301
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Zhang J, Hu Z, He J, Liao Y, Li Y, Pei R, Fang X, Zeng P, Fan R, Ou Z, Deng J, Zhou J, Guan W, Min Y, Deng F, Peng H, Zhang Z, Feng C, Xin B. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant interferon-armed RBD dimer vaccine (V-01) for COVID-19 in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase I trial. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1589-1597. [PMID: 34197281 PMCID: PMC8366678 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1951126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccines are still urgently needed to cope with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, we developed a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (V-01) containing fusion protein (IFN-PADRE-RBD-Fc dimer) as antigen verified to induce protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in pre-clinical study, which supported progression to Phase I clinical trials in humans. A Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I clinical trial was initiated at the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Gaozhou, China) in February 2021. Healthy adults aged between 18 and 59 years and over 60 years were sequentially enrolled and randomly allocated into three subgroups (1:1:1) either to receive the vaccine (10, 25, and 50 μg) or placebo (V-01: Placebo = 4:1) intramuscularly with a 21-day interval by a sentinel and dose escalation design. The data showed a promising safety profile with approximately 25% vaccine-related overall adverse events (AEs) within 30 days and no grade 3 or worse AEs. Besides, V-01 provoked rapid and strong immune responses, elicited substantially high-titre neutralizing antibodies and anti-RBD IgG peaked at day 35 or 49 after first dose, presented with encouraging immunogenicity at low dose (10 μg) subgroup and elderly participants, which showed great promise to be used as all-aged (18 and above) vaccine against COVID-19. Taken together, our preliminary findings indicate that V-01 is safe and well tolerated, capable of inducing rapid and strong immune responses, and warrants further testing in Phase II/III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyi Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Zeng
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renfeng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinglong Deng
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuxiang Guan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanqin Min
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Deng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Feng
- LivzonBio Inc., Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baobao Xin
- LivzonBio Inc., Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
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302
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Kozlovskaya LI, Piniaeva AN, Ignatyev GM, Gordeychuk IV, Volok VP, Rogova YV, Shishova AA, Kovpak AA, Ivin YY, Antonova LP, Mefyod KM, Prokosheva LS, Sibirkina AS, Tarasova YY, Bayurova EO, Gancharova OS, Illarionova VV, Glukhov GS, Sokolova OS, Shaitan KV, Moysenovich AM, Gulyaev SA, Gulyaeva TV, Moroz AV, Gmyl LV, Ipatova EG, Kirpichnikov MP, Egorov AM, Siniugina AA, Ishmukhametov AA. Long-term humoral immunogenicity, safety and protective efficacy of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 (CoviVac) in preclinical studies. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1790-1806. [PMID: 34427172 PMCID: PMC8439218 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1971569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented in recent history global COVID-19 pandemic urged the implementation of all existing vaccine platforms to ensure the availability of the vaccines against COVID-19 to every country in the world. Despite the multitude of high-quality papers describing clinical trials of different vaccine products, basic detailed data on general toxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunogenicity, protective efficacy and durability of immune response in animal models are scarce. Here, we developed a β-propiolactone-inactivated whole virion vaccine CoviVac and assessed its safety, protective efficacy, immunogenicity and stability of the immune response in rodents and non-human primates. The vaccine showed no signs of acute/chronic, reproductive, embryo- and fetotoxicity, or teratogenic effects, as well as no allergenic properties in studied animal species. The vaccine induced stable and robust humoral immune response both in form of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and NAbs in mice, Syrian hamsters, and common marmosets. The NAb levels did not decrease significantly over the course of one year. The course of two immunizations protected Syrian hamsters from severe pneumonia upon intranasal challenge with the live virus. Robustness of the vaccine manufacturing process was demonstrated as well. These data encouraged further evaluation of CoviVac in clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Callithrix
- Cricetinae
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Male
- Mesocricetus
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Time Factors
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia N. Piniaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy M. Ignatyev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P. Volok
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Rogova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Shishova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Kovpak
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Yu. Ivin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliya P. Antonova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill M. Mefyod
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov S. Prokosheva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S. Sibirkina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Yu. Tarasova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O. Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S. Gancharova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria V. Illarionova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory S. Glukhov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S. Sokolova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Stanislav A. Gulyaev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Gulyaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Moroz
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larissa V. Gmyl
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena G. Ipatova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey M. Egorov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A. Siniugina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aydar A. Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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303
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Xu K, An Y, Li Q, Huang W, Han Y, Zheng T, Fang F, Liu H, Liu C, Gao P, Xu S, Liu X, Zhang R, Zhao X, Liu WJ, Bi Y, Wang Y, Zhou D, Wang Q, Hou W, Xia Q, Gao GF, Dai L. Recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus AdC7 expressing dimeric tandem-repeat spike protein RBD protects mice against COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1574-1588. [PMID: 34289779 PMCID: PMC8366625 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1959270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed to control the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. Four adenovirus-vectored vaccines expressing spike (S) protein have been approved for use. Here, we generated several recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus (AdC7) vaccines expressing S, receptor-binding domain (RBD), or tandem-repeat dimeric RBD (RBD-tr2). We found vaccination via either intramuscular or intranasal route was highly immunogenic in mice to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. AdC7-RBD-tr2 showed higher antibody responses compared to either AdC7-S or AdC7-RBD. Intranasal administration of AdC7-RBD-tr2 additionally induced mucosal immunity with neutralizing activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Either single-dose or two-dose mucosal administration of AdC7-RBD-tr2 protected mice against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, with undetectable subgenomic RNA in lung and relieved lung injury. AdC7-RBD-tr2-elicted sera preserved the neutralizing activity against the circulating variants, especially the Delta variant. These results support AdC7-RBD-tr2 as a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunlong Li
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Senyu Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - William J. Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghan Wang
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenli Hou
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - George F. Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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304
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Khandker SS, Godman B, Jawad MI, Meghla BA, Tisha TA, Khondoker MU, Haq MA, Charan J, Talukder AA, Azmuda N, Sharmin S, Jamiruddin MR, Haque M, Adnan N. A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1387. [PMID: 34960133 PMCID: PMC8708628 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. To date, only a limited number of vaccines have been given emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. There is a need to systematically review the existing vaccine candidates and investigate their safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, unwanted events, and limitations. The review was undertaken by searching online databases, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with finally 59 studies selected. Our findings showed several types of vaccine candidates with different strategies against SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated, mRNA-based, recombinant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines, are being developed and launched. We have compared these vaccines in terms of their efficacy, side effects, and seroconversion based on data reported in the literature. We found mRNA vaccines appeared to have better efficacy, and inactivated ones had fewer side effects and similar seroconversion in all types of vaccines. Overall, global variant surveillance and systematic tweaking of vaccines, coupled with the evaluation and administering vaccines with the same or different technology in successive doses along with homologous and heterologous prime-booster strategy, have become essential to impede the pandemic. Their effectiveness appreciably outweighs any concerns with any adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Saif Khandker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK;
- Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md. Irfan Jawad
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Bushra Ayat Meghla
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Taslima Akter Tisha
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Mohib Ullah Khondoker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ahsanul Haq
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Jaykaran Charan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India;
| | - Ali Azam Talukder
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Nafisa Azmuda
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Shahana Sharmin
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohd. Raeed Jamiruddin
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sugai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nihad Adnan
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
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305
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Shang C, Zhuang X, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhu Y, Lu J, Ge C, Cong J, Li T, Li N, Tian M, Jin N, Li X. Inhibition of Autophagy Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Ameliorates Pneumonia in hACE2 Transgenic Mice and Xenografted Human Lung Tissues. J Virol 2021; 95:e0153721. [PMID: 34550769 PMCID: PMC8610582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01537-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is thought to be involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, how SARS-CoV-2 interferes with the autophagic pathway and whether autophagy contributes to virus infection in vivo is unclear. In this study, we identified SARS-CoV-2-triggered autophagy in animal models, including the long-tailed or crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mice, and xenografted human lung tissues. In Vero E6 and Huh-7 cells, SARS-CoV-2 induces autophagosome formation, accompanied by consistent autophagic events, including inhibition of the Akt-mTOR pathway and activation of the ULK-1-Atg13 and VPS34-VPS15-Beclin1 complexes, but it blocks autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Modulation of autophagic elements, including the VPS34 complex and Atg14, but not Atg5, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication. Moreover, this study represents the first to demonstrate that the mouse bearing xenografted human lung tissue is a suitable model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that autophagy inhibition suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and ameliorates virus-associated pneumonia in human lung tissues. We also observed a critical role of autophagy in SARS-CoV-2 infection in an hACE2 transgenic mouse model. This study, therefore, gives insights into the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 manipulates autophagosome formation, and we suggest that autophagy-inhibiting agents might be useful as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic with limited therapeutics. Insights into the virus-host interactions contribute substantially to the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. The novelty of this study is the use of a new animal model: mice xenografted with human lung tissues. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we have obtained experimental evidence that induction of autophagy contributes to SARS-CoV-2 infection and improves our understanding of potential therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhu
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Ge
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianan Cong
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Academician Workstation of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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306
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Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Kappa and Delta variants by inactivated vaccine-elicited serum and monoclonal antibodies. Cell Discov 2021; 7:112. [PMID: 34811350 PMCID: PMC8608826 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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307
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Zhang Y, Banga Ndzouboukou JL, Gan M, Lin X, Fan X. Immune Evasive Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to COVID-19 Emergency Used Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771242. [PMID: 34880867 PMCID: PMC8645832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious threat to global public health and social and economic development. Various vaccine platforms have been developed rapidly and unprecedentedly, and at least 16 vaccines receive emergency use authorization (EUA). However, the causative pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued to evolve and mutate, emerging lots of viral variants. Several variants have successfully become the predominant strains and spread all over the world because of their ability to evade the pre-existing immunity obtained after previous infections with prototype strain or immunizations. Here, we summarized the prevalence and biological structure of these variants and the efficacy of currently used vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 variants to provide guidance on how to design vaccines more rationally against the variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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308
