351
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Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:30. [PMID: 30340614 PMCID: PMC6194691 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of clearances (CL, stated in µL g-1 min-1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of clearance values for all available routes including perivascular pathways and the blood-brain barrier. Perivascular efflux contributes to the clearance of all water-soluble substances. Substances leaving via the perivascular routes may enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or lymph. These routes are also involved in entry to the parenchyma from CSF. However, evidence demonstrating net fluid flow inwards along arteries and then outwards along veins (the glymphatic hypothesis) is still lacking. CLperivascular, that via perivascular routes, has been measured by following the fate of exogenously applied labelled tracer amounts of sucrose, inulin or serum albumin, which are not metabolized or eliminated across the blood-brain barrier. With these substances values of total CL ≅ 1 have been measured. Substances that are eliminated at least partly by other routes, i.e. across the blood-brain barrier, have higher total CL values. Substances crossing the blood-brain barrier may do so by passive, non-specific means with CLblood-brain barrier values ranging from < 0.01 for inulin to > 1000 for water and CO2. CLblood-brain barrier values for many small solutes are predictable from their oil/water partition and molecular weight. Transporters specific for glucose, lactate and many polar substrates facilitate efflux across the blood-brain barrier producing CLblood-brain barrier values > 50. The principal route for movement of Na+ and Cl- ions across the blood-brain barrier is probably paracellular through tight junctions between the brain endothelial cells producing CLblood-brain barrier values ~ 1. There are large fluxes of amino acids into and out of the brain across the blood-brain barrier but only small net fluxes have been observed suggesting substantial reuse of essential amino acids and α-ketoacids within the brain. Amyloid-β efflux, which is measurably faster than efflux of inulin, is primarily across the blood-brain barrier. Amyloid-β also leaves the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Hladky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD UK
| | - Margery A. Barrand
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD UK
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352
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Pan L, Zhou J, Ju F, Zhu H. Intranasal delivery of α-asarone to the brain with lactoferrin-modified mPEG-PLA nanoparticles prepared by premix membrane emulsification. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:83-96. [PMID: 29134552 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-asarone is a bioactive component of Acorus tatarincuii Schott with low bioavailability, which is often used for treatments of various brain diseases in clinical setting. This study was to formulate biodegradable methoxy polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (mPEG-PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) surface-modified by lactoferrin (Lf), for delivering α-asarone into the brain following intranasal administration. Alpha-asarone NPs were prepared by premix membrane emulsification. The relative parameters were optimized by a Box-Behnken experimental design. The particle size, zeta potential, and dispersibility index of NPs and Lf-NPs were characterized. Their ex vivo permeation, pharmacokinetics, distribution in the brain and other tissue, brain targeting, and toxicity were investigated. Following intranasal administration, Lf-NPs had a better permeability and no significant poor bioavailability compared to NPs; the area under curve from 0 to 12 h of α-asarone in Lf-NPs of the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, olfactory bundles, and thalamus were 2.14-, 4.17-, 3.62-, and 1.96-fold of those in NP group, respectively. Lactoferrin could enhance the efficacy of brain targeting with NPs and reduce its liver accumulation. Toxicity of NPs on nasal mucosal cilia and epithelial cells was also decreased by Lf. To summarize, these results demonstrate that Lf-NPs of α-asarone have potential as a carrier for nose-to-brain delivery of α-asarone for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmei Pan
- Separation Engineering of Chinese Traditional Medicine Compound, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ju
- Separation Engineering of Chinese Traditional Medicine Compound, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxu Zhu
- Separation Engineering of Chinese Traditional Medicine Compound, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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353
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Effect of flow on targeting and penetration of angiopep-decorated nanoparticles in a microfluidic model blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205158. [PMID: 30300391 PMCID: PMC6177192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits transport of nanoparticles from the circulation to the brain parenchyma. Angiopep-2, a peptide which functions as a brain transport vector, can be coupled to nanoparticles in order to facilitate binding and internalization by brain endothelial cells (ECs), and subsequent BBB penetration. This multi-step process may be affected by blood flow over brain ECs, as flow influences endothelial cell phenotype as well as interactions of nanoparticles with ECs. In the present study a microfluidic BBB model was constructed to evaluate binding and internalization by brain ECs, as well as BBB penetration of Angiopep-2 coupled liposomes (Ang2-Liposomes) in static and flow conditions. Ang2 conjugation to liposomes markedly improved binding relative to unconjugated liposomes. Ang2-Liposomes bound and were internalized efficiently by brain endothelial cells after static incubation or with 1 dyne/cm2 of fluid shear stress (FSS), while binding was reduced at a FSS of 6 dyne/cm2. Penetration of the model microfluidic BBB by Ang2-Liposomes was higher at a FSS of 1 dyne/cm2 and 6 dyne/cm2 than with static incubation. Analysis of barrier function and control experiments for receptor-mediated penetration provided insight into the magnitude of transcellular versus paracellular transport at each tested FSS. Overall, the results demonstrate that flow impacted the binding and BBB penetration of Ang2-functionalized nanoparticles. This highlights the relevance of the local flow environment for in vitro modeling of the performance of nanoparticles functionalized with BBB penetrating ligands.
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354
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Zhang M, Wu Y, Xie L, Teng CH, Wu FF, Xu KB, Chen X, Xiao J, Zhang HY, Chen DQ. Isoliquiritigenin protects against blood‑brain barrier damage and inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice after traumatic brain injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:64-75. [PMID: 30290368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by an external mechanical force acting on the brain is a serious neurological condition. Inflammation plays an important role in prolonging secondary tissue injury after TBI, leading to neuronal cell death and dysfunction. Isoliquiritigenin (ILG) is a flavonoid monomer with anti-inflammatory characteristic. Thus, we had investigated the potential protective effects of ILG on TBI-induced injuries and identified the mechanisms underlying it. Here, we have demonstrated that ILG preserves blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity in vivo, suppresses the activation of microglia and inflammatory responses in mice after TBI, consequently leading to neurofunctional deficits, brain oedema, structural damage, and macrophage infiltration. In vitro, ILG exerts anti-inflammatory effect, and upregulates tight junction proteins 120‑β‑catenin and occludin in SH‑SY5Y cells under oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/D) condition. Additionally, we found that PI3K/AKT/GSK‑3β signalling pathway is involved in ILG treatment for TBI. To further confirm it, we had used SC79 (ethyl 2‑amino‑6‑chloro‑4‑(1‑cyano‑2‑ethoxy‑2‑oxoethyl)‑4H‑chromene‑3‑carboxylate), an Akt specific activator, to activate Akt, we found that SC79 partially reduces the protective effect of ILG for TBI. Overall, our current study reveals the neuroprotective role of ILG on TBI-induced BBB damage, downregulated tight junction proteins via PI3K/AKT/GSK‑3β signalling pathway. Furthermore, ILG suppresses the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines after TBI through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/GSK‑3β/NF‑κB signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that GSK‑3β is a key regulatory factor during TBI-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, neuronal apoptosis and destruction of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen-Huai Teng
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke-Bin Xu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Da-Qing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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355
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Sivandzade F, Cucullo L. In-vitro blood-brain barrier modeling: A review of modern and fast-advancing technologies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1667-1681. [PMID: 30058456 PMCID: PMC6168917 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18788769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of realistic in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models that recapitulate the physiological parameters and molecular aspect of the neurovascular unit (NVU) is of fundamental importance not only in CNS drug discovery but also in translational research. Successful modeling of the NVU would provide an invaluable tool to aid in dissecting out the pathological factors, mechanism of action (and corresponding targets) prodromal to the onset of CNS disorders. The field of BBB in vitro modeling has seen many radical changes in the last few years with the introduction on novel technologies and methods to improve over existing models and develop new ones. Therefore, the goal of this review is to provide the readers with updated technical and operational details concerning current BBB platforms with special focus on stem cell technology used to establish a functional BBB model in vitro. Furthermore, we provide a detailed update on rapidly advancing 3D printing technologies used for engineering BBB models which use is now fast expanding among researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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356
