401
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Liu Z, Luo G, Du R, Sun W, Li J, Lan H, Chen P, Yuan X, Cao D, Li Y, Liu C, Liang S, Jin X, Yang R, Bi Y, Han Y, Cao P, Zhao W, Ling S, Li Y. Effects of spaceflight on the composition and function of the human gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:807-819. [PMID: 31924114 PMCID: PMC7524348 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1710091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between humans and the gut microbiota is important for human physiology. Here, the gut microbiota was analyzed via metagenomic sequencing, and the fluctuations in the gut microbiota under the conditions of spaceflight were characterized. The composition and function of the gut microbiota were substantially affected by spaceflight; however, individual specificity was uncompromised. We further confirmed the species fluctuations and functional genes from both missions. Resistance and virulence genes in the gut microbiota were affected by spaceflight, but the species attributions remained stable. Spaceflight markedly affected the composition and function of the human gut microbiota, implying that the human gut microbiota is sensitive to spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruikai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyun Lan
- Key Lab of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Key Lab of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dengchao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Caizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Cao
- Key Lab of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Lab of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shukuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China,CONTACT Shukuan Ling Key Lab of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China,Yingxian Li
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402
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Topart C, Werner E, Arimondo PB. Wandering along the epigenetic timeline. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:97. [PMID: 32616071 PMCID: PMC7330981 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing life expectancy but also healthspan seems inaccessible as of yet but it may become a reality in the foreseeable future. To extend lifespan, it is essential to unveil molecular mechanisms involved in ageing. As for healthspan, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in age-related pathologies is crucial. MAIN BODY We focus on the epigenetic side of ageing as ageing is traced by specific epigenetic patterns and can be measured by epigenetic clocks. We discuss to what extent exposure to environmental factor, such as alcohol use, unhealthy diet, tobacco and stress, promotes age-related conditions. We focused on inflammation, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we discuss strategies to reverse time based on epigenetic reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS Reversibility of the epigenetic marks makes them promising targets for rejuvenation. For this purpose, a better understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying ageing is essential. Epigenetic clocks were successfully designed to monitor these mechanisms and the influence of environmental factors. Further studies on age-related diseases should be conducted to determine their epigenetic signature, but also to pinpoint the defect in the epigenetic machinery and thereby identify potential therapeutic targets. As for rejuvenation, epigenetic reprogramming is still at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Topart
- Department of Chemistry, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, 60 Rue Mazarine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Werner
- Department of Chemistry, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, 60 Rue Mazarine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- EpiCBio, Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Department Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR n°3523, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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403
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Vernice NA, Meydan C, Afshinnekoo E, Mason CE. Long-term spaceflight and the cardiovascular system. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:284-291. [PMID: 33391848 PMCID: PMC7757439 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While early investigations into the physiological effects of spaceflight suggest the body's ability to reversibly adapt, the corresponding effects of long-term spaceflight (>6 months) are much less conclusive. Prolonged exposure to microgravity and radiation yields profound effects on the cardiovascular system, including a massive cephalad fluid translocation and altered arterial pressure, which attenuate blood pressure regulatory mechanisms and increase cardiac output. Also, central venous pressure decreases as a result of the loss of venous compression. The stimulation of baroreceptors by the cephalad shift results in an approximately 10%–15% reduction in plasma volume, with fluid translocating from the vascular lumen to the interstitium. Despite possible increases in cardiac workload, myocyte atrophy and notable, yet unexplained, alterations in hematocrit have been observed. Atrophy is postulated to result from shunting of protein synthesis from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria via mortalin-mediated action. While data are scarce regarding their causative agents, arrhythmias have been frequently reported, albeit sublethal, during both Russian and American expeditions, with QT interval prolongation observed in long, but not short duration, spaceflight. Exposure of the heart to the proton and heavy ion radiation of deep space has also been shown to result in coronary artery degeneration, aortic stiffness, carotid intima thickening via collagen-mediated action, accelerated atherosclerosis, and induction of a pro-inflammatory state. Upon return, long-term spaceflight frequently results in orthostatic intolerance and altered sympathetic responses, which can prove hazardous should any rapid mobilization or evacuation be required, and indicates that these cardiac risks should be especially monitored for future missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Vernice
- The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- The Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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404
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Jordan J, Hellweg CE, Mulder E, Stern C. [From human terrestrial models to new preventive measures for ocular changes in astronauts : Results of the German Aerospace Center studies]. Ophthalmologe 2020; 117:740-745. [PMID: 32519116 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular changes in astronauts, particularly the spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), pose a medical challenge for which no suitable preventive measures exist. During long-duration spaceflight missions, e.g. to the Moon and Mars, SANS and radiation-induced cataract could affect the health and performance of crews and jeopardize the success of missions. Mechanistic studies and development of preventive measures require suitable terrestrial models. OBJECTIVE Overview on the most recent research and future plans in space medicine. MATERIAL AND METHODS Search for relevant publications using PubMed. RESULTS Bed rest studies at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) demonstrated that strict bed rest in a -6° head down tilt position reproduces changes just like SANS on Earth. This model including creation of optic disc edema is applied in human studies testing influences of artificial gravity through short arm centrifugation as a preventive method. The unique research facility :envihab provides the opportunity to also simulate the ambient conditions of the International Space Station during bed rest studies. CONCLUSION Future head down tilt bed rest studies will serve to systematically test preventive measures for SANS. Similar investigations would be difficult to realize under real space conditions. Through close collaboration between space medicine and terrestrial ophthalmology, this research can benefit patients on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jordan
- Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147, Köln, Deutschland. .,Lehrstuhl für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland.