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Kandimalla R, Chakraborty P, Vallamkondu J, Chaudhary A, Samanta S, Reddy PH, De Feo V, Dewanjee S. Counting on COVID-19 Vaccine: Insights into the Current Strategies, Progress and Future Challenges. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1740. [PMID: 34829969 PMCID: PMC8615473 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a novel coronavirus viz., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 and its subsequent substantial spread produced the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. Given its unprecedented infectivity and pathogenicity, the COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on human health, and its clinical management has been a great challenge, which has led to the development and speedy trials of several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 at an exceptional pace. As a result, several COVID-19 vaccines were made commercially available in the first half of 2021. Although several COVID-19 vaccines showed promising results, crucial insights into their epidemiology, protective mechanisms, and the propensities of reinfection are not largely reviewed. In the present report, we provided insights into the prospects of vaccination against COVID-19 and assessed diverse vaccination strategies including DNA, mRNA, protein subunits, vector-based, live attenuated, and inactivated whole/viral particle-based vaccines. Next, we reviewed major aspects of various available vaccines approved by the World Health Organization and by the local administrations to use against COVID-19. Moreover, we comprehensively assessed the success of these approved vaccines and also their untoward effects, including the possibility of reinfection. We also provided an update on the vaccines that are under development and could be promising candidates in the future. Conclusively, we provided insights into the COVID-19 vaccine epidemiology, their potency, and propensity for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, while a careful review of their current status, strategies, success, and future challenges was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal 506007, Telangana, India
| | - Pratik Chakraborty
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
| | | | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India;
| | - Sonalinandini Samanta
- Department of Dermatology (Skin & Venereology), ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Patna 801103, Bihar, India;
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India;
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309
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Chepurnov AA, Kazachinskaya EI, Kazachkova EA, Sharshov KA, Kononova YV, Shelemba AA, Alekseev AY, Gulyeva MA, Voevoda MI, Shestopalov AM. Development of a Purified Viral Preparation for Studies of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Biology. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 172:49-52. [PMID: 34787781 PMCID: PMC8596366 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Different methods for producing bulk quantities of concentrated and purified SARS-CoV-2 for the use as antigens and for the research into COVID-19 biology were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Chepurnov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - E I Kazachinskaya
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E A Kazachkova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K A Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu V Kononova
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A A Shelemba
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Yu Alekseev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M A Gulyeva
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M I Voevoda
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A M Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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310
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Guo C, Peng Y, Lin L, Pan X, Fang M, Zhao Y, Bao K, Li R, Han J, Chen J, Song TZ, Feng XL, Zhou Y, Zhao G, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Zhu P, Hang H, Zhang L, Hua Z, Deng H, Hou B. A pathogen-like antigen-based vaccine confers immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100448. [PMID: 34723223 PMCID: PMC8536523 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activation of nucleic acid sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in B cells is involved in antiviral responses by promoting B cell activation and germinal center responses. In order to take advantage of this natural pathway for vaccine development, synthetic pathogen-like antigens (PLAs) constructed of multivalent antigens with encapsulated TLR ligands can be used to activate B cell antigen receptors and TLRs in a synergistic manner. Here we report a PLA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate designed by combining a phage-derived virus-like particle carrying bacterial RNA as TLR ligands with the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) S protein as the target antigen. This PLA-based vaccine candidate induces robust neutralizing antibodies in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs). Using a NHP infection model, we demonstrate that the viral clearance is accelerated in vaccinated animals. In addition, the PLA-based vaccine induces a T helper 1 (Th1)-oriented response and a durable memory, supporting its potential for further clinical development. AP205-RBD elicits neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and macaques AP205-RBD induces Th1-oriented immune response and durable memory Vaccination of AP205-RBD accelerates viral clearance in infected macaques
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Mengqi Fang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Keyan Bao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Runhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianbao Han
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Jiaorong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine Biopharmaceuticals (Suzhou), Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yongtang Zheng
- National High-level Bio-safety Research Center for Non-human Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiying Hang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Key Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaolin Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baidong Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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311
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Knowledge about, attitude and acceptance towards, and predictors of intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine among cancer patients in Eastern China: A cross-sectional survey. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 20:34-44. [PMID: 34774463 PMCID: PMC8559872 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a serious impact on health all over the world. Cancer patient, whose immunity is often compromised, faces a huge challenge. Currently, some COVID-19 vaccines are being developed and applied on general population; however, whether cancer patients should take COVID-19 vaccine remains unknown. Our study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude, acceptance, and predictors of intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine among cancer patients in Eastern China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Eastern China from June 17th to September 3rd, 2021. Patients were selected using a convenience sampling method. A self-report questionnaire was developed to assess knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine, attitude towards the vaccine and acceptance of the vaccine; following a review of similar studies previously published in the scientific literature, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. RESULTS A total of 2158 cancer patients were enrolled in this study. The rate of vaccine hesitancy was 24.05% (519/2158); further, among the participants of vaccine acceptance, 767 had taken COVID-19 vaccine (35.54%), and 872 were willing to get vaccinated (40.01%). A total of 24 variables including demographic characteristics, clinical status of cancer, impact of COVID-19 pandemic on study participants, patients' knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine, and attitude towards the vaccine, had significant differences between the "vaccine hesitancy" population and "vaccine acceptance" population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that parameters including alcohol consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 1.849; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.375-2.488; P-reference [P-Ref] < 0.001 vs non-drinkers), income impacted by COVID-19 pandemic (OR = 1.930, 2.037 and 2.688 for mild, moderate, and severe impact, respectively; all P-Ref < 0.01 vs no impact), knowledge of how the vaccine was developed (OR = 1.616; 95% CI: 1.126-2.318; P-Ref = 0.009 vs unknown), believing in the safety of the vaccine (OR = 1.502; 95% CI: 1.024-2.203; P-Ref = 0.038 vs denying the safety of vaccine), willingness to pay for the vaccine (OR = 3.042; 95% CI: 2.376-3.894; P-Ref < 0.001 vs unwilling), and willingness to recommend families and friends to get vaccinated (OR = 2.744; 95% CI: 1.759-4.280; P-Ref < 0.001 vs do not recommend) were contributors to vaccine acceptance. While such as being retired (OR = 0.586; 95% CI: 0.438-0.784; P-Ref < 0.001 vs unemployed), undergoing multiple therapies of cancer (OR = 0.408; 95% CI: 0.221-0.753; P-Ref = 0.004 vs no ongoing treatment), and worrying that the vaccine might deteriorate the prognosis of cancer (OR = 0.393; 95% CI: 0.307-0.504; P-Ref < 0.001 vs might not) were contributors to vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSION This study provided preliminary estimates of the rates of vaccine acceptance and vaccine hesitancy among cancer patients in Eastern China. The intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine was impacted by factors such as patient occupation, alcohol consumption, and some parts of knowledge about and attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine. It is recommended to develop individualized vaccination plans that meet the healthcare needs of cancer patients.
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312
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Zhang L, Chen S, Zhang W, Yang H, Jin Y, Duan G. An Update on Animal Models for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Countermeasure Development. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:770935. [PMID: 34819926 PMCID: PMC8606789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic since March 2020 and led to significant challenges to over 200 countries and regions all over the world. The establishment of highly pathogenic coronavirus animal model is beneficial for the study of vaccines and pathogenic mechanism of the virus. Laboratory mice, Syrian hamsters, Non-human primates and Ferrets have been used to establish animal models of emerging coronavirus infection. Different animal models can reproduce clinical infection symptoms at different levels. Appropriate animal models are of great significance for the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the research progress related to vaccines. This review aims to introduce the current progress about experimental animal models for SARS-CoV-2, and collectively generalize critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans and increase their usefulness in research into COVID-19 pathogenesis and developing new preventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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313
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Li D, Luan N, Li J, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Long R, Jiang G, Fan S, Xu X, Cao H, Wang Y, Liao Y, Wang L, Liu L, Liu C, Li Q. Waning antibodies from inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination offer protection against infection without antibody-enhanced immunopathology in rhesus macaque pneumonia models. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2194-2198. [PMID: 34736354 PMCID: PMC8635581 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2002670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as potential vaccines have been reported to result in enhanced respiratory diseases (ERDs) in murine and nonhuman primate (NHP) pneumonia models after virus challenge, which poses great safety concerns of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for the rapid wide application of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in humans, especially when the neutralizing antibody levels induced by vaccination or initial infection quickly wane to nonneutralizing or subneutralizing levels over the time. With passive transfer of diluted postvaccination polyclonal antibodies to mimic the waning antibody responses after vaccination, we found that in the absence of cellular immunity, passive infusion of subneutralizing or nonneutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could still provide some level of protection against infection upon challenge, and no low-level antibody-enhanced infection was observed. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG-infused group and control group showed similar, mild to moderate pulmonary immunopathology during the acute phase of virus infection, and no evidence of vaccine-related pulmonary immunopathology enhancement was found. Typical immunopathology included elevated MCP-1, IL-8 and IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; alveolar epithelial hyperplasia; and exfoliated cells and mucus in bronchioles. Our results corresponded with the recent observations that no pulmonary immunology was detected in preclinical studies of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in either murine or NHP pneumonia models or in large clinical trials and further supported the safety of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Luan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxiang Long
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingli Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Cao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Longding Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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314
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A non-ACE2 competing human single-domain antibody confers broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:378. [PMID: 34732694 PMCID: PMC8564274 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has heavily burdened the global public health system and may keep simmering for years. The frequent emergence of immune escape variants have spurred the search for prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibodies that confer broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here we show that the bivalency of an affinity maturated fully human single-domain antibody (n3113.1-Fc) exhibits exquisite neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, and confers effective prophylactic and therapeutic protection against authentic SARS-CoV-2 in the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) humanized mice. The crystal structure of n3113 in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, combined with the cryo-EM structures of n3113 and spike ecto-domain, reveals that n3113 binds to the side surface of up-state RBD with no competition with ACE2. The binding of n3113 to this novel epitope stabilizes spike in up-state conformations but inhibits SARS-CoV-2 S mediated membrane fusion, expanding our recognition of neutralization by antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Binding assay and pseudovirus neutralization assay show no evasion of recently prevalent SARS-CoV-2 lineages, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) for n3113.1-Fc with Y58L mutation, demonstrating the potential of n3113.1-Fc (Y58L) as a promising candidate for clinical development to treat COVID-19.
