301
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Vengoji R, Ponnusamy MP, Rachagani S, Mahapatra S, Batra SK, Shonka N, Macha MA. Novel therapies hijack the blood-brain barrier to eradicate glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:2-14. [PMID: 30475990 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is amongst the most aggressive brain tumors with a dismal prognosis. Despite significant advances in the current multimodality therapy including surgery, postoperative radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ)-based concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy (CT), tumor recurrence is nearly universal with poor patient outcomes. These limitations are in part due to poor drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and resistance to CT and RT by a small population of cancer cells recognized as tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs). Though CT and RT kill the bulk of the tumor cells, they fail to affect CSCs, resulting in their enrichment and their development into more refractory tumors. Therefore, identifying the mechanisms of resistance and developing therapies that specifically target CSCs can improve response, prevent the development of refractory tumors and increase overall survival of GBM patients. Small molecule inhibitors that can breach the BBB and selectively target CSCs are emerging. In this review, we have summarized the recent advancements in understanding the GBM CSC-specific signaling pathways, the CSC-tumor microenvironment niche that contributes to CT and RT resistance and the use of novel combination therapies of small molecule inhibitors that may be used in conjunction with TMZ-based chemoradiation for effective management of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghupathy Vengoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicole Shonka
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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302
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Hua S, Yang L, Gao T, Jiang P, Jiang F, Liu Y. Graphene Quantum Dots Induce Autophagy and Reveal Protection Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress Injury. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:5760-5768. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hua
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyun Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- School of Pharmocy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmocy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Type of Carbon Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, People’s Republic of China
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303
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Meng X, Li F, Wang X, Liu J, Ji C, Wu H. Combinatorial immune and stress response, cytoskeleton and signal transduction effects of graphene and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120778. [PMID: 31229880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its unique surface properties, graphene can absorb environmental pollutants, thereby affecting their environmental behavior. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a highly produced flame retardant. However, the toxicities of graphene and its combinations with contaminants remain largely unexplored. In this work, we investigated the toxicological effects of graphene and TPP to mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Results indicated that graphene could damage the digestive gland tissues, but no significant changes were found in the graphene + TPP co-exposure group. There was a significant decrease in the content of GSH and the activities of GST and CAT in the co-exposure group compared to that in graphene-exposed group. It seemed that the adsorption of TPP on graphene could inhibit the surface activity of graphene and thus reduced its tissue damage and oxidative stress in mussels. Expression levels of stress response (MyD88a), cytoskeleton (MHC1, PMyo and TMyo) and reproductive (CP450 and HSD) genes were up-regulated in the graphene-exposed group, but significantly down-regulated after combined exposure of graphene and TPP. Furthermore, PPI analysis proved that the interactions of HSP90AA1 with UNC45B and FKBP4/5/6/L contributed to the toxicity caused by the combined exposure. Because of the potential toxicity of graphene and TPP, government administrators should consider its risks prior to the widespread environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jialin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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304
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De Maio F, Palmieri V, De Spirito M, Delogu G, Papi M. Carbon nanomaterials: a new way against tuberculosis. Expert Rev Med Devices 2019; 16:863-875. [PMID: 31550943 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2019.1671820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most alarming worldwide infectious diseases primarily in low-income countries, where the infection shows a higher and unvaried prevalence. In the last years, the emergence and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains resistant to first-line anti-TB drugs are the cause of major concern and prompted the implementation of new treatments, including the development of new drugs and the repurposing of old ones. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss solutions against TB based on nanomaterials (NMTs), alone or combined with current anti-TB drugs. We will summarize drug delivery platforms tested in in vivo or in vitro models and their activity against mycobacteria. We will describe how the new nanotechnologies based on carbon nanomaterials, like carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide are now facing the panorama of the medical fight against TB. Expert opinion: We foresee that in the next decade carbon nanomaterials will be at the forefront in fighting emerging antibiotic-resistant Mtb strains by shortening treatment periods, reducing adverse effects and mitigating antibiotic use. However, toxicity and biodegradation studies should be done prior to the clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Maio
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS , Roma , Italy.,Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma , Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS , Roma , Italy.,Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma , Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS , Roma , Italy.,Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma , Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS , Roma , Italy.,Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS , Roma , Italy.,Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma , Italy
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305
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Guo J, Niaraki Asli AE, Williams KR, Lai PL, Wang X, Montazami R, Hashemi NN. Viability of Neural Cells on 3D Printed Graphene Bioelectronics. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E112. [PMID: 31547138 PMCID: PMC6955934 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the United States after Alzheimer's disease (AD). To help understand the electrophysiology of these diseases, N27 neuronal cells have been used as an in vitro model. In this study, a flexible graphene-based biosensor design is presented. Biocompatible graphene was manufactured using a liquid-phase exfoliation method and bovine serum albumin (BSA) for further exfoliation. Raman spectroscopy results indicated that the graphene produced was indeed few-layer graphene (FLG) with ID/IGGraphene= 0.11. Inkjet printing of this few-layer graphene ink onto Kapton polyimide (PI) followed by characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an average width of ≈868 µm with a normal thickness of ≈5.20 µm. Neuronal cells were placed on a thermally annealed 3D printed graphene chip. A live-dead cell assay was performed to prove the biosensor biocompatibility. A cell viability of approximately 80% was observed over 96 h, which indicates that annealed graphene on Kapton PI substrate could be used as a neuronal cell biosensor. This research will help us move forward with the study of N27 cell electrophysiology and electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshuai Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | | | - Kelli R Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Pei Lun Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Nicole N Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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306
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Ma Q, Yilihamu A, Ming Z, Yang S, Shi M, Ouyang B, Zhang Q, Guan X, Yang ST. Biotransformation of Pristine and Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1340. [PMID: 31546834 PMCID: PMC6781511 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials are widely studied and applied nowadays, with annual production increasing. After entering the environment, the complete degradation of these carbon nanomaterials by microorganisms is proposed as an effective approach for detoxification and remediation. In this study, we evaluated the degradation of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (p-MWCNTs) and oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (o-MWCNTs) by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which is a powerful decomposer in the carbon cycle and environmental remediation. Both p-MWCNTs and o-MWCNTs were partially oxidized by P. chrysosporium as indicated by the addition of oxygen atoms to the carbon skeleton in the forms of C=O and O-H bonds. The fungal oxidation led to the shortening of MWCNTs, where precipitated o-MWCNTs showed more short tubes. During the transformation, the defects on the tubes became detached from the carbon skeleton, resulting in decreases of the ID/IG (intensity of D-band/ intensity of G-band) values in Raman spectra. The transformation mechanism was attributed to the enzymatic degradation by laccase and manganese peroxidase excreted by P. chrysosporium. The results collectively indicated that MWCNTs could be transformed by P. chrysosporium, but complete degradation could not be achieved in a short time period. The implications on the environmental risks of carbon nanomaterials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ailimire Yilihamu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhu Ming
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Shengnan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mengyao Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bowei Ouyang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xin Guan
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Sheng-Tao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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307
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Yin S, Liu J, Kang Y, Lin Y, Li D, Shao L. Interactions of nanomaterials with ion channels and related mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3754-3774. [PMID: 31290152 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological potential of nanotechnology, especially in drug delivery and bioengineering, has developed rapidly in recent decades. Ion channels, which are easily targeted by external agents, such as nanomaterials (NMs) and synthetic drugs, due to their unique structures, have attracted increasing attention in the fields of nanotechnology and pharmacology for the treatment of ion channel-related diseases. NMs have significant effects on ion channels, and these effects are manifested in many ways, including changes in ion currents, kinetic characteristics and channel distribution. Subsequently, intracellular ion homeostasis, signalling pathways, and intracellular ion stores are affected, leading to the initiation of a range of biological processes. However, the effect of the interactions of NMs with ion channels is an interesting topic that remains obscure. In this review, we have summarized the recent research progress on the direct and indirect interactions between NMs and ion channels and discussed the related molecular mechanisms, which are crucial to the further development of ion channel-related nanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhan Yin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongjian Li
- Liwan District Stomatology Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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308
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Paris JL, Baeza A, Vallet-Regí M. Overcoming the stability, toxicity, and biodegradation challenges of tumor stimuli-responsive inorganic nanoparticles for delivery of cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1095-1112. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1662786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan L. Paris
- Department of Life Sciences, Nano4Health Unit, Nanomedicine Group. International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL). Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Materials and Aeroespatial Production Department, Polymer Materials Research Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Dpto. Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas (Unidad Docente de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica), Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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309
