301
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Schaft N, Birkholz K, Hofmann C, Schmid M, Theiner G, Dörrie J. Dendritic cell vaccination and other strategies to tip the balance of the immune system : DC2007 5th International Meeting, July 16-18, Bamberg, Germany. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:913-28. [PMID: 18236041 PMCID: PMC11030558 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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302
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Liu C, Lou Y, Lizée G, Qin H, Liu S, Rabinovich B, Kim GJ, Wang YH, Ye Y, Sikora AG, Overwijk WW, Liu YJ, Wang G, Hwu P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce NK cell-dependent, tumor antigen-specific T cell cross-priming and tumor regression in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1165-75. [PMID: 18259609 DOI: 10.1172/jci33583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A prerequisite for strong adaptive antiviral immunity is the robust initial activation of the innate immune system, which is frequently mediated by TLR-activated plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Natural antitumor immunity is often comparatively weak, potentially due to the lack of TLR-mediated activation signals within the tumor microenvironment. To assess whether pDCs are capable of directly facilitating effective antitumor immune responses, mice bearing established subcutaneous B16 melanoma tumors were administered TLR9-activated pDCs directly into the tumor. We found that TLR9-activated pDCs induced robust, spontaneous CTL cross-priming against multiple B16 tumor antigens, leading to the regression of both treated tumors and untreated tumors at distant contralateral sites. This T cell cross-priming was mediated by conventional DCs (cDCs) and was completely dependent upon the early recruitment and activation of NK cells at the tumor site. NK cell recruitment was mediated by CCR5 via chemokines secreted by pDCs, and optimal IFN-gamma production by NK cells was mediated by OX40L expressed by pDCs. Our data thus demonstrated that activated pDCs are capable of initiating effective and systemic antitumor immunity through the orchestration of an immune cascade involving the sequential activation of NK cells, cDCs, and CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Liu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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303
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Saxena A, Fish JE, White MD, Yu S, Smyth JWP, Shaw RM, DiMaio JM, Srivastava D. Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008; 117:2224-31. [PMID: 18427137 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.694992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart disease is a leading cause of mortality throughout the world. Tissue damage from vascular occlusive events results in the replacement of contractile myocardium by nonfunctional scar tissue. The potential of new technologies to regenerate damaged myocardium is significant, although cell-based therapies must overcome several technical barriers. One possible cell-independent alternative is the direct administration of small proteins to damaged myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we show that the secreted signaling protein stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha), which activates the cell-survival factor protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) via the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, protected tissue after an acute ischemic event in mice and activated Akt within endothelial cells and myocytes of the heart. Significantly better cardiac function than in control mice was evident as early as 24 hours after infarction as well as at 3, 14, and 28 days after infarction. Prolonged survival of hypoxic myocardium was followed by an increase in levels of vascular endothelial growth factor protein and neoangiogenesis. Consistent with improved cardiac function, mice exposed to SDF-1alpha demonstrated significantly decreased scar formation than control mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that SDF-1alpha may serve a tissue-protective and regenerative role for solid organs suffering a hypoxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Saxena
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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304
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Martín-Ayuso M, Almeida J, Pérez-Andrés M, Cuello R, Galende J, González-Fraile MI, Martín-Nuñez G, Ortega F, Rodríguez MJ, San Miguel JF, Orfao A. Peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets from patients with monoclonal gammopathies show an abnormal distribution and are functionally impaired. Oncologist 2008; 13:82-92. [PMID: 18245015 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2007-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The information currently available about dendritic cells (DCs) in patients with different types of monoclonal gammopathy (MG) is limited and frequently controversial. In the present study, we analyzed the ex vivo distribution as well as the phenotypic and functional characteristics of peripheral blood (PB) DCs from different types of MG. Methods. For this purpose, 61 untreated patients in total with MG were analyzed-MG of undetermined significance (MGUS), 29 cases; multiple myeloma (MM), 28 cases; and plasma cell leukemia (PCL), 4 cases-in comparison with a group of 10 healthy controls. Results. Our results show an absolute overall higher number of all subsets of PB DCs in PCL, together with lower numbers of myeloid DCs in MM patients. From a phenotypic point of view, PB DC subsets from all types of MG expressed significantly higher levels of HLA molecules and altered patterns of expression of the CD2, CD11c, CD16, CD22, CD62L, and CD86 molecules, in association with altered patterns of secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion. In summary, we show the existence of significant abnormalities in the distribution, phenotype, and pattern of secretion of inflammatory cytokines by different subsets of PB DCs from patients with MGs, which could reflect a potentially altered homing of DCs, together with a greater in vivo activation and lower responsiveness of PB DCs, which are already detectable in MGUS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martín-Ayuso
- Servicio de Citometría & Departamento de Medicina, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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305
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Hsu EL, Chen N, Westbrook A, Wang F, Zhang R, Taylor RT, Hankinson O. CXCR4 and CXCL12 down-regulation: a novel mechanism for the chemoprotection of 3,3'-diindolylmethane for breast and ovarian cancers. Cancer Lett 2008; 265:113-23. [PMID: 18378071 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables are thought to protect against numerous types of cancer. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is an acid-catalyzed product generated during the consumption of cruciferous vegetables and appears to be chemoprotective for breast cancer. The interaction between the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, and its unique ligand, CXCL12, is known to mediate the progression and metastasis of breast and other cancers. Organs to which these cancers metastasize secrete CXCL12, which binds to CXCR4 expressed on the surface of primary cancer cells. This process subsequently stimulates the invasive properties of the cancer cells and attracts them to the preferred organ sites of metastases. We have found that DIM down-regulates both CXCR4 and CXCL12 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as well as in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells at the transcriptional level and in an estrogen-independent manner. We demonstrate that the potential of MDA-MB-231 and BG-1 cells for chemotaxis and invasion towards CXCL12, but not towards IL-6 or fetal bovine serum, respectively, is inhibited by DIM. Furthermore, we show that DIM down-regulates CXCR4 under hypoxia and CXCL12 under estradiol-inducing conditions. Our data suggest that one mechanism whereby DIM protects against breast, ovarian, and possibly other cancers is through the repression of CXCR4 and/or CXCL12, thereby lowering the invasive and metastatic potential of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Hsu
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Doctoral Program, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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306
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Differential expression of CCR7 defines two distinct subsets of human memory CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:291-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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307
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Jöhrer K, Pleyer L, Olivier A, Maizner E, Zelle-Rieser C, Greil R. Tumour-immune cell interactions modulated by chemokines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:269-90. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.3.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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308
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Wildenberg ME, van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, van de Merwe JP, Moreno C, Drexhage HA, Versnel MA. Lack of CCR5 on dendritic cells promotes a proinflammatory environment in submandibular glands of the NOD mouse. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83:1194-200. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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309