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315
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Ghasemi S, Naderi Saffar K, Ebrahimi F, Khatami P, Monazah A, Alizadeh GA, Ettehadi HA, Rad I, Nojehdehi S, Kehtari M, Kouhkan F, Barjasteh H, Moradi S, Ghorbani MH, Khodaie A, Papizadeh M, Najafi R, Naghneh E, Sadeghi D, Karimi Rahjerdi A. Development of Inactivated FAKHRAVAC ® Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Virus: Preclinical Study in Animal Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111271. [PMID: 34835202 PMCID: PMC8622747 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent viral infection disease pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a global public health crisis. Iran, as one of the countries that reported over five million infected cases by September 2021, has been concerned with the urgent development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, we report the results of a study on potency and safety of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (FAKHRAVAC) in a preclinical study so as to confirm its potential for further clinical evaluation. Here, we developed a pilot-scale production of FAKHRAVAC, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate that induces neutralizing antibodies in Balb/c mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates (Rhesus macaques—RM). After obtaining ethical code of IR.IUMS.REC.1399.566, immunizations of animals were conducted by using either of three different vaccine dilutions; High (H): 10 μg/dose, Medium (M): 5 μg/dose, and Low (L): 1 μg/dose, respectively. In the process of screening for viral seeds, viral strains that resulted in the most severe clinical manifestation in patients have been isolated for vaccine development. The viral seed produced the optimal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus, which suggests a possible broader neutralizing ability against SARS-CoV-2 strains. The seroconversion rate at the H-, M-, and L-dose groups of all tested animals reached 100% by 28 days after immunization. These data support the eligibility of FAKHRAVAC vaccine candidate for further evaluation in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Ghasemi
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Kosar Naderi Saffar
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Building No. 9, 2nd East Alley, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz Blvd., Saadat Abad, Tehran 1997775555, Iran; (I.R.); (S.N.); (M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Firooz Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hussein University, Tehran 1698715461, Iran; (F.E.); (D.S.)
| | - Pezhman Khatami
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Arina Monazah
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Ghorban-Ali Alizadeh
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Hossein-Ali Ettehadi
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Iman Rad
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Building No. 9, 2nd East Alley, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz Blvd., Saadat Abad, Tehran 1997775555, Iran; (I.R.); (S.N.); (M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Shahrzad Nojehdehi
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Building No. 9, 2nd East Alley, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz Blvd., Saadat Abad, Tehran 1997775555, Iran; (I.R.); (S.N.); (M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Mousa Kehtari
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Building No. 9, 2nd East Alley, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz Blvd., Saadat Abad, Tehran 1997775555, Iran; (I.R.); (S.N.); (M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Fatemeh Kouhkan
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Building No. 9, 2nd East Alley, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz Blvd., Saadat Abad, Tehran 1997775555, Iran; (I.R.); (S.N.); (M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Hesam Barjasteh
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Sohrab Moradi
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Mohammad-Hosein Ghorbani
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Ali Khodaie
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Moslem Papizadeh
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Roghayeh Najafi
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Ehsan Naghneh
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
| | - Davood Sadeghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hussein University, Tehran 1698715461, Iran; (F.E.); (D.S.)
| | - Ahmad Karimi Rahjerdi
- Milad Daro Noor Pharmaceutical (MDNP) Company, Unit 3, Mirsharifi Alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran 1986936914, Iran; (S.G.); (K.N.S.); (P.K.); (A.M.); (G.-A.A.); (H.-A.E.); (H.B.); (S.M.); (M.-H.G.); (A.K.); (M.P.); (R.N.); (E.N.)
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center (STRC), Building No. 9, 2nd East Alley, Mohammad-Ali Keshavarz Blvd., Saadat Abad, Tehran 1997775555, Iran; (I.R.); (S.N.); (M.K.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: or
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316
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Viana Invenção MDC, Melo ARDS, de Macêdo LS, da Costa Neves TSP, de Melo CML, Cordeiro MN, de Aragão Batista MV, de Freitas AC. Development of synthetic antigen vaccines for COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3855-3870. [PMID: 34613880 PMCID: PMC8506811 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1974288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic called COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus brought the need for the search for fast alternatives to both control and fight the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, a race for a vaccine against COVID-19 took place, and some vaccines have been approved for emergency use in several countries in a record time. Ongoing prophylactic research has sought faster, safer, and precise alternatives by redirecting knowledge of other vaccines, and/or the development of new strategies using available tools, mainly in the areas of genomics and bioinformatics. The current review highlights the development of synthetic antigen vaccines, focusing on the usage of bioinformatics tools for the selection and construction of antigens on the different vaccine constructions under development, as well as strategies to optimize vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alanne Rayssa da Silva Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souto Paula da Costa Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nazário Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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317
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Development of an Inactivated Vaccine against SARS CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111266. [PMID: 34835197 PMCID: PMC8624180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 with its mutating strains has posed a global threat to safety during this COVID-19 pandemic. Thus far, there are 123 candidate vaccines in human clinical trials and more than 190 candidates in preclinical development worldwide as per the WHO on 1 October 2021. The various types of vaccines that are currently approved for emergency use include viral vectors (e.g., adenovirus, University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, Gamaleya Sputnik V, and Johnson & Johnson), mRNA (Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech), and whole inactivated (Sinovac Biotech and Sinopharm) vaccines. Amidst the emerging cases and shortages of vaccines for global distribution, it is vital to develop a vaccine candidate that recapitulates the severe and fatal progression of COVID-19 and further helps to cope with the current outbreak. Hence, we present the preclinical immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and safety evaluation of a whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (ERUCoV-VAC) formulated in aluminium hydroxide, in three animal models, BALB/c mice, transgenic mice (K18-hACE2), and ferrets. The hCoV-19/Turkey/ERAGEM-001/2020 strain was used for the safety evaluation of ERUCoV-VAC. It was found that ERUCoV-VAC was highly immunogenic and elicited a strong immune response in BALB/c mice. The protective efficacy of the vaccine in K18-hACE2 showed that ERUCoV-VAC induced complete protection of the mice from a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Similar viral clearance rates with the safety evaluation of the vaccine in upper respiratory tracts were also positively appreciable in the ferret models. ERUCoV-VAC has been authorized by the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency and has now entered phase 3 clinical development (NCT04942405). The name of ERUCoV-VAC has been changed to TURKOVAC in the phase 3 clinical trial.
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318
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MENACTRIMS practice guideline for COVID-19 vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103225. [PMID: 34479111 PMCID: PMC8386106 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) should be vaccinated against COVID-19. All COVID-19 vaccines are effective and do not appear to carry any additional risk for patients with MS. Patients with MS should get a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as it becomes available. The risks of COVID-19 disease outweigh any potential risks from the vaccine. Even if vaccinated, patients with MS should continue to practice standard and recommended precautions against COVID-19, such as wearing a face mask, social distancing and washing hands. There is no evidence that patients with MS are at higher risk of complications from the mRNA, non-replicating viral vector, inactivated virus or protein COVID-19 vaccines, compared to the general population. COVID-19 Vaccines are safe to use in patients with MS treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). The effectiveness of vaccination may be affected by few of the DMTs but yet some protection is still provided. For certain DMTs we may consider coordinating the timing of the vaccine with the timing of the DMT dose to increase vaccine efficacy.
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319
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Cao H, Yang S, Wang Y, Luan N, Yin X, Lin K, Liu C. An Established Th2-Oriented Response to an Alum-Adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine Is Not Reversible by Sequential Immunization with Nucleic Acid-Adjuvanted Th1-Oriented Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111261. [PMID: 34835192 PMCID: PMC8617830 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently reported parallel preclinical study between a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine and an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine adjuvanted with alum showed pulmonary immunopathology typical of eosinophil accumulation in a mouse pneumonia model for the latter, which implied a potential role of cellular immunity in the difference in the protection rate between these two forms of vaccines. For those who have been vaccinated with alum-adjuvanted subunit or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, whether the Th2 responses that have been established and the absence of induced cellular immunity could be changed is an open question. Using two heterologous boosts with Th1-oriented CpG ODN-adjuvanted S1-based SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines for mice that were primed with two doses of Th2-oriented alum-adjuvanted S1-based SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines, we demonstrated that established Th2 orientation could not be reversed to Th1 orientation and that no cellular immunity was induced, which should have been induced if the boosting vaccines were used as the prime vaccines. These results remind us that if widely administered alum-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 vaccines cannot overcome the challenge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and that if cellular immunity is important for the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the future, the choice of more powerful heterologous boosting vaccine forms that can induce cellular immunity should be considered very carefully before application.