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Fasbender S, Zimmermann L, Cadeddu RP, Luysberg M, Moll B, Janiak C, Heinzel T, Haas R. The Low Toxicity of Graphene Quantum Dots is Reflected by Marginal Gene Expression Changes of Primary Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12028. [PMID: 31427693 PMCID: PMC6700176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a promising next generation nanomaterial with manifold biomedical applications. For real world applications, comprehensive studies on their influence on the functionality of primary human cells are mandatory. Here, we report the effects of GQDs on the transcriptome of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells after an incubation time of 36 hours. Of the 20 800 recorded gene expressions, only one, namely the selenoprotein W, 1, is changed by the GQDs in direct comparison to CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells cultivated without GQDs. Only a meta analysis reveals that the expression of 1171 genes is weakly affected, taking into account the more prominent changes just by the cell culture. Eight corresponding, weakly affected signaling pathways are identified, which include, but are not limited to, the triggering of apoptosis. These results suggest that GQDs with sizes in the range of a few nanometers hardly influence the CD34+ cells on the transcriptome level after 36 h of incubation, thereby demonstrating their high usability for in vivo studies, such as fluorescence labeling or delivery protocols, without strong effects on the functional status of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fasbender
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40204, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmermann
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40204, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ron-Patrick Cadeddu
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40204, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Luysberg
- Ernst Ruska Centre, Jülich Research Centre, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bastian Moll
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40204, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40204, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinzel
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40204, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rainer Haas
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40204, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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310
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Comparative toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide (GO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:768-781. [PMID: 31428565 PMCID: PMC6695280 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and complete characterization of Green and Chemical Zinc Oxide nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide nanoparticles. Comparison of Graphene Oxide nanoparticles with Zinc oxide nanoparticles formed through both Green and Chemical route of synthesis. Comparative toxicity evaluation of these real world nanoparticles on Drosophila melanogaster using various assays. Observations revealed that different biological responses were caused in the flies due to these nanomaterials that proved their toxicity at different concentrations upon prolonged exposures. Cues to the prospect of these nanoparticles in the field of insect and pest management.
Engineered nanomaterials consisting of multiple nanoparticles (NPs) are finding their use in fields as wide and diverse as medicine, environment, cosmetics, energy and electronics. However, health and environmental impacts of these NPs need to be discerned individually to understand their true toxicity. Due to the promising application of upcoming material like GO-ZnO nanocomposite, the toxicity of ZnO and GO NPs was evaluated and compared individually in our study. This study compares the toxicity of Graphene Oxide (GO) NPs and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) NPs synthesized by Green method and Chemical method on Drosophila melanogaster. The GO, Chemical ZnO and Green ZnO NPs were synthesized and characterized using SEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, UV–vis, EDX, XRD and DLS studies. NPs were comparatively analyzed for their cytotoxic and neurotoxic behaviors using different assays like MTT assay, mortality rate, larval crawling and climbing assay, total protein content analysis for evaluating the toxic potential of each of these NPs at different concentrations of use. Green ZnO were found to be least cytotoxic while Chemical ZnO caused the most cell damage. GO were found to have intermediary cytotoxicity. However, a different trend was observed with neurotoxicity wherein Green ZnO reportedly affected the neuromuscular coordination the most, while GO was found to have the least affect. This study provided insights into the different toxic effects caused by GO and ZnO NPs on Drosophila as well as comparative toxic effects of Chemical vs Green ZnO NPs.
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311
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Zainal-Abidin MH, Hayyan M, Ngoh GC, Wong WF, Looi CY. Potentiating the anti-cancer profile of tamoxifen-loaded graphene using deep eutectic solvents as functionalizing agents. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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312
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Kosowska K, Domalik-Pyzik P, Krok-Borkowicz M, Chłopek J. Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan/Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2077. [PMID: 31261610 PMCID: PMC6651717 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene family materials (GFM) are currently considered to be one of the most interesting nanomaterials with a wide range of application. They can also be used as modifiers of polymer matrices to develop composite materials with favorable properties. In this study, hybrid nanocomposites based on chitosan (CS) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were fabricated for potential use in bone tissue engineering. CS/rGO hydrogels were prepared by simultaneous reduction and composite formation in acetic acid or lactic acid and crosslinked with a natural agent-tannic acid (TAc). A broad spectrum of research methods was applied in order to thoroughly characterize both the components and the composite systems, i.e., X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffractometry, Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, ninhydrin assay, mechanical testing, in vitro degradation and bioactivity study, wettability, and, finally, cytocompatibility. The composites formed through the self-assembly of CS chains and exfoliated rGO sheets. Obtained results allowed also to conclude that the type of solvent used impacts the polymer structure and its ability to interact with rGO sheets and the mechanical properties of the composites. Both rGO and TAc acted as crosslinkers of the polymer chains. This study shows that the developed materials demonstrate the potential for use in bone tissue engineering. The next step should be their detailed biological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kosowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Domalik-Pyzik
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Chłopek
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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313
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Ge D, Du Q, Ran B, Liu X, Wang X, Ma X, Cheng F, Sun B. The neurotoxicity induced by engineered nanomaterials. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4167-4186. [PMID: 31239675 PMCID: PMC6559249 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s203352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been widely used in various fields due to their novel physicochemical properties. However, the use of ENMs has led to an increased exposure in humans, and the safety of ENMs has attracted much attention. It is universally acknowledged that ENMs could enter the human body via different routes, eg, inhalation, skin contact, and intravenous injection. Studies have proven that ENMs can cross or bypass the blood-brain barrier and then access the central nervous system and cause neurotoxicity. Until now, diverse in vivo and in vitro models have been developed to evaluate the neurotoxicity of ENMs, and oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and cell death have been identified as being involved. However, due to various physicochemical properties of ENMs and diverse study models in existing studies, it remains challenging to establish the structure-activity relationship of nanomaterials in neurotoxicity. In this paper, we aimed to review current studies on ENM-induced neurotoxicity, with an emphasis on the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. We hope to provide a rational material design strategy for ENMs when they are applied in biomedical or other engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingqing Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, People’s Republic of China
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314
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Liu J, Kang Y, Yin S, Chen A, Wu J, Liang H, Shao L. Key Role of Microtubule and Its Acetylation in a Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Mediated Lysosome-Autophagy System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901073. [PMID: 31062916 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a biological process that has attracted considerable attention as a target for novel therapeutics. Recently, nanomaterials (NMs) have been reported to modulate autophagy, which makes them potential agents for the treatment of autophagy-related diseases. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) are utilized to evaluate NM-induced autophagy and debate the mechanisms involved. It is found that ZNPs undergo pH-dependent ion shedding and that intracellular zinc ions (Zn2+ ) play a crucial role in autophagy. Autophagy is activated with ZNPs treatment, which is inhibited after Zn2+ sequestration via ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid. Lysosome-based autophagic degradation is halted after ZNPs treatment for more than 3 h and is accompanied by blockage of lysophagy, which renews impaired lysosomes. Furthermore, the microtubule (MT) system participates in ZNP-induced lysosome-autophagy system changes, especially in the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. MT acetylation is helpful for protecting from ZNP-induced MT disruption, and it promotes the autophagic degradation process. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information on NM-induced lysosome-autophagy system changes, particularly with respect to the role of lysophagy and the MT system, which point to some attractive targets for the design of engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Suhan Yin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Aijie Chen
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huimin Liang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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315
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Ali I, Basheer AA, Mbianda XY, Burakov A, Galunin E, Burakova I, Mkrtchyan E, Tkachev A, Grachev V. Graphene based adsorbents for remediation of noxious pollutants from wastewater. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:160-180. [PMID: 30921668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of water resources with noxious pollutants is a serious issue. Many aquatic systems are contaminated with different toxic inorganic and organic species; coming to wastewater from various anthropogenic sources such as industries, agriculture, mining, and domestic households. Keeping in view of this, wastewater treatment appears to the main environmental challenge. Adsorption is one of the most efficient techniques for removing all most all types of pollutants i.e. inorganics and organics. Nowadays, graphene and its composite materials are gaining importance as nano adsorbents. Graphene; a two-dimensional nanomaterial having single-atom graphite layer; has attracted a great interest in many application areas (including wastewater treatment) due to its unique physico-chemical properties. The present paper is focused on the remediation of noxious wastes from wastewater using graphene based materials as adsorbents, and it contains all the details on materials - i.e., from their synthesis to application in the field of wastewater treatment (removal of hazardous contaminants of different chemical nature - heavy and rare-earth metal ions, and organic compounds - from wastewater effluents. The efficiency of the adsorption and desorption of these substances is considered. Certainly, this article will be useful for nano environmentalist to design future experiments for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara 41477, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Al Arsh Basheer
- State University of New York, Flint Entrance, Amherst, NY 14260, Buffalo, USA.