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Schuh RS, Bidone J, Poletto E, Pinheiro CV, Pasqualim G, de Carvalho TG, Farinon M, da Silva Diel D, Xavier RM, Baldo G, Matte U, Teixeira HF. Nasal Administration of Cationic Nanoemulsions as Nucleic Acids Delivery Systems Aiming at Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Gene Therapy. Pharm Res 2018; 35:221. [PMID: 30259180 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study demonstrates the nasal administration (NA) of nanoemulsions complexed with the plasmid encoding for IDUA protein (pIDUA) as an attempt to reach the brain aiming at MPS I gene therapy. METHODS Formulations composed of DOPE, DOTAP, MCT (NE), and DSPE-PEG (NE-PEG) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization, and assessed in vitro on human fibroblasts from MPS I patients and in vivo on MPS I mice for IDUA production and gene expression. RESULTS The physicochemical results showed that the presence of DSPE-PEG in the formulations led to smaller and more stable droplets even when submitted to dilution in simulated nasal medium (SNM). In vitro assays showed that pIDUA/NE-PEG complexes were internalized by cells, and led to a 5% significant increase in IDUA activity, besides promoting a two-fold increase in IDUA expression. The NA of pIDUA/NE-PEG complexes to MPS I mice demonstrated the ability to reach the brain, promoting increased IDUA activity and expression in this tissue, as well as in kidney and spleen tissues after treatment. An increase in serum IL-6 was observed after treatment, although with no signs of tissue inflammatory infiltrate according to histopathology and CD68 assessments. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that pIDUA/NE-PEG complexes could efficiently increase IDUA activity in vitro and in vivo after NA, and represent a potential treatment for the neurological impairment present in MPS I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselena Silvestri Schuh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, UFRGS, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.,Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bidone
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, UFRGS, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Edina Poletto
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Pasqualim
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Talita Giacomet de Carvalho
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mirian Farinon
- Reumathology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirnete da Silva Diel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, UFRGS, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Baldo
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helder Ferreira Teixeira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, UFRGS, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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357
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Da Ros M, De Gregorio V, Iorio AL, Giunti L, Guidi M, de Martino M, Genitori L, Sardi I. Glioblastoma Chemoresistance: The Double Play by Microenvironment and Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102879. [PMID: 30248992 PMCID: PMC6213072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For glioblastoma, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is pivotal to support tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. TME consists of several types of stromal, endothelial and immune cells, which are recruited by cancer stem cells (CSCs) to influence CSC phenotype and behavior. TME also promotes the establishment of specific conditions such as hypoxia and acidosis, which play a critical role in glioblastoma chemoresistance, interfering with angiogenesis, apoptosis, DNA repair, oxidative stress, immune escape, expression and activity of multi-drug resistance (MDR)-related genes. Finally, the blood brain barrier (BBB), which insulates the brain microenvironment from the blood, is strongly linked to the drug-resistant phenotype of glioblastoma, being a major physical and physiological hurdle for the delivery of chemotherapy agents into the brain. Here, we review the features of the glioblastoma microenvironment, focusing on their involvement in the phenomenon of chemoresistance; we also summarize recent advances in generating systems to modulate or bypass the BBB for drug delivery into the brain. Genetic aspects associated with glioblastoma chemoresistance and current immune-based strategies, such as checkpoint inhibitor therapy, are described too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Da Ros
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Veronica De Gregorio
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Anna Lisa Iorio
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Laura Giunti
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Milena Guidi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Director Post Graduate Pediatric School University of Florence, Director Meyer Health Campus, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Genitori
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
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358
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Puech C, Hodin S, Forest V, He Z, Mismetti P, Delavenne X, Perek N. Assessment of HBEC-5i endothelial cell line cultivated in astrocyte conditioned medium as a human blood-brain barrier model for ABC drug transport studies. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:281-289. [PMID: 30240829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are main components of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and form a tight monolayer that regulates the passage of molecules, with the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters efflux pumps. We have developed a human in vitro model of HBEC-5i endothelial cells cultivated alone or with human astrocytes conditioned medium on insert. HBEC-5i cells showed a tight monolayer within 14 days, expressing ZO-1 and claudin 5, a low apparent permeability to small molecules, with a TEER stability during five days. The P-gp, BCRP, MRPs transporters were well expressed and functional. Accumulation and efflux ratio measurement with different ABC transporters substrates (Rhodamine 123, BCECF AM, Hoechst 33342) and inhibitors (verapamil, Ko143, probenecid and cyclosporin A) were conducted. At barrier level, the functionality of ABC transporters was three-fold enhanced in astrocyte conditioned medium. We validated our model by the transport of pharmacological substrates: caffeine, rivaroxaban, and methotrexate. The rivaroxaban and methotrexate were released with an efflux ratio >3 and were decreased by more than half with inhibitors. HBEC-5i model could be used as relevant tool in preclinical studies for assessing the permeability of therapeutic molecules to cross human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Puech
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France.
| | - Sophie Hodin
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo He
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; EA 2521 Biologie, Ingénierie et Imagerie de la Greffe de Cornée (BIIGC), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Innovation et Pharmacologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologie, CHU Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nathalie Perek
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
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359
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Montagud-Romero S, Blanco-Gandía MC, Reguilón MD, Ferrer-Pérez C, Ballestín R, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Social defeat stress: Mechanisms underlying the increase in rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2948-2970. [PMID: 30144331 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction is known to be the main source of stress in human beings, which explains the translational importance of this research in animals. Evidence reported over the last decade has revealed that, when exposed to social defeat experiences (brief episodes of social confrontations during adolescence and adulthood), the rodent brain undergoes remodeling and functional modifications, which in turn lead to an increase in the rewarding and reinstating effects of different drugs of abuse. The mechanisms by which social stress cause changes in the brain and behavior are unknown, and so the objective of this review is to contemplate how social defeat stress induces long-lasting consequences that modify the reward system. First of all, we will describe the most characteristic results of the short- and long-term consequences of social defeat stress on the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse such as psychostimulants and alcohol. Secondly, and throughout the review, we will carefully assess the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects, including changes in the dopaminergic system, corticotrophin releasing factor signaling, epigenetic modifications and the neuroinflammatory response. To conclude, we will consider the advantages and disadvantages and the translational value of the social defeat stress model, and will discuss challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marina D Reguilón
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raul Ballestín
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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360
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Wang Q, Zuo Z. Impact of transporters and enzymes from blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier and brain parenchyma on CNS drug uptake. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:961-972. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1513493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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361
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Liu X, Sun J, Gao W. Site-selective protein modification with polymers for advanced biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2018; 178:413-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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362
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Mihajlica N, Betsholtz C, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Pharmacokinetics of pericyte involvement in small-molecular drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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363
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O'Donnell ME, Yuan JXJ. Pathophysiology of stroke: the many and varied contributions of brain microvasculature. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C341-C342. [PMID: 30110563 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00328.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha E O'Donnell