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Abstract
Serological assays for measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies have crucial applications in the control and surveillance of the current COVID-19 pandemic. A large number of such assays have been developed and are now commercially available. However, there are limited studies evaluating the performance of these tests. We evaluated the performances of the following six commercially available serological assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: (i) Genscript cPass surrogate virus neutralization test (Genscript cPass), (ii) Diasorin-SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG detection (Diasorin-S1/S2 IgG), (iii) Alinity SARS-CoV-2 IgG II (Alinity IgG II), (iv) Diasorin-SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (Diasorin-TrimericS IgG), (v) Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2-cobas (Roche Elecsys), and (vi) AESKU enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (AESKULISA). The results of these tests were compared against the gold standard plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Roche Elecsys had the highest sensitivity, and the Genscript cPass had the highest specificity. Diasorin-TrimericS IgG had the best overall performance with the highest agreement with the PRNT results. Parallel testing of Genscript cPass with Diasorin-TrimericS IgG and Diasorin-S1/S2 IgG had the optimum performance. Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, lowering the cutoff from 30% to 20% in the Genscript cPass significantly increased the sensitivity and the overall agreement with the PRNT results. Commercially available serological assays are good alternatives to the standard PRNT. However, further studies on larger sample numbers are required for optimization of the assay cutoff values and for evaluation of cost effectiveness. IMPORTANCE Commercial serological assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are now widely available. This study adds new knowledge regarding the optimization of these assays for evaluating postvaccination antibodies status. It highlights the positive and negative aspects of each assay in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, compared to the gold standard neutralization test. When using serological assays to assess postvaccine immune status, a balance of all parameters needs to be considered and not simply the high specificity. This balance is particularly relevant in the current situation where countries are aiming to mass vaccinate their populations and bring this pandemic under control. Assays with good sensitivity will have a lower percentage of false negatives and thus provide confidence for vaccination. Understanding the strengths and limitations of commercially available serological assays is important, not only for better application of these tests but also to understand the immune response and the duration of protection postvaccination.
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Insights into COVID-19 Vaccine Development Based on Immunogenic Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2, Host Immune Responses, and Herd Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112949. [PMID: 34831172 PMCID: PMC8616290 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The first quarter of the 21st century has remarkably been characterized by a multitude of challenges confronting human society as a whole in terms of several outbreaks of infectious viral diseases, such as the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), China; the 2009 influenza H1N1, Mexico; the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Saudi Arabia; and the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), China. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, reportedly broke out in December 2019, Wuhan, the capital of China’s Hubei province, and continues unabated, leading to considerable devastation and death worldwide. The most common target organ of SARS-CoV-2 is the lungs, especially the bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe patients. Nevertheless, other tissues and organs are also known to be critically affected following infection, thereby complicating the overall aetiology and prognosis. Excluding H1N1, the SARS-CoV (also referred as SARS-CoV-1), MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 are collectively referred to as coronaviruses, and taxonomically placed under the realm Riboviria, order Nidovirales, suborder Cornidovirineae, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, genus Betacoronavirus, and subgenus Sarbecovirus. As of 23 September 2021, the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has globally resulted in around 229 million and 4.7 million reported infections and deaths, respectively, apart from causing huge psychosomatic debilitation, academic loss, and deep economic recession. Such an unprecedented pandemic has compelled researchers, especially epidemiologists and immunologists, to search for SARS-CoV-2-associated potential immunogenic molecules to develop a vaccine as an immediate prophylactic measure. Amongst multiple structural and non-structural proteins, the homotrimeric spike (S) glycoprotein has been empirically found as the most suitable candidate for vaccine development owing to its immense immunogenic potential, which makes it capable of eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. As a consequence, it has become possible to design appropriate, safe, and effective vaccines, apart from related therapeutic agents, to reduce both morbidity and mortality. As of 23 September 2021, four vaccines, namely, Comirnaty, COVID-19 vaccine Janssen, Spikevax, and Vaxzevria, have received the European Medicines Agency’s (EMA) approval, and around thirty are under the phase three clinical trial with emergency authorization by the vaccine-developing country-specific National Regulatory Authority (NRA). In addition, 100–150 vaccines are under various phases of pre-clinical and clinical trials. The mainstay of global vaccination is to introduce herd immunity, which would protect the majority of the population, including immunocompromised individuals, from infection and disease. Here, we primarily discuss category-wise vaccine development, their respective advantages and disadvantages, associated efficiency and potential safety aspects, antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and immune responses to them along with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 VOC, and the urgent need of achieving herd immunity to contain the pandemic.
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322
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McMillan CLD, Choo JJY, Idris A, Supramaniam A, Modhiran N, Amarilla AA, Isaacs A, Cheung STM, Liang B, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Azuar A, Acharya D, Kelly G, Fernando GJP, Landsberg MJ, Khromykh AA, Watterson D, Young PR, McMillan NAJ, Muller DA. Complete protection by a single-dose skin patch-delivered SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj8065. [PMID: 34714668 PMCID: PMC8555896 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 160 million people and resulted in more than 3.3 million deaths, and despite the availability of multiple vaccines, the world still faces many challenges with their rollout. Here, we use the high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP) to deliver a SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit vaccine directly to the skin. We show that the vaccine is thermostable on the patches, with patch delivery enhancing both cellular and antibody immune responses. Elicited antibodies potently neutralize clinically relevant isolates including the Alpha and Beta variants. Last, a single dose of HD-MAP–delivered spike provided complete protection from a lethal virus challenge in an ACE2-transgenic mouse model. Collectively, these data show that HD-MAP delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was superior to traditional needle-and-syringe vaccination and may be a significant addition to the ongoing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jovin J. Y. Choo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Anatomy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Aroon Supramaniam
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Anatomy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alberto A. Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ariel Isaacs
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stacey T. M. Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4029, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Anatomy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Kelly
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Anatomy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Germain J. P. Fernando
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Vaxxas Pty Ltd, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Michael J. Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4029, Australia
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4029, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4029, Australia
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 and 4029, Australia
| | - Nigel A. J. McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Anatomy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - David A. Muller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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323
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Fadlyana E, Rusmil K, Tarigan R, Rahmadi AR, Prodjosoewojo S, Sofiatin Y, Khrisna CV, Sari RM, Setyaningsih L, Surachman F, Bachtiar NS, Sukandar H, Megantara I, Murad C, Pangesti KNA, Setiawaty V, Sudigdoadi S, Hu Y, Gao Q, Kartasasmita CB. A phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: An interim analysis in Indonesia. Vaccine 2021; 39:6520-6528. [PMID: 34620531 PMCID: PMC8461222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. This serious outbreak and the precipitously increasing numbers of deaths worldwide necessitated the urgent need to develop an effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. The development of COVID-19 vaccines has moved quickly. In this study, we assessed the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an inactivated (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and its lot-to-lot consistency. A total of 1620 healthy adults aged 18–59 years were randomly assigned to receive 2 injections of the trial vaccine or placebo on a day 0 and 14 schedule. This article was based on an interim report completed within 3 months following the last dose of study vaccine. The interim analysis includes safety and immunogenicity data for 540 participants in the immunogenicity subset and an efficacy analysis of the 1620 subjects. For the safety evaluation, solicited and unsolicited adverse events were collected after the first and second vaccination within 14 and 28 days, respectively. Blood samples were collected for an antibody assay before and 14 days following the second dose. Results Most of the adverse reactions were in the solicited category and were mild in severity. Pain at the injection site was the most frequently reported symptom. Antibody IgG titer determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 97.48% for the seroconversion rate. Using a neutralization assay, the seroconversion rate was 87.15%. The efficacy in preventing symptomatic confirmed cases of COVID-19 occurring at least 14 days after the second dose of vaccine using an incidence rate was 65.30%. Conclusions From the 3-month interim analysis, the vaccine exhibited a 65.30% efficacy at preventing COVID-19 illness with favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Fadlyana
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Kusnandi Rusmil
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rodman Tarigan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Andri Reza Rahmadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Susantina Prodjosoewojo
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yulia Sofiatin
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Citra V Khrisna
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | - Hadyana Sukandar
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Imam Megantara
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Chrysanti Murad
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Vivi Setiawaty
- National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sunarjati Sudigdoadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yaling Hu
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
| | - Cissy B Kartasasmita
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran /Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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324
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K B M, Nayar SA, P V M. Vaccine and vaccination as a part of human life: In view of COVID-19. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100188. [PMID: 34665927 PMCID: PMC8646257 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccination created a great breakthrough toward the improvement to the global health. The development of vaccines and their use made a substantial decrease and control in infectious diseases. The abundance and emergence of new vaccines has facilitated targeting populations to alleviate and eliminate contagious pathogens from their innate reservoir. However, along with the infections like malaria and HIV, effective immunization remains obscure and imparts a great challenge to science. Purpose and scope The novel Corona virus SARS‐CoV‐2 is the reason for the 2019 COVID‐19 pandemic in the human global population, in the first half of 2019. The need for establishing a protected and compelling COVID‐19 immunization is a global prerequisite to end this pandemic. Summary and conclusion The different vaccine technologies like inactivation, attenuation, nucleic acid, viral vector, subunit, and viral particle based techniques are employed to develop a safe and highly efficient vaccine. The progress in vaccine development for SARS‐CoV2 is much faster in the history of science. Even though there exist of lot of limitations, continuous efforts has put forward so as to develop highly competent and effective vaccine for many human and animal linked diseases due to its unlimited prospective. This review article focuses on the historical outlook and the development of the vaccine as it is a crucial area of research where the life of the human is saved from various potential diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha K B
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Seema A Nayar
- Microbiology Department, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Mohanan P V
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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325
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Al-Jighefee HT, Najjar H, Ahmed MN, Qush A, Awwad S, Kamareddine L. COVID-19 Vaccine Platforms: Challenges and Safety Contemplations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1196. [PMID: 34696306 PMCID: PMC8537163 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic as of March 2020, creating a global crisis and claiming millions of lives. To halt the pandemic and alleviate its impact on society, economy, and public health, the development of vaccines and antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 was a dire need. To date, various platforms have been utilized for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, and over 200 vaccine candidates have been produced, many of which have obtained the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for emergency use. Despite this successful development and licensure, concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of these vaccines have arisen, given the unprecedented speed of vaccine development and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains and variants. In this review, we summarize the different platforms used for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development, discuss their strengths and limitations, and highlight the major safety concerns and potential risks associated with each vaccine type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel T. Al-Jighefee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.T.A.-J.); (H.N.); (M.N.A.); (A.Q.); (S.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hoda Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.T.A.-J.); (H.N.); (M.N.A.); (A.Q.); (S.A.)
| | - Muna Nizar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.T.A.-J.); (H.N.); (M.N.A.); (A.Q.); (S.A.)
| | - Abeer Qush
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.T.A.-J.); (H.N.); (M.N.A.); (A.Q.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Awwad
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.T.A.-J.); (H.N.); (M.N.A.); (A.Q.); (S.A.)