| | - X Y Mbianda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 17011, South Africa
| | - Alexander Burakov
- Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya Str., Tambov 392000, Russia
| | - Evgeny Galunin
- Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya Str., Tambov 392000, Russia
| | - Irina Burakova
- Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya Str., Tambov 392000, Russia
| | - Elina Mkrtchyan
- Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya Str., Tambov 392000, Russia
| | - Alexey Tkachev
- Tambov State Technical University, 106 Sovetskaya Str., Tambov 392000, Russia
| | - Vladimir Grachev
- A.N. Frumkin Instutute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Ave., Bldg. 4, Moscow 119071, Russia
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316
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Yao J, Wang H, Chen M, Yang M. Recent advances in graphene-based nanomaterials: properties, toxicity and applications in chemistry, biology and medicine. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:395. [PMID: 31154528 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review (with 239 refs.) summarizes the progress that has been made in applications of graphene-based nanomaterials (such as plain graphene, graphene oxides, doped graphene oxides, graphene quantums dots) in biosensing, imaging, drug delivery and diagnosis. Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers the toxicity of graphene and its derivatives (with subsections on bacterial toxicity and tissue toxicity). The use of graphene-based nanomaterials in sensors is reviewed next, with subsections on electrochemical, FET-based, fluorescent, chemiluminescent and colorimetric sensors and probes. The large field of imaging is treated next, with subchapters on optical, PET-based, and magnetic resonance based methods. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical Abstract Schematic presentation of the potential applications of graphene-based materials in life science and biomedicine, emphatically reflected in some vital areas such as DNA analysis, biological monitoring, drug delivery, in vitro labelling, in vivo imaging, tumor target, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis of Higher Education Institutes of Sichuan, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China.
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317
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Pre-incubated with BSA-complexed free fatty acids alters ER stress/autophagic gene expression by carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure in THP-1 macrophages. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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318
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Implantable multireservoir device with stimulus-responsive membrane for on-demand and pulsatile delivery of growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11664-11672. [PMID: 31123147 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906931116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable devices for on-demand and pulsatile drug delivery have attracted considerable attention; however, many devices in clinical use are embedded with the electronic units and battery inside, hence making them large and heavy for implantation. Therefore, we propose an implantable device with multiple drug reservoirs capped with a stimulus-responsive membrane (SRM) for on-demand and pulsatile drug delivery. The SRM is made of thermosensitive POSS(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA) and photothermal nanoparticles of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and each of the drug reservoirs is filled with the same amount of human growth hormone (hGH). Therefore, with noninvasive near-infrared (NIR) irradiation from the outside skin, the rGO nanoparticles generate heat to rupture the SRM in the implanted device, which can open a single selected drug reservoir to release hGH. Therefore, the device herein is shown to release hGH reproducibly only at the times of NIR irradiation without drug leakage during no irradiation. When implanted in rats with growth hormone deficiency and irradiated with an NIR light from the outside skin, the device exhibits profiles of hGH and IGF1 plasma concentrations, as well as body weight change, similar to those in animals treated with conventional s.c. hGH injections.
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319
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Lin TX, Lai PX, Mao JY, Chu HW, Unnikrishnan B, Anand A, Huang CC. Supramolecular Aptamers on Graphene Oxide for Efficient Inhibition of Thrombin Activity. Front Chem 2019; 7:280. [PMID: 31157200 PMCID: PMC6532589 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional material with a high aspect ratio and polar functional groups, can physically adsorb single-strand DNA through different types of interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, making it an attractive nanocarrier for nucleic acids. In this work, we demonstrate a strategy to target exosites I and II of thrombin simultaneously by using programmed hybrid-aptamers for enhanced anticoagulation efficiency and stability. The targeting ligand is denoted as Supra-TBA15/29 (supramolecular TBA15/29), containing TBA15 (a 15-base nucleotide, targeting exosite I of thrombin) and TBA29 (a 29-base nucleotide, targeting exosite II of thrombin), and it is designed to allow consecutive hybridization of TBA15 and TBA29 to form a network of TBAs (i.e., supra-TBA15/29). The programmed hybrid-aptamers (Supra-TBA15/29) were self-assembled on GO to further boost anticoagulation activity by inhibiting thrombin activity, and thus suppress the thrombin-induced fibrin formation from fibrinogen. The Supra-TBA15/29-GO composite was formed mainly through multivalent interaction between poly(adenine) from Supra-TBA15/29 and GO. We controlled the assembly of Supra-TBA15/29 on GO by regulating the preparation temperature and the concentration ratio of Supra-TBA15/29 to GO to optimize the distance between TBA15 and TBA29 units, aptamer density, and aptamer orientation on the GO surfaces. The dose-dependent thrombin clotting time (TCT) delay caused by Supra-TBA15/29-GO was >10 times longer than that of common anticoagulant drugs including heparin, argatroban, hirudin, and warfarin. Supra-TBA15/29-GO exhibits high biocompatibility, which has been proved by in vitro cytotoxicity and hemolysis assays. In addition, the thromboelastography of whole-blood coagulation and rat-tail bleeding assays indicate the anticoagulation ability of Supra-TBA15/29-GO is superior to the most widely used anticoagulant (heparin). Our highly biocompatible Supra-TBA15/29-GO with strong multivalent interaction with thrombin [dissociation constant (K d) = 1.9 × 10-11 M] shows great potential as an effective direct thrombin inhibitor for the treatment of hemostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xuan Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Xin Lai
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Yi Mao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wei Chu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Binesh Unnikrishnan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Anisha Anand
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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320
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Zhang Y, Chen S, An J, Fu H, Wu X, Pang C, Gao H. Construction of an Antibacterial Membrane Based on Dopamine and Polyethylenimine Cross-Linked Graphene Oxide. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2732-2739. [PMID: 33405605 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jinxia An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Hao Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Xinshi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Chengcai Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, Tianjin University of Technology, No. 391, West Binshui Road, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
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321
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Wang Q, Li C, Wang Y, Que X. Phytotoxicity of Graphene Family Nanomaterials and Its Mechanisms: A Review. Front Chem 2019; 7:292. [PMID: 31119125 PMCID: PMC6506787 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) have experienced significant development in recent years and have been used in many fields. Despite the benefits, they bring to society and the economy, their potential for posing environmental and health risks should also be considered. The increasing release of GFNs into the ecosystem is one of the key environmental problems that humanity is facing. Although most of these nanoparticles are present at low concentrations, many of them raise considerable toxicological concerns, particularly regarding their accumulation in plants and the consequent toxicity introduced at the bottom of the food chain. Here, we review the recent progress in the study of toxicity caused by GFNs to plants, as well as its influencing factors. The phytotoxicity of GFNs is mainly manifested as a delay in seed germination and a severe loss of morphology of the plant seedling. The potential mechanisms of phytotoxicity were summarized. Key mechanisms include physical effects (shading effect, mechanical injury, and physical blockage) and physiological and biochemical effects (enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generation and inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities, metabolic disturbances, and inhibition of photosynthesis by reducing the biosynthesis of chlorophyll). In the future, it is necessary to establish a widely accepted phytotoxicity evaluation system for safe manufacture and use of GFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Wang
