethnicity and employment status.

RESULTS

We forecast that the obesity prevalence will quadruple from 4.3% in 1990 to 15.9% in 2050, while the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed) among Singapore adults aged 18-69 will double from 7.3% in 1990 to 15% in 2050, that ethnic Indians and Malays will bear a disproportionate burden compared with the Chinese majority, and that the number of patients with diabetes in the workforce will grow markedly.

CONCLUSIONS

If the recent rise in obesity prevalence continues, the lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes in Singapore will be one in two by 2050 with concomitant implications for greater healthcare expenditure, productivity losses, and the targeting of health promotion programmes.

Variation in the heritability of body mass index based on diverse twin studies: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Over the past three decades, twin studies have shown variation in the heritability of obesity. This study examined the difference of body mass index (BMI) heritability (BMI-H) by population characteristics, such as sex, age, time period of observation and average BMI, as well as by broad social-environmental factors as indicated by country-level gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and GDP growth rate.

METHODS

Twin studies that reported BMI-H and were published in English from January 1990 to February 2011 after excluding those with disease, special occupations or combined heritability estimates for country/ethnic groups were searched in PubMed. 32 studies were identified from Finland (7), the United Kingdom (6), the United States (3), Denmark (3), China (3), Netherlands (2), South Korea (2), Sweden (2) and four from other countries. Meta-regression models with random effects were used to assess variation in BMI-H.

RESULTS

Heterogeneity of BMI-H is significantly attributable to variations in age (<20, 20-55 and ≥56 years), time period of observation (i.e. year of data collection), average BMI and GDP (≤$20,000, $20,001-26,000 and >$26,000). BMI-H was higher in adolescents (<20 years), in studies done in past years, and in populations with higher average BMIs or higher GDP per capita (≥$26,000) than their counterparts. Consistent lowering effects of high GDP growth rate (>median) on BMI-H were shown through stratified analyses by GDP. BMI-H was lower in countries of mid-level GDP, particularly those experiencing rapid economic growth.

CONCLUSIONS

BMI-H is sensitive to age, time period of observation, average BMI, GDP and rapid economic growth.

Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin: a case control study from Pakistan

Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder and metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic agent. Metformin is well known to cause viamin B12 deficiency due to effect on calcium-dependent membrane action in the terminal ileum leading to malabsorption of vitamin B12. The purpose of this study is to determine prevalence and associations of Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin.

Methods

This case control study was carried out in department of medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Kharian from 1^st Jan 2012 to 30 december 2012. We enrolled 114 outdoor patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus currently on metformin for atleast 12 months, by consecutive sampling, and 105 age and sex matched patients taken as control. Patients with vitamin B12 levels of less than 150 pg/ml were said to be B12 deficient. The results were analyzed on SPSS version 16.

Results

Serum B12 levels were low in 35 patients (31%) on metformin as compared to only 9 patients (8.6%) among controls,(p value 0.002). Mean B12 levels were significantly low in metformin group 311 pg/ml (±194.4), p value 0.03. Dose of metformin had inverse correlation with B12 levels and the difference was statistically significant with p-value < 0.001.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated significantly high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients treated with metformin with significant effect of dose and duration of metformin use on B12 levels. Physicians must recognize this important fact and screen diabetics on metformin therapy for underlying B12 deficiency.

A review of the efficacy and tolerability of combination amlodipine/valsartan in non-white patients with hypertension

This article discusses racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension, with particular focus on non-white populations including blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians. Hypertension and its related morbidity and mortality affect a disproportionate number of black patients compared with white patients. Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians have poor rates of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control. Given the high prevalence of comorbidities (e.g., obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome) in these populations, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers are a good choice for foundation therapy. This review also discusses the importance of adherence and persistence with antihypertensive medication, which remain suboptimal in these non-white populations. Evidence suggests improvement with the use of single-pill combination therapy. Lastly, clinical trial data on the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the combination of a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin receptor blocker, a widely utilized combination, in non-white populations are presented. PubMed was searched using the title/abstract key words (amlodipine AND valsartan AND [hypertension OR hypertensive] AND [black(s) OR African American(s) OR Hispanic(s) OR Latino(s) OR Mexican(s) OR Asian(s)]). In total, eight studies in patients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension were identified (n = 1,111 black, n = 389 Hispanic/Latino, and n = 3,094 Asian). Results showed that treatment with the combination of amlodipine plus valsartan is a reasonable choice for initial therapy or in patients who fail to respond to monotherapy. These drug classes have complementary mechanisms of action and, when used concomitantly, the magnitude of blood pressure lowering in these non-white populations is generally comparable with that seen in non-Hispanic white patients.

Predictors of depression among patients with diabetes mellitus in Southern India

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes mellitus and depression are major public health problems and are significantly linked with each other. This research study intends to assess for undiagnosed depression and its predictors among adult diabetic patients.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was done among 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the diabetic clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Depression was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Chi-square test was performed and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were obtained. Mann Whitney U and Pearson correlation tests were done. Logistic regression was carried out to determine the predictors of depression and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were obtained.