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Piña-Oviedo S, Herrera-Medina H, Coronado H, Del Valle L, Ortiz-Hidalgo C. CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm: presentation of 2 cases and review of the concept of an uncommon tumor originated in plasmacytoid dendritic cells expressing CD123 (IL-3 receptor alpha). Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2008; 15:481-6. [PMID: 18091395 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000213139.39654.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD4/CD56 hematodermic neoplasm is a rare neoplasm presenting with cutaneous nodules, lymphadenopathy, bone marrow infiltration, and an aggressive clinical course. Recently, the plasmacytoid dendritic cell origin of this neoplasm has been demonstrated. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a hematopoietic-derived cell implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive cell immunity and in the production of certain regulatory cytokines. Recently it has been demonstrated that these cells express cell surface markers such as IL-3 receptor alpha (CD123). In the present report, we describe the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of 2 cases of CD4/CD56 hematodermic neoplasm. Both patients were male and the age at the time of diagnosis was 36 and 75 years, respectively. Clinical findings were limited to the skin and consisted of multiple cutaneous nodules located in the thorax and extremities, some of them ulcerated. Histologically, the tumors were characterized by a nonepidermotropic, dermal and subdermal infiltration of homogeneous medium-sized cells resembling lymphoblasts or myeloblasts. Immunohistochemical characterization of the tumors showed expression of CD4, CD56, CD43, and CD123, whereas CD8, CD20, and MPO were negative. Immunoreactivity for CD3, which has been described in rare occasions, was found only in one of the cases. This characteristic profile in addition to the expression of CD123, which was detected in both cases, can be used as valuable tools in the diagnosis of this rare neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Piña-Oviedo
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Panamericana, Donatello 59, Colonia Insurgentes Mixcoac, C.P. 03920, Mexico. City
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310
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Chemokines and cancer: migration, intracellular signalling and intercellular communication in the microenvironment. Biochem J 2008; 409:635-49. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate chemokine/receptor expression or regulation is linked to many diseases, especially those characterized by an excessive cellular infiltrate, such as rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. There is now overwhelming evidence that chemokines are also involved in the progression of cancer, where they function in several capacities. First, specific chemokine–receptor pairs are involved in tumour metastasis. This is not surprising, in view of their role as chemoattractants in cell migration. Secondly, chemokines help to shape the tumour microenvironment, often in favour of tumour growth and metastasis, by recruitment of leucocytes and activation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Emerging evidence suggests that chemokine receptor signalling also contributes to survival and proliferation, which may be particularly important for metastasized cells to adapt to foreign environments. However, there is considerable diversity and complexity in the chemokine network, both at the chemokine/receptor level and in the downstream signalling pathways they couple into, which may be key to a better understanding of how and why particular chemokines contribute to cancer growth and metastasis. Further investigation into these areas may identify targets that, if inhibited, could render cancer cells more susceptible to chemotherapy.
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311
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Pinzon-Charry A, Maxwell T, López JA. Dendritic cell dysfunction in cancer: a mechanism for immunosuppression. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 83:451-61. [PMID: 16174093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have demonstrated that tumours are not intrinsically resistant to the immune response. However, neoplasias commonly fail to initiate and maintain adequate immunity. A number of factors have been implicated in causing the failure, including aberrant antigen processing by tumour cells, anergy or deletion of T cells, and recruitment of inhibitory/regulatory cell types. It has been suggested that dysfunction of dendritic cells (DC) induced by the tumour is one of the critical mechanisms to escape immune surveillance. As a minor subset of leucocytes, DC are the key APC for initiating immune responses. DC are poised at the boundaries of the periphery and the inner tissues, sampling antigens of diverse origin. Following their encounter with antigen or danger signals, DC migrate to lymph nodes, where they activate effector cells essential for tumour clearance. Although the DC system is highly heterogeneous, the differentiation and function of DC populations is largely regulated by exogenous factors. Malignancies appear to exploit this by producing a plethora of immunosuppressive factors capable of affecting DC, thus exerting systemic effects on immune function. This review examines recent findings on the effects of tumour-derived factors inducing DC dysfunction and in particular examines the findings on alteration of DC differentiation, maturation and longevity as a potent mechanism for immune suppression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pinzon-Charry
- Dendritic Cell and Cancer Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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312
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313
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Kohara H, Omatsu Y, Sugiyama T, Noda M, Fujii N, Nagasawa T. Development of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in bone marrow stromal cell niches requires CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling. Blood 2007; 110:4153-60. [PMID: 17827391 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-084210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), also known as type I interferon (IFN)–producingcells, are thought to play central roles in antiviral immunity and the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases. pDCs are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. However, the environmental regulation of the development of pDCs is not fully understood. Here, we show that the numbers of pDCs and their earliest progenitors are severely reduced in the absence of CXCR4, the primary physiologic receptor for CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), also known as stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in vivo. In vitro, CXCL12 induces a significant increase in pDC numbers generated from primitive hematopoietic cells, and pDCs and their progenitors migrate to CXCL12. In addition, most pDCs are in contact with CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells in the intersinal space of bone marrow, although many primitive hematopoietic cells adjoin CAR cells surrounding sinusoidal endothelial cells or residing near the bone surface. Thus we identified CXCL12 as a key regulator of pDC development produced by cellular niches, providing new targets for pDC therapeutic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kohara
- Department of Immunobiology and Hematology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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314
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Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy. Oncology 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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315
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Yang T, Wall EM, Milne K, Theiss P, Watson P, Nelson BH. CD8+ T Cells Induce Complete Regression of Advanced Ovarian Cancers by an Interleukin (IL)-2/IL-15–Dependent Mechanism. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7172-80. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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316
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Kryczek I, Wei S, Zhu G, Myers L, Mottram P, Cheng P, Chen L, Coukos G, Zou W. Relationship between B7-H4, regulatory T cells, and patient outcome in human ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8900-5. [PMID: 17875732 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B7-H4 is a recently identified B7 family member. We previously showed that ovarian tumor and associated macrophages expressed B7-H4; tumor B7-H4+ macrophages and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) suppressed tumor-associated antigen-specific T-cell immunity. To determine the pathologic relationship between B7-H4, macrophages, and Treg cells in the tumor environment, in addition to Treg cell numbers, we quantified B7-H4 expression in the tumor and tumor-associated macrophages in 103 patients with ovarian carcinoma. We observed that the intensity of B7-H4 expression in macrophages was significantly correlated with Treg cell numbers in the tumor. Further, both Treg cells and macrophage B7-H4, but not tumor B7-H4, were negatively associated with patient outcome. Tumor Treg cells enabled macrophages to spontaneously produce interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6. Tumor macrophages stimulated B7-H4 expression in an autocrine manner through IL-10 and IL-6. Our previous work showed that tumor-associated macrophages spontaneously produced chemokine CCL22 to mediate Treg cell trafficking into tumor, and Treg cells induced B7-H4 on antigen-presenting cells (APC) including macrophages. Altogether, our data support the concept that there is a mechanistic interaction between Treg cells and macrophage, and that Treg cells may convey the suppressive activity to APCs through B7-H4 induction in human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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317
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P2Y receptor signaling regulates phenotype and IFN-alpha secretion of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood 2007; 111:3062-9. [PMID: 17993619 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-071910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) play powerful regulatory roles in innate and adaptive immune responses and are a major source of type I interferon (IFN) following viral infection. During inflammation and mechanical stress, cells release nucleotides into the extracellular space where they act as signaling molecules via G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. We have previously reported on the regulation of myeloid dendritic cell (DC) function by nucleotides. Here, we report that human PDCs express several subtypes of P2Y receptors and mobilize intracellular calcium in response to nucleotide exposure. As a functional consequence, PDCs acquire a mature phenotype that is further enhanced in the context of CD40 ligation. Strikingly, nucleotides strongly inhibit IFN-alpha secretion induced by influenza virus or CpG-A. This effect is most pronounced for the uridine nucleotides UDP and UTP and the sugar nucleotide UDP-glucose, ligands of P2Y(6), P2Y(4), and P2Y(14), respectively. Nucleotide-induced inhibition of IFN-alpha production is blocked by suramin, a P2Y receptor antagonist. Pharmacological data point toward a role of protein kinase C in the negative regulation of type I IFN. Manipulating PDC function with P2Y receptor agonists may offer novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases or cancer.