- Beijing Research and Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Li
- Beijing Research and Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoe Que
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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322
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Gaware SA, Rokade KA, Bala P, Kale SN. Microneedles of chitosan‐porous carbon nanocomposites: Stimuli (pH and electric field)‐initiated drug delivery and toxicological studies. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1582-1596. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shankar A. Gaware
- Department of Applied PhysicsDefence Institute of Advanced Technology Pune Maharashtra, 411025 India
| | - Kasturi A. Rokade
- Department of Applied PhysicsDefence Institute of Advanced Technology Pune Maharashtra, 411025 India
- Department of Bioscience and TechnologyDefence Institute of Advanced Technology Pune Maharashtra, 411025 India
| | - Preetam Bala
- Department of Applied PhysicsDefence Institute of Advanced Technology Pune Maharashtra, 411025 India
| | - Sangeeta N. Kale
- Department of Applied PhysicsDefence Institute of Advanced Technology Pune Maharashtra, 411025 India
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323
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Thermal Reduction of Graphene Oxide Mitigates Its In Vivo Genotoxicity Toward Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040584. [PMID: 30970633 PMCID: PMC6523888 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide increase of graphene family materials raises the question of the potential consequences resulting from their release in the environment and future consequences on ecosystem health, especially in the aquatic environment in which they are likely to accumulate. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the biological and ecological risk but also to find innovative solutions leading to the production of safer materials. This work focuses on the evaluation of functional group-safety relationships regarding to graphene oxide (GO) in vivo genotoxic potential toward X. laevis tadpoles. For this purpose, thermal treatments in H2 atmosphere were applied to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGOs) with different surface group compositions. Analysis performed indicated that GO induced disturbances in erythrocyte cell cycle leading to accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase. Significant genotoxicity due to oxidative stress was observed in larvae exposed to low GO concentration (0.1 mg·L−1). Reduction of GO at 200 °C and 1000 °C produced a material that was no longer genotoxic at low concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that epoxide groups may constitute a good candidate to explain the genotoxic potential of the most oxidized form of the material. Thermal reduction of GO may constitute an appropriate “safer-by-design” strategy for the development of a safer material for environment.
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324
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Radziuk D, Mikhnavets L, Vorokhta M, Matolín V, Tabulina L, Labunov V. Sonochemical Formation of Copper/Iron‐Modified Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Ketorolac Delivery. Chemistry 2019; 25:6233-6245. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darya Radziuk
- Laboratory of Integrated Micro- and NanosystemsBelarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics P. Brovki Str. 6 220013 Minsk Republic of Belarus
| | - Lubov Mikhnavets
- Laboratory of Integrated Micro- and NanosystemsBelarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics P. Brovki Str. 6 220013 Minsk Republic of Belarus
| | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Department of Surface and Plasma ScienceCharles University of Prague V Holešovičkách 2 18000 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Matolín
- Department of Surface and Plasma ScienceCharles University of Prague V Holešovičkách 2 18000 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Tabulina
- Laboratory of Integrated Micro- and NanosystemsBelarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics P. Brovki Str. 6 220013 Minsk Republic of Belarus
| | - Vladimir Labunov
- Laboratory of Integrated Micro- and NanosystemsBelarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics P. Brovki Str. 6 220013 Minsk Republic of Belarus
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325
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Zhao X, Chang S, Long J, Li J, Li X, Cao Y. The toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to human endothelial cells: The influence of diameters of MWCNTs. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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326
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Khan B, Adeleye AS, Burgess RM, Smolowitz R, Russo SM, Ho KT. A 72-h exposure study with eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and the nanomaterial graphene oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:820-830. [PMID: 30667076 PMCID: PMC6580423 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a 2-dimensional nanomaterial with unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. With increasing applications of graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) in electronics, biomedicine, and surface coatings, concern for their impacts on aquatic ecosystems is rising. Current information on the toxicity of GFNs, including graphene oxide, is scarce. Filter-feeding bivalves, such as eastern oysters, are good models for nanomaterial exposure studies. We present results from a 72-h static renewal oyster study using 1 and 10 mg/L graphene oxide, which, to our knowledge, is the first report on in vivo effects of graphene oxide exposures in marine bivalves. Water samples were analyzed for graphene oxide concentration and size assessments. Gill and digestive gland tissues were evaluated for lipid peroxidation and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. In addition, gill sections were fixed for histopathological analyses. Elevated lipid peroxidation was noted in oysters exposed to 10 mg/L graphene oxide. No significant changes in GST activity were observed, but reduced total protein levels were found in digestive gland tissues of exposed oysters at both concentrations. Loss of mucous cells, hemocytic infiltration, and vacuolation were observed in gills of exposed oysters. The results indicate that short-term graphene oxide exposures can induce oxidative stress and epithelial inflammation and adversely affect overall oyster health. Further investigations regarding the fate and sublethal effects of graphene oxide are critical to understanding the risks associated with a rapidly growing graphene consumer market. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:820-830. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Khan
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
- corresponding author: Bushra Khan,
| | - Adeyemi S. Adeleye
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Stephen M. Russo
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities Student Services Contractor, US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kay T. Ho
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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327
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Maiti D, Tong X, Mou X, Yang K. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: A Recent Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1401. [PMID: 30914959 PMCID: PMC6421398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) for biomedical applications has attracted great attention due to their unique chemical and physical properties including thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical and structural diversity. With the help of these intrinsic properties, CBNs, including carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have been extensively investigated in biomedical applications. This review summarizes the most recent studies in developing of CBNs for various biomedical applications including bio-sensing, drug delivery and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Maiti
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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328
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Graphene Oxide-Based Targeting of Extracellular Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L As A Novel Anti-Metastatic Enzyme Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030319. [PMID: 30845739 PMCID: PMC6468385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and secretion of the enzymes cathepsin D (CathD) and cathepsin L (CathL) is associated with metastasis in several human cancers. As a superfamily, extracellularly, these proteins may act within the tumor microenvironment to drive cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, it is important to discover novel therapeutic treatment strategies to target CathD and CathL and potentially impede metastasis. Graphene oxide (GO) could form the basis of such a strategy by acting as an adsorbent for pro-metastatic enzymes. Here, we have conducted research into the potential of targeted anti-metastatic therapy using GO to adsorb these pro-tumorigenic enzymes. Binding of CathD/L to GO revealed that CathD/L were adsorbed onto the surface of GO through its cationic and hydrophilic residues. This work could provide a roadmap for the rational integration of CathD/L-targeting agents into clinical settings.