RESULTS

The prevalence of depression was 49% (95% CI 39.1-58.9%). The predictors of depression were female gender, elevated fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, physical disability and lack of physician's advice about lifestyle modifications. FBS values were significantly higher in depressed individuals as compared to the non-depressed (p value 0.002). A positive correlation (r=0.38, p value 0.01) was obtained between PHQ-9 scores and the FBS values of the diabetic subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Subjects with diabetes are highly prone for comorbid depression. Physicians should be sensitive towards the need for assessing for possible depression and its risk factors in diabetic patients.

South Asian women with diabetes: Psychosocial challenges and management: Consensus statement

Diabetes is the ninth leading cause of death in women globally. In South Asians mortality in women with diabetes stands second highest. There is a marked gender discrimination which is faced by women across South Asia esp in access to services and support for diabetes, resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality in women with diabetes. The most important risk factor identified for the diabetes epidemic is obesity along with genetic susceptibility. Lack of health care, social and cultural disparity, discrimination at work, disparity in marriage, restricted medical facilities are prevalent. Diabetes and depression are common in women. Increasing age, low level of education, low socioeconomic conditions, difficulties posed in finding partners, frequent divorce and family history of psychiatric illness are significant risk factors for diabetes and depression. Such patients usually have poor metabolic control, higher complication rates, increased healthcare costs, lost productivity, lower quality of life as well as increased risk of death. Preconception counseling should be incorporated in the routine diabetes clinic visit for all women of childbearing potential. Women with diabetes should have information and access to contraception. Proper family planning counseling and psychological support can help stop practices such as female foeticide and multiple pregnancies. Psychological support to patients and their families are needed to break the barrier. There is emerging evidence that women with diabetes are more prone to untoward outcomes as compared to men. Central obesity, metabolic syndrome and the polycystic ovary syndrome show ethnic specific differences in South Asian women. Optimal sexuality is an integral part of holistic health. Shortage of trained female health care professionals, lack of privacy in over-crowded health care facilities, a social taboo attached to such matters, and lack of confidence in patients contribute to the neglect of sexual issues in women attending diabetes clinics across South Asia. Guidelines for counselling in female sexual dysfunction, written in culturally appropriate manner for South Asia, are needed. Diabetes affects women more severely because of their unique biological, cultural and socioeconomic circumstances. Women have limited access to health care facilities because of illiteracy, ignorance and negative social customs. Transcending the gender hierarchy and inequality is a formidable challenge. Sensitising men, empowering women on self care and providing peer support maybe the answer to this challenge. It is essential for health care providers to use appropriate coping mechanism such as building psychological contact with the patient, including family and friends as part of social support and empower patient with complete process of managing diabetes. Increasing awareness through the media, seminars, posters, group discussions and education, regular monitoring and consulting the doctor, support group for women and facilities for aerobic exercises are recommended. The health care systems should consider custom-designed prevention and control programs tailored for women based on local and regional attitudes on health care, cultural beliefs, and available social support systems. Policies that empower adolescent girls and young women to take control of their metabolic management must be encouraged. Provision of gender specific diabetes education with a holistic life-cycle approach is recommended.

Safety and effectiveness of bolus insulin aspart in people with type 2 diabetes: a1chieve sub-analysis

INTRODUCTION

This sub-analysis evaluated clinical safety and effectiveness of bolus insulin aspart [with/without oral glucose-lowering drugs (OGLDs)] as the only insulin therapy.

METHODS

A1chieve was an international, multicenter, prospective, open-label, non-interventional, observational, 24-week study in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus starting/switching to biphasic insulin aspart 30, insulin detemir or insulin aspart treatment (alone/in combination) in routine clinical practice. This sub-analysis evaluated clinical safety and effectiveness of bolus insulin aspart (±OGLDs) as the only insulin therapy. Data were analyzed for all patients, insulin-experienced and insulin-naive sub-groups, and sub-groups defined by the number of OGLDs prescribed at baseline (no OGLDs, one OGLD or ≥two OGLDs). Safety and effectiveness endpoints were assessed at baseline and following 24 weeks' therapy.

RESULTS

In total, 2,026 patients were included (insulin-experienced, n = 561; insulin-naive, n = 1,465) in this sub-analysis. Significant improvements from baseline after 24 weeks' treatment with insulin aspart ± OGLDs were observed across all sub-groups for: glycated hemoglobin (range of means across sub-groups -1.6 to -2.4%; p < 0.001 for all comparisons), fasting plasma glucose (-2.5 to -3.8 mmol/l; p < 0.001 for all comparisons), post-breakfast post-prandial glucose (-3.4 to -5.8 mmol/l; p < 0.001 for all comparisons), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The proportion of patients reporting hypoglycemia events was significantly reduced from baseline after 24 weeks (insulin-naive cohort: 7.9-2.8%; p < 0.001; insulin-experienced cohort: 23.2-7.8%; p < 0.001). There were no reports of major hypoglycemia events at 24 weeks; risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia was <0.6 events/person-year. No serious adverse drug reactions were reported.