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (H.T.A.-J.); (H.N.); (M.N.A.); (A.Q.); (S.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Abstract
The rapid development and deployment of mRNA and adenovirus-vectored vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continue to astound the global scientific community, but these vaccine platforms and production approaches have still not achieved global COVID-19 vaccine equity. Immunizing the billions of people at risk for COVID-19 in the world's low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still relies on the availability of vaccines produced and scaled through traditional technology approaches. Vaccines based on whole inactivated virus (WIV) and protein-based platforms, as well as protein particle-based vaccines, are the most produced by LMIC vaccine manufacturing strategies. Three major WIV vaccines are beginning to be distributed widely. Several protein-based and protein particle-based vaccines are advancing with promising results. Overall, these vaccines are exhibiting excellent safety profiles and in some instances have shown their potential to induce high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses (and protection) both in nonhuman primates and in early studies in humans. There is an urgent need to continue accelerating these vaccines for LMICs in time to fully vaccinate these populations by the end of 2022 at the latest. Achieving these goals would also serve as an important reminder that we must continue to maintain expertise in producing multiple vaccine technologies, rather than relying on any individual platform. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; , .,Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.,Hagler Institute of Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; , .,Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
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327
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Vályi-Nagy I, Matula Z, Gönczi M, Tasnády S, Bekő G, Réti M, Ajzner É, Uher F. Comparison of antibody and T cell responses elicited by BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy adult humans. GeroScience 2021; 43:2321-2331. [PMID: 34633612 PMCID: PMC8503874 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses elicited by BBIBP-CorV (inactivated virus) and BNT162b2 (mRNA-based) vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 virus were compared. Convalescent volunteers were also investigated to evaluate adaptive immunity induced by live virus. Although both vaccines induced antibody- and T cell-mediated immune responses, our analysis revealed significant quantitative and qualitative differences between the two types of challenges. The BBIBP-CorV vaccine elicited antireceptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG, as well as anti-spike protein (S) IgG and IgA antibodies in healthy individuals, the levels of which were much lower than after BNT162b2 vaccination but still higher than in the convalescent patients. The cumulative IFNγ-positive T cell response, however, was only twofold higher in participants injected with BNT162b2 compared to those who were primed and boosted with BBIBP-CorV vaccine. Moreover, the inactivated virus vaccine induced T cell response that targets not only the S but also the nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins, whereas the mRNA vaccine was able to elicit a much narrower response that targets the S protein epitopes only. Thus, the pattern of BBIBP-CorV-induced T cell response in virus-naive participants was similar to the cell-mediated anti-SARS-CoV-2 response observed in convalescent patients. Based on these data, we can conclude that the BBIBP-CorV inactivated virus vaccine is immunologically effective. However, the duration of BBIBP-CorV-induced integrated, antibody, and T cell-mediated, immune responses needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Vályi-Nagy
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Matula
- Laboratory for Experimental Cell Therapy, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Nagyvarad ter 1., Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Márton Gönczi
- Central Laboratory of Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Tasnády
- Central Laboratory of Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Bekő
- Central Laboratory of Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Marienn Réti
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Éva Ajzner
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Uher
- Laboratory for Experimental Cell Therapy, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Nagyvarad ter 1., Budapest, H-1097, Hungary.
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328
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Popova AY, Tarasenko AA, Smolensky VY, Egorova SA, Smirnov VS, Dashkevich AM, Svetogor TN, Glinskaya IN, Skuranovich AL, Milichkina AM, Dronina AM, Samoilovich EO, Khamitova IV, Semeiko GV, Amvrosyeva TV, Shmeleva NP, Rubanik LV, Esmanchik OP, Karaban IA, Drobyshevskaya VG, Sadovnikova GV, Shilovich MV, Podushkina EA, Kireichuk VV, Petrova OA, Bondarenko SV, Salazhkova IF, Tkach LM, Shepelevich LP, Autukhova NL, Ivanov VM, Babilo AS, Navyshnaya MV, Belyaev NN, Zueva EV, Volosar LA, Verbov VN, Likhachev IV, Zagorskaya TO, Morozova NF, Korobova ZR, Gubanova AV, Totolian AA. Herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 among the population of the Republic of Belarus amid the COVID-19 pandemic. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2021. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-hit-1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective was to investigate the SARS-CoV-2 collective immunity status of the population of Belarus within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. The work was carried out according to the methodology for assessing SARS-CoV-2 population immunity, developed by Rospotrebnadzor Russia and the Ministry of Health of Belarus with the participation of the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, taking into account WHO recommendations. The Bioethics Committee of Belarus and the local ethics committee of the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute approved the study. Selection of participants was carried out using a questionnaire method and online technology (internet, cloud server). Volunteers were randomized into seven age groups (years of age): 1–17; 18–29; 30–39; 40–49; 50–59; 60–69; and 70+. Regional randomization ensured proportional representation of volunteers from each region, and no more than 30 people were included from one enterprise. In accordance with manufacturer instructions, blood plasma samples were analyzed for: IgG antibodies (Abs) to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (Nc) using a quantitative ELISA test system; and IgG Abs to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S (spike) surface glycoprotein using a qualitative ELISA test system. Statistical processing was carried out using Excel 2010 and other software. Statistical differences were designated as significant when p 0.05, unless otherwise indicated. Results. The level of seroprevalence, in terms of Abs to Nc among the Belarusian population, was 38.4% (95% CI 37.6–45.4). The highest Ab levels were found among individuals in older age groups (50-70+ years old). The lowest were found in children 1–17 years old and in young people 18–39 years old The distribution of seroprevalence across Belarusian regions was relatively homogeneous, with the exception of the Minsk Region, where a statistically significant decrease in the indicator was noted. In terms of profession, the largest share of seropositive individuals was found among transportation workers; the smallest was found in business. The moderate COVID-19 incidence has not led to a dramatic increase in the number of contacts. The base reproduction number (R0) was 1.3. In the Republic of Belarus, there was a moderate level of asymptomatic COVID-19 among seropositive individuals (45.3% [95% CI 44.0–46.7]). This form of infection was observed most often among children aged 1–17 years old (65.0% [95% CI 61.3–68.6]). In parallel with seroprevalence assessment, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was carried out. We used two vaccines: Gam-COVID-Vac (also known as Sputnik V, developed by Gamaleya National Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russia); and BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm, PRC). Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 was accompanied by an increase in the level of anti-RBD Abs (95% [95% CI 94.7–96.7]). Taking into account the vaccination of a subset of the population with BBIBP-CorV, the overall herd immunity, inferred from the analyzed indicators (presence of anti-Nc or anti-RBD Abs), was 47.1% (95% CI 46.3–48.0). Conclusion. COVID-19 in Belarus was characterized by a moderately pronounced course of the epidemic process. The threshold level of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been reached, as a result of which the conditions for progression of the epidemic remain.