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318
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Gerlini G, Urso C, Mariotti G, Di Gennaro P, Palli D, Brandani P, Salvadori A, Pimpinelli N, Reali UM, Borgognoni L. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells represent a major dendritic cell subset in sentinel lymph nodes of melanoma patients and accumulate in metastatic nodes. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:184-93. [PMID: 17827069 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) represent the main source of interferon-alpha, a cytokine with antitumor activity. However, in vitro studies point to pDC as a key subset for induction of tolerance. Herein, we investigated pDC in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) of melanoma patients. We report that pDC were constantly found in SLN and represented, with Langerhans cells, the most frequent dendritic cell subset. Their frequency in positive (with metastasis) SLN was significantly higher than in negative (without metastasis) SLN. PDC were observed in the T cell-rich areas of lymph nodes, particularly around high endothelial venules and, in metastatic nodes, they accumulated in close vicinity with melanoma nests. Finally, pDC capability to produce interferon-alpha in situ was impaired. Consistently, pDC expressed CD86, but neither CD80 nor CD83, suggesting a not complete activation in melanoma-draining lymph nodes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a tolerogenic role played by pDC in tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gerlini
- Plastic Surgery Unit - Regional Melanoma Referral Center, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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319
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Moschos S, Kirkwood JM. Present role and future potential of type I interferons in adjuvant therapy of high-risk operable melanoma. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:451-8. [PMID: 17693125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Few molecular therapeutic approaches have been so rigorously investigated in relation to the pathophysiology and outcome of human diseases as type I interferons. Historically, IFNs were discovered after the phenomenon of 'interference' was first described by Isaacs and Lindenmann in 1957, and for years IFNs (IFNalpha) were considered as potential "antiviral penicillins" until the broader spectrum of effects upon normal cell physiology, the natural and adaptive immune systems, and tumor growth and proliferation were described. Interferon beta (IFNbeta) was the second human gene after insulin to be cloned, and it codes for the first cytokine used to treat human malignancies. Despite the progress in understanding and treating cancer over the last 25 years, IFN alpha (IFNalpha) remains the most commonly used biologically active cytokine in the treatment of solid tumors, and for some like melanoma, the only successful agent. In this review we discuss the role of type I interferons in the pathophysiology and treatment of melanoma, with emphasis on the 22 years of work conducted at the University of Pittsburgh. We discuss potential mechanisms that partially explain the clinical benefit, and set the groundwork for building upon, the design of more effective treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Moschos
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite L1.32c, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2584, United States
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320
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Pan PY, Wang GX, Yin B, Ozao J, Ku T, Divino CM, Chen SH. Reversion of immune tolerance in advanced malignancy: modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cell development by blockade of stem-cell factor function. Blood 2007; 111:219-28. [PMID: 17885078 PMCID: PMC2200807 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-086835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth induced a significant increase of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor-bearing host. In our previous study, we showed that MDSCs induced tumor-specific T-cell tolerance and the development of T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tumor-derived factors have been implicated in the accumulation of MDSCs. We hypothesize that reduction of MDSC accumulation in tumor-bearing hosts, through the blockade of tumor factors, can prevent T-cell anergy and Treg development and thereby improve immune therapy for the treatment of advanced tumors. Several tumor-derived factors were identified by gene array analysis. Among the candidate factors, stem- cell factor (SCF) is expressed by various human and murine carcinomas and was selected for further study. Mice bearing tumor cells with SCF siRNA knockdown exhibited significantly reduced MDSC expansion and restored proliferative responses of tumor-infiltrating T cells. More importantly, blockade of SCF receptor (ckit)-SCF interaction by anti-ckit prevented tumor-specific T-cell anergy, Treg development, and tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the prevention of MDSC accumulation in conjunction with immune activation therapy showed synergistic therapeutic effect when treating mice bearing large tumors. This information supports the notion that modulation of MDSC development may be required to achieve effective immune-enhancing therapy for the treatment of advanced tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunotherapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/secondary
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stem Cell Factor/genetics
- Stem Cell Factor/immunology
- Stem Cell Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ying Pan
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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321
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Molenkamp BG, van Leeuwen PAM, Meijer S, Sluijter BJR, Wijnands PGJTB, Baars A, van den Eertwegh AJM, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD. Intradermal CpG-B activates both plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells in the sentinel lymph node of melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2961-9. [PMID: 17504997 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A decrease in the frequency and activation state of dendritic cells in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) has been observed in early stages of melanoma development. This may hinder the generation of effective antitumor T-cell responses and increase the likelihood of metastatic spread. Immunopotentiation of the melanoma SLN may therefore be a valuable adjuvant treatment option. One way to achieve this is through the use of bacterially derived unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) DNA sequences that bind Toll-like receptor 9 and activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC). CpG-activated PDC, in turn, release IFN alpha and may thus boost T-cell and natural killer cell responses as well as activate conventional myeloid dendritic cells (MDC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied the effects of preoperative local administration of the CpG B-type oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) PF-3512676 (formerly known as CPG 7909) on dendritic cell and T-cell subsets in the SLN of 23 stage I to III melanoma patients, randomized to receive intradermal injections of either PF-3512676 or saline (NaCl 0.9%). RESULTS PF-3512676 administration resulted in bulkier SLN, higher yields of isolated SLN leukocytes, and activation of BDCA-2(+)CD123(+) PDC as well as of CD1a(+) MDC. In addition, PF-3512676 administration was associated with the presence of a newly identified CD11c(hi)CD123(+)CD83(+)TRAIL(+) mature SLN-MDC subset, an increased release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines, and lower frequencies of CD4(+)CD25(hi)CTLA-4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells in the SLN. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to the possible utility of the conditioning of SLN by PF-3512676 as an adjuvant immunotherapeutic modality for early-stage melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Molenkamp
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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322
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Chang WLW, Baumgarth N, Eberhardt MK, Lee CYD, Baron CA, Gregg JP, Barry PA. Exposure of myeloid dendritic cells to exogenous or endogenous IL-10 during maturation determines their longevity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7794-804. [PMID: 17548617 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are essential for the initiation of primary adaptive immune responses, and their functionality is strongly down-modulated by IL-10. Both innate and adaptive immune signals trigger the up-regulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members to facilitate the survival of DCs after maturation. However, whether IL-10 alters the expression of apoptotic-related genes in maturing DCs has not been determined. In this study, we demonstrate that spontaneous apoptosis rapidly occurred in myeloid DCs exposed to exogenous IL-10 upon maturation. Microarray analysis indicates that IL-10 suppressed the induction of three antiapoptotic genes, bcl-2, bcl-x, and bfl-1, which was coincident with the increased sensitivity of mature DCs to spontaneous apoptosis. IL-10 markedly inhibited the accumulation of steady state Bcl-2 message and protein in myeloid DCs activated through TLRs or TNFR family members, whereas exogenous IL-10 affected Bcl-x(L) expression in a moderate manner. In contrast, bcl-2 expression of plasmacytoid DCs was less sensitive to the effects of IL-10. We further show that autocrine IL-10 significantly limited the longevity of myeloid DCs and altered the expression kinetics of Bcl-2 but not Bcl-x(L) in maturing DCs. We conclude that the degree of IL-10 exposure and/or the level of endogenous IL-10 production upon myeloid DC maturation play a critical role in determining DC longevity. This regulatory mechanism of IL-10 is associated with the dynamic control of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L William Chang