CONCLUSION

Insulin aspart ± OGLDs is associated with significant improvements in glycemic control and HRQoL, without increased risk of hypoglycemia, in people with type 2 diabetes and sub-optimal glucose control.

Clinical experience with insulin detemir: results from the Indonesian cohort of the international A₁chieve study

AIM

To determine the safety and efficacy of insulin detemir in Indonesian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a sub-analysis of the 24-week, prospective, multinational, non-interventional A₁chieve study.

METHODS

This study included 477 Indonesian T2D patients starting insulin detemir at the discretion of their physicians. Safety and efficacy was measured in routine clinical practice at baseline, interim (around 12 weeks from baseline) and final (around 24 weeks from baseline) visit.

RESULTS

At baseline the mean age, duration of diabetes and mean BMI were 55.3 ± 8.5 years, 5.9 ± 4.0 years and 24 ± 3.6 kg/m(2), respectively. Of these patients, 78% were insulin-naive and 22% were prior insulin users. Glycaemic control was poor at baseline. After 24 weeks, significant reductions were observed in mean HbA1c (2.2%, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (90.0 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and postprandial plasma glucose (115.4 mg/dL, p < 0.001) levels, in the entire cohort. Similar significant reductions were also seen in insulin-naive patients and prior insulin users. In the entire cohort, 32.5% patients achieved HbA1c levels <7.0% while 32.0% insulin-naive patients and 33.9% prior insulin users achieved this target after 24 weeks. No hypoglycaemic events were reported in the entire cohort. Modest increase in body weight was noted in the insulin-naive group, while mean body weight decreased in prior insulin users after 24 weeks of insulin detemir therapy.

CONCLUSION

This sub-analysis suggests that insulin detemir can be a safe and effective option for initiating insulin therapy in people with T2D in Indonesia.

Recess Activity and General Health Status among Iranian Elementary Schools' Pupils

BACKGROUND

Regular and daily physical activity during childhood and at school is one of the important part of requirements of normal growth, development and well-being. To achieve physical activity promotion among school child aged population recess as outside of class time efforts is scheduled and allows students to engage in physical and social activities. The purpose of the present study was to assess recess activities as well as status of physical activities among a sample of Iranian students at the primary schools.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was performed in four randomly selected schools from a list of 26 elementary schools in March, 2012 in the city of Shahindej, located in North-west of Iran. Participants were 439 (10-12 years) elementary schools'. Physical activity level by self-reporting, mental health using the parent-completed Child Health Questionnaire, and happiness was assessed using a Persian translated version of the Subjective Happiness Scale. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was applied in two steps using the enter method to analyze data in the SPSS version 17.

RESULTS

Backward logistic regression analysis showed that gender of the parent who answered the study questions, father's education, educational grade of children, BMI, physical function, physical health, health status of the children and family function were significantly related to the children's physical activity level.

CONCLUSION

Promoting parents' awareness and schools' staff about importance of physical activities especially in recess times must be an important part of school and community mental health promotion programs.

Emerging roles of cadmium and heme oxygenase in type-2 diabetes and cancer susceptibility

Many decades after an outbreak of severe cadmium poisoning, known as Itai-itai disease, cadmium continues to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. This review provides an update on the effects of this environmental toxicant cadmium, observed in numerous populations despite modest exposure levels. In addition, it describes the current knowledge on the link between heme catabolism and glycolysis. It examines novel functions of heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) that protect against type 2-diabetes and obesity, which have emerged from diabetic/obese phenotypes of the HO-2 knockout mouse model. Increased cancer susceptibility in type-2 diabetes has been noted in several large cohorts. This is a cause for concern, given the high prevalence of type-2 diabetes worldwide. A lifetime exposure to cadmium is associated with pre-diabetes, diabetes, and overall cancer mortality with sex-related differences in specific types of cancer. Liver and kidney are target organs for the toxic effects of cadmium. These two organs are central to the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Further, inhibition of gluconeogenesis is a known effect of heme, while cadmium has the propensity to alter heme catabolism. This raises the possibility that cadmium may mimic certain HO-2 deficiency conditions, resulting in diabetic symptoms. Intriguingly, evidence has emerged from a recent study to suggest the potential interaction and co-regulation of HO-2 with the key regulator of glycolysis: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4). HO-2 could thus be critical to a metabolic switch to cancer-prone cells because the enzyme PFKFB and glycolysis are metabolic requirements for cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

The dysfunctional placenta epigenome: causes and consequences

The placenta is a fetal–maternal endocrine organ responsible for ensuring proper fetal development throughout pregnancy. Adverse insults to the intrauterine environment often lead to expression level changes in placental genes, many of which are epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation, histone modifications and ncRNA interference. These epigenetic alterations may cause placental dysfunction, resulting in offspring of low birthweight owing to adverse pregnancy complications such as intrauterine growth restriction. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between low birthweight and increased risk of developing metabolic diseases and neurological imbalances in adulthood, and in subsequent generations, indicating that epigenetic regulation of gene expression can be propagated stably with long-term effects on health. This article provides an overview of the various environmental factors capable of inducing detrimental changes to the placental epigenome, as well as the corresponding mechanisms that prime the offspring for onset of disease later in life.