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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364
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Saili KS, Zurlinden TJ, Schwab AJ, Silvin A, Baker NC, Hunter ES, Ginhoux F, Knudsen TB. Blood-brain barrier development: Systems modeling and predictive toxicology. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1680-1710. [PMID: 29251840 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a gateway for passage of drugs, chemicals, nutrients, metabolites, and hormones between vascular and neural compartments in the brain. Here, we review BBB development with regard to the microphysiology of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the impact of BBB disruption on brain development. Our focus is on modeling these complex systems. Extant in silico models are available as tools to predict the probability of drug/chemical passage across the BBB; in vitro platforms for high-throughput screening and high-content imaging provide novel data streams for profiling chemical-biological interactions; and engineered human cell-based microphysiological systems provide empirical models with which to investigate the dynamics of NVU function. Computational models are needed that bring together kinetic and dynamic aspects of NVU function across gestation and under various physiological and toxicological scenarios. This integration will inform adverse outcome pathways to reduce uncertainty in translating in vitro data and in silico models for use in risk assessments that aim to protect neurodevelopmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerine S Saili
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Todd J Zurlinden
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Andrew J Schwab
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Nancy C Baker
- Leidos, contractor to NCCT, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - E Sidney Hunter
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology (NCCT); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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365
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Song A, Wu G, Hang H, Wang L. Rosiglitazone pretreatment influences thrombin-induced anti-oxidative action via activating NQO1and γ-GCS in rat microglial cells. Neurol Res 2018; 40:139-145. [PMID: 29262765 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1417686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the molecular mechanism involved in rosiglitazone against secondary brain damage caused by cerebral hemorrhage, we pretreated thrombin-induced microglial cells by rosiglitazone and then investigated its effect on antioxidant-related genes NQO1and γ-GCS expression change. Methods Primary microglial cells were obtained from the brain tissue of newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and were randomly divided into three groups: the normal (control), thrombin stimulation (TH), thrombin-treated plus rosiglitazone (TH+RGZ). The expression of NQO1and γ-GCS was measured by immunocytochemistry, real-time PCR, and western blot analysis. Results The immunocytochemistry showed that the number of NQO1and γ-GCS stained cells in TH and TH+RGZ group increased compared to the control group. In addition, the expression of NQO1 and γ-GCS in TH+RGZ group remarkably increased in mRNA and protein level compared to TH only group (p < 0.01). Conclusion Rosiglitazone can increase thrombin-induced microglia anti-oxidative ability by increasing NQO1and γ-GCS expression, which can effectively reduce secondary injury after cerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Song
- a Emergency Department , The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- a Emergency Department , The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , China
| | - Hang Hang
- a Emergency Department , The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , China
| | - Likun Wang
- a Emergency Department , The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , China
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366
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Villaseñor R, Schilling M, Sundaresan J, Lutz Y, Collin L. Sorting Tubules Regulate Blood-Brain Barrier Transcytosis. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3256-3270. [PMID: 29241551 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates key processes of the brain, but the intracellular sorting mechanisms that determine successful receptor-mediated transcytosis in brain endothelial cells (BECs) remain unidentified. Here, we used Transferrin receptor-based Brain Shuttle constructs to investigate intracellular transport in BECs, and we uncovered a pathway for the regulation of receptor-mediated transcytosis. By combining live-cell imaging and mathematical modeling in vitro with super-resolution microscopy of the BBB, we show that intracellular tubules promote transcytosis across the BBB. A monovalent construct (sFab) sorted for transcytosis was localized to intracellular tubules, whereas a bivalent construct (dFab) sorted for degradation formed clusters with impaired transport along tubules. Manipulating tubule biogenesis by overexpressing the small GTPase Rab17 increased dFab transport into tubules and induced its transcytosis in BECs. We propose that sorting tubules regulate transcytosis in BECs and may be a general mechanism for receptor-mediated transport across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Villaseñor
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neuro-Immunology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schilling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neuro-Immunology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janani Sundaresan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neuro-Immunology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yves Lutz
- Imaging Centre, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Ludovic Collin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Neuro-Immunology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland.
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367
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Mészáros M, Porkoláb G, Kiss L, Pilbat AM, Kóta Z, Kupihár Z, Kéri A, Galbács G, Siklós L, Tóth A, Fülöp L, Csete M, Sipos Á, Hülper P, Sipos P, Páli T, Rákhely G, Szabó-Révész P, Deli MA, Veszelka S. Niosomes decorated with dual ligands targeting brain endothelial transporters increase cargo penetration across the blood-brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:228-240. [PMID: 30031862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles targeting transporters of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are promising candidates to increase the brain penetration of biopharmacons. Solute carriers (SLC) are expressed at high levels in brain endothelial cells and show a specific pattern at the BBB. The aim of our study was to test glutathione and ligands of SLC transporters as single or dual BBB targeting molecules for nanovesicles. High mRNA expression levels for hexose and neutral amino acid transporting SLCs were found in isolated rat brain microvessels and our rat primary cell based co-culture BBB model. Niosomes were derivatized with glutathione and SLC ligands glucopyranose and alanine. Serum albumin complexed with Evans blue (67 kDa), which has a very low BBB penetration, was selected as a cargo. The presence of targeting ligands on niosomes, especially dual labeling, increased the uptake of the cargo molecule in cultured brain endothelial cells. This cellular uptake was temperature dependent and could be decreased with a metabolic inhibitor and endocytosis blockers filipin and cytochalasin D. Making the negative surface charge of brain endothelial cells more positive with a cationic lipid or digesting the glycocalyx with neuraminidase elevated the uptake of the cargo after treatment with targeted nanocarriers. Treatment with niosomes increased plasma membrane fluidity, suggesting the fusion of nanovesicles with endothelial cell membranes. Targeting ligands elevated the permeability of the cargo across the BBB in the culture model and in mice, and dual-ligand decoration of niosomes was more effective than single ligand labeling. Our data indicate that dual labeling with ligands of multiple SLC transporters can potentially be exploited for BBB targeting of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Mészáros
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; Doctoral School in Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergő Porkoláb
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; Foundation for the Future of Biomedical Sciences in Szeged, Pálfy u. 52/d, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Kiss
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ana-Maria Pilbat
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kóta
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kupihár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Albert Kéri
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Galbács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Siklós
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lívia Fülöp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Csete
- Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Áron Sipos
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petra Hülper
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Páli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Piroska Szabó-Révész
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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368
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Barriers to Effective Drug Treatment for Brain Metastases: A Multifactorial Problem in the Delivery of Precision Medicine. Pharm Res 2018; 35:177. [PMID: 30003344 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic lesions in the brain represents a serious unmet medical need in the field of neuro-oncology. Even though many effective compounds have demonstrated success in treating peripheral (non-CNS) tumors with targeted agents, one aspect of this lack of success in the brain may be related to poor delivery of otherwise effective compounds. Many factors can influence the brain delivery of these agents, but one key barrier is a heterogeneously "leaky" BBB that expresses efflux transporters that limit the BBB permeability for many targeted agents. Future success in therapeutics for brain metastases must take into account the adequate delivery of "active, free drug" to the target, and may include combinations of targeted drugs that are appropriate to address each individual patient's tumor type. This review discusses some issues that are pertinent to precision medicine for brain metastases, using specific examples of tumor types that have a high incidence of brain metastases.