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329
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Trichel AM. Overview of Nonhuman Primate Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Comp Med 2021; 71:411-432. [PMID: 34548126 PMCID: PMC8594265 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Since then, SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a devastating global health and economic emergency. In response, a broad range of preclinical animal models have been used to identify effective therapies and vaccines. Current animal models do not express the full spectrum of human COVID-19 disease and pathology, with most exhibiting mild to moderate disease without mortality. NHPs are physiologically, genetically, and immunologically more closely related to humans than other animal species; thus, they provide a relevant model for SARS-CoV-2 investigations. This overview summarizes NHP models of SARS-CoV-2 and their role in vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Key Words
- ace2, angiotensin l converting enzyme 2
- ade, antibody dependent enhancement
- agm, african green monkey
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- cj, conjunctival
- cm, cynomolgus macaque
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 19
- cp, convalescent plasma
- dad, diffuse alveolar damage
- dpc, days post challenge
- dpi, days post infection
- ggos, ground glass opacities
- grna, genomic ribonucleic acid
- hcq, hydroxychloroquine
- it, intratracheal
- nab, neutralizing antibodies
- ptm, pigtail macaque
- rbd, receptor binding domain
- rm, rhesus macaque
- s, spike
- sgrna, subgenomic ribonucleic acid
- th1, type 1 t helper cell
- vrna, viral ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Trichel
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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330
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Picchianti Diamanti A, Rosado MM, Nicastri E, Sesti G, Pioli C, Laganà B. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Autoimmunity 1 Year Later: The Era of Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708848. [PMID: 34659200 PMCID: PMC8515900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impressive efforts have been made by researchers worldwide in the development of target vaccines against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and in improving the management of immunomodulating agents. Currently, different vaccine formulations, such as viral vector, mRNA, and protein-based, almost all directed toward the spike protein that includes the domain for receptor binding, have been approved. Although data are not conclusive, patients affected by autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) seem to have a slightly higher disease prevalence, risk of hospitalization, and death from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) than the general population. Therefore, ARD patients, under immunosuppressive agents, have been included among the priority target groups for vaccine administration. However, specific cautions are needed to optimize vaccine safety and effectiveness in these patients, such as modification in some of the ongoing immunosuppressive therapies and the preferential use of mRNA other than vector-based vaccines. Immunomodulating agents can be a therapeutic opportunity for the management of COVID-19 patients; however, their clinical impact depends on how they are handled. To place in therapy immunomodulating agents in the correct window of opportunity throughout the identification of surrogate markers of disease progression and host immune response is mandatory to optimize patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Picchianti Diamanti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, National Institute for Infectious Diseases-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pioli
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Laganà
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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331
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Yan Z, Yang M, Lai CL. COVID-19 Vaccinations: A Comprehensive Review of Their Safety and Efficacy in Special Populations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1097. [PMID: 34696205 PMCID: PMC8539110 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has been spreading worldwide since late 2019. There is no definitive cure to date. Global vaccination programs are urgently required to confer herd immunity, reducing the incidence of COVID-19 infections and associated morbidity and mortality. However, a significant proportion of special populations are hesitant to receive vaccination due to their special conditions, namely, age (pediatrics and geriatrics), immunocompromised state, autoimmune diseases, chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions, active or treated cancers, and pregnancy. This review aims to evaluate the existing evidence of COVID-19 vaccinations on these special populations and to provide clues to guide vaccination decision making to balance the benefits and risks of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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332
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A Self-Biomineralized Novel Adenovirus Vectored COVID-19 Vaccine for Boosting Immunization of Mice. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1113-1123. [PMID: 34581961 PMCID: PMC8476980 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 3.8 million deaths worldwide, and several types of COVID-19 vaccines are urgently approved for use, including adenovirus vectored vaccines. However, the thermal instability and pre-existing immunity have limited its wide applications. To circumvent these obstacles, we constructed a self-biomineralized adenovirus vectored COVID-19 vaccine (Sad23L-nCoV-S-CaP) by generating a calcium phosphate mineral exterior (CaP) based on Sad23L vector carrying the full-length gene of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) under physiological condition. This Sad23L-nCoV-S-CaP vaccine was examined for its characteristics of structure, thermostability, immunogenicity and avoiding the problem of preexisting immunity. In thermostability test, Sad23L-nCoV-S-CaP could be stored at 4 °C for over 45 days, 26 °C for more than 8 days and 37 °C for approximately 2 days. Furthermore, Sad23L-nCoV-S-CaP induced higher level of S-specific antibody and T cell responses, and was not affected by the pre-existing anti-Sad23L immunity, suggesting it could be used as boosting immunization on Sad23L-nCoV-S priming vaccination. The boosting with Sad23L-nCoV-S-CaP vaccine induced high titers of 105.01 anti-S1, 104.77 anti-S2 binding antibody, 103.04 pseudovirus neutralizing antibody (IC50), and robust T-cell response of IFN-γ (1466.16 SFCs/106 cells) to S peptides, respectively. In summary, the self-biomineralization of the COVID-19 vaccine Sad23L-nCoV-S-CaP improved vaccine efficacy, which could be used in prime-boost regimen for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
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333
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Wang S, Li L, Yan F, Gao Y, Yang S, Xia X. COVID-19 Animal Models and Vaccines: Current Landscape and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1082. [PMID: 34696190 PMCID: PMC8537799 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an unprecedented challenge to global public health. With the intensification of the COVID-19 epidemic, the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs against the etiological agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also widespread. To prove the effectiveness and safety of these preventive vaccines and therapeutic drugs, available animal models that faithfully recapitulate clinical hallmarks of COVID-19 are urgently needed. Currently, animal models including mice, golden hamsters, ferrets, nonhuman primates, and other susceptible animals have been involved in the study of COVID-19. Moreover, 117 vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials after the primary evaluation in animal models, of which inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines are promising vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize the landscape of animal models for COVID-19 vaccine evaluation and advanced vaccines with an efficacy range from about 50% to more than 95%. In addition, we point out future directions for COVID-19 animal models and vaccine development, aiming at providing valuable information and accelerating the breakthroughs confronting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Ling Li
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
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334
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Ghasemiyeh P, Mohammadi-Samani S, Firouzabadi N, Dehshahri A, Vazin A. A focused review on technologies, mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108162. [PMID: 34562844 PMCID: PMC8445802 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
>20 months has been passed since the detection of the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection named COVID-19 from Wuhan city of China. This novel coronavirus spread rapidly around the world and became a pandemic. Although different therapeutic options have been considered and approved for the management of COVID-19 infection in different stages of the disease, challenges in pharmacotherapy especially in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and with underlying diseases have still remained. Prevention of infection through public vaccination would be the only efficient strategy to control the morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19. To date, several COVID-19 vaccines using different platforms including nucleic acid-based vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, and inactivated vaccines have been introduced among which many have received approval for prevention against COVID-19. In this comprehensive review, available COVID-19 vaccines have been discussed. The mechanisms, safety, efficacy, dosage, dosing intervals, possible adverse reactions, storage, and coverage of these four different vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 variants have been discussed in detail and summarized in tabular format for ease of comparison and conclusion. Although each COVID-19 vaccine has various advantages and disadvantages over the others, accessibility and affordability of approved vaccines by the official health organizations, especially in developing countries, would be essential to terminate this pandemic. The main limitation of this study was the lack of access to the clinical data on available COVID-19 vaccines developed in Eastern countries since the data on their efficacy, safety, and adverse reactions were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Vazin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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335
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Development of a Recombinant RBD Subunit Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101936. [PMID: 34696367 PMCID: PMC8541238 DOI: 10.3390/v13101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) pandemic is a great threat to human society and now is still spreading. Although several vaccines have been authorized for emergency use, only one recombinant subunit vaccine has been permitted for widespread use. More subunit vaccines for COVID-19 should be developed in the future. The receptor binding domain (RBD), located at the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, contains most of the neutralizing epitopes. However, the immunogenicity of RBD monomers is not strong enough. In this study, we fused the RBD-monomer with a modified Fc fragment of human IgG1 to form an RBD-Fc fusion protein. The recombinant vaccine candidate based on the RBD-Fc protein could induce high levels of IgG and neutralizing antibody in mice, and these could last for at least three months. The secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 in the RBD-stimulated splenocytes of immunized mice also increased significantly. Our results first showed that the RBD-Fc vaccine could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses and might be an optional strategy to control COVID-19.