| | - C E Hellweg
- Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147, Köln, Deutschland
| | - E Mulder
- Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147, Köln, Deutschland
| | - C Stern
- Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Linder Höhe, 51147, Köln, Deutschland
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405
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Lee SMC, Ribeiro LC, Martin DS, Zwart SR, Feiveson AH, Laurie SS, Macias BR, Crucian BE, Krieger S, Weber D, Grune T, Platts SH, Smith SM, Stenger MB. Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:108-123. [PMID: 32525433 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00550.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight missions expose astronauts to increased risk of oxidative stress and inflammatory damage that might accelerate the development of asymptomatic cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether long-duration spaceflight (>4 mo) results in structural and functional changes in the carotid and brachial arteries. Common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (cIMT), CCA distensibility and stiffness, and brachial artery endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation were measured in 13 astronauts (10 men, 3 women) ~180 and 60 days before launch, during the mission on ~15, 60, and 160 days of spaceflight, and within 1 wk after landing. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were measured at corresponding times in fasting blood samples and urine samples from 24- or 48-h pools. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation increased during spaceflight, but most returned to preflight levels within 1 wk of landing. Mean cIMT, CCA stiffness, and distensibility were not significantly different from preflight at any time. As a group, neither mean endothelium-dependent nor -independent vasodilation changed from preflight to postflight, but changes within individuals in endothelial function related to some biomarkers of oxidative stress. Whereas biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation are elevated during spaceflight, CCA and brachial artery structure and function were not changed by spaceflight. It is unclear whether future exploration missions, with an extended duration in altered gravity fields and higher radiation exposure, may be problematic.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Carotid artery structure and stiffness did not change on average in astronauts during long-duration spaceflight (<12 mo), despite increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Most oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers returned to preflight levels soon after landing. Brachial artery structure and function also were unchanged by spaceflight. In this group of healthy middle-aged male and female astronauts, spaceflight in low Earth orbit does not appear to increase long-term cardiovascular health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
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406
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Scott JM, Dolan LB, Norton L, Charles JB, Jones LW. Multisystem Toxicity in Cancer: Lessons from NASA's Countermeasures Program. Cell 2020; 179:1003-1009. [PMID: 31730844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astronauts and cancer patients are subject to similar multisystem physiological toxicities. Over the past sixty years, NASA developed a state-of-the-art countermeasures program (CMP) to characterize and mitigate the physiological consequences of spaceflight. Here, we propose a NASA-modeled CMP to elucidate and abrogate physiological toxicities in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Scott
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Larry Norton
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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407
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Cheng Y, Shang D, Luo M, Huang C, Lai F, Wang X, Xu X, Ying R, Wang L, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Long M, Cheng H, Zhou R. Whole genome-wide chromosome fusion and new gene birth in the Monopterus albus genome. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:67. [PMID: 32477490 PMCID: PMC7240998 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teleost fishes account for over half of extant vertebrate species. A core question in biology is how genomic changes drive phenotypic diversity that relates to the origin of teleost fishes. Results Here, we used comparative genomic analyses with chromosome assemblies of diverse lineages of vertebrates and reconstructed an ancestral vertebrate genome, which revealed phylogenomic trajectories in vertebrates. We found that the whole-genome-wide chromosome fission/fusions took place in the Monopterus albus lineage after the 3-round whole-genome duplication. Four times of genomic fission/fusions events resulted in the whole genome-wide chromosome fusions in the genomic history of the lineage. In addition, abundant recently evolved new genes for reproduction emerged in the Monopterus albus after separated from medaka. Notably, we described evolutionary trajectories of conserved blocks related to sex determination genes in teleosts. Conclusions These data pave the way for a better understanding of genomic evolution in extant teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Cheng
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Dantong Shang
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Majing Luo
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengling Lai
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Xu
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhong Ying
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Wang
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- 2Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 USA
| | - Manyuan Long
- 2Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 USA
| | - Hanhua Cheng
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjia Zhou
- 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People's Republic of China
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408
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Dai Z, Lei X, Yang C, Zhao L, Lu L, Li Y. Systematic biomedical research of the NASA Twins Study facilitates the hazard risk assessment of long-term spaceflight missions. Protein Cell 2020; 10:628-630. [PMID: 31111442 PMCID: PMC6711946 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
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409
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Abstract
The impact of spaceflight on the immune system has been investigated extensively during spaceflight missions and in model experiments conducted on Earth. Data suggest that the spaceflight environment may affect the development of acquired immunity, and immune responses. Herein we summarize and discuss the influence of the spaceflight environment on acquired immunity. Bone marrow and the thymus, two major primary lymphoid organs, are evidently affected by gravitational change during spaceflight. Changes in the microenvironments of these organs impair lymphopoiesis, and thereby may indirectly impinge on acquired immunity. Acquired immune responses may also be disturbed by gravitational fluctuation, stressors, and space radiation both directly and in a stress hormone-dependent manner. These changes may affect acquired immune responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors.
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410
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Schmidt MA, Meydan C, Schmidt CM, Afshinnekoo E, Mason CE. The NASA Twins Study: The Effect of One Year in Space on Long-Chain Fatty Acid Desaturases and Elongases. Lifestyle Genom 2020; 13:107-121. [PMID: 32375154 DOI: 10.1159/000506769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, there is no clear understanding of the effect of long-duration spaceflight on the major enzymes that govern the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. To address this gap in knowledge, we used data from the NASA Twins Study, which includes a multiscale omics investigation of the changes that occurred during a year-long (340 days) human spaceflight. Embedded within the NASA Twins data are specific analytes associated with fatty acid metabolism. OBJECTIVES To examine the long-chain fatty acid desaturases and elongases in a single human during 1 year in space. METHOD One male twin was on board the International Space Station (ISS) for 1 year, while his monozygotic twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments included the genome, epige-nome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, microbiome, and immunome during the mission, as well as 6 months before and after. The gene-specific fatty acid desaturase and elongase transcriptome data (FADS1, FADS2, ELOVL2, and ELOVL5) were extracted from untargeted RNA-seq measurements derived from white blood cell fractions. RESULTS Most data from the elongases and desaturases exhibited relatively similar expression profiles (R2 >0.6) over time for the CD8, CD19, and lymphocyte-depleted (LD) cell fractions, indicating overall conservation of function within and between the subjects. Both cell-type and temporal specificity was observed in some cases, and some differences were also apparent between the polyadenylated (polyA) fraction of processed RNAs versus the ribodepleted (ribo-) fraction. The flight subject showed a stronger enrichment of the fatty acid metabolic process pathway across almost all cell types (columns, CD4, CD8, CPT, and LD), most especially in the ribodepleted fraction of RNA, but also with the polyA+ fraction of RNA. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) measures across three related fatty acid metabolism pathways showed a differential between the ground and the flight subject. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no persistent alteration of desaturase and elongase gene expression associated with 1 year in space. However, these data provide evidence that cellular lipid metabolism can be responsive and dynamic to spaceflight, even though it appears cell-type and context specific, most notably in terms of the fraction of RNA measured and the collection protocols. These results also provide new evidence of mid-flight spikes in expression of selected genes, which may indicate transient responses to specific insults during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schmidt
- Advanced Pattern Analysis & Countermeasures Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA,
- Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado, USA,