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369
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Lizama BN, Palubinsky AM, McLaughlin B. Alterations in the E3 ligases Parkin and CHIP result in unique metabolic signaling defects and mitochondrial quality control issues. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:139-155. [PMID: 28851515 PMCID: PMC5826822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
E3 ligases are essential scaffold proteins, facilitating the transfer of ubiquitin from E2 enzymes to lysine residues of client proteins via isopeptide bonds. The specificity of substrate binding and the expression and localization of E3 ligases can, however, endow these proteins with unique features with variable effects on mitochondrial, metabolic and CNS function. By comparing and contrasting two E3 ligases, Parkin and C-terminus of HSC70-Interacting protein (CHIP) we seek to highlight the biophysical properties that may promote mitochondrial dysfunction, acute stress signaling and critical developmental periods to cease in response to mutations in these genes. Encoded by over 600 human genes, RING-finger proteins are the largest class of E3 ligases. Parkin contains three RING finger domains, with R1 and R2 separated by an in-between region (IBR) domain. Loss-of-function mutations in Parkin were identified in patients with early onset Parkinson's disease. CHIP is a member of the Ubox family of E3 ligases. It contains an N-terminal TPR domain and forms unique asymmetric homodimers. While CHIP can substitute for mutated Parkin and enhance survival, CHIP also has unique functions. The differences between these proteins are underscored by the observation that unlike Parkin-deficient animals, CHIP-null animals age prematurely and have significantly impaired motor function. These properties make these E3 ligases appealing targets for clinical intervention. In this work, we discuss how biophysical and metabolic properties of these E3 ligases have driven rapid progress in identifying roles for E3 ligases in development, proteostasis, mitochondrial biology, and cell health, as well as new data about how these proteins alter the CNS proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney N Lizama
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States.
| | - Amy M Palubinsky
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - BethAnn McLaughlin
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
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370
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Hajal C, Campisi M, Mattu C, Chiono V, Kamm RD. In vitro models of molecular and nano-particle transport across the blood-brain barrier. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042213. [PMID: 29887937 PMCID: PMC5980570 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the tightest endothelial barrier in humans. Characterized by the presence of tight endothelial junctions and adherens junctions, the primary function of the BBB is to maintain brain homeostasis through the control of solute transit across the barrier. The specific features of this barrier make for unique modes of transport of solutes, nanoparticles, and cells across the BBB. Understanding the different routes of traffic adopted by each of these is therefore critical in the development of targeted therapies. In an attempt to move towards controlled experimental assays, multiple groups are now opting for the use of microfluidic systems. A comprehensive understanding of bio-transport processes across the BBB in microfluidic devices is therefore necessary to develop targeted and efficient therapies for a host of diseases ranging from neurological disorders to the spread of metastases in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hajal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Clara Mattu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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371
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Abdullahi W, Tripathi D, Ronaldson PT. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C343-C356. [PMID: 29949404 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00095.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and biochemical barrier that precisely controls cerebral homeostasis. It also plays a central role in the regulation of blood-to-brain flux of endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics and associated metabolites. This is accomplished by molecular characteristics of brain microvessel endothelial cells such as tight junction protein complexes and functional expression of influx and efflux transporters. One of the pathophysiological features of ischemic stroke is disruption of the BBB, which significantly contributes to development of brain injury and subsequent neurological impairment. Biochemical characteristics of BBB damage include decreased expression and altered organization of tight junction constituent proteins as well as modulation of functional expression of endogenous BBB transporters. Therefore, there is a critical need for development of novel therapeutic strategies that can protect against BBB dysfunction (i.e., vascular protection) in the setting of ischemic stroke. Such strategies include targeting tight junctions to ensure that they maintain their correct structure or targeting transporters to control flux of physiological substrates for protection of endothelial homeostasis. In this review, we will describe the pathophysiological mechanisms in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells that lead to BBB dysfunction following onset of stroke. Additionally, we will utilize this state-of-the-art knowledge to provide insights on novel pharmacological strategies that can be developed to confer BBB protection in the setting of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Dinesh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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372
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Chen W, Zuo H, Zhang E, Li L, Henrich-Noack P, Cooper H, Qian Y, Xu ZP. Brain Targeting Delivery Facilitated by Ligand-Functionalized Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20326-20333. [PMID: 29799186 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A delivery platform with highly selective permeability through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for brain disease treatment. In this research, we designed and prepared a novel target nanoplatform, that is, layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticle conjugated with targeting peptide-ligand Angiopep-2 (Ang2) or rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) via intermatrix bovine serum albumin for brain targeting. In vitro studies show that functionalization with the target ligand significantly increases the delivery efficiency of LDH nanoparticles to the brain endothelial (bEnd.3) cells and the transcytosis through the simulated BBB model, that is, bEnd.3 cell-constructed multilayer membrane. In vivo confocal neuroimaging of the rat's blood-retina area dynamically demonstrates that LDH nanoparticles modified with peptide ligands have shown a prolonged retention period within the retina vessel in comparison with the pristine LDH group. Moreover, Ang2-modified LDH nanoparticles are found to more specifically accumulate in the mouse brain than the control and RVG-modified LDH nanoparticles after 2 and 48 h intravenous injection. All these findings strongly suggest that Ang2-modified LDHs can serve as an effective targeting nanoplatform for brain disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enqi Zhang
- Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg 39106 , Germany
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373
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Haspels HN, Rahman MA, Joseph JV, Gras Navarro A, Chekenya M. Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells Are More Susceptible Than Differentiated Cells to Natural Killer Cell Lysis Mediated Through Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors-Human Leukocyte Antigen Ligand Mismatch and Activation Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1345. [PMID: 29967607 PMCID: PMC6015895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain malignancy in adults, where survival is approximately 14.6 months. Novel therapies are urgently needed and immunotherapy has hailed a new dawn for treatment of solid tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells may be amenable therapeutic effectors against heterogeneous GBM, since they also do not require co-stimulation and antigen specificity. However, it is unclear how culture media routinely used in pre-clinical studies affect GBM cell responses to NK-mediated cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that the culture medium would affect GBM cell phenotype, proliferation, and responses to NK cytotoxicity. We investigated in paired analyses n = 6 patient-derived primary GBM cells propagated in stem cell or serum-containing medium for morphology, proliferation, as well as susceptibility to NK cytolysis and related this to expression of surface and intracellular lineage markers, as well as ligands for NK cell activating and inhibitory receptors. We genotyped the GBM cells for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) as well as the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) of the n = 6 allogeneic NK cells used as effector cells. Culture in serum-containing medium induced a switch in GBM cell morphology from suspension neuropsheres to adherent epithelial-mesenchymal-like phenotypes, which was partially reversible. The differentiated cells diminished expression of nestin, CD133 (prominin-1), and A2B5 putative glioma stem-cell markers, attenuated growth, diminished expression of ligands for activating NK cell receptors, while upregulating class I HLA ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors. When maintained in serum-containing medium, fewer GBM cells expressed intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and were less susceptible to lysis by NK cells expressing αLβ2 integrin receptor (LFA-1), mediated through combination of inhibitory KIR-HLA ligand mismatch and diminished activation receptor-ligand interactions compared to cells maintained in stem cell media. We conclude that development of preclinical immunotherapy strategies against GBM should not use cells propagated in serum-containing media to avoid misinterpretation of potential therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martha Chekenya
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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374
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Rodriguez‐Otormin F, Duro‐Castano A, Conejos‐Sánchez I, Vicent MJ. Envisioning the future of polymer therapeutics for brain disorders. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1532. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aroa Duro‐Castano
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
| | | | - María J. Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Valencia Spain
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375
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Karaoglu Hanzatian D, Schwartz A, Gizatullin F, Erickson J, Deng K, Villanueva R, Stedman C, Harris C, Ghayur T, Goodearl A. Brain uptake of multivalent and multi-specific DVD-Ig proteins after systemic administration. MAbs 2018; 10:765-777. [PMID: 29771629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1465159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and endogenous IgG antibodies show limited uptake into the central nervous system (CNS) due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which regulates and controls the selective and specific transport of both exogenous and endogenous materials to the brain. The use of natural transport mechanisms, such as receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), to deliver antibody therapeutics into the brain have been studied in rodents and monkeys. Recent successful examples include monovalent bispecific antibodies and mono- or bivalent fusion proteins; however, these formats do not have the capability to bind to both the CNS target and the BBB transport receptor in a bivalent fashion as a canonical antibody would. Dual-variable-domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) proteins offer a bispecific format where monoclonal antibody-like bivalency to both the BBB receptor and the therapeutic target is preserved, enabling independent engineering of binding affinity, potency, valency, epitope and conformation, essential for successful generation of clinical candidates for CNS applications with desired drug-like properties. Each of these parameters can affect the binding and transcytosis ability mediated by different receptors on the brain endothelium differentially, allowing exploration of diverse properties. Here, we describe generation and characterization of several different DVD-Ig proteins, specific for four different CNS targets, capable of crossing the BBB through transcytosis mediated by the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). After systemic administration of each DVD-Ig, we used two independent methods in parallel to observe specific uptake into the brain. An electrochemiluminescent-based sensitive quantitative assay and a semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry technique were used for brain concentration determination and biodistribution/localization in brain, respectively. Significantly enhanced brain uptake and retention was observed for all TfR1 DVD-Ig proteins regardless of the CNS target or the systemic administration route selected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Schwartz