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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323
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Wei S, Kryczek I, Edwards RP, Zou L, Szeliga W, Banerjee M, Cost M, Cheng P, Chang A, Redman B, Herberman RB, Zou W. Interleukin-2 administration alters the CD4+FOXP3+ T-cell pool and tumor trafficking in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7487-94. [PMID: 17671219 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 is used in the immunotherapy of patients with certain cancer and HIV infection. IL-2 treatment reliably results in 16% to 20% objective clinical response rate in cancer patients, with significant durability of responses in selected patients. However, the mechanisms of therapeutic activity in responding versus nonresponding patients remain poorly understood. CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to immunosuppressive networks in human tumors. We treated 31 ovarian cancer patients with IL-2. We show that administration of IL-2 induces the proliferation of existent Treg cells in patients with ovarian cancer. The potency of Treg cell proliferation is negatively determined by the initial prevalence of Treg cells, suggesting that Treg cells are a factor for self-controlling Treg cell proliferation. After IL-2 cessation, the number of Treg cells more efficiently dropped in clinical responders than nonresponders. Furthermore, IL-2 treatment stimulates chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression on Treg cells, enables Treg cell migration toward chemokine CXCL12 in the tumor microenvironment, and may enforce Treg cell tumor accumulation. Our findings support the concept that administration of IL-2 numerically and functionally affects the Treg cell compartment. These data provide an important insight in evaluating the clinical benefit and therapeutic prediction of IL-2 treatment in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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324
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Reiman JM, Kmieciak M, Manjili MH, Knutson KL. Tumor immunoediting and immunosculpting pathways to cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:275-87. [PMID: 17662614 PMCID: PMC2742305 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that a natural function of the immune system is to respond and destroy aberrant, dysfunctional cells by a process called immunosurveillance. These studies also suggest that the tumors that arise despite immunosurveillance have been immunosculpted by the immune system. The purported abilities of tumors to induce immune tolerance and suppression, the increased pathogenic behavior of the tumor cells following exposure to immune effectors and the loss of immunogenicity (i.e. immunoediting) often observed in advanced stage tumors could be the result of immunosculpting. In some cases, these immunosculpting features may be permanent and irreversible. However, in other cases, reversible epigenetic mechanisms may underlie the immune resistant tumor phenotype. Regardless, these immune-induced alterations could contribute to cancer pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms by which tumors evade immunity will be important for disease prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Reiman
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Maciej Kmieciak
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Masoud H. Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Keith L. Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 342C Guggenheim, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Telephone 507-284-0545; FAX (507) 266-0981; e-mail:
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325
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Mummidi S, Adams LM, VanCompernolle SE, Kalkonde M, Camargo JF, Kulkarni H, Bellinger AS, Bonello G, Tagoh H, Ahuja SS, Unutmaz D, Ahuja SK. Production of specific mRNA transcripts, usage of an alternate promoter, and octamer-binding transcription factors influence the surface expression levels of the HIV coreceptor CCR5 on primary T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5668-81. [PMID: 17442950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface levels of CCR5 on memory CD4(+) T cells influence HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility. Alternative promoter usage results in the generation of CCR5 mRNA isoforms that differ based on whether they contain or lack the untranslated exon 1. The impact of exon 1-containing transcripts on CCR5 surface expression is unknown. In this study, we show that the increased cell surface expression of CCR5 on primary T cells is associated with selective enrichment of exon 1-containing transcripts. The promoter that drives exon 1-containing transcripts is highly active in primary human T cells but not in transformed T cell lines. The transcription factors Oct-1 and -2 inhibit and enhance, respectively, the expression of exon 1-containing transcripts and CCR5 surface levels. However, polymorphisms at homologous octamer-binding sites in the CCR5 promoter of nonhuman primates abrogate the binding of these transcription factors. These results identify exon 1-containing transcripts, and the cis-trans factors that regulate the expression levels of these mRNA isoforms as key parameters that affect CCR5 surface expression levels, and by extension, susceptibility to HIV/AIDS among humans, and possibly, the observed interspecies differences in susceptibility to lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Mummidi
- Veterans Administration Center for AIDS and HIV Infection, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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326
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Abstract
Despite major advances in understanding the mechanisms leading to tumor immunity, a number of obstacles hinder the successful translation of mechanistic insights into effective tumor immunotherapy. Such obstacles include the ability of tumors to foster a tolerant microenvironment and the activation of a plethora of immunosuppressive mechanisms, which may act in concert to counteract effective immune responses. Here we discuss different strategies employed by tumors to thwart immune responses, including tumor-induced impairment of antigen presentation, the activation of negative costimulatory signals, and the elaboration of immunosuppressive factors. In addition, we underscore the influence of regulatory cell populations that may contribute to this immunosuppressive network; these include regulatory T cells, natural killer T cells, and distinct subsets of immature and mature dendritic cells. The current wealth of preclinical information promises a future scenario in which the synchronized blockade of immunosuppressive mechanisms may be effective in combination with other conventional strategies to overcome immunological tolerance and promote tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Division of Immunogenetics, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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327
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Abstract
Tumors express antigens that should induce immune-mediated rejection, but spontaneous rejection of established tumors is rare. Recent work demonstrates that one reason for the lack of tumor rejection is that tumors actively defeat host immunity. This concept forces us to rethink current approaches to harnessing potent, specific host immunity to battle cancer, most of which are based on the paradigm that inducing more antitumor immune cells alone is therapeutic. However, as I discuss in this Personal Perspective, a newer paradigm predicts that reducing tumor-driven immune suppression will be clinically beneficial. CD4+CD25+ Tregs are one mechanism of tumor-driven immune evasion that provide prototypical targets for testing novel anticancer treatment strategies within the newer paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Curiel
- San Antonio Cancer Institute, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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328
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Belot MP, Abdennebi-Najar L, Gaudin F, Lieberherr M, Godot V, Taïeb J, Emilie D, Machelon V. Progesterone reduces the migration of mast cells toward the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12 with an accompanying decrease in CXCR4 receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1410-7. [PMID: 17468394 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00286.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell recruitment is implicated in many physiological functions and several diseases. It depends on microenvironmental factors, including hormones. We have investigated the effect of progesterone on the migration of HMC-1(560) mast cells toward CXCL12, a chemokine that controls the migration of mast cells into tissues. HMC-1(560) mast cells were incubated with 1 nM to 1 microM progesterone for 24 h. Controls were run without progesterone. Cell migration toward CXCL12 was monitored with an in vitro assay, and statistical analysis of repeated experiments revealed that progesterone significantly reduced cell migration without increasing the number of apoptotic cells (P = 0.0084, n = 7). Differences between progesterone-treated and untreated cells were significant at 1 microM (P < 0.01, n = 7). Cells incubated with 1 microM progesterone showed no rearrangment of actin filaments in response to CXCL12. Progesterone also reduced the calcium response to CXCL12 and Akt phosphorylation. Cells incubated with progesterone had one-half the control concentrations of CXCR4 (mRNA, total protein, and membrane-bound protein). Progesterone also inhibited the migration of HMC-1(560) cells transfected with hPR-B-pSG5 plasmid, which contained 2.5 times as much PR-B as the control. These transfected cells responded differently (P < 0.05, n = 5) from untreated cells to 1 nM progesterone. We conclude that progesterone reduces mast cell migration toward CXCL12 and that CXCR4 may be a progesterone target in mast cells.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Mast Cells/cytology