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caleb M Schmidt
- Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Systems Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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411
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Clément GR, Boyle RD, George KA, Nelson GA, Reschke MF, Williams TJ, Paloski WH. Challenges to the central nervous system during human spaceflight missions to Mars. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2037-2063. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00476.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Space travel presents a number of environmental challenges to the central nervous system, including changes in gravitational acceleration that alter the terrestrial synergies between perception and action, galactic cosmic radiation that can damage sensitive neurons and structures, and multiple factors (isolation, confinement, altered atmosphere, and mission parameters, including distance from Earth) that can affect cognition and behavior. Travelers to Mars will be exposed to these environmental challenges for up to 3 years, and space-faring nations continue to direct vigorous research investments to help elucidate and mitigate the consequences of these long-duration exposures. This article reviews the findings of more than 50 years of space-related neuroscience research on humans and animals exposed to spaceflight or analogs of spaceflight environments, and projects the implications and the forward work necessary to ensure successful Mars missions. It also reviews fundamental neurophysiology responses that will help us understand and maintain human health and performance on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D. Boyle
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | | | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Millard F. Reschke
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas J. Williams
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William H. Paloski
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
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412
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Avila-Herrera A, Thissen J, Urbaniak C, Be NA, Smith DJ, Karouia F, Mehta S, Venkateswaran K, Jaing C. Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231838. [PMID: 32348348 PMCID: PMC7190111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Space Station (ISS) is a complex built environment physically isolated from Earth. Assessing the interplay between the microbial community of the ISS and its crew is important for preventing biomedical and structural complications for long term human spaceflight missions. In this study, we describe one crewmember’s microbial profile from body swabs of mouth, nose, ear, skin and saliva that were collected at eight different time points pre-, during and post-flight. Additionally, environmental surface samples from eight different habitable locations in the ISS were collected from two flights. Environmental samples from one flight were collected by the crewmember and samples from the next flight were collected after the crewmember departed. The microbial composition in both environment and crewmember samples was measured using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and processed using the Livermore Metagenomics Analysis Toolkit. Ordination of sample to sample distances showed that of the eight crew body sites analyzed, skin, nostril, and ear samples are more similar in microbial composition to the ISS surfaces than mouth and saliva samples; and that the microbial composition of the crewmember’s skin samples are more closely related to the ISS surface samples collected by the crewmember on the same flight than ISS surface samples collected by other crewmembers on different flights. In these collections, species alpha diversity in saliva samples appears to decrease during flight and rebound after returning to Earth. This is the first study to compare the ISS microbiome to a crewmember’s microbiome via shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We observed that the microbiome of the surfaces inside the ISS resemble those of the crew’s skin. These data support future crew and ISS microbial surveillance efforts and the design of preventive measures to maintain crew habitat onboard spacecraft destined for long term space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Avila-Herrera
- Computating Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - James Thissen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Camilla Urbaniak
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Be
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Smith
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Fathi Karouia
- KBRwyle, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Satish Mehta
- Microbiology Lab, Wyle Laboratories, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Crystal Jaing
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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413
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Meydan C, Afshinnekoo E, Rickard N, Daniels G, Kunces L, Hardy T, Lili L, Pesce S, Jacobson P, Mason CE, Dudley J, Zhang B. Improved gastrointestinal health for irritable bowel syndrome with metagenome-guided interventions. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:136-146. [PMID: 32685241 PMCID: PMC7327130 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder worldwide, and the most common reason for referral to gastroenterology clinics. However, the pathophysiology is still not fully understood and consequently current management guidelines are very symptom-specific, leading to mixed results. Here we present a study of 88 individuals with IBS who had baseline sequencing of their gut microbiome (stool samples), received targeted interventions that included dietary, supplement, prebiotic/probiotic, and lifestyle recommendations for a 30-day period, and a follow-up sequencing of their gut microbiome. The study's objectives were to demonstrate unique metagenomic signatures across the IBS phenotypes and to validate whether metagenomic-guided interventions could lead to improvement of symptom scores in individuals with IBS. Enrolled subjects also completed a baseline and post-intervention questionnaire that assessed their symptom scores. The average symptom score of an individual with IBS at baseline was 160 and at the endpoint of the study the average symptom score of the cohort was 100.9. The mixed IBS subtype showed the most significant reduction in symptom scores across the different subtypes (average decrease by 102 points, P = 0.005). The metagenomics analysis reveals shifts in the microbiome post-intervention that have been cross-validated with the literature as being associated with improvement of IBS symptoms. Given the complex nature of IBS, further studies with larger sample sizes, more targeted analyses, and a broader population cohort are needed to explore these results further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Meydan
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | | | - Nate Rickard
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Guy Daniels
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Laura Kunces
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Theresa Hardy
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Loukia Lili
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Sarah Pesce
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Paul Jacobson
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | | | - Joel Dudley
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Bodi Zhang
- Onegevity Health, 152 W 57th, New York, NY 10019, USA
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414
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Transcriptional Profiling of the Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Strain under Simulated Microgravity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082666. [PMID: 32290466 PMCID: PMC7215827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term space missions affect the gut microbiome of astronauts, especially the viability of some pathogens. Probiotics may be an effective solution for the management of gut microbiomes, but there is a lack of studies regarding the physiology of probiotics in microgravity. Here, we investigated the effects of microgravity on the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) by comparing transcriptomic data during exponential and stationary growth phases under simulated microgravity and normal gravity. Microgravity conditions affected several physiological features of EcN, including its growth profile, biofilm formation, stress responses, metal ion transport/utilization, and response to carbon starvation. We found that some changes, such as decreased adhesion ability and acid resistance, may be disadvantageous to EcN relative to gut pathogens under microgravity, indicating the need to develop probiotics optimized for space flight.
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415
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Current Concepts in Pharmacometabolomics, Biomarker Discovery, and Precision Medicine. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10040129. [PMID: 32230776 PMCID: PMC7241083 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacometabolomics (PMx) studies use information contained in metabolic profiles (or metabolome) to inform about how a subject will respond to drug treatment. Genome, gut microbiome, sex, nutrition, age, stress, health status, and other factors can impact the metabolic profile of an individual. Some of these factors are known to influence the individual response to pharmaceutical compounds. An individual’s metabolic profile has been referred to as his or her “metabotype.” As such, metabolomic profiles obtained prior to, during, or after drug treatment could provide insights about drug mechanism of action and variation of response to treatment. Furthermore, there are several types of PMx studies that are used to discover and inform patterns associated with varied drug responses (i.e., responders vs. non-responders; slow or fast metabolizers). The PMx efforts could simultaneously provide information related to an individual’s pharmacokinetic response during clinical trials and be used to predict patient response to drugs making pharmacometabolomic clinical research valuable for precision medicine. PMx biomarkers can also be discovered and validated during FDA clinical trials. Using biomarkers during medical development is described in US Law under the 21st Century Cures Act. Information on how to submit biomarkers to the FDA and their context of use is defined herein.