- b AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 100 Research Drive, Worcester , MA
| | - Farid Gizatullin
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Jamie Erickson
- b AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 100 Research Drive, Worcester , MA
| | - Kangwen Deng
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Ruth Villanueva
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | | | - Cristina Harris
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Tariq Ghayur
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
| | - Andrew Goodearl
- a AbbVie Bioresearch Center , 381 Plantation St., Worcester , MA
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376
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Filipe HAL, Javanainen M, Salvador A, Galvão AM, Vattulainen I, Loura LMS, Moreno MJ. Quantitative Assessment of Methods Used To Obtain Rate Constants from Molecular Dynamics Simulations—Translocation of Cholesterol across Lipid Bilayers. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:3840-3848. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. L. Filipe
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Armindo Salvador
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adelino M. Galvão
- CQE—Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Laboratory of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- MEMPHYS—Center
for Biomembrane Physics, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luís M. S. Loura
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P-3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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377
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Munoz F, Aurup C, Konofagou EE, Ferrera VP. Modulation of Brain Function and Behavior by Focused Ultrasound. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018; 5:153-164. [PMID: 30393592 PMCID: PMC6208352 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The past decade has seen rapid growth in the application of focused ultrasound (FUS) as a tool for basic neuroscience research and potential treatment of brain disorders. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of how FUS can alter brain activity, perception and behavior when applied to the central nervous system, either alone or in combination with circulating agents. RECENT FINDINGS Focused ultrasound in the central nervous system can directly excite or inhibit neuronal activity, as well as affect perception and behavior. Combining FUS with intravenous microbubbles to open the blood-brain barrier also affects neural activity and behavior, and the effects may be more sustained than FUS alone. Opening the BBB also allows delivery of drugs that do not cross the intact BBB including viral vectors for gene delivery. SUMMARY While further research is needed to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms, focused ultrasound, alone or in combination with other factors, is rapidly maturing as an effective technology for altering brain activity. Future challenges include refining control over targeting specificity, the volume of affected tissue, cell-type specificity (excitatory or inhibitory), and the duration of neural and behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Munoz
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Christian Aurup
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Vincent P Ferrera
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 USA
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378
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The expected characteristics of an in vitro human Blood Brain Barrier model derived from cell lines, for studying how ABC transporters influence drug permeability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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379
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Tan JM, Saifullah B, Kura AU, Fakurazi S, Hussein MZ. Incorporation of Levodopa into Biopolymer Coatings Based on Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes for pH-Dependent Sustained Release Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8060389. [PMID: 29857532 PMCID: PMC6027427 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Four drug delivery systems were formulated by non-covalent functionalization of carboxylated single walled carbon nanotubes using biocompatible polymers as coating agent (i.e., Tween 20, Tween 80, chitosan or polyethylene glycol) for the delivery of levodopa, a drug used in Parkinson’s disease. The chemical interaction between the coating agent and carbon nanotubes-levodopa conjugate was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman studies. The drug release profiles were revealed to be dependent upon the type of applied coating material and this could be further adjusted to a desired rate to meet different biomedical conditions. In vitro drug release experiments measured using UV-Vis spectrometry demonstrated that the coated conjugates yielded a more prolonged and sustained release pattern compared to the uncoated conjugate. Cytotoxicity of the formulated conjugates was studied by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using normal mouse embryonic fibroblast 3T3 cell line. Compared to the non-coated conjugate, the MTT data indicated that the coating procedure improved the biocompatibility of all systems by 34–41% when the concentration used exceeded 100 μg/mL. In conclusion, the comprehensive results of this study suggest that carbon nanotubes-based drug carrier coated with a suitable biomaterial may possibly be a potential nanoparticle system that could facilitate drug delivery to the brain with tunable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Meihua Tan
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Bullo Saifullah
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Aminu Umar Kura
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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380
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Garcia-Castillo MD, Chinnapen DJF, Te Welscher YM, Gonzalez RJ, Softic S, Pacheco M, Mrsny RJ, Kahn CR, von Andrian UH, Lau J, Pentelute BL, Lencer WI. Mucosal absorption of therapeutic peptides by harnessing the endogenous sorting of glycosphingolipids. eLife 2018; 7:34469. [PMID: 29851380 PMCID: PMC5980230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of biologically active molecules across tight epithelial barriers is a major challenge preventing therapeutic peptides from oral drug delivery. Here, we identify a set of synthetic glycosphingolipids that harness the endogenous process of intracellular lipid-sorting to enable mucosal absorption of the incretin hormone GLP-1. Peptide cargoes covalently fused to glycosphingolipids with ceramide domains containing C6:0 or smaller fatty acids were transported with 20-100-fold greater efficiency across epithelial barriers in vitro and in vivo. This was explained by structure-function of the ceramide domain in intracellular sorting and by the affinity of the glycosphingolipid species for insertion into and retention in cell membranes. In mice, GLP-1 fused to short-chain glycosphingolipids was rapidly and systemically absorbed after gastric gavage to affect glucose tolerance with serum bioavailability comparable to intraperitoneal injection of GLP-1 alone. This is unprecedented for mucosal absorption of therapeutic peptides, and defines a technology with many other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J-F Chinnapen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo J Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Samir Softic
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Michele Pacheco
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Univeristy of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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381
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Zeiadeh I, Najjar A, Karaman R. Strategies for Enhancing the Permeation of CNS-Active Drugs through the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061289. [PMID: 29843371 PMCID: PMC6100436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic and functional structure which poses a vast challenge in the development of drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). While most substances are denied BBB crossing, selective penetration of substances mainly occurs through diffusion, carrier mediated transport, or receptor mediated transcytosis. Methods: Strategies in enhancing BBB penetration have been reviewed and summarized in accordance with their type of formulation. Highlights in monoclonal antibodies, peptide-vectors, nanoparticles, and simple prodrugs were included. Conclusion: Nanoparticles and simple prodrugs, for example, can be used for efficient BBB penetration through inhibition of efflux mechanisms, however, monoclonal antibodies are the most promising strategy in BBB penetration. Close follow-up of future development in this area should confirm our expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra' Zeiadeh
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Anas Najjar
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
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382
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Veszelka S, Tóth A, Walter FR, Tóth AE, Gróf I, Mészáros M, Bocsik A, Hellinger É, Vastag M, Rákhely G, Deli MA. Comparison of a Rat Primary Cell-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Model With Epithelial and Brain Endothelial Cell Lines: Gene Expression and Drug Transport. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:166. [PMID: 29872378 PMCID: PMC5972182 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture-based blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are useful tools for screening of CNS drug candidates. Cell sources for BBB models include primary brain endothelial cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines. Despite their well-known differences, epithelial cell lines are also used as surrogate models for testing neuropharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of selected BBB related genes including tight junction proteins, solute carriers (SLC), ABC transporters, metabolic enzymes and to describe the paracellular properties of nine different culture models. To establish a primary BBB model rat brain capillary endothelial cells were co-cultured with rat pericytes and astrocytes (EPA). As other BBB and surrogate models four brain endothelial cells lines, rat GP8 and RBE4 cells, and human hCMEC/D3 cells with or without lithium treatment (D3 and D3L), and four epithelial cell lines, native human intestinal Caco-2 and high P-glycoprotein expressing vinblastine-selected VB-Caco-2 cells, native MDCK and MDR1 transfected MDCK canine kidney cells were used. To test transporter functionality, the permeability of 12 molecules, glucopyranose, valproate, baclofen, gabapentin, probenecid, salicylate, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, tacrine, donepezil, was also measured in the EPA and epithelial models. Among the junctional protein genes, the expression level of occludin was high in all models except the GP8 and RBE4 cells, and each model expressed a unique claudin pattern. Major BBB efflux (P-glycoprotein or ABCB1) and influx transporters (GLUT-1, LAT-1) were present in all models at mRNA levels. The transcript of BCRP (ABCG2) was not expressed in MDCK, GP8 and RBE4 cells. The absence of gene expression of important BBB efflux and influx transporters BCRP, MRP6, -9, MCT6, -8, PHT2, OATPs in one or both types of epithelial models suggests that Caco-2 or MDCK models are not suitable to test drug candidates which are substrates of these transporters. Brain endothelial cell lines GP8, RBE4, D3 and D3L did not form a restrictive paracellular barrier necessary for screening small molecular weight pharmacons. Therefore, among the tested culture models, the primary cell-based EPA model is suitable for the functional analysis of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Veszelka
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Tóth
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea E Tóth
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Gróf
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Mészáros
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Bocsik
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Hellinger
- In Vitro Metabolism Research, Division of Pharmacology and Drug Safety, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monika Vastag
- In Vitro Metabolism Research, Division of Pharmacology and Drug Safety, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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383