- Mast Cells/drug effects
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Belot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Univ Paris-Sud 11, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 13, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie Biologique, Clamart, France
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329
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Perrot I, Blanchard D, Freymond N, Isaac S, Guibert B, Pachéco Y, Lebecque S. Dendritic cells infiltrating human non-small cell lung cancer are blocked at immature stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2763-9. [PMID: 17312119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of immune response to control human cancer remains controversial. It is particularly debated whether and to what extent the capacity of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DC) to drive immunization can be turned off by transformed cells, leading to tumor-specific tolerance rather than immunization. To address this issue, we have characterized the DC isolated from human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These biopsy specimens contained CD11c(high) myeloid DC (mDC), but also CD11c(-) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and a third DC subset expressing intermediate level of CD11c. Compared with peripheral blood, CD11c(high) tumor-infiltrating DC (TIDC) displayed a "semi-mature" phenotype, and TLR4 or TLR8 stimulation drove them to mature partially and to secrete limited amounts of cytokines. In contrast, most tumor-infiltrating pDC were immature but underwent partial maturation after TLR7 activation, whereas TLR9 ligation triggered low secretion of IFN-alpha. CD11c(int) mDC represented approximately 25% of total DC in tumoral and peritumoral tissues and expressed low levels of costimulatory molecules contrasting with high levels of the immunoinhibitory molecule B7-H1. Finally, the poor APC function of total TIDC even after TLR stimulation and the migratory response of both tumor-infiltrating mDC and pDC toward CCL21 and SDF-1 in vitro suggested their ability to compromise the tumor-specific immune response in draining lymph nodes in vivo. Further studies will be required to establish the specific role of the three TIDC subsets in tumor immunity and to draw conclusions for the design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Perrot
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough, Dardilly, France
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330
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Lou Y, Liu C, Kim GJ, Liu YJ, Hwu P, Wang G. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells synergize with myeloid dendritic cells in the induction of antigen-specific antitumor immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1534-41. [PMID: 17237402 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are capable of producing high levels of type I IFNs upon viral stimulation, and play a central role in modulating innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections. Whereas many studies have assessed myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) in the induction of antitumor immune responses, the role of pDC in antitumor immunity has not been addressed. Moreover, the interaction of pDC with other dendritic cell subsets has not been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed the capacity of pDC in stimulating an Ag-specific T cell response. Immunization of mice with Ag-pulsed, activated pDC significantly augmented Ag-specific CD8(+) CTL responses, and protected mice from a subsequent tumor challenge. Immunization with a mixture of activated pDC plus mDC resulted in increased levels of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells and an enhanced antitumor response compared with immunization with either dendritic cell subset alone. Synergy between pDC and mDC in their ability to activate T cells was dependent on MHC I expression by mDC, but not pDC, suggesting that pDC enhanced the ability of mDC to present Ag to T cells. Our results demonstrate that pDC and mDC can interact synergistically to induce an Ag-specific antitumor immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Lou
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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331
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, Arihiro K. Immunobiology of the sentinel lymph node and its potential role for antitumour immunity. Lancet Oncol 2007; 7:1006-16. [PMID: 17138222 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(06)70975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The sentinel lymph node (SLN) is thought to be an important lymphoid organ for protecting against metastasis and is thought to play a crucial part in provoking antitumour immunity. Because SLN biopsy is undertaken for various types of cancers, such as malignant melanoma and breast cancer, SLN mapping has become a standard procedure, thereby eliminating unnecessary lymph-node resection in patients who do not have affected nodes. The immune surveillance activities of the SLN in melanoma and breast cancer are thought to be suppressed, whereas in cancers of gastrointestinal-tract, the presence of T cells in the SLN has not been shown to suppress the host's immune function. Furthermore, cell death after primary systemic chemotherapy for solid tumours can provoke an antigen-specific immunity in the tumour, which affects tumour response to treatment and, therefore, survival in patients. This review discusses the immunobiology of the SLN and potential strategies for activation of antitumour immunity by primary systemic chemotherapy and other modalities, in terms of tumour-size reduction and survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Centre, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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332
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, Arihiro K. Potential functional role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in cancer immunity. Immunology 2007; 121:149-57. [PMID: 17371541 PMCID: PMC2265944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), as well as myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), have a dual role not only in initiating immune responses but also in inducing tolerance to exogenous and endogenous antigens. Tumour antigens originate from endogenous self-antigens, which are poorly immunogenic and also subject to change during tumour progression. In general, tumour antigens derived from apoptotic cells are captured by immature mDCs, antigen presentation by which is most likely to result in immune tolerance. In contrast, tumour antigens may be taken up by pDCs through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) via receptor-mediated endocytosis. TLR9-dependent activation of pDCs results in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12 and type I interferons (IFNs) through a MyD88-dependent pathway. Type I IFNs also activate mDCs for T-cell priming. Although pDCs recruited to the tumour site are implicated in facilitating tumour growth via immune suppression, they can be released from the tumour as a result of cell death caused by primary systemic chemotherapy, and can then be activated through TLR9. Thus, synergistically with mDCs, pDCs may also play a crucial role in mediating cancer immunity. In this review, the potential functional duality and plasticity of pDCs mediated by TLR9 ligation in cancer immunity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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333
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Shurin MR, Shurin GV, Lokshin A, Yurkovetsky ZR, Gutkin DW, Chatta G, Zhong H, Han B, Ferris RL. Intratumoral cytokines/chemokines/growth factors and tumor infiltrating dendritic cells: friends or enemies? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 25:333-56. [PMID: 17029028 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-9010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of a variable combination of tumor cells, stromal fibroblasts, endothelial cells and infiltrating leukocytes, such as macrophages, T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells. A variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are produced in the local tumor environment by different cells accounting for a complex cell interaction and regulation of differentiation, activation, function and survival of multiple cell types. The interaction between cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and their receptors forms a comprehensive network at the tumor site, which is primary responsible for overall tumor progression and spreading or induction of antitumor immune responses and tumor rejection. Although the general thought is that dendritic cells are among the first cells migrating to the tumor site and recognizing tumor cells for the induction of specific antitumor immunity, the clinical relevance of dendritic cells at the site of the tumor remains a matter of debate regarding their role in the generation of successful antitumor immune responses in human cancers. While several lines of evidence suggest that intratumoral dendritic cells play an important role in antitumor immune responses, understanding the mechanisms of dendritic cell/tumor cell interaction and modulation of activity and function of different dendritic cell subtypes at the tumor site is incomplete. This review is limited to discussing the role of intratumoral cytokine network in the understanding immunobiology of tumor-associated dendritic cells, which seems to possess different regulatory functions at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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334