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336
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Xu K, Dai L, Gao GF. Humoral and cellular immunity and the safety of COVID-19 vaccines: a summary of data published by 21 May 2021. Int Immunol 2021; 33:529-540. [PMID: 34491327 PMCID: PMC8499872 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused millions of deaths, and serious consequences to public health, economies and societies. Rapid responses in vaccine development have taken place since the isolation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the release of the viral genome sequence. By 21 May 2021, 101 vaccines were under clinical trials, and published data were available for 18 of them. Clinical study results from some vaccines indicated good immunogenicity and acceptable reactogenicity. Here, we focus on these 18 vaccines that had published clinical data to dissect the induced humoral and cellular immune responses as well as their safety profiles and protection efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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337
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Nakagami H. Development of COVID-19 vaccines utilizing gene therapy technology. Int Immunol 2021; 33:521-527. [PMID: 33772572 PMCID: PMC8083619 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Individuals with COVID-19 have symptoms that are usually asymptomatic or mild in most initial cases. However, in some cases, moderate and severe symptoms have been observed with pneumonia. Many companies are developing COVID-19 vaccine candidates using different technologies that are classified into four groups (intact target viruses, proteins, viral vectors and nucleic acids). For rapid development, RNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines have been urgently approved, and their injection has already started across the world. These types of vaccine technologies have been developed over more than 20 years using translational research for use against cancer or diseases caused by genetic disorders but the COVID-19 vaccines are the first licensed drugs to prevent infectious diseases using RNA vaccine technology. Although these vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19 for a short period, safety and efficiency evaluations should be continuously monitored over a long time period. As the time of writing, more than 10 projects are now in phase 3 to evaluate the prevention of infection in double-blind studies. Hopefully, several projects may be approved to ensure high-efficiency and safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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338
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Liu Z, Xu W, Chen Z, Fu W, Zhan W, Gao Y, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Wu J, Wang Q, Zhang X, Hao A, Wu W, Zhang Q, Li Y, Fan K, Chen R, Jiang Q, Mayer CT, Schoofs T, Xie Y, Jiang S, Wen Y, Yuan Z, Wang K, Lu L, Sun L, Wang Q. An ultrapotent pan-β-coronavirus lineage B (β-CoV-B) neutralizing antibody locks the receptor-binding domain in closed conformation by targeting its conserved epitope. Protein Cell 2021; 13:655-675. [PMID: 34554412 PMCID: PMC8458794 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
New threats posed by the emerging circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 highlight the need to find conserved neutralizing epitopes for therapeutic antibodies and efficient vaccine design. Here, we identified a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-binding antibody, XG014, which potently neutralizes β-coronavirus lineage B (β-CoV-B), including SARS-CoV-2, its circulating variants, SARS-CoV and bat SARSr-CoV WIV1. Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014. Structural analyses reveal that XG014 recognizes a conserved epitope outside the ACE2 binding site and completely locks RBD in the non-functional "down" conformation, while its family member XG005 directly competes with ACE2 binding and position the RBD "up". Single administration of XG014 is effective in protection against and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Our findings suggest the potential to develop XG014 as pan-β-CoV-B therapeutics and the importance of the XG014 conserved antigenic epitope for designing broadly protective vaccines against β-CoV-B and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wangjun Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wuqiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yidan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aihua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kaiyue Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruihong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiaochu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Christian T Mayer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity; the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology); Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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339
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652252. [PMID: 34630377 PMCID: PMC8494786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic affecting almost 204 million people and causing more than 4.3 million deaths as of August 11 2021. This pandemic has placed a substantial burden on the global healthcare system and the global economy. Availability of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are crucially needed to prevent development of severe disease leading to major complications both acutely and chronically. The success in fighting this virus results from three main achievements: (a) Direct killing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (b) Development of a specific vaccine, and (c) Enhancement of the host's immune system. A fundamental necessity to win the battle against the virus involves a better understanding of the host's innate and adaptive immune response to the virus. Although the role of the adaptive immune response is directly involved in the generation of a vaccine, the role of innate immunity on RNA viruses in general, and coronaviruses in particular, is mostly unknown. In this review, we will consider the structure of RNA viruses, mainly coronaviruses, and their capacity to affect the lungs and the cardiovascular system. We will also consider the effects of the pattern recognition protein (PRP) trident composed by (a) Surfactant proteins A and D, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement component 1q (C1q), (b) C-reactive protein, and (c) Innate and adaptive IgM antibodies, upon clearance of viral particles and apoptotic cells in lungs and atherosclerotic lesions. We emphasize on the role of pattern recognition protein immune therapies as a combination treatment to prevent development of severe respiratory syndrome and to reduce pulmonary and cardiovascular complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and summarize the need of a combined therapeutic approach that takes into account all aspects of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease to allow mankind to beat this pandemic killer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghassan S Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
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340
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Mehraeen E, Dadras O, Afsahi AM, Karimi A, MohsseniPour M, Mirzapour P, Barzegary A, Behnezhad F, Habibi P, Salehi MA, Vahedi F, Heydari M, Kianzad S, Moradmand-Badie B, Javaherian M, SeyedAlinaghi S, Sabatier JM. Vaccines for COVID-19: A Review of Feasibility and Effectiveness. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e230921196758. [PMID: 34554905 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210923144837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many potential vaccines for COVID-19 are being studied, and several studies have reported the results of these vaccines. We aimed to review the current evidence of the feasibility and effectiveness of Vaccines for COVID-19. METHODS A search was carried out utilizing the keywords in the online databases, including Scopus,Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. We included both human and non-human studies because of the vaccine novelty, which could limit our ability to include sufficient human studies. RESULTS The review of studies showed that several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are under development; different platforms are being used, including eight vaccines are adenovirus-based vectors, six vaccines are RNA-based formulations, one vaccine is DNA-based formulations, and other vaccines are using other platforms, including lipid nano particles. CONCLUSION It is crucial to gather as much clinically relevant evidence as possible regarding the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety profiles of these vaccines and adhere wisely to CDC protocols and guidelines of vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Omid Dadras
- Department of Global Health and Socioepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto. Japan
| | - Amir Masoud Afsahi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego [UCSD], California. United States
| | - Amirali Karimi
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad MohsseniPour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Habibi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Salehi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Vahedi
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heydari
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Kianzad
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 7134845794, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Javaherian
- Department of Physiotherapy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Université Aix-Marseille, Institut deNeuro-physiopathologie [INP],UMR 7051, Faculté de Pharmacie,27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385Marseille Cedex, France
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341
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Fu Y, Chen F, Cui L, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Fu S, Zhang J. Immunological Analysis of People in Northeast China after SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine Injection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091028. [PMID: 34579267 PMCID: PMC8473348 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarifying changes in the immune microenvironment caused by vaccination is crucial for the development and application of vaccines. In this study, we analyzed seroconversion of antibodies, 12 key cytokines, and 34 lymphocyte subsets at three time points (D-1, D14, and D42) around vaccination and differences between two inactivated vaccines (Sinopharm and Sinovas) to understand the immune response induced by inactivated vaccines in the real world. The results showed that 62.5% and 75% of the participants achieved neutralizing antibody seroconversion on D14 and D42, respectively. After vaccination, IL-5 and IL-6 increased, and INF-γ decreased. IL6, IL-1B, INF-γ, IL-8, and IL-12p70 showed statistical significance in the comparison of different groups. In terms of lymphocyte subsets, CD3 +, CD56 +, CD3 + CD8 +, CD8 + CD71 +, and CD56 + CD71 + showed upward trend, while CD19 +, CD4 + CD8 +, CD8 + CD45RA +, CD4 + HLA-DR +, CD8 + HLA-DR +, and CD8 + CD38 + showed downward trend. Additionally, we found certain differences between the two vaccines in neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, and lymphocyte subsets. This research is a clinical observation on the immune response after vaccination through detecting various immune indicators, which showed that the inactivated vaccines induced both humoral immunity by producing neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. The cellular immunity induced by these two vaccines was a Th2-biased response, and it may also lead to a mild Th1-type response.
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342
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Naderi Sohi A, Kiani J, Arefian E, Khosrojerdi A, Fekrirad Z, Ghaemi S, Zim MK, Jalili A, Bostanshirin N, Soleimani M. Development of an mRNA-LNP Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: Evaluation of Immune Response in Mouse and Rhesus Macaque. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091007. [PMID: 34579244 PMCID: PMC8472963 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the vaccines have been developed thus far against SARS-CoV-2, the mRNA-based ones have demonstrated more promising results regarding both safety and efficacy. Two remarkable features of the mRNA vaccines introduced by the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna companies are the use of (N1-methyl-pseudouridine-) modified mRNA and the microfluidics-based production of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as the carrier. In the present study, except Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (ARCA), no other nucleoside analogs were employed to synthesize Spike-encoding mRNA using the in vitro transcription (IVT) method. Furthermore, LNPs were prepared via the ethanol injection method commonly used for liposome formation as an alternative for microfluidics-based approaches. The produced mRNA-LNP vaccine was evaluated for nanoparticles characteristics, encapsulation and transfection efficiencies, in vitro cytotoxicity as well as stability and storability. The safety of vaccine was assessed in Balb/c mice injected with mRNA-LNPs containing 10 µg of spike-encoding mRNA. Eventually, the vaccine efficacy in inducing an immune response against SARS-CoV-2 was studied in Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice (received either 1 or 10 µg of mRNA) as well as in rhesus macaque monkeys (infused with mRNA-LNPs containing 100 µg of mRNA). The ELISA and virus neutralizing test (VNT) results showed a significant augmentation in the level of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the ELISA assay showed virus-specific IFN-γ secretion in immunized mice as a marker of TH1 cell-based immune response, whereas favorably no change in the production of IL-4 was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran; (E.A.); (Z.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran;
| | - Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran; (E.A.); (Z.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Shokoofeh Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran; (E.A.); (Z.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Mohammad Kazem Zim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran;
| | - Arsalan Jalili
- Cell Science Research Center, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran 16635-148, Iran;
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Nazila Bostanshirin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine Science, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj 3149779453, Iran;
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-2182884508
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343
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Bewley KR, Gooch K, Thomas KM, Longet S, Wiblin N, Hunter L, Chan K, Brown P, Russell RA, Ho C, Slack G, Humphries HE, Alden L, Allen L, Aram M, Baker N, Brunt E, Cobb R, Fotheringham S, Harris D, Kennard C, Leung S, Ryan K, Tolley H, Wand N, White A, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Pearson G, Rayner E, Xue X, Lambe T, Charlton S, Gilbert S, Sattentau QJ, Gleeson F, Hall Y, Funnell S, Sharpe S, Salguero FJ, Gorringe A, Carroll M. Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge following formalin-inactivated vaccine in ferrets and rhesus macaques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7996. [PMID: 34516768 PMCID: PMC8442907 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective vaccines to prevent COVID-19. A concern for the development of new viral vaccines is the potential to induce vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). This was reported in several preclinical studies with both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS vaccines but has not been reported with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We have used ferrets and rhesus macaques challenged with SARS-CoV-2 to assess the potential for VED in animals vaccinated with formaldehyde-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (FIV) formulated with Alhydrogel, compared to a negative control vaccine. We showed no evidence of enhanced disease in ferrets or rhesus macaques given FIV except for mild transient enhanced disease seen 7 days after infection in ferrets. This increased lung pathology was observed at day 7 but was resolved by day 15. We also demonstrate that formaldehyde treatment of SARS-CoV-2 reduces exposure of the spike receptor binding domain providing a mechanistic explanation for suboptimal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Gooch