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329
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Kalman J, Merino C, Fernández-Cruz ML, Navas JM. Usefulness of fish cell lines for the initial characterization of toxicity and cellular fate of graphene-related materials (carbon nanofibers and graphene oxide). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:347-358. [PMID: 30476766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-related materials (GRMs) are one of the most attractive materials from an application perspective, consequently their release into aquatic environments is highly likely. In the present work, the potential of fish hepatocytes (topminnow fish hepatoma cell line, PLHC-1) and macrophages (carp leukocyte cell line, CLC) to study the toxicity and intracellular fate of helical-ribbon carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and graphene oxide (GO) used in a variety of intermediate industrial products was evaluated, allowing a first ranking of GRMs according to their cytotoxicity. Cells were exposed to a concentration range of 0-200 μg ml-1 of GRMs for 24 and 72 h and cell viability was assessed by measuring mitochondrial activity (AlamarBlue assay), plasma membrane integrity (5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate-acetoxymethyl ester assay) and lysosomal function (neutral red uptake assay). Results showed that both the cell type and the choice of endpoint determined the toxicity of GRMs. In both cell lines, CNFs appeared to have higher toxicity than GO and the highest degree of graphitization in fibers was associated with lower toxicity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that CNFs were taken up into membrane-bound compartments of PLHC-1 cells in a size-independent manner, whereas in CLC, longer CNFs were encountered free in the cytoplasm and only the shorter CNFs were localized in membrane-surrounded vesicles. GO sheets were present within vesicles as well as free in the cytoplasm of both cell types. These findings contribute to the understanding of the toxicity and behaviour of these GRMs in living systems, therefore aiding in designing safer materials for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Kalman
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - César Merino
- Grupo Antolin Ingeniería, SA, Ctra. Madrid-Irún, Km 244.7, E09007 Burgos, Spain
| | - María L Fernández-Cruz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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330
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Palmieri V, Perini G, De Spirito M, Papi M. Graphene oxide touches blood: in vivo interactions of bio-coronated 2D materials. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:273-290. [PMID: 32254085 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide is the hot topic in biomedical and pharmaceutical research of the current decade. However, its complex interactions with human blood components complicate the transition from the promising in vitro results to clinical settings. Even though graphene oxide is made with the same atoms as our organs, tissues and cells, its bi-dimensional nature causes unique interactions with blood proteins and biological membranes and can lead to severe effects like thrombogenicity and immune cell activation. In this review, we will describe the journey of graphene oxide after injection into the bloodstream, from the initial interactions with plasma proteins to the formation of the "biomolecular corona", and biodistribution. We will consider the link between the chemical properties of graphene oxide (and its functionalized/reduced derivatives), protein binding and in vivo response. We will also summarize data on biodistribution and toxicity in view of the current knowledge of the influence of the biomolecular corona on these processes. Our aim is to shed light on the unsolved problems regarding the graphene oxide corona to build the groundwork for the future development of drug delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCSS-Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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331
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Reina G, Ruiz A, Murera D, Nishina Y, Bianco A. "Ultramixing": A Simple and Effective Method To Obtain Controlled and Stable Dispersions of Graphene Oxide in Cell Culture Media. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7695-7702. [PMID: 30693754 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen an increase in the application of graphene oxide (GO) in the biomedical field. GO has been successfully exploited for its ability to deliver many kinds of drugs into target cells. However, GO toxicity assessment is still controversial. Several studies have demonstrated that GO protein coating is crucial to alleviate the material's toxicity. Besides, coronation leads to the formation of big agglomerates, reducing the cellular uptake of the material and thus its therapeutic efficiency. In this work, we propose a simple and efficient method based on rapid (ultra-turrax, UT) mixing to control protein corona formation. Using the UT protocol, we were able to reduce GO agglomeration in the presence of proteins and obtain stable GO dispersions in cell culture media. By labelling GO with luminescent nanoparticles (quantum dots), we studied the GO internalization kinetic and efficiency. Comparing the "classic" and UT protocols, we found that the latter allows faster and more efficient internalization both in macrophages and HeLa cells without affecting cell viability. We believe that the use of UT protocol will be interesting and suitable for the preparation of next-generation GO-based drug-delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Reina
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Amalia Ruiz
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Diane Murera
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | | | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, UPR 3572 , 67000 Strasbourg , France
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332
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Rosli NF, Fojtů M, Fisher AC, Pumera M. Graphene Oxide Nanoplatelets Potentiate Anticancer Effect of Cisplatin in Human Lung Cancer Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3176-3182. [PMID: 30741550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely explored by many in drug delivery strategies and toxicity assays. The toxicity of graphene oxide depends on the size of the sheets. Smaller sheets show lower toxicity, a quality which is essential for utilization in biomedical applications. However, despite vast research on GO, anticancer properties and drug carrier capabilities of graphene oxide nanoplatelets have yet to be fully explored. Herein, we have uniquely prepared graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONPs) from well-defined stacked graphite nanofibers (SGNF) with a base of 50 × 50 nm2 for toxicity and drug potentiation studies when coadministered with the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin (CP) in human lung cancer cells, A549 cells. Results obtained from our studies have found that not only were GONPs able to act as drug carriers, but they can also significantly potentiate anticancer effect of CP in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Farhanah Rosli
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , 637371 Singapore
| | - Michaela Fojtů
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University , Kamenice 5 , CZ-2500 Brno , Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Adrian C Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Cambridge , New Museums Site, Pembroke Street , Cambridge CB2 3RA , United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6 , Czech Republic
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkyňova 656/123 , Brno , CZ-616 00 , Czech Republic
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333
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Pastrana HF, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Raman A, Ávila A. Evaluation of the elastic Young's modulus and cytotoxicity variations in fibroblasts exposed to carbon-based nanomaterials. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:32. [PMID: 30797235 PMCID: PMC6387485 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The conventional approaches to assess the potential cytotoxic effects of nanomaterials (NMs) mainly rely on in vitro biochemical assays. These assays are strongly dependent on the properties of the nanomaterials, for example; specific surface area (SSA), size, surface defects, and surface charge, and the host response. The NMs properties can also interfere with the reagents of the biochemical and optical assays leading to skewed interpretations and ambiguous results related to the NMs toxicity. Here, we proposed a structured approach for cytotoxicity assessment complemented with cells’ mechanical responses represented as the variations of elastic Young’s modulus in conjunction with conventional biochemical tests. Monitoring the mechanical properties responses at various times allowed understanding the effects of NMs to the filamentous actin cytoskeleton. The elastic Young’s modulus was estimated from the force volume maps using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Results Our results show a significant decrease on Young’s modulus, ~ 20%, in cells exposed to low concentrations of graphene flakes (GF), ~ 10% decrease for cells exposed to low concentrations of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) than the control cells. These considerable changes were directly correlated to the disruption of the cytoskeleton actin fibers. The length of the actin fibers in cells exposed to GF was 50% shorter than the fibers of the cells exposed to MWCNT. Applying both conventional biochemical approach and cells mechanics, we were able to detect differences in the actin networks induced by MWCNT inside the cells and GF outside the cell’s membrane. These results contrast with the conventional live/dead assay where we obtained viabilities greater than 80% after 24 h; while the elasticity dramatically decreased suggesting a fast-metabolic stress generation. Conclusions We confirmed the production of radical oxygen species (ROS) on cells exposed to CBNs, which is related to the disruption of the cytoskeleton. Altogether, the changes in mechanical properties and the length of F-actin fibers confirmed that disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton is a major consequence of cellular toxicity. We evidenced the importance of not just nanomaterials properties but also the effect of the location to assess the cytotoxic effects of nanomaterials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-019-0460-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homero F Pastrana
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Centro de Microelectrónica, Universidad de los Andes (CMUA), Bogotá D.C, Colombia.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander X Cartagena-Rivera
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Section on Auditory Mechanics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvind Raman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alba Ávila
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. .,Centro de Microelectrónica, Universidad de los Andes (CMUA), Bogotá D.C, Colombia.