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416
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Hart DA, Zernicke RF. Optimal Human Functioning Requires Exercise Across the Lifespan: Mobility in a 1g Environment Is Intrinsic to the Integrity of Multiple Biological Systems. Front Physiol 2020; 11:156. [PMID: 32174843 PMCID: PMC7056746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that achieving and maintaining a healthier lifestyle can be enhanced through regular participation in sport and physical activity. Coevally, a growing number of health professionals regard exercise as a legitimate intervention strategy for those who have lost their health. Exercise has been shown to be effective for overweight or obese individuals, who are at risk to lose their health due to development of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, as well as, infiltration of muscles, bone and other organs with fat, so it can be considered medicine. However, exercise and associated mobility likely also have a strong prevention component that can effectively contribute to the maintenance of the integrity of multiple biological systems for those who do not have overt risk factors or ongoing disease. While prevention is preferred over intervention in the context of disease, it is clear that exercise and associated mobility, generally, can be an effective influence, although overtraining and excessive loading can be deleterious to health. The basis for the generally positive influence of exercise likely lies in the fact that many of our physiological systems are designed to function in the mechanically dynamic and active 1g environment of Earth (e.g., muscles, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bones, and cardiovascular system, and neuro-cognitive function), and nearly all these systems subscribe to the "use it or lose it" paradigm. This conclusion is supported by the changes observed over the more than 50 years of space flight and exposure to microgravity conditions. Therefore, the premise advanced is: "exercise is preventative for loss of health due to age-related decline in the integrity of several physiological systems via constant reinforcement of those systems, and thus, optimal levels of exercise and physical activity are endemic to, essential for, and intrinsic to optimal health and wellbeing."
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hart
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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417
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Zhang B, Chen L, Bai YG, Song JB, Cheng JH, Ma HZ, Ma J, Xie MJ. miR-137 and its target T-type Ca V 3.1 channel modulate dedifferentiation and proliferation of cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells in simulated microgravity rats by regulating calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12774. [PMID: 32034930 PMCID: PMC7106958 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Postflight orthostatic intolerance has been regarded as a major adverse effect after microgravity exposure, in which cerebrovascular adaptation plays a critical role. Our previous finding suggested that dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) might be one of the key contributors to cerebrovascular adaptation under simulated microgravity. This study was aimed to confirm this concept and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 28‐day hindlimb‐unloading to simulate microgravity exposure. VSMC dedifferentiation was evaluated by ultrastructural analysis and contractile/synthetic maker detection. The role of T‐type CaV3.1 channel was revealed by assessing its blocking effects. MiR‐137 was identified as the upstream of CaV3.1 channel by luciferase assay and investigated by gain/loss‐of‐function approaches. Calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes (NFAT) pathway, the downstream of CaV3.1 channel, was investigated by detecting calcineurin activity and NFAT nuclear translocation. Results Simulated microgravity induced the dedifferentiation and proliferation in rat cerebral VSMCs. T‐type CaV3.1 channel promoted the dedifferentiation and proliferation of VSMC. MiR‐137 and calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway were the upstream and downstream signalling of T‐type CaV3.1 channel in modulating the dedifferentiation and proliferation of VSMCs, respectively. Conclusions The present work demonstrated that miR‐137 and its target T‐type CaV3.1 channel modulate the dedifferentiation and proliferation of rat cerebral VSMCs under simulated microgravity by regulating calcineurin/NFATc3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Gang Bai
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ji-Bo Song
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiu-Hua Cheng
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Ma
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Man-Jiang Xie
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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418
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McDonald JT, Stainforth R, Miller J, Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Rathi KS, Hardiman G, Taylor D, Costes SV, Chauhan V, Meller R, Beheshti A. NASA GeneLab Platform Utilized for Biological Response to Space Radiation in Animal Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E381. [PMID: 32045996 PMCID: PMC7072278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) is one of the major risk factors that will impact the health of astronauts on extended missions outside the protective effects of the Earth's magnetic field. The NASA GeneLab project has detailed information on radiation exposure using animal models with curated dosimetry information for spaceflight experiments. Methods: We analyzed multiple GeneLab omics datasets associated with both ground-based and spaceflight radiation studies that included in vivo and in vitro approaches. A range of ions from protons to iron particles with doses from 0.1 to 1.0 Gy for ground studies, as well as samples flown in low Earth orbit (LEO) with total doses of 1.0 mGy to 30 mGy, were utilized. Results: From this analysis, we were able to identify distinct biological signatures associating specific ions with specific biological responses due to radiation exposure in space. For example, we discovered changes in mitochondrial function, ribosomal assembly, and immune pathways as a function of dose. Conclusions: We provided a summary of how the GeneLab's rich database of omics experiments with animal models can be used to generate novel hypotheses to better understand human health risks from GCR exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Stainforth
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A-1C1, Canada; (R.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Jack Miller
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
| | - Thomas Cahill
- School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (T.C.); (W.A.d.S.)
| | - Willian A. da Silveira
- School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (T.C.); (W.A.d.S.)