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Papeta N, Chen T, Vianello F, Gererty L, Malik A, Mok YT, Tharp WG, Bagley J, Zhao G, Stevceva L, Yoon V, Sykes M, Sachs D, Iacomini J, Poznansky MC. Long-term survival of transplanted allogeneic cells engineered to express a T cell chemorepellent. Transplantation 2007; 83:174-83. [PMID: 17264814 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000250658.00925.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloantigen specific T cells have been shown to be required for allograft rejection. The chemokine, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) at high concentration, has been shown to act as a T-cell chemorepellent and abrogate T-cell infiltration into a site of antigen challenge in vivo via a mechanism termed fugetaxis or chemorepulsion. We postulated that this mechanism could be exploited therapeutically and that allogeneic cells engineered to express a chemorepellent protein would not be rejected. METHODS Allogeneic murine insulinoma beta-TC3 cells and primary islets from BALB/C mice were engineered to constitutively secrete differential levels of SDF-1 and transplanted into allogeneic diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Rejection was defined as the permanent return of hyperglycemia and was correlated with the level of T-cell infiltration. The migratory response of T-cells to SDF-1 was also analyzed by transwell migration assay and time-lapse videomicroscopy. The cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T cell (CTLs) against beta-TC3 cells expressing high levels of SDF-1 was measured in standard and modified chromium-release assays in order to determine the effect of CTL migration on killing efficacy. RESULTS Control animals rejected allogeneic cells and remained diabetic. In contrast, high level SDF-1 production by transplanted cells resulted in increased survival of the allograft and a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and T-cell infiltration into the transplanted tissue. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of a novel approach that exploits T-cell chemorepulsion to induce site specific immune isolation and thereby overcomes allograft rejection without the use of systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Papeta
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division and Partner AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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335
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Bignotti E, Tassi RA, Calza S, Ravaggi A, Bandiera E, Rossi E, Donzelli C, Pasinetti B, Pecorelli S, Santin AD. Gene expression profile of ovarian serous papillary carcinomas: identification of metastasis-associated genes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:245.e1-11. [PMID: 17346539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify genes that are highly differentially expressed in metastatic serous papillary ovarian tumors (MET) when compared with primary ovarian serous carcinomas (OSPC). STUDY DESIGN An oligonucleotide microarray with probe sets complementary to >14,500 human genes was used to determine whether patterns of gene expression may differentiate OSPC from MET in 31 snap-frozen serous papillary ovarian carcinomas (ie, 14 primary OSPC and 17 omental metastasis [MET]). RESULTS Hierarchic cluster analysis of gene expression in OSPC and MET identified 156 genes that exhibited > 2-fold differences (P < .05) and that distinguished OSPC from MET. A number of invasion and metastasis predictive genes (including plasminogen activator; matrix metalloproteinase; matrix structural constituent genes encoding products with collagen, heparin, and hyaluronic acid binding activity; genes encoding receptors for insulin-like growth factors; vascular endothelial growth factor; endothelin type A; fibroblast growth factor; thrombospondin 1 and 2; type A and B integrins, and chemokines [stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12)]) were found among the 120 genes that were highly differentially overexpressed in MET, when compared with OSPC. Down-regulated genes in MET compared with OSPC included hepsin and testisin. Overexpression of CXCL12, matrix metalloproteinase, plasminogen activator, type A and B integrins, and hepsin genes was validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in all samples. Finally, overexpression of CXCL12 in MET, when compared with OSPC, was validated at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Gene expression profiling may differentiate metastatic ovarian cancer from primary OSPC. The identification of metastasis-associated genes may provide a foundation for the development of new type-specific diagnostic strategies and treatment for metastatic ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Bignotti
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia Medical School, Brescia, Italy
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336
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Nicodemus CF, Smith LM, Schultes BC. Role of monoclonal antibodies in tumor-specific immunity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:331-43. [PMID: 17309325 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.3.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, considered to be 'magic bullets' 20 years ago, may finally be realizing their full potential, particularly in the area of oncology, where > 10 monoclonal antibodies are approved for treatment. Monoclonal antibodies are being used to modulate tumor-specific immunity through several approaches: antibodies that direct cytotoxicity against the tumor through cellular or complement-mediated pathways; antibodies that directly modulate immune regulation; antibodies that alter tolerance to tumor antigens; and antibodies that act as antigen mimetics through the anti-idiotype network. Therapeutic progress in these areas is reviewed as well as the potential to combine these approaches with standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Nicodemus
- Clinical Research & Development, Unither Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 15 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Wellesley Hills, MA 02481, USA.
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337
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K. Functional roles of immature dendritic cells in impaired immunity of solid tumour and their targeted strategies for provoking tumour immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:189-96. [PMID: 17034569 PMCID: PMC1942049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a crucial role in initiating tumour immunity as well as in the immune response for invading foreign pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. For bacterial and viral infections, the immature dendritic cells (iDCs) residing in peripheral tissues are efficiently activated and matured by pathogen signals for performing the immune response. In contrast, for self-antigens, the naive T cells are not activated by iDCs but proceed to anergy/deletion, and the generation of regulatory T cells for immune tolerance. The induction of immune response and tolerance is regulated strictly by iDCs as the sensor for homeostasis of immune response in the host. Despite the identification of some tumour antigens, tumour immunity is not provoked successfully. Even though there are some critical obstacles to inhibit effective tumour immunity, tumour cells are able to exploit the functional roles of iDCs for tumour progression, which are induced by tumour-derived soluble factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and functionally modulated in the microenvironment. The iDCs still remain as the critical target for provoking tumour immunity. In this review, the functional roles of tumour-associated iDCs and the strategy for targeting iDCs in effective tumour immunity for the cancer patient are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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338
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Popovic PJ, DeMarco R, Lotze MT, Winikoff SE, Bartlett DL, Krieg AM, Guo ZS, Brown CK, Tracey KJ, Zeh HJ. High mobility group B1 protein suppresses the human plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to TLR9 agonists. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8701-7. [PMID: 17142771 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are innate immune effector cells that are recruited to sites of chronic inflammation, where they modify the quality and nature of the adaptive immune response. PDCs modulate adaptive immunity in response to signals delivered within the local inflammatory milieu by pathogen- or damage-associated molecular pattern, molecules, and activated immune cells (including NK, T, and myeloid dendritic cells). High mobility group B1 (HMGB1) is a recently identified damage-associated molecular pattern that is released during necrotic cell death and also secreted from activated macrophages, NK cells, and mature myeloid dendritic cells. We have investigated the effect of HMGB1 on the function of PDCs. In this study, we demonstrate that HMGB1 suppresses PDC cytokine secretion and maturation in response to TLR9 agonists including the hypomethylated oligodeoxynucleotide CpG- and DNA-containing viruses. HMGB1-inhibited secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines including IFN-alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, inducible protein-10, and IL-12. In addition, HMGB1 prevented the CpG induced up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on the surface of PDC and potently suppressed their ability to drive generation of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells. Our observations suggest that HMGB1 may play a critical role in regulating the immune response during chronic inflammation and tissue damage through modulation of PDC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar J Popovic