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334
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Ma J, Meng Q, Fan J. Modeling Interactions between Liposomes and Hydrophobic Nanosheets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804992. [PMID: 30589212 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
2D nanomaterials could cause structural disruption and cytotoxic effects to cells, which greatly challenges their promising biomedical applications including biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery. Here, the physical and mechanical interaction between lipid liposomes and hydrophobic nanosheets is studied utilizing coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The simulations reveal a variety of characteristic interaction morphologies that depend on the size and the orientation of nanosheets. Dynamic and thermodynamic analyses on the morphologic evolution provide insights into molecular motions such as "nanosheet rotation," "lipid extraction," "lipid flip-flop," and "lipid spreading." Driven by these molecular motions, hydrophobic nanosheets cause morphologic changes of liposomes. The lipid bilayer structure can be corrugated, and the overall liposome sphere can be split or collapsed by large nanosheets. In addition, nanosheets embedded into lipid bilayers greatly weaken the fluidity of lipids, and this effect can be cumulatively enhanced as nanosheets continuously intrude. These results could facilitate molecular-level understanding on the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials, and help future nanotoxicology studies associating computational modeling with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiangqiang Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Center for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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335
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From nanoengineering to nanomedicine: A facile route to enhance biocompatibility of graphene as a potential nano-carrier for targeted drug delivery using natural deep eutectic solvents. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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336
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Yang H, Wu X, Ma Q, Yilihamu A, Yang S, Zhang Q, Feng S, Yang ST. Fungal transformation of graphene by white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:9-18. [PMID: 30359921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The wide applications of graphene materials require the thorough investigation on their biosafety and environmental risks. Transformation of graphene materials is a fundamental issue in their environmental risk evaluations. The enzymatic degradation of graphene is widely reported using peroxidases, but the information on the fungal transformation of graphene is still unavailable. Herein, we incubated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium culture system for 4 weeks and investigated the transformation of RGO by multiple techniques. P. chrysosporium efficiently added oxygen to RGO and decreased the its carbon contents accordingly. The ID/IG ratios of RGO showed statistically increases upon the transformation by P. chrysosporium according to Raman spectroscopy, suggesting the increase of defects on carbon skeleton. The negatively charged oxygen containing groups exfoliated the graphene sheets as indicated by the larger layer distance according to the X-ray diffraction spectra and the increased roughness under scanning electron microscopy. The transformation was more obvious in the RGO separated from the fungal balls than the precipitates in the culture medium. The mechanism of transformation was attributed to the enzymatic degradation by P. chrysosporium. The environmental implication of the fungal transformation of graphene materials and the potential of using fungi to reduce the environmental risks of graphene materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Qiang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Ailimire Yilihamu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Shengnan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Shicheng Feng
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Sheng-Tao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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337
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O'Mahony C, Haq EU, Sillien C, Tofail SAM. Rheological Issues in Carbon-Based Inks for Additive Manufacturing. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E99. [PMID: 30700026 PMCID: PMC6412792 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As the industry and commercial market move towards the optimization of printing and additive manufacturing, it becomes important to understand how to obtain the most from the materials while maintaining the ability to print complex geometries effectively. Combining such a manufacturing method with advanced carbon materials, such as Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon fibers, with their mechanical and conductive properties, delivers a cutting-edge combination of low-cost conductive products. Through the process of printing the effectiveness of these properties decreases. Thorough optimization is required to determine the idealized ink functional and flow properties to ensure maximum printability and functionalities offered by carbon nanoforms. The optimization of these properties then is limited by the printability. By determining the physical properties of printability and flow properties of the inks, calculated compromises can be made for the ink design. In this review we have discussed the connection between the rheology of carbon-based inks and the methodologies for maintaining the maximum pristine carbon material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie O'Mahony
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ehtsham Ul Haq
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Christophe Sillien
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Syed A M Tofail
- Department of Physics, and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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338
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Lin YH, Zhuang SX, Wang YL, Lin S, Hong ZW, Liu Y, Xu L, Li FP, Xu BH, Chen MH, He SW, Liao BQ, Fu XP, Jiang ZQ, Wang HL. The effects of graphene quantum dots on the maturation of mouse oocytes and development of offspring. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13820-13831. [PMID: 30644094 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, graphene nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention and have been utilized in various fields because of their excellent mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical properties, and good biocompatibility, especially in biomedical aspects. However, there is a concern that the unique characteristics of nanomaterials may have undesirable effects. Therefore, in this study, we sought to systematically investigate the effects of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) on the maturation of mouse oocytes and development of the offspring via in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro, we found that the first polar body extrusion rate in the high dosage exposure groups (1.0-1.5 mg/ml) 2 decreased significantly and the failure of spindle migration and actin cap formation after GQDs exposure was observed. The underlying mechanisms might be associated with reactive oxygen species accumulation and DNA damage. Moreover, transmission electron microscope studies showed that GQDs may have been internalized into oocytes, tending to accumulate in the nucleus and severely affecting mitochondrial morphology, which included swollen and vacuolated mitochondria accompanied by cristae alteration with a lower amount of dense mitochondrial matrix. In vivo, when pregnant mice were exposed to GQDs at 8.5 days of gestation (GD, 8.5), we found that high dosage of GQD exposure (30 mg/kg) significantly affected mean fetal length; however, all the second generation of female mice grew up normal, attained sexual maturity, and gave birth to a healthy offspring after mating with a healthy male mouse. The results presented in this study are important for the future investigation of GQDs for the biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Lin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Graduate School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Xin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications of Fujian Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ya-Long Wang
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zi-Wei Hong
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fei-Ping Li
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bai-Hui Xu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Wen He
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bao-Qiong Liao
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xian-Pei Fu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhong-Qing Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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339
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Kim JH. Differential Immunomodulatory Effect of Graphene Oxide and Vanillin-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line (THP-1). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E247. [PMID: 30634552 PMCID: PMC6359521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are emerging as attractive materials for biomedical applications, including antibacterial, gene delivery, contrast imaging, and anticancer therapy applications. It is of fundamental importance to study the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of these materials as well as how they interact with the immune system. The present study was conducted to assess the immunotoxicity of graphene oxide (GO) and vanillin-functionalized GO (V-rGO) on THP-1 cells, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. The synthesized GO and V-rGO were characterized by using various analytical techniques. Various concentrations of GO and V-rGO showed toxic effects on THP-1 cells such as the loss of cell viability and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxicity was further demonstrated as an increased level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased level of ATP content, and cell death. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation caused redox imbalance in THP-1 cells, leading to increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased levels of anti-oxidants such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Increased generation of ROS and reduced MMP with simultaneous increases in the expression of pro-apoptotic genes and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes suggest that the mitochondria-mediated pathway is involved in GO and V-rGO-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was induced consistently with the significant DNA damage caused by increased levels of 8-oxo-dG and upregulation of various key DNA-regulating genes in THP-1 cells, indicating that GO and V-rGO induce cell death through oxidative stress. As a result of these events, GO and V-rGO stimulated the secretion of various cytokines and chemokines, indicating that the graphene materials induced potent inflammatory responses to THP-1 cells. The harshness of V-rGO in all assays tested occurred because of better charge transfer, various carbon to oxygen ratios, and chemical compositions in the rGO. Overall, these findings suggest that it is essential to better understand the parameters governing GO and functionalized GO in immunotoxicity and inflammation. Rational design of safe GO-based formulations for various applications, including nanomedicine, may result in the development of risk management methods for people exposed to graphene and graphene family materials, as these nanoparticles can be used as delivery agents in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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340