| | - Komal S. Rathi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences & Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (T.C.); (W.A.d.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- The Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sylvain V. Costes
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
| | - Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A-1C1, Canada; (R.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Robert Meller
- Department of Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA;
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419
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Chen J, Wang Q, Hao Z, Li Z, Sahu SK, Liu H, Xiao L. Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Energy/Nutrient Intake in a Confined Bioregenerative Life Support System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02465-19. [PMID: 31811045 PMCID: PMC6997737 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02465-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome is modified in space analogs and that human health can be affected during actual spaceflight. However, the relationship between the gut microbiome and dietary intake in simulator subjects and astronauts remains unclear. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) are confined and self-sufficient ecosystems that enable exploration of this issue. Here, we correlate changes in gut microbes to the nutrient types present in controlled diets within subjects cohabitating in a BLSS. A metagenome-wide association study (MWAS) was performed on 55 shotgun-sequenced fecal samples longitudinally obtained from healthy Chinese subjects (n = 4 in total, n = 2 per sex) subjected to a 60-day BLSS stay and a specialized diet. Each food item was categorized based on nutrient type according to the Chinese Food Ingredients List (https://wenku.baidu.com/view/3f2b628488eb172ded630b1c59eef8c75fbf9514.html?from=search). The physical parameters of each subject fluctuated within normal medical ranges. Sex- and individual-specific differences and a trend of individual convergence of the gut microbiome in the BLSS were observed. Depletion of bacterial taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium longum, and Escherichia coli and functional modules such as short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, as well as an increase in an unidentified Lachnospiraceae and glutamate/tryptophan synthesis, were observed in the BLSS. Correlation analysis showed that these compositional and functional changes were associated with energy/nutrient intake during the BLSS stay. Our findings suggest that the gut microbiota is a useful indicator for monitoring health and that individual nutritive diets should be considered according to sex and individual differences in simulations or in spaceflight.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome shows individual specificity and is affected by sex, environment, and diet; gut microbiome imbalance is related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Astronauts are faced with a challenging environment and limited diet in outer space. Recent studies indicate that the gut microbiome is altered in space simulators and space, but what happens to intestinal microorganisms when astronauts cohabitate in a self-sufficient ecosystem in which they plant and cook food is unclear. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) are ideal devices to investigate the above issues because they are closed and self-sufficient. Four healthy Chinese subjects cohabitated in a confined BLSS for 60 days, during which their physical parameters and energy/nutrient intake were recorded. We performed a metagenome-wide association study (MWAS) on 55 shotgun-sequenced fecal samples longitudinally obtained from the subjects. Alterations occurred in the gut microbial composition and function, and their relationships with energy/nutrient intake were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zikai Hao
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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420
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Impacts of the Plateau Environment on the Gut Microbiota and Blood Clinical Indexes in Han and Tibetan Individuals. mSystems 2020; 5:5/1/e00660-19. [PMID: 31964769 PMCID: PMC6977073 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00660-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is significantly affected by the external environment, but our understanding of the effects of extreme environments such as plateaus is far from adequate. In this study, we systematically analyzed the variation in the intestinal microbiota and 76 blood clinical indexes among 393 healthy adults with different plateau living durations (Han individuals with no plateau living, with plateau living for 4 to 6 days, with plateau living for >3 months, and who returned to the plain for 3 months, as well as plateau-living Tibetans). The results showed that the high-altitude environment rapidly (4 days) and continually (more than 3 months) shaped both the intestinal microbiota and clinical indexes of the Han population. With prolongation of plateau living, the general characteristics of the intestinal microbiota and clinical indexes of the Han population were increasingly similar to those of the Tibetan population. The intestinal microbiota of the Han population that returned to the plain area for 3 months still resembled that of the plateau-living Han population rather than that of the Han population on the plain. Moreover, clinical indexes such as blood glucose were significantly lower in the plateau groups than in the nonplateau groups, while the opposite result was obtained for testosterone. Interestingly, there were Tibetan-specific correlations between glucose levels and Succinivibrio and Sarcina abundance in the intestine. The results of this study suggest that a hypoxic environment could rapidly and lastingly affect both the human intestinal microbiota and blood clinical indexes, providing new insights for the study of plateau adaptability.IMPORTANCE The data presented in the present study demonstrate that the hypoxic plateau environment has a profound impact on the gut microbiota and blood clinical indexes in Han and Tibetan individuals. The plateau-changed signatures of the gut microbiota and blood clinical indexes were not restored to the nonplateau status in the Han cohorts, even when the individuals returned to the plain from the plateau for several months. Our study will improve the understanding of the great impact of hypoxic environments on the gut microbiota and blood clinical indexes as well as the adaptation mechanism and intervention targets for plateau adaptation.
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421
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Rubinfien J, Atabay KD, Nichols NM, Tanner NA, Pezza JA, Gray MM, Wagner BM, Poppin JN, Aken JT, Gleason EJ, Foley KD, Copeland DS, Kraves S, Alvarez Saavedra E. Nucleic acid detection aboard the International Space Station by colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:160-165. [PMID: 32161905 PMCID: PMC7059625 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human spaceflight endeavors present an opportunity to expand our presence beyond Earth. To this end, it is crucial to understand and diagnose effects of long‐term space travel on the human body. Developing tools for targeted, on‐site detection of specific DNA sequences will allow us to establish research and diagnostics platforms that will benefit space programs. We describe a simple DNA diagnostic method that utilizes colorimetric loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to enable detection of a repetitive telomeric DNA sequence in as little as 30 minutes. A proof of concept assay for this method was carried out using existing hardware on the International Space Station and the results were read instantly by an astronaut through a simple color change of the reaction mixture. LAMP offers a novel platform for on‐orbit DNA‐based diagnostics that can be deployed on the International Space Station and to the broader benefit of space programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutay D Atabay
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
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422
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Axes of a revolution: challenges and promises of big data in healthcare. Nat Med 2020; 26:29-38. [PMID: 31932803 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Health data are increasingly being generated at a massive scale, at various levels of phenotyping and from different types of resources. Concurrent with recent technological advances in both data-generation infrastructure and data-analysis methodologies, there have been many claims that these events will revolutionize healthcare, but such claims are still a matter of debate. Addressing the potential and challenges of big data in healthcare requires an understanding of the characteristics of the data. Here we characterize various properties of medical data, which we refer to as 'axes' of data, describe the considerations and tradeoffs taken when such data are generated, and the types of analyses that may achieve the tasks at hand. We then broadly describe the potential and challenges of using big data in healthcare resources, aiming to contribute to the ongoing discussion of the potential of big data resources to advance the understanding of health and disease.
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423
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Loh ZH, Doumy G, Arnold C, Kjellsson L, Southworth SH, Al Haddad A, Kumagai Y, Tu MF, Ho PJ, March AM, Schaller RD, Bin Mohd Yusof MS, Debnath T, Simon M, Welsch R, Inhester L, Khalili K, Nanda K, Krylov AI, Moeller S, Coslovich G, Koralek J, Minitti MP, Schlotter WF, Rubensson JE, Santra R, Young L. Observation of the fastest chemical processes in the radiolysis of water. Science 2020; 367:179-182. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elementary processes associated with ionization of liquid water provide a framework for understanding radiation-matter interactions in chemistry and biology. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the dynamics of the hydrated electron, its partner arising from ionization of liquid water, H2O+, remains elusive. We used tunable femtosecond soft x-ray pulses from an x-ray free electron laser to reveal the dynamics of the valence hole created by strong-field ionization and to track the primary proton transfer reaction giving rise to the formation of OH. The isolated resonance associated with the valence hole (H2O+/OH) enabled straightforward detection. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the x-ray spectra are sensitive to structural dynamics at the ionization site. We found signatures of hydrated-electron dynamics in the x-ray spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.-H. Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - G. Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - C. Arnold
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Kjellsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - S. H. Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - A. Al Haddad
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Y. Kumagai
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - M.-F. Tu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - P. J. Ho
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - A. M. March
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - R. D. Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - M. S. Bin Mohd Yusof
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - T. Debnath
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - M. Simon
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chemie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-750005 Paris, France
| | - R. Welsch
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Khalili
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - K. Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A. I. Krylov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S. Moeller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - G. Coslovich
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - J. Koralek
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M. P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - W. F. Schlotter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - J.-E. Rubensson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R. Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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424
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Purvis J. The Final Frontier. THE ULSTER MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020; 89:1-2. [PMID: 32218615 PMCID: PMC7027192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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425
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Stem Cell Culture Under Simulated Microgravity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1298:105-132. [PMID: 32424490 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Challenging environment of space causes several pivotal alterations in living systems, especially due to microgravity. The possibility of simulating microgravity by ground-based systems provides research opportunities that may lead to the understanding of in vitro biological effects of microgravity by eliminating the challenges inherent to spaceflight experiments. Stem cells are one of the most prominent cell types, due to their self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. Research on stem cells under simulated microgravity has generated many important findings, enlightening the impact of microgravity on molecular and cellular processes of stem cells with varying potencies. Simulation techniques including clinostat, random positioning machine, rotating wall vessel and magnetic levitation-based systems have improved our knowledge on the effects of microgravity on morphology, migration, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying such changes offers exciting potential for various applications such as identification of putative therapeutic targets to modulate stem cell function and stem cell based regenerative medicine.