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and Molecular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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339
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Abstract
Lymph nodes that lie immediately downstream of tumors [tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs)] undergo profound alterations due to the presence of the upstream tumor. The antigen-presenting cell population in TDLNs becomes modified such that tumor-derived antigens are cross-presented by host cells in a tolerizing fashion. In addition, the number and suppressor activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increased in the TDLN. Emerging evidence suggests that some of these Tregs may be generated de novo against specific tumor-derived antigens, and thus they arise as a direct consequence of antigen presentation in the TDLN. Others may represent Tregs against self-antigens, which undergo preferential activation in the tolerogenic milieu of the TDLN. The TDLN thus becomes an anatomic context in which presentation of new antigens not only fails to elicit a protective immune response but also actively creates systemic tolerance. In this regard, the TDLN displays features analogous to classical immune privilege. Accumulating evidence thus suggests that the TDLNs, although small in size, may exert a profound tolerizing influence on the rest of the immune system. These mechanisms will need to be interrupted in order for clinical anti-tumor immunotherapy to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Munn
- Immunotherapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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340
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Mirza N, Fishman M, Fricke I, Dunn M, Neuger AM, Frost TJ, Lush RM, Antonia S, Gabrilovich DI. All-trans-retinoic acid improves differentiation of myeloid cells and immune response in cancer patients. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9299-307. [PMID: 16982775 PMCID: PMC1586106 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal dendritic cell differentiation and accumulation of immature myeloid suppressor cells (ImC) is one of the major mechanisms of tumor escape. We tested the possibility of pharmacologic regulation of myeloid cell differentiation using all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Eighteen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with ATRA followed by s.c. interleukin 2 (IL-2). Eight healthy individuals comprised a control group. As expected, the cancer patients had substantially elevated levels of ImC. We observed that ATRA dramatically reduced the number of ImC. This effect was observed only in patients with high plasma concentration of ATRA (>150 ng/mL), but not in patients with lower ATRA concentrations (<135 ng/mL). Effects of ATRA on the proportions of different dendritic cell populations were minor. However, ATRA significantly improved myeloid/lymphoid dendritic cell ratio and the ability of patients' mononuclear cells to stimulate allogeneic T cells. This effect was associated with significant improvement of tetanus-toxoid-specific T-cell response. During the IL-2 treatment, the ATRA effect was completely eliminated. To assess the role of IL-2, specimens from 15 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who had been treated with i.v. IL-2 alone were analyzed. In this group also, IL-2 significantly reduced the number and function of dendritic cells as well as T-cell function. These data indicate that ATRA at effective concentrations eliminated ImC, improved myeloid/lymphoid dendritic cell ratio, dendritic cell function, and antigen-specific T-cell response. ATRA treatment did not result in significant toxicity and it could be tested in therapeutic combination with cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dmitry I. Gabrilovich
- * - address for correspondence: Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, MRC 2067, 12902 Magnolia Dr. Tampa, FL 33612, Ph. 813-903-6863, FAX 813-745-1328;
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341
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K. Cancer immunosuppression and autoimmune disease: beyond immunosuppressive networks for tumour immunity. Immunology 2006; 119:254-64. [PMID: 17005005 PMCID: PMC1782355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunosuppression evolves by constitution of an immunosuppressive network extending from a primary tumour site to secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral vessels and is mediated by several tumour-derived soluble factors (TDSFs) such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). TDSFs induce immature myeloid cells and regulatory T cells in accordance with tumour progression, resulting in the inhibition of dendritic cell maturation and T-cell activation in a tumour-specific immune response. Tumour cells grow by exploiting a pro-inflammatory situation in the tumour microenvironment, whereas immune cells are regulated by TDSFs during anti-inflammatory situations--mediated by impaired clearance of apoptotic cells--that cause the release of IL-10, TGF-beta, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by macrophages. Accumulation of impaired apoptotic cells induces anti-DNA antibodies directed against self antigens, which resembles a pseudo-autoimmune status. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototype of autoimmune disease that is characterized by defective tolerance of self antigens, the presence of anti-DNA antibodies and a pro-inflammatory response. The anti-DNA antibodies can be produced by impaired clearance of apoptotic cells, which is the result of a hereditary deficiency of complements C1q, C3 and C4, which are involved in the recognition of phagocytosis by macrophages. Thus, it is likely that impaired clearance of apoptotic cells is able to provoke different types of immune dysfunction in cancer and autoimmune disease in which some are similar and others are critically different. This review discusses a comparison of immunological dysfunctions in cancer and autoimmune disease with the aim of exploring new insights beyond cancer immunosuppression in tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Centre, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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342
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Zhang Z, Chen D, Yao J, Zhang H, Jin L, Shi M, Zhang H, Wang FS. Increased infiltration of intrahepatic DC subsets closely correlate with viral control and liver injury in immune active pediatric patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Immunol 2006; 122:173-80. [PMID: 17052956 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The roles of functionally impaired dendritic cells (DCs) in natural history of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are unknown. We therefore characterized circulating DC subsets in 15 immune tolerant (IT) and 31 immune active (IA) HBV-infected children. Additionally, intrahepatic DC subsets were also analyzed in 4 IT and 9 IA individuals. The results showed that circulating DC subset numbers were decreased, but the intrahepatic DC counts were concomitantly increased in IA patients versus IT patients or healthy children. This results in the reduction of overall IFN-alpha but not IL-12 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IA patients, although the capacity of single DC in producing cytokines was unchanged in these children. Moreover, there is a significantly inverse correlation of intrahepatic DC subsets with plasma HBV load and a positive correlation with serum ALT levels. These findings suggest that the increased infiltration of intrahepatic DC subsets may participate in the local antiviral immune response in pediatric patients with CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
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343
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Fricke I, Gabrilovich DI. Dendritic cells and tumor microenvironment: a dangerous liaison. Immunol Invest 2006; 35:459-83. [PMID: 16916762 PMCID: PMC1994724 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600803429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fact that the immune response to cancer is compromised has been convincingly demonstrated in murine tumor models as well as in cancer patients. The unresponsiveness of the host immune system is one of the major mechanisms of tumor escape as well as an important factor that limits the success of cancer immunotherapy. Inadequate function of professional antigen presenting cells dendritic cells (DC) in cancer is one of the major elements of compromised anti-tumor immune response. Despite substantial progress in recent years, the mechanism of inadequate DC function in cancer still remains unclear. The tumor microenvironment has emerged as an important component contributing to DC malfunction. In this review we will discuss the potential role of tumor microenvironment in DC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry I. Gabrilovich
- Address for correspondence: Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Dr. MRC 2067, Tampa, FL 33612, Ph. 813-903-6863, FAX 813-745-1328;
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344
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Kim R, Emi M, Matsuura K, Tanabe K. Antisense and nonantisense effects of antisense Bcl-2 on multiple roles of Bcl-2 as a chemosensitizer in cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 14:1-11. [PMID: 17041564 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 is an oncoprotein that plays a critical role in inhibiting apoptotic cell death in the mitochondria-dependent pathway in cancer chemotherapy. As a strategy for blocking Bcl-2 for enhancement of the chemotherapeutic effect, antisense Bcl-2 (AS Bcl-2; G3139, oblimersen sodium, Genasense) has shown promise, and there are several ongoing clinical studies with hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Although several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the therapeutic efficacy of Bcl-2 in combination with an anticancer drug as a chemosensitizer, in clinical trials the downregulation of Bcl-2 has not been observed with a high frequency in tumor cells. Nevertheless, previous studies showed nonantisense effects such as production of reactive oxygen species and immunostimulatory action through cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-motif in the antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Further, Bcl-2 is able to inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagic cell death, which is a nonapoptotic cell death. The current status and future directions of AS Bcl-2 and the potential mechanisms for multiple roles that Bcl-2 has in cancer therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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345