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Ahn KC, Learman CR, Dunbar GL, Maiti P, Jang WC, Cha HC, Song MS. Characterization of Impaired Cerebrovascular Structure in APP/PS1 Mouse Brains. Neuroscience 2018; 385:246-254. [PMID: 29777753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined by senile plaques, tauopathy and neuronal cell death in specific area of the brain. Recent studies suggest that neurovascular dysfunction may be an integral part of AD pathogenesis, contributing to the onset and development of AD pathologies such as neuronal death, inflammatory response, and breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB). In addition, vascular complications caused by age-related metabolic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure have high incidence in development of dementia and AD. We previously reported that astrocytes, essential components of BBB, were chronically activated and some deteriorated in the brain of 5xFAD, an amyloid precursor protein/presenilin1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mouse model. Thus, it is rational to investigate if any vascular dysfunction is associated with considerable activation of astrocytes in APP/PS1 mouse model. In this study, we observed that cerebrovascular pathology was associated with large scale of reactive astrocytes and neurodegeneration in an Aβ plague-generating mouse model. Using 5xFAD mouse brains, we demonstrate damaged brain vessels and reduced expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), the main glucose transporter, and a tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) of cerebrovascular endothelial cells. This vascular pathology was closely associated with astrocytic deterioration and neuronal loss due to buildup of Aβ plaques in 5xFAD mouse brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Chan Ahn
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; EnviroBrain, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cameron R Learman
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Panchanan Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI, USA
| | | | - Hyeon-Cheol Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Mee-Sook Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea.
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384
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Taccola C, Cartot-Cotton S, Valente D, Barneoud P, Aubert C, Boutet V, Gallen F, Lochus M, Nicolic S, Dodacki A, Smirnova M, Cisternino S, Declèves X, Bourasset F. High brain distribution of a new central nervous system drug candidate despite its P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the mouse blood-brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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385
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Banks DB, Chan GN, Evans RA, Miller DS, Cannon RE. Lysophosphatidic acid and amitriptyline signal through LPA1R to reduce P-glycoprotein transport at the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:857-868. [PMID: 28447863 PMCID: PMC5987938 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17705786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a microvascular network that (1) provides neuroprotection from metabolic and environmental toxins and (2) limits the delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS). The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein contributes to the latter by actively pumping clinical substrates back into circulation before they can reach the brain parenchyma. Targeting P-glycoprotein has proven effective in increasing the delivery of therapeutics to their cerebral targets. We provide a novel mechanism to achieve this end in functioning, intact rat brain capillaries, whereby the bioactive phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) amitriptyline reduce basal P-glycoprotein transport activity through a distinct lysophosphatidic acid 1 receptor-mediated signaling cascade that requires G-protein coupling, Src kinase, and ERK 1/2. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of LPA and TCA amitriptyline to decrease induced P-glycoprotein transport activity in a human SOD1 transgenic rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This work may translate to new clinical strategies for increasing the cerebral penetration of therapeutics in patients suffering from CNS diseases marked by exacerbated pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Banks
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary Ny Chan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca A Evans
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David S Miller
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald E Cannon
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
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386
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopin Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Du
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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387
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Bowerman M, Becker CG, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Ning K, Wood MJA, Gillingwater TH, Talbot K. Therapeutic strategies for spinal muscular atrophy: SMN and beyond. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:943-954. [PMID: 28768735 PMCID: PMC5560066 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disorder characterized by loss of motor neurons and muscle atrophy, generally presenting in childhood. SMA is caused by low levels of the survival motor neuron protein (SMN) due to inactivating mutations in the encoding gene SMN1. A second duplicated gene, SMN2, produces very little but sufficient functional protein for survival. Therapeutic strategies to increase SMN are in clinical trials, and the first SMN2-directed antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy has recently been licensed. However, several factors suggest that complementary strategies may be needed for the long-term maintenance of neuromuscular and other functions in SMA patients. Pre-clinical SMA models demonstrate that the requirement for SMN protein is highest when the structural connections of the neuromuscular system are being established, from late fetal life throughout infancy. Augmenting SMN may not address the slow neurodegenerative process underlying progressive functional decline beyond childhood in less severe types of SMA. Furthermore, individuals receiving SMN-based treatments may be vulnerable to delayed symptoms if rescue of the neuromuscular system is incomplete. Finally, a large number of older patients living with SMA do not fulfill the present criteria for inclusion in gene therapy and ASO clinical trials, and may not benefit from SMN-inducing treatments. Therefore, a comprehensive whole-lifespan approach to SMA therapy is required that includes both SMN-dependent and SMN-independent strategies that treat the CNS and periphery. Here, we review the range of non-SMN pathways implicated in SMA pathophysiology and discuss how various model systems can serve as valuable tools for SMA drug discovery. Summary: Translational research for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) should address the development of non-CNS and survival motor neuron (SMN)-independent therapeutic approaches to complement and enhance the benefits of CNS-directed and SMN-dependent therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- AGCTlab.org, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research and Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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388
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Noumbissi ME, Galasso B, Stins MF. Brain vascular heterogeneity: implications for disease pathogenesis and design of in vitro blood-brain barrier models. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:12. [PMID: 29688865 PMCID: PMC5911972 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate blood–brain barrier (BBB) is composed of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CEC). The BBB acts as a semi-permeable cellular interface that tightly regulates bidirectional molecular transport between blood and the brain parenchyma in order to maintain cerebral homeostasis. The CEC phenotype is regulated by a variety of factors, including cells in its immediate environment and within functional neurovascular units. The cellular composition of the brain parenchyma surrounding the CEC varies between different brain regions; this difference is clearly visible in grey versus white matter. In this review, we discuss evidence for the existence of brain vascular heterogeneity, focusing on differences between the vessels of the grey and white matter. The region-specific differences in the vasculature of the brain are reflective of specific functions of those particular brain areas. This BBB-endothelial heterogeneity may have implications for the course of pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders involving vascular activation and dysfunction. This heterogeneity should be taken into account when developing BBB-neuro-disease models representative of specific brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midrelle E Noumbissi
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept. Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, SPH East 4135, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bianca Galasso
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept. Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, SPH East 4135, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Monique F Stins
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept. Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, SPH East 4135, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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389
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Selvanathan A, Ellaway C, Wilson C, Owens P, Shaw PJ, Bhattacharya K. Effectiveness of Early Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Preventing Neurocognitive Decline in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II: A Case Series. JIMD Rep 2018; 41:81-89. [PMID: 29671225 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2018_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The early progressive form of the X-linked disorder, Hunter syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) (OMIM #309900), is characterized by cognitive decline, and pulmonary and cardiac complications that often cause death before 20 years of age. Deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, iduronate-2-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.13) results in deposition of the glycosaminoglycans, dermatan, and heparan sulfate in various tissues. In recent years, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has become the mainstay of treatment, but is expensive and ineffective in arresting cognitive decline. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) also provides enzyme replacement, and may be effective in stabilizing neurocognitive function if initiated early, though data are limited. We present a case series of four patients who demonstrated neurocognitive stabilization with early HSCT. HSCT is a potentially underutilized treatment strategy for select groups of MPS II patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Selvanathan
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - C Ellaway
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - C Wilson
- Starship Paediatric Metabolic Service, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Owens
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - P J Shaw
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - K Bhattacharya
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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390
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Makris K, Haliassos A, Chondrogianni M, Tsivgoulis G. Blood biomarkers in ischemic stroke: potential role and challenges in clinical practice and research. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:294-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1461190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Makris
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Chondrogianni
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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391
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Wu T, Zhang A, Lu H, Cheng Q. The Role and Mechanism of Borneol to Open the Blood-Brain Barrier. Integr Cancer Ther 2018; 17:806-812. [PMID: 29652199 PMCID: PMC6142104 DOI: 10.1177/1534735418767553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the greatest challenge
in the treatment of intracranial malignant tumors. Objective: The
aim of this study is to determine the role of borneol in opening the BBB and
elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Twenty
Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into borneol group intragastrically
administered with 10% borneol corn oil (2 mL/kg) and control group. After 30
minutes, 2% Evans blue (4 mL/kg) was injected. Thirty minutes later, brain
tissue was analyzed using the Evans blue standard curve. Another 40 SD rats were
randomized into high-, medium-, and low-dose borneol groups and a control group.