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426
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Horie K, Kato T, Kudo T, Sasanuma H, Miyauchi M, Akiyama N, Miyao T, Seki T, Ishikawa T, Takakura Y, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Hamada M, Jeon H, Yoshida N, Inoue JI, Muratani M, Takahashi S, Ohno H, Akiyama T. Impact of spaceflight on the murine thymus and mitigation by exposure to artificial gravity during spaceflight. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19866. [PMID: 31882694 PMCID: PMC6934594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment experienced during spaceflight may impact the immune system and the thymus appears to undergo atrophy during spaceflight. However, molecular aspects of this thymic atrophy remain to be elucidated. In this study, we analysed the thymi of mice on board the international space station (ISS) for approximately 1 month. Thymic size was significantly reduced after spaceflight. Notably, exposure of mice to 1 × g using centrifugation cages in the ISS significantly mitigated the reduction in thymic size. Although spaceflight caused thymic atrophy, the global thymic structure was not largely changed. However, RNA sequencing analysis of the thymus showed significantly reduced expression of cell cycle-regulating genes in two independent spaceflight samples. These reductions were partially countered by 1 × g exposure during the space flights. Thus, our data suggest that spaceflight leads to reduced proliferation of thymic cells, thereby reducing the size of the thymus, and exposure to 1 × g might alleviate the impairment of thymus homeostasis induced by spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Horie
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasanuma
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Maki Miyauchi
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuko Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyao
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takao Seki
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuki Takakura
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaki Shirakawa
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Dai Shiba
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Michito Hamada
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Hyojung Jeon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan. .,Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan.
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427
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English KL, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Exercise Countermeasures to Neuromuscular Deconditioning in Spaceflight. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:171-196. [PMID: 31853963 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical unloading of spaceflight elicits a host of physiological adaptations including reductions in muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function and alterations in central interpretation of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive information. Upon return to a terrestrial, gravitational environment, these result in reduced function and performance, the potential consequences of which will be exacerbated during exploration missions to austere and distant destinations such as the moon and Mars. Exercise is a potent countermeasure to unloading-induced physiological maladaptations and has been employed since the early days of spaceflight. In-flight exercise hardware has evolved from rudimentary and largely ineffective devices to the current suite onboard the International Space Station (ISS) comprised of a cycle ergometer, treadmill, and resistance exercise device; these contemporary devices have either fully protected or significantly attenuated neuromuscular degradation in spaceflight. However, unlike current microgravity operations on the ISS, future exploration missions will include surface operations in partial gravity environments, which will require greater physiological capacity and work output of their crews. For these flights, it is critical to identify physiological thresholds below which task performance will be impaired and to develop exercise countermeasures-both pre- and in-flight-to ensure that crewmembers are able to safely and effectively complete physically demanding mission objectives. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:171-196, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L English
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA.,Exercise and Nutritional Health Institute, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
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428
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Tissue Chips in Space: Modeling Human Diseases in Microgravity. Pharm Res 2019; 37:8. [PMID: 31848830 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microphysiological systems (MPS), also known as "organs-on-chips" or "tissue chips," leverage recent advances in cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication to create in vitro models of human organs and tissues. These systems offer promising solutions for modeling human physiology and disease in vitro and have multiple applications in areas where traditional cell culture and animal models fall short. Recently, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory have coordinated efforts to facilitate the launch and use of these MPS platforms onboard the ISS. Here, we provide an introduction to the NIH Tissue Chips in Space initiative and an overview of the coordinated efforts between NIH and the ISS National Laboratory. We also highlight the current progress in addressing the scientific and technical challenges encountered in the development of these ambitious projects. Finally, we describe the potential impact of the Tissue Chips in Space program for the MPS field as well as the wider biomedical and health research communities.
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429
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Palacios S, Caiani EG, Landreani F, Martínez JP, Pueyo E. Long-Term Microgravity Exposure Increases ECG Repolarization Instability Manifested by Low-Frequency Oscillations of T-Wave Vector. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1510. [PMID: 31920714 PMCID: PMC6928004 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death during long-term space missions are a major concern for space agencies. Long-duration spaceflight and its ground-based analog head-down bed rest (HDBR) have been reported to markedly alter autonomic and cardiac functioning, particularly affecting ventricular repolarization of the electrocardiogram (ECG). In this study, novel methods are developed, departing from previously published methodologies, to quantify the index of Periodic Repolarization Dynamics (PRD), an arrhythmic risk marker that characterizes sympathetically-mediated low-frequency oscillations in the T-wave vector. PRD is evaluated in ECGs from 42 volunteers at rest and during an orthostatic tilt table test recorded before and after 60-day –6° HDBR. Our results indicate that tilt test, on top of enhancing sympathetic regulation of heart rate, notably increases PRD, both before and after HDBR, thus supporting previous evidence on PRD being an indicator of sympathetic modulation of ventricular repolarization. Importantly, long-term microgravity exposure is shown to lead to significant increases in PRD, both when evaluated at rest and, even more notably, in response to tilt test. The extent of microgravity-induced changes in PRD has been associated with arrhythmic risk in prior studies. An exercise-based, but not a nutrition-based, countermeasure is able to partially reverse microgravity-induced effects on PRD. In conclusion, long-term exposure to microgravity conditions leads to elevated low-frequency oscillations of ventricular repolarization, which are potentiated following sympathetic stimulation and are related to increased risk for repolarization instabilities and arrhythmias. Tested countermeasures are only partially effective in counteracting microgravity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Palacios
- BSICoS Group, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrico G Caiani
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Landreani
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Pablo Martínez
- BSICoS Group, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Pueyo
- BSICoS Group, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, IIS Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
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430
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Locatelli L, Cazzaniga A, De Palma C, Castiglioni S, Maier JAM. Mitophagy contributes to endothelial adaptation to simulated microgravity. FASEB J 2019; 34:1833-1845. [PMID: 31914607 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901785rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to real or simulated microgravity is sensed as a stress by mammalian cells, which activate a complex adaptive response. In human primary endothelial cells, we have recently shown the sequential intervention of various stress proteins which are crucial to prevent apoptosis and maintain cell function. We here demonstrate that mitophagy contributes to endothelial adaptation to gravitational unloading. After 4 and 10 d of exposure to simulated microgravity in the rotating wall vessel, the amount of BCL2 interacting protein 3, a marker of mitophagy, is increased and, in parallel, mitochondrial content, oxygen consumption, and maximal respiratory capacity are reduced, suggesting the acquisition of a thrifty phenotype to meet the novel metabolic challenges generated by gravitational unloading. Moreover, we suggest that microgravity induced-disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton triggers mitophagy, thus creating a connection between cytoskeletal dynamics and mitochondrial content upon gravitational unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Locatelli