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Nathan Wiblin
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kin Chan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Catherine Ho
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Gillian Slack
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Leonie Alden
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Natalie Baker
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Debbie Harris
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ryan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Howard Tolley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Geoff Pearson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Xiaochao Xue
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Oxford Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon Funnell
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Pandemic Preparedness Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
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344
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Li XN, Huang Y, Wang W, Jing QL, Zhang CH, Qin PZ, Guan WJ, Gan L, Li YL, Liu WH, Dong H, Miao YT, Fan SJ, Zhang ZB, Zhang DM, Zhong NS. Effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against the Delta variant infection in Guangzhou: a test-negative case-control real-world study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1751-1759. [PMID: 34396940 PMCID: PMC8425710 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1969291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against the Delta variant, which has been associated with greater transmissibility and virulence, remains unclear. We conducted a test-negative case–control study to explore the vaccine effectiveness (VE) in real-world settings. We recruited participants aged 18–59 years who consisted of SARS-CoV-2 test-positive cases (n = 74) and test-negative controls (n = 292) during the outbreak of the Delta variant in May 2021 in Guangzhou city, China. Vaccination status was compared to estimate The VE of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines. A single dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine yielded the VE of only 13.8%. After adjusting for age and sex, the overall VE for two-dose vaccination was 59.0% (95% confidence interval: 16.0% to 81.6%) against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 70.2% (95% confidence interval: 29.6–89.3%) against moderate COVID-19 and 100% against severe COVID-19 which might be overestimated due to the small sample size. The VE of two-dose vaccination against COVID-19 reached 72.5% among participants aged 40–59 years, and was higher in females than in males against COVID-19 and moderate diseases. While single dose vaccination was not sufficiently protective, the two-dose dosing scheme of the inactivated vaccines was effective against the Delta variant infection in real-world settings, with the estimated efficacy exceeding the World Health Organization minimal threshold of 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Long Jing
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Huan Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Zhe Qin
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jie Guan
- National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lan Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Dong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Tian Miao
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jun Fan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou-Bin Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Mei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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345
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Calvo Fernández E, Zhu LY. Racing to immunity: Journey to a COVID-19 vaccine and lessons for the future. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:3408-3424. [PMID: 33289156 PMCID: PMC7753785 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus behind the COVID-19 pandemic. Since its emergence, the global scientific community has mobilized to study this virus, and an overwhelming effort to identify COVID-19 treatments is currently ongoing for a variety of therapeutics and prophylactics. To better understand these efforts, we compiled a list of all COVID-19 vaccines undergoing preclinical and clinical testing using the WHO and ClinicalTrials.gov database, with details surrounding trial design and location. The most advanced vaccines are discussed in more detail, with a focus on their technology, advantages and disadvantages, as well as any available recent clinical findings. We also cover some of the primary challenges, safety concerns and public responses to COVID-19 vaccine trials, and consider what this can mean for the future. By compiling this information, we aim to facilitate a more thorough understanding of the extensive COVID-19 clinical testing vaccine landscape as it unfolds, and better highlight some of the complexities and challenges being faced by the joint effort of the scientific community in finding a prophylactic against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Calvo Fernández
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lucie Y. Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
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346
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Interferon-armed RBD dimer enhances the immunogenicity of RBD for sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Res 2021; 31:1011-1023. [PMID: 34267349 PMCID: PMC8280646 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global crisis, urgently necessitating the development of safe, efficacious, convenient-to-store, and low-cost vaccine options. A major challenge is that the receptor-binding domain (RBD)-only vaccine fails to trigger long-lasting protective immunity if used alone for vaccination. To enhance antigen processing and cross-presentation in draining lymph nodes (DLNs), we developed an interferon (IFN)-armed RBD dimerized by an immunoglobulin fragment (I-R-F). I-R-F efficiently directs immunity against RBD to DLNs. A low dose of I-R-F induces not only high titers of long-lasting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) but also more comprehensive T cell responses than RBD. Notably, I-R-F provides comprehensive protection in the form of a one-dose vaccine without an adjuvant. Our study shows that the pan-epitope modified human I-R-F (I-P-R-F) vaccine provides rapid and complete protection throughout the upper and lower respiratory tracts against a high-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. Based on these promising results, we have initiated a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I/II trial of the human I-P-R-F vaccine (V-01) in 180 healthy adults, and the vaccine appears safe and elicits strong antiviral immune responses. Due to its potency and safety, this engineered vaccine may become a next-generation vaccine candidate in the global effort to overcome COVID-19.
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347
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Ehianeta T, Mzee SAS, Adebisi MK, Ehianeta O. Recent SARS-CoV-2 Outlook and Implications in a COVID-19 Vaccination Era. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2021; 3:125-133. [PMID: 38630122 PMCID: PMC8454280 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While repurposed drugs came in handy earlier in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaccination has been considered a more sustainable approach. The recent spikes have been linked to "double," "triple," and even multi-mutant variants, thus renewing calls for deeper structural and functional insights of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a lead to rationale design of therapeutics, vaccines, and point-of-care diagnostics. There is a repertoire of findings from the earliest SARS-CoV-2 molecular mimicry to evade host immunity cum host immune responses to the role of the viral glycocalyx in modulating the susceptibility and severity of infection through attraction and repulsive interactions. Recently, molecular studies of some viral components that aid infection in the face of vaccination seem unending. In addition, the wave of infections and the attendant case fatality ratios have necessitated the need for emergency use authorizations for COVID-19 vaccines and in vitro diagnostics. This review provides key updates of SARS-CoV-2, current antigenic and formulation strategies, with emergency use authorizations considerations for future vaccine candidates and diagnostics. We also premise that despite the difficulty in modeling and analyzing glycans, understanding and exploiting their roles in the SARS-CoV-2 architecture is fundamental to glycan-based COVID-19 vaccines devoid of inconsistent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Ehianeta
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, “Academia Sinica,” Taipei, Taiwan, China
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348
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Zhou YW, Xie Y, Tang LS, Pu D, Zhu YJ, Liu JY, Ma XL. Therapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:317. [PMID: 34446699 PMCID: PMC8390046 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the limitations of the present efforts on drug discovery against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the lack of the understanding of the biological regulation mechanisms underlying COVID-19, alternative or novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 treatment are still urgently required. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity dysfunction are the two main courses driving the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Both the virus and host factors are potential targets for antiviral therapy. Hence, in this study, the current therapeutic strategies of COVID-19 have been classified into "target virus" and "target host" categories. Repurposing drugs, emerging approaches, and promising potential targets are the implementations of the above two strategies. First, a comprehensive review of the highly acclaimed old drugs was performed according to evidence-based medicine to provide recommendations for clinicians. Additionally, their unavailability in the fight against COVID-19 was analyzed. Next, a profound analysis of the emerging approaches was conducted, particularly all licensed vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) enrolled in clinical trials against primary SARS-CoV-2 and mutant strains. Furthermore, the pros and cons of the present licensed vaccines were compared from different perspectives. Finally, the most promising potential targets were reviewed, and the update of the progress of treatments has been summarized based on these reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Dermatovenerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lian-Sha Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ya-Juan Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Xue-Lei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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349
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van Doremalen N, Purushotham JN, Schulz JE, Holbrook MG, Bushmaker T, Carmody A, Port JR, Yinda CK, Okumura A, Saturday G, Amanat F, Krammer F, Hanley PW, Smith BJ, Lovaglio J, Anzick SL, Barbian K, Martens C, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Munster VJ. Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccination reduces viral shedding after SARS-CoV-2 D614G challenge in preclinical models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabh0755. [PMID: 34315826 PMCID: PMC9267380 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 is an approved adenovirus-based vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) currently being deployed globally. Previous studies in rhesus macaques revealed that intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 provided protection against pneumonia but did not reduce shedding of SARS-CoV-2 from the upper respiratory tract. Here, we investigated whether intranasally administered ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reduces detection of virus in nasal swabs after challenging vaccinated macaques and hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 carrying a D614G mutation in the spike protein. Viral loads in swabs obtained from intranasally vaccinated hamsters were decreased compared to control hamsters, and no viral RNA or infectious virus was found in lung tissue after a direct challenge or after direct contact with infected hamsters. Intranasal vaccination of rhesus macaques resulted in reduced virus concentrations in nasal swabs and a reduction in viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and lower respiratory tract tissue. Intranasal vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 reduced virus concentrations in nasal swabs in two different SARS-CoV-2 animal models, warranting further investigation as a potential vaccination route for COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jyothi N Purushotham
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Aaron Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Claude K Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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350
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Ma ML, Shi DW, Li Y, Hong W, Lai DY, Xue JB, Jiang HW, Zhang HN, Qi H, Meng QF, Guo SJ, Xia DJ, Hu JJ, Liu S, Li HY, Zhou J, Wang W, Yang X, Fan XL, Lei Q, Chen WJ, Li CS, Yang XM, Xu SH, Wei HP, Tao SC. Systematic profiling of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses elicited by an inactivated virus vaccine identifies peptides and proteins for predicting vaccination efficacy. Cell Discov 2021; 7:67. [PMID: 34400612 PMCID: PMC8367966 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the best ways to control COVID-19 is vaccination. Among the various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines have been widely applied in China and many other countries. To understand the underlying protective mechanism of these vaccines, it is necessary to systematically analyze the humoral responses that are triggered. By utilizing a SARS-CoV-2 microarray with 21 proteins and 197 peptides that fully cover the spike protein, antibody response profiles of 59 serum samples collected from 32 volunteers immunized with the inactivated virus vaccine BBIBP-CorV were generated. For this set of samples, the microarray results correlated with the neutralization titers of the authentic virus, and two peptides (S1-5 and S2-22) were identified as potential biomarkers for assessing the effectiveness of vaccination. Moreover, by comparing immunized volunteers to convalescent and hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the N protein, NSP7, and S2-78 were identified as potential biomarkers for differentiating COVID-19 patients from individuals vaccinated with the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The comprehensive profile of humoral responses against the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine will facilitate a deeper understanding of the vaccine and provide potential biomarkers for inactivated virus vaccine-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Wei Shi
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Yun Lai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Biao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Juan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Ju Xia
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - He-Yang Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong-Lin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Jun Chen
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ce-Sheng Li
- Sinopharm Wuhan Plasma-derived Biotherapies Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- China National Biotech Group Company Limited, National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si-Hong Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong-Ping Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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