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Mohammadinejad R, Moosavi MA, Tavakol S, Vardar DÖ, Hosseini A, Rahmati M, Dini L, Hussain S, Mandegary A, Klionsky DJ. Necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic cell fates triggered by nanoparticles. Autophagy 2019; 15:4-33. [PMID: 30160607 PMCID: PMC6287681 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1509171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained a rapid increase in use in a variety of applications that pertain to many aspects of human life. The majority of these innovations are centered on medical applications and a range of industrial and environmental uses ranging from electronics to environmental remediation. Despite the advantages of NPs, the knowledge of their toxicological behavior and their interactions with the cellular machinery that determines cell fate is extremely limited. This review is an attempt to summarize and increase our understanding of the mechanistic basis of nanomaterial interactions with the cellular machinery that governs cell fate and activity. We review the mechanisms of NP-induced necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy and potential implications of these pathways in nanomaterial-induced outcomes. Abbreviations: Ag, silver; CdTe, cadmium telluride; CNTs, carbon nanotubes; EC, endothelial cell; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GO, graphene oxide; GSH, glutathione; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; NP, nanoparticle; PEI, polyethylenimine; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; QD, quantum dot; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SiO2, silicon dioxide; SPIONs, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes; TiO2, titanium dioxide; USPION, ultra-small super paramagnetic iron oxide; ZnO, zinc oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Deniz Özkan Vardar
- Sungurlu Vocational High School, Health Programs, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Glogic E, Adán-Más A, Sonnemann G, Montemor MDF, Guerlou-Demourgues L, Young SB. Life cycle assessment of emerging Ni–Co hydroxide charge storage electrodes: impact of graphene oxide and synthesis route. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18853-18862. [PMID: 35516854 PMCID: PMC9065049 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02720c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An addition of reduced graphene oxide to nickel–cobalt hydroxide electrodes results in net reduction of cumulative energy demand due to improved electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edis Glogic
- University of Waterloo
- Faculty of Environment
- Waterloo
- Canada
- University of Bordeaux
| | - Alberto Adán-Más
- University of Bordeaux
- CNRS
- Bordeaux INP
- ICMCB UMR 5026
- 33600 Pessac
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343
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Ban DK, Somu P, Paul S. Graphene Oxide Quantum Dot Alters Amyloidogenicity of Hen Egg White Lysozyme via Modulation of Protein Surface Character. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15283-15292. [PMID: 30468385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of neurodegenerative disorders are caused by intracellular or extracellular amyloid deposition, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Prion disease, and so on. To prevent the progress of such amyloid-mediated disorders, various agents have been tested including nanoparticles. Among different nanomaterials, graphene oxide shows unique electrochemical properties, which have potential applications in various biomedical fields. In our present investigation, we explored the effect of graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) in amyloid β-fibrillation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) under various conditions. Electron microscopy imaging showed that administration of GOQD inhibited HEWL amyloid β-fibrillation via producing thin and small fragments of fibrils. ζ-Potential measurement and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic fluorescence study of lysozyme amyloid demonstrated a significant drop in surface hydrophobicity and an increase of surface charge of protein molecules. The reduced hydrophobic interaction and enhanced surface charge inhibit the hydrophobic assembly and colloidal stability of the protein. Circular dichroism and thioflavin-T fluorescence demonstrated that GOQD also interfered at the secondary structure level and prevented amyloid β-sheet formation and assembly of a protein by reducing the amount of amyloid β-sheet formation. Further, cellular toxicity analysis with HaCaT and 3T3 cells showed reduced toxicity of amyloid samples prepared with GOQD. Therefore, GOQD might be used to be a potential amyloid-preventive agent in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Kumar Ban
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Orissa 769008 , India
| | - Prathap Somu
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Orissa 769008 , India
| | - Subhankar Paul
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Orissa 769008 , India
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Viseu T, Lopes CM, Fernandes E, Oliveira MECDR, Lúcio M. A Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of the Role of Graphene-Based Nanomaterialsin Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E282. [PMID: 30558378 PMCID: PMC6321636 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many graphene-based materials (GBNs) applied to therapy and diagnostics (theranostics) in cancer have been developed. Most of them are hybrid combinations of graphene with other components (e.g, drugs or other bioactives, polymers, and nanoparticles) aiming toward a synergic theranostic effect. However, the role of graphene in each of these hybrids is sometimes not clear enough and the synergic graphene effect is not proven. The objective of this review is to elaborate on the role of GBNs in the studies evaluated and to compare the nanoformulations in terms of some of their characteristics, such as therapeutic outcomes and toxicity, which are essential features for their potential use as bionanosystems. A systematic review was carried out using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science (2013⁻2018). Additional studies were identified manually by consulting the references list of relevant reviews. Only English papers presenting at least one strategy for cancer therapy and one strategy for cancer diagnostics, and that clearly show the role of graphene in theranostics, were included. Data extraction and quality assessment was made by reviewer pairings. Fifty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, but they were too heterogeneous to combine in statistical meta-analysis. Critical analysis and discussion of the selected papers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Viseu
- CF-UM-UP-Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto, Departament of Physics of University of Minho, Escola de Ciências, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Carla M Lopes
- FP-ENAS/CEBIMED-Fernando Pessoa Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit/Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- CF-UM-UP-Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto, Departament of Physics of University of Minho, Escola de Ciências, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elisabete C D Real Oliveira
- CF-UM-UP-Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto, Departament of Physics of University of Minho, Escola de Ciências, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- CF-UM-UP-Centre of Physics of Universities of Minho and Porto, Departament of Physics of University of Minho, Escola de Ciências, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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345
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Szczepaniak J, Strojny B, Chwalibog ES, Jaworski S, Jagiello J, Winkowska M, Szmidt M, Wierzbicki M, Sosnowska M, Balaban J, Winnicka A, Lipinska L, Pilaszewicz OW, Grodzik M. Effects of Reduced Graphene Oxides on Apoptosis and Cell Cycle of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123939. [PMID: 30544611 PMCID: PMC6320889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene (GN) and its derivatives (rGOs) show anticancer properties in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells in vitro and in tumors in vivo. We compared the anti-tumor effects of rGOs with different oxygen contents with those of GN, and determined the characteristics of rGOs useful in anti-glioblastoma therapy using the U87 glioblastoma line. GN/ExF, rGO/Term, rGO/ATS, and rGO/TUD were structurally analysed via transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and AFM. Zeta potential, oxygen content, and electrical resistance were determined. We analyzed the viability, metabolic activity, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell cycle. Caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways were investigated by analyzing gene expression. rGO/TUD induced the greatest decrease in the metabolic activity of U87 cells. rGO/Term induced the highest level of apoptosis compared with that induced by GN/ExF. rGO/ATS induced a greater decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential than GN/ExF. No significant changes were observed in the cytometric study of the cell cycle. The effectiveness of these graphene derivatives was related to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups and electron clouds. Their cytotoxicity mechanism may involve electron clouds, which are smaller in rGOs, decreasing their cytotoxic effect. Overall, cytotoxic activity involved depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the induction of apoptosis in U87 glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Szczepaniak
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Strojny
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sawosz Chwalibog