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cazzaniga
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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431
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Abstract
While humans have made enormous progress in the exploration and exploitation of Earth, exploration of outer space remains beyond current human capabilities. The principal challenges lie in current space technology and engineering which includes the protection of astronauts from the hazards of working and living in the space environment. These challenges may lead to a paradoxical situation where progress in space technology and the ability to ensure acceptable risk/benefit for human space exploration becomes dissociated and the rate of scientific discovery declines. In this paper, we discuss the predominant challenges of the space environment for human health and argue that development and deployment of a human enhancement policy, initially confined to astronauts - for the purpose of future human space programmes is a rational solution to these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Szocik
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Information Technology, and Management, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Martin Braddock
- Sherwood Observatory, Mansfield and Sutton Astronomical Society, England, UK
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432
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Landon LB, Douglas GL, Downs ME, Greene MR, Whitmire AM, Zwart SR, Roma PG. The Behavioral Biology of Teams: Multidisciplinary Contributions to Social Dynamics in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme Environments. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2571. [PMID: 31824374 PMCID: PMC6883946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Teams in isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environments face many risks to behavioral health, social dynamics, and team performance. Complex long-duration ICE operational settings such as spaceflight and military deployments are largely closed systems with tightly coupled components, often operating as autonomous microsocieties within isolated ecosystems. As such, all components of the system are presumed to interact and can positively or negatively influence team dynamics through direct or indirect pathways. However, modern team science frameworks rarely consider inputs to the team system from outside the social and behavioral sciences and rarely incorporate biological factors despite the brain and associated neurobiological systems as the nexus of input from the environment and necessary substrate for emergent team dynamics and performance. Here, we provide a high-level overview of several key neurobiological systems relevant to social dynamics. We then describe several key components of ICE systems that can interact with and on neurobiological systems as individual-level inputs influencing social dynamics over the team life cycle-specifically food and nutrition, exercise and physical activity, sleep/wake/work rhythms, and habitat design and layout. Finally, we identify opportunities and strategic considerations for multidisciplinary research and development. Our overarching goal is to encourage multidisciplinary expansion of team science through (1) prospective horizontal integration of variables outside the current bounds of team science as significant inputs to closed ICE team systems and (2) bidirectional vertical integration of biology as the necessary inputs and mediators of individual and team behavioral health and performance. Prospective efforts to account for the behavioral biology of teams in ICE settings through an integrated organizational neuroscience approach will enable the field of team science to better understand and support teams who work, live, serve, and explore in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Blackwell Landon
- Behavioral Health & Performance Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Grace L. Douglas
- Advanced Food Technology, Human Systems Engineering and Development Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meghan E. Downs
- Human Physiology, Performance, Protection, and Operations Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maya R. Greene
- Usability Testing and Analysis Facility, Human Systems Engineering and Development Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Whitmire
- Human Factors and Behavioral Performance Element, Human Research Program, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, University of Texas Medical Branch/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter G. Roma
- Behavioral Health & Performance Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Human Health and Performance Directorate, KBR/NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
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433
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Amselem S. Remote Controlled Autonomous Microgravity Lab Platforms for Drug Research in Space. Pharm Res 2019; 36:183. [PMID: 31741058 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Research conducted in microgravity conditions has the potential to yield new therapeutics, as advances can be achieved in the absence of phenomena such as sedimentation, hydrostatic pressure and thermally-induced convection. The outcomes of such studies can significantly contribute to many scientific and technological fields, including drug discovery. This article reviews the existing traditional microgravity platforms as well as emerging ideas for enabling microgravity research focusing on SpacePharma's innovative autonomous remote-controlled microgravity labs that can be launched to space aboard nanosatellites to perform drug research in orbit. The scientific literature is reviewed and examples of life science fields that have benefited from studies in microgravity conditions are given. These include the use of microgravity environment for chemical applications (protein crystallization, drug polymorphism, self-assembly of biomolecules), pharmaceutical studies (microencapsulation, drug delivery systems, behavior and stability of colloidal formulations, antibiotic drug resistance), and biological research, including accelerated models for aging, investigation of bacterial virulence , tissue engineering using organ-on-chips in space, enhanced stem cells proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Amselem
- SpacePharma R&D Israel LTD, 1st Aba Even Av, 4672519, Herzliya Pituach, Israel. .,SpacePharma SA, Rue l'Armeratte 3, 2950, Courgenay, Switzerland.
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434
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Iosim S, MacKay M, Westover C, Mason CE. Translating current biomedical therapies for long duration, deep space missions. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:259-269. [PMID: 31886035 PMCID: PMC6927098 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is been shown that spaceflight-induced molecular, cellular, and physiologic changes cause alterations across many modalities of the human body, including cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, hematological, immunological, ocular, and neurological systems. The Twin Study, a multi-year, multi-omic study of human response to spaceflight, provided detailed and comprehensive molecular and cellular maps of the human response to radiation, microgravity, isolation, and stress. These rich data identified epigenetic, gene expression, inflammatory, and metabolic responses to spaceflight, facilitating a better biomedical roadmap of features that should be monitored and safe-guarded in upcoming missions. Further, by exploring new developments in pre-clinical models and clinical trials, we can begin to design potential cellular interventions for exploration-class missions to Mars and potentially farther. This paper will discuss the overall risks astronauts face during spaceflight, what is currently known about human response to these risks, what pharmaceutical interventions exist for use in space, and which tools of precision medicine and cellular engineering could be applied to aerospace and astronaut medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Iosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matthew MacKay
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Craig Westover
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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435
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Effects of Spaceflight on Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Structure and Function. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:960-969. [PMID: 31708475 PMCID: PMC6915842 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With extended stays aboard the International Space Station (ISS) becoming commonplace, there is a need to better understand the effects of microgravity on cardiac function. We utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) to study the effects of microgravity on cell-level cardiac function and gene expression. The hiPSC-CMs were cultured aboard the ISS for 5.5 weeks and their gene expression, structure, and functions were compared with ground control hiPSC-CMs. Exposure to microgravity on the ISS caused alterations in hiPSC-CM calcium handling. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that 2,635 genes were differentially expressed among flight, post-flight, and ground control samples, including genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism. This study represents the first use of hiPSC technology to model the effects of spaceflight on human cardiomyocyte structure and function.