Each rat in the experimental groups was intragastrically administered with 10%
borneol corn oil (2 mL/kg, 1.25 mL/kg, and 0.5 mL/kg, respectively). The control
group was injected with corn oil of 1.25 mL/kg. After 30 minutes, the rats were
killed, and the brain tissues were collected. The expression of occludin,
occludens-1, nitric oxide synthase, P-glycoprotein, and intercellular cell
adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was detected by immunohistochemy.
Results: The concentration of Evans blue in the borneol group
was higher than in the control group (P < .05). The mean
density of ICAM-1 expression was higher in the experimental group than in the
control group (P < .05). In contrast, significant
differences of positive area and total density of ICAM-1 were shown only between
the high-dose group and the control group (P < .05).
Conclusion: Borneol can open the BBB, which might be related
with the increased expression of ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- 1 Nantong Rich Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- 2 Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Lu
- 2 Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyuan Cheng
- 3 Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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392
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Bramini M, Alberini G, Colombo E, Chiacchiaretta M, DiFrancesco ML, Maya-Vetencourt JF, Maragliano L, Benfenati F, Cesca F. Interfacing Graphene-Based Materials With Neural Cells. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:12. [PMID: 29695956 PMCID: PMC5904258 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has witnessed an exponential increase in the applications of graphene and graphene-based materials in a wide range of fields, from engineering to electronics to biotechnologies and biomedical applications. For what concerns neuroscience, the interest raised by these materials is two-fold. On one side, nanosheets made of graphene or graphene derivatives (graphene oxide, or its reduced form) can be used as carriers for drug delivery. Here, an important aspect is to evaluate their toxicity, which strongly depends on flake composition, chemical functionalization and dimensions. On the other side, graphene can be exploited as a substrate for tissue engineering. In this case, conductivity is probably the most relevant amongst the various properties of the different graphene materials, as it may allow to instruct and interrogate neural networks, as well as to drive neural growth and differentiation, which holds a great potential in regenerative medicine. In this review, we try to give a comprehensive view of the accomplishments and new challenges of the field, as well as which in our view are the most exciting directions to take in the immediate future. These include the need to engineer multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) able to cross the blood-brain-barrier to reach neural cells, and to achieve on-demand delivery of specific drugs. We describe the state-of-the-art in the use of graphene materials to engineer three-dimensional scaffolds to drive neuronal growth and regeneration in vivo, and the possibility of using graphene as a component of hybrid composites/multi-layer organic electronics devices. Last but not least, we address the need of an accurate theoretical modeling of the interface between graphene and biological material, by modeling the interaction of graphene with proteins and cell membranes at the nanoscale, and describing the physical mechanism(s) of charge transfer by which the various graphene materials can influence the excitability and physiology of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bramini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Giulio Alberini
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Chiacchiaretta
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia L DiFrancesco
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - José F Maya-Vetencourt
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Maragliano
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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393
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He Q, Liu J, Liang J, Liu X, Li W, Liu Z, Ding Z, Tuo D. Towards Improvements for Penetrating the Blood-Brain Barrier-Recent Progress from a Material and Pharmaceutical Perspective. Cells 2018; 7:cells7040024. [PMID: 29570659 PMCID: PMC5946101 DOI: 10.3390/cells7040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical biological structure that prevents damage to the brain and maintains its bathing microenvironment. However, this barrier is also the obstacle to deliver beneficial drugs to treat CNS (central nervous system) diseases. Many efforts have been made for improvement of delivering drugs across the BBB in recent years to treat CNS diseases. In this review, the anatomical and functional structure of the BBB is comprehensively discussed. The mechanisms of BBB penetration are summarized, and the methods and effects on increasing BBB permeability are investigated in detail. It also elaborates on the physical, chemical, biological and nanocarrier aspects to improve drug delivery penetration to the brain and introduces some specific drug delivery effects on BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanguo He
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Jing Liang
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Ziyu Ding
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
| | - Du Tuo
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China.