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Jaworski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Jagiello
- Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Winkowska
- Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Szmidt
- Department of Morphologic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Wierzbicki
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malwina Sosnowska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jasmina Balaban
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Winnicka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ludwika Lipinska
- Department of Chemical Synthesis and Flake Graphene, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Witkowska Pilaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
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346
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Fadeel B, Bussy C, Merino S, Vázquez E, Flahaut E, Mouchet F, Evariste L, Gauthier L, Koivisto AJ, Vogel U, Martín C, Delogu LG, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Wick P, Beloin-Saint-Pierre D, Hischier R, Pelin M, Candotto Carniel F, Tretiach M, Cesca F, Benfenati F, Scaini D, Ballerini L, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Bianco A. Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10582-10620. [PMID: 30387986 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are heralded as "miracle" materials with manifold applications in different sectors of society from electronics to energy storage to medicine. The increasing exploitation of graphene-based materials (GBMs) necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of the potential impact of these materials on human health and the environment. Here, we discuss synthesis and characterization of GBMs as well as human and environmental hazard assessment of GBMs using in vitro and in vivo model systems with the aim to understand the properties that underlie the biological effects of these materials; not all GBMs are alike, and it is essential that we disentangle the structure-activity relationships for this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 17777 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Merino
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology , University of Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology , University of Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | | | | | | | - Laury Gauthier
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Antti J Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Cristina Martín
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS , Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Lucia G Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Sassari , Sassari 7100 , Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica , Fondazione Città della Speranza , 35129 Padova , Italy
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Hischier
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Denis Scaini
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste , Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste , Italy
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory , CIC BiomaGUNE , 20009 San Sebastian , Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS , Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry , 67000 Strasbourg , France
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347
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Qin H, Wang J, Wang T, Gao X, Wan Q, Pei X. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate Thermal-Sensitive Hydrogel Reinforced by Graphene Oxide. Front Chem 2018; 6:565. [PMID: 30555817 PMCID: PMC6282227 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal-sensitive hydrogel based on chitosan (CS) and β-glycerophosphate (GP) has shown good biocompatibility and biodegradability. But the application of such hydrogel is limited due to its poor mechanical property. Recently, graphene oxide(GO) is widely used as a reinforcement agent to prepare nanocomposites with different polymers for improving the properties of the materials. In this study, CS/GP-based hydrogels with different weight ratio of GO/CS (0.5, 1, 2%) were fabricated. The gelation time of the hydrogels at body temperature was evaluated by tube inverting method. The gelation process during heating was monitored by rheological measurement. The morphology, porosities, chemical structure, swelling properties of the lyophilized hydrogels were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, liquid displacement method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gravimetric method. Mechanical property of the hydrogels was analyzed by rheological measurement and unconfined compression test. MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblast cell line was used to assess the biological properties of the hydrogels. The results obtained from those assessments revealed that the addition of GO into CS/GP improved the properties of the prepared hydrogels without changing the high porous and interconnected microstructure and swelling ability of the hydrogels. The gelation time at body temperature was significantly reduced by nearly 20% with the addition of small amount of GO (0.5% weight ratio of CS). The mechanical properties of the hydrogels containing GO were improved significantly over that of CS/GP. The storage (G′)/loss (G″) moduli of the hydrogels with GO were 1.12 to 1.69 times that of CS/GP at the gelling temperature. The Young's modulus of 0.5%GO/CS/GP hydrogel is 1.76 times that of CS/GP. Moreover, the 0.5%GO/CS/GP hydrogel revealed remarkable biological affinity such as cellular attachment, viability and proliferation. All of these results suggest that 0.5%GO/CS/GP hydrogel has great potential for practical application in biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianbing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xibo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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348
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Huaux F. Emerging Role of Immunosuppression in Diseases Induced by Micro- and Nano-Particles: Time to Revisit the Exclusive Inflammatory Scenario. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2364. [PMID: 30510551 PMCID: PMC6252316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmunity developing upon particle exposure have been exclusively linked with uncontrolled inflammatory processes. The critical role of inflammation is now challenged by several contradictory observations indicating that the emergence of these chronic disorders may result from non-inflammatory events. A growing number of studies reveals that micro- and nano-particles can cause exaggerated and persistent immunosuppression characterized by the release of potent anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), and the recruitment of major regulatory immune cells (M2 macrophages, T and B regs, and MDSC). This persistent immunosuppressive environment is initially established to limit early inflammation but contributes later to fibrosis, cancer, and infection. Immunosuppression promotes fibroblast proliferation and matrix element synthesis and subverts innate and adaptive immune surveillance against tumor cells and microorganisms. This review details the contribution of immunosuppressive cells and their derived immunoregulatory mediators and delineates the mutual role of inflammatory vs. immunosuppressive mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases induced by particles. The consideration of these new results explains how particle-related diseases can develop independently of chronic inflammation, enriches current bioassays predicting particle toxicity and suggests new clinical strategies for treating patients affected by particle-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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349
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Tadyszak K, Wychowaniec JK, Litowczenko J. Biomedical Applications of Graphene-Based Structures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E944. [PMID: 30453490 PMCID: PMC6267346 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) structures and their reduced forms, e.g., GO paper and partially or fully reduced three-dimensional (3D) aerogels, are at the forefront of materials design for extensive biomedical applications that allow for the proliferation and differentiation/maturation of cells, drug delivery, and anticancer therapies. Various viability tests that have been conducted in vitro on human cells and in vivo on mice reveal very promising results, which make graphene-based materials suitable for real-life applications. In this review, we will give an overview of the latest studies that utilize graphene-based structures and their composites in biological applications and show how the biomimetic behavior of these materials can be a step forward in bridging the gap between nature and synthetically designed graphene-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Tadyszak
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, PL61614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jacek K Wychowaniec
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, PL61614 Poznań, Poland.
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Jagoda Litowczenko
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, PL61614 Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, PL61614 Poznań, Poland.
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350
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Yao R, Wang B, Wang G. [Research progress of graphene and its derivatives in repair of peripheral nerve defect]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:1483-1487. [PMID: 30417629 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201804096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To review the research progress of graphene and its derivatives in repair of peripheral nerve defect. Methods The related literature of graphene and its derivatives in repair of peripheral nerve defect in recent years was extensively reviewed. Results It is confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments that graphene and its derivatives can promote cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and neurite growth effectively. They have good electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, larger specific surface area, and other advantages when compared with traditional materials. The three-dimensional scaffold can improve the effect of nerve repair. Conclusion The metabolic pathways and long-term reaction of graphene and its derivatives in the body are unclear. How to regulate their biodegradation and explain the electric coupling reaction mechanism between cells and materials also need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzhan Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P.R.China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Shandong, 261000, P.R.China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041,
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