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Faith A, Peek E, McDonald J, Urry Z, Richards DF, Tan C, Santis G, Hawrylowicz C. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from human lung cancer draining lymph nodes induce Tc1 responses. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:360-7. [PMID: 17023687 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0284oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) resident in draining lymph nodes (LN) of patients with lung cancer are proposed to have a critical role in stimulating anti-tumor immunity. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are undergoing clinical trials in patients with lung cancer and are likely to target plasmacytoid-DC. The present study, therefore, investigated the capacity of plasmacytoid-DC from human lung cancer draining LN to respond to CpG for activation of T cell responses relevant to anti-tumor immunity. The phenotype of DC was examined by flow cytometry, and cytokine production by cytometric bead array (CBA) and ELISA. Plasmacytoid-DC, purified by cell sorting, were immature but expressed the toll-like receptor, TLR9. Plasmacytoid-DC responded to the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, CpG 2216, by production of the proinflammatory cytokines, IFN-alpha and IL-6. DC were cocultured with normal, allogeneic T cells, and cytokine production determined by CBA and immunophenotyping. CpG 2216 enhanced IFN-gamma production and induced intracellular production of IFN-gamma by CD8(+) and CD4(+), granzyme B by CD8(+), and IL-2 by CD4(+) T cells, respectively. Ligation of CD40 on plasmacytoid-DC combined with exposure to CpG 2216 also strongly enhanced IFN-gamma production. There was no significant difference between the responses of plasmacytoid-DC from patients with lung cancer and patients with benign carcinoid tumors with no pathologic LN involvement. These results indicate that plasmacytoid DC from the draining LN of patients with lung cancer effectively induce Tc1 immunity and could, therefore, represent a novel and attractive target for immunotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Faith
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College, and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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346
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Slettenaar VIF, Wilson JL. The chemokine network: a target in cancer biology? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:962-74. [PMID: 16996642 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine gradients are central to the movement of cells in both homeostatic and pathological processes. Most cancers express a complex array of chemokines that influence the local microenvironment through recruitment of stromal cells and by stimulating angiogenesis. Recently, the discovery of chemokine receptors on tumor cells has led to speculation that the chemokine system may be involved in cancer cell growth and survival, and possibly the development of site-specific spread. Understanding the networks of chemokines and their receptors in cancer will enable manipulation of this system. Both chemokines and their receptors represent targets for therapeutic intervention either with antibodies or small molecule antagonists. However, due to the complexity of the system, and the number of chemokines and receptors that are also expressed by normal cells, issues remain concerning whether systemic or local drug delivery are preferable and whether the redundancy of the system will compensate if one chemokine or receptor is targeted. Nevertheless, efficacy has been demonstrated in a number of experimental models. By targeting this network, it may be possible to generate anti-tumor immune responses by altering the chemokine and/or leukocyte balance in tumors; alternatively, chemokine/chemokine receptor-expressing cancer cells could be directly targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet I F Slettenaar
- Centre for Translational Oncology, Institute of Cancer and the CR-UK Clinical Centre, Barts and The London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, 3rd Floor, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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347
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Kryczek I, Wei S, Keller E, Liu R, Zou W. Stroma-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) and human tumor pathogenesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C987-95. [PMID: 16943240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00406.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine stroma-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) plays multiple roles in tumor pathogenesis. It has been demonstrated that CXCL12 promotes tumor growth and malignancy, enhances tumor angiogenesis, participates in tumor metastasis, and contributes to immunosuppressive networks within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, it stands to reason that the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway is an important target for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we consider the pathological nature and characteristics of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway in the tumor microenvironment. Strategies for therapeutically targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669, USA
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348
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Hartmann E, Graefe H, Hopert A, Pries R, Rothenfusser S, Poeck H, Mack B, Endres S, Hartmann G, Wollenberg B. Analysis of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells in nasal epithelium. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:1278-86. [PMID: 16928885 PMCID: PMC1656540 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00172-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), the major producers of alpha interferon upon viral infection, in the nasal mucosa is largely unknown. Here we examined the presence of PDC together with myeloid dendritic cells (MDC) in the nasal epithelia of healthy individuals, of asymptomatic patients with chronic nasal allergy, of patients undergoing steroid therapy, and of patients with infectious rhinitis or rhinosinusitis. Considerable numbers of PDC and MDC could be detected in the nasal epithelium. Furthermore, we demonstrate the expression of SDF-1, the major chemoattractant for PDC, in the nasal epithelium. PDC levels were significantly lower for patients with allergies than for healthy individuals. Interestingly, PDC and MDC were almost absent from patients who received treatment with glucocorticoids, while very high numbers of PDC were found for patients with recent upper respiratory tract infections. Our results demonstrate for the first time a quantitative analysis of PDC and MDC in the healthy nasal epithelium and in nasal epithelia from patients with different pathological conditions. With the identification of PDC, the major target cell for CpG DNA or immunostimulatory RNA, in the nasal epithelium, this study forms the basis for a local nasal application of such oligonucleotides for the treatment of viral infection and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Hartmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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349
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Abstract
Type I IFNs display multiple biological effects. They have a strong antiviral action, not only directly but also indirectly through activation of the immune system. They may also have actions that are deleterious for the host. The cells that produce type I IFN are mostly plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), but this depends on the viral stimulus. The migration and distribution of pDC into lymphoid organs, driven by chemokine interactions with their ligands, determines interaction with different cell types. In HIV infection, IFN production in vitro is impaired during primary infection and later in association with opportunistic infections. Circulating pDC numbers are decreased in parallel. These parameters may be used to help assess the prognosis of the disease and to monitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hosmalin
- Institut Cochin, Département d'Immunologie, Paris 75014, France.
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350
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Barchet W, Blasius A, Cella M, Colonna M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: in search of their niche in immune responses. Immunol Res 2006; 32:75-83. [PMID: 16106060 DOI: 10.1385/ir:32:1-3:075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been associated with several names and functions over time, reflecting the limited availability of specific markers and their ability to produce large amounts of type I interferons, present antigens, as well as prime disparate T-cell helper responses. Yet, there is increasing evidence that pDCs are a distinct cell type in the innate immune system. This review highlights aspects in which pDCs are unique in comparison to other antigen-presenting cells in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Barchet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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