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394
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Dou HC, Chen JY, Ran TF, Jiang WM. Panax quinquefolius saponin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis and neurite injury and improves functional recovery in a rat spinal cord injury model. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:212-220. [PMID: 29558718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment goal in spinal cord injury (SCI) is to repair neurites and suppress cell apoptosis. Panax quinquefolius saponin (PQS) is the major active ingredient of American ginseng and has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic roles in various diseases. However, the potential effect of PQS on the pathological process of acute SCI remains unknown. This work tested the effects of PQS on acute SCI and clarified its potential mechanisms. PQS treatment ameliorated the damage to spinal tissue and improved the functional recovery after SCI. PQS treatment inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the associated apoptosis after acute SCI. PQS further abolished the triglyceride (TG)-induced ER stress and associated apoptosis in neuronal cultures. PQS appears to inhibit the ER-stress-induced neurite injury in PC12 cells. Our results suggest that PQS is a novel therapeutic agent for acute central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Cheng Dou
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jun-Yu Chen
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Tang-Fei Ran
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wei-Min Jiang
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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395
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Zhang SL, Yue Z, Arnold DM, Artiushin G, Sehgal A. A Circadian Clock in the Blood-Brain Barrier Regulates Xenobiotic Efflux. Cell 2018; 173:130-139.e10. [PMID: 29526461 PMCID: PMC5866247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous circadian rhythms are thought to modulate responses to external factors, but mechanisms that confer time-of-day differences in organismal responses to environmental insults/therapeutic treatments are poorly understood. Using a xenobiotic, we find that permeability of the Drosophila "blood"-brain barrier (BBB) is higher at night. The permeability rhythm is driven by circadian regulation of efflux and depends on a molecular clock in the perineurial glia of the BBB, although efflux transporters are restricted to subperineurial glia (SPG). We show that transmission of circadian signals across the layers requires cyclically expressed gap junctions. Specifically, during nighttime, gap junctions reduce intracellular magnesium ([Mg2+]i), a positive regulator of efflux, in SPG. Consistent with lower nighttime efflux, nighttime administration of the anti-epileptic phenytoin is more effective at treating a Drosophila seizure model. These findings identify a novel mechanism of circadian regulation and have therapeutic implications for drugs targeted to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley L Zhang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Denice M Arnold
- Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory Artiushin
- Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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396
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Abbott NJ, Pizzo ME, Preston JE, Janigro D, Thorne RG. The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a 'glymphatic' system? Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:387-407. [PMID: 29428972 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain fluids are rigidly regulated to provide stable environments for neuronal function, e.g., low K+, Ca2+, and protein to optimise signalling and minimise neurotoxicity. At the same time, neuronal and astroglial waste must be promptly removed. The interstitial fluid (ISF) of the brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bathing the CNS are integral to this homeostasis and the idea of a glia-lymph or 'glymphatic' system for waste clearance from brain has developed over the last 5 years. This links bulk (convective) flow of CSF into brain along the outside of penetrating arteries, glia-mediated convective transport of fluid and solutes through the brain extracellular space (ECS) involving the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel, and finally delivery of fluid to venules for clearance along peri-venous spaces. However, recent evidence favours important amendments to the 'glymphatic' hypothesis, particularly concerning the role of glia and transfer of solutes within the ECS. This review discusses studies which question the role of AQP4 in ISF flow and the lack of evidence for its ability to transport solutes; summarizes attributes of brain ECS that strongly favour the diffusion of small and large molecules without ISF flow; discusses work on hydraulic conductivity and the nature of the extracellular matrix which may impede fluid movement; and reconsiders the roles of the perivascular space (PVS) in CSF-ISF exchange and drainage. We also consider the extent to which CSF-ISF exchange is possible and desirable, the impact of neuropathology on fluid drainage, and why using CSF as a proxy measure of brain components or drug delivery is problematic. We propose that new work and key historical studies both support the concept of a perivascular fluid system, whereby CSF enters the brain via PVS convective flow or dispersion along larger caliber arteries/arterioles, diffusion predominantly regulates CSF/ISF exchange at the level of the neurovascular unit associated with CNS microvessels, and, finally, a mixture of CSF/ISF/waste products is normally cleared along the PVS of venules/veins as well as other pathways; such a system may or may not constitute a true 'circulation', but, at the least, suggests a comprehensive re-evaluation of the previously proposed 'glymphatic' concepts in favour of a new system better taking into account basic cerebrovascular physiology and fluid transport considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Joan Abbott
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building 3.82, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Michelle E Pizzo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI, USA
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jane E Preston
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building 3.82, 150 Stamford St, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Damir Janigro
- Flocel Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI, USA.
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- , 5113 Rennebohm Hall, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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397
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Bennett C, Samikkannu M, Mohammed F, Dietrich WD, Rajguru SM, Prasad A. Blood brain barrier (BBB)-disruption in intracortical silicon microelectrode implants. Biomaterials 2018; 164:1-10. [PMID: 29477707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronically implanted microelectrodes in the neural tissue elicit inflammatory responses that are time varying and have been shown to depend on multiple factors. Among these factors, blood brain barrier (BBB)-disruption has been hypothesized as one of the dominant factors resulting in electrode failure. A series of events that includes BBB and cell-membrane disruption occurs during electrode implantation that triggers multiple biochemical cascades responsible for microglial and astroglial activation, hemorrhage, edema, and release of pro-inflammatory neurotoxic cytokines that causes neuronal degeneration and dysfunction. Typically, microwire arrays and silicon probes are inserted slowly into the neural tissue whereas the silicon Utah MEAs (UMEA) are inserted at a high speed using a pneumatic inserter. In this work, we report the sequelae of electrode-implant induced cortical injury at various acute time points in UMEAs implanted in the brain tissue by quantifying the expression profile for key genes mediating the inflammatory response and tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins that form the BBB and are critical to the functioning of the BBB. Our results indicated upregulation of most pro-inflammatory genes relative to naïve controls for all time points. Expression levels for the genes that form the TJ and AJ were downregulated suggestive of BBB-dysfunction. Moreover, there was no significant difference between stab and implant groups suggesting the effects of UMEA insertion-related trauma in the brain tissue. Our results provide an insight into the physiological events related to neuroinflammation and BBB-disruption occurring at acute time-points following insertion of UMEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suhrud M Rajguru
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA.
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398
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Abstract
The phenomenal advances in pharmaceutical sciences over the last few decades have led to the development of new therapeutics like peptides, proteins, RNAs, DNAs and highly potent small molecules. Fruitful applications of these therapeutics have been challenged by several anatomical and physiological barriers that limit adequate drug disposition at the site-of-action and by off-target drug distribution to undesired tissues, which together result in the reduced effectiveness and increased side effects of therapeutic agents. As such, the development of drug delivery and targeting systems has been recognised as a cornerstone for future drug development. Research in pharmaceutical sciences is now devoted to tackling delivery challenges through engineering delivery systems that move beyond conventional dosage forms and regimens into state-of-the-art targeted drug delivery tailored toward specific therapeutic needs. Modern drug delivery systems comprise passive and active targeting approaches. While passive targeting relies on the natural course of distribution of drugs or drug carriers in the body, as governed by their physicochemical properties, active targeting often exploits targeting moieties that home preferentially into target tissues. Here, we provide an overview of theories of and approaches to passive and active drug delivery. As the design of drug delivery is dependent on the unique structure of target tissues and organs, we present our discussion in an organ-specific manner with the aim to inspire the development of new strategies for curing disease with high accuracy and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alsaggar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy , Jordon University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Dexi Liu
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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399
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Singh G, Arora A, Singh A, Kalra P, Rani S, Singh K, Maurya IK, Mandal RS. Molecular Design, Synthesis, Computational Screening, Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study of Acetylinic Isatin Hybrids. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Aanchal Arora
- Khalsa College for Women; Civil Lines, Ludhiana; Punjab 141001 India
| | - Akshpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Pooja Kalra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Sunita Rani
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Indresh K. Maurya
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Rahul S. Mandal
- Biomedical Informatics Center; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases; Kolkata, WB India
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400
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Modarres HP, Janmaleki M, Novin M, Saliba J, El-Hajj F, RezayatiCharan M, Seyfoori A, Sadabadi H, Vandal M, Nguyen MD, Hasan A, Sanati-Nezhad A. In vitro models and systems for evaluating the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy and diseased brain. J Control Release 2018; 273:108-130. [PMID: 29378233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and transport of drugs to the brain. The conventional animal and Transwell BBB models along with emerging microfluidic-based BBB-on-chip systems have provided fundamental functionalities of the BBB and facilitated the testing of drug delivery to the brain tissue. However, developing biomimetic and predictive BBB models capable of reasonably mimicking essential characteristics of the BBB functions is still a challenge. In addition, detailed analysis of the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy or diseased brain requires not only biomimetic BBB tissue models but also new systems capable of monitoring the BBB microenvironment and dynamics of barrier function and delivery mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microengineering of BBB models with different functional complexity and mimicking capability of healthy and diseased states. It also discusses new technologies that can make the next generation of biomimetic human BBBs containing integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring the tissue microenvironment and barrier function and correlating it with the dynamics of drug delivery. Such integrated system addresses important brain drug delivery questions related to the treatment of brain diseases. We further discuss how the combination of in vitro BBB systems, computational models and nanotechnology supports for characterization of the dynamics of drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mana Novin
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John Saliba
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Fatima El-Hajj
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi RezayatiCharan
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadabadi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Milène Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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