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436
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Jin M, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhao K. Simulated Weightlessness Perturbs the Intestinal Metabolomic Profile of Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1279. [PMID: 31680997 PMCID: PMC6803529 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, disorders of intestinal homeostasis in the space environment have been extensively demonstrated. Accumulating evidence have suggested microgravity and simulated weightlessness could induce dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota, which may contribute to the bowel symptoms during spaceflight. However, the specific responses of intestinal metabolome under simulated weightlessness and its relationship with the intestinal microbiome and immune characteristics remain largely unknown. In the current study, 20 adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the control group and the simulated weightlessness group using a hindlimb unloading model. The metabolomic profiling of cecal contents from eight rats of each group was investigated by gas chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry. The significantly different metabolites, biomarkers, and related pathways were identified. Multivariate analysis, such as principal component analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis, demonstrated an obvious separation between the control group and the simulated weightlessness group. Significantly different metabolites, such as xylose, sinapinic acid, indolelactate, and digalacturonic acid, were identified, which participate in mainly pyrimidine metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism. Cytidine-5'-monophosphate, 4-hydroxypyridine, and phloretic acid were determined as pivotal biomarkers under simulated weightlessness. Moreover, the significantly different metabolites were remarkably correlated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and disturbance of immunological characteristics induced by simulated weightlessness. These metabolic features provide crucial candidates for therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders under weightlessness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongbin Zhou
- Dalian Chengsan Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dalian, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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437
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Borchiellini M, Ummarino S, Di Ruscio A. The Bright and Dark Side of DNA Methylation: A Matter of Balance. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101243. [PMID: 31614870 PMCID: PMC6830319 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation controls several cellular processes, from early development to old age, including biological responses to endogenous or exogenous stimuli contributing to disease transition. As a result, minimal DNA methylation changes during developmental stages drive severe phenotypes, as observed in germ-line imprinting disorders, while genome-wide alterations occurring in somatic cells are linked to cancer onset and progression. By summarizing the molecular events governing DNA methylation, we focus on the methods that have facilitated mapping and understanding of this epigenetic mark in healthy conditions and diseases. Overall, we review the bright (health-related) and dark (disease-related) side of DNA methylation changes, outlining how bulk and single-cell genomic analyses are moving toward the identification of new molecular targets and driving the development of more specific and less toxic demethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Borchiellini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Simone Ummarino
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Annalisa Di Ruscio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy.
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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438
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Makedonas G, Mehta S, Choukèr A, Simpson RJ, Marshall G, Orange JS, Aunon-Chancellor S, Smith SM, Zwart SR, Stowe RP, Heer M, Ponomarev S, Whitmire A, Frippiat JP, Douglas GL, Krieger SS, Lorenzi H, Buchheim JI, Ginsburg GS, Ott CM, Downs M, Pierson D, Baecker N, Sams C, Crucian B. Specific Immunologic Countermeasure Protocol for Deep-Space Exploration Missions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2407. [PMID: 31681296 PMCID: PMC6797618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Choukèr
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress & Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Gailen Marshall
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Scott M Smith
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | | | - Martina Heer
- Department of Nutrition, International University of Applied Sciences Bad Honnef, Bad Honnef, Germany
| | - Sergey Ponomarev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jean P Frippiat
- Stress Immunity Pathogens Laboratory, Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Hernan Lorenzi
- Infectious Disease Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Judith-Irina Buchheim
- Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress & Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Durham, CA, United States
| | - C Mark Ott
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Duane Pierson
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Natalie Baecker
- Department of Nutrition, International University of Applied Sciences Bad Honnef, Bad Honnef, Germany
| | - Clarence Sams
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian Crucian
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
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439
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Expression Profile of Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Human Fibroblasts Exposed Simultaneously to Radiation and Simulated Microgravity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194791. [PMID: 31561588 PMCID: PMC6801845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple unique environmental factors such as space radiation and microgravity (μG) pose a serious threat to human gene stability during space travel. Recently, we reported that simultaneous exposure of human fibroblasts to simulated μG and radiation results in more chromosomal aberrations than in cells exposed to radiation alone. However, the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. The purpose of this study was thus to obtain comprehensive data on gene expression using a three-dimensional clinostat synchronized to a carbon (C)-ion or X-ray irradiation system. Human fibroblasts (1BR-hTERT) were maintained under standing or rotating conditions for 3 or 24 h after synchronized C-ion or X-ray irradiation at 1 Gy as part of a total culture time of 2 days. Among 57,773 genes analyzed with RNA sequencing, we focused particularly on the expression of 82 cell cycle-related genes after exposure to the radiation and simulated μG. The expression of cell cycle-suppressing genes (ABL1 and CDKN1A) decreased and that of cell cycle-promoting genes (CCNB1, CCND1, KPNA2, MCM4, MKI67, and STMN1) increased after C-ion irradiation under μG. The cell may pass through the G1/S and G2 checkpoints with DNA damage due to the combined effects of C-ions and μG, suggesting that increased genomic instability might occur in space.
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440
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Dong HS, Chen P, Yu YB, Zang P, Wei Z. Simulated manned Mars exploration: effects of dietary and diurnal cycle variations on the gut microbiome of crew members in a controlled ecological life support system. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7762. [PMID: 31579622 PMCID: PMC6766369 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in gut microbiome are closely related to dietary and environment variations, and diurnal circle interventions impact on human metabolism and the microbiome. Changes in human gut microbiome and serum biochemical parameters during long-term isolation in a controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) are of great significance for maintaining the health of crewmembers. The Green Star 180 project performed an integrated study involving a four-person, 180-day duration assessment in a CELSS, during which variations in gut microbiome and the concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, α-tocopherol, retinol and folic acid from the crewmembers were determined. RESULTS Energy intake and body mass index decreased during the experiment. A trade-off between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes during the study period was observed. Dynamic variations in the two dominant genus Bacteroides and Prevotella indicated a variation of enterotypes. Both the evenness and richness of the fecal microbiome decreased during the isolation in the CELSS. Transition of diurnal circle from Earth to Mars increased the abundance of Fusobacteria phylum and decreased alpha diversity of the fecal microbiome. The levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the CELSS were significantly lower than those outside the CELSS. CONCLUSIONS The unique isolation process in the CELSS led to a loss of alpha diversity and a transition of enterotypes between Bacteroides and Prevotella. Attention should therefore be paid to the transition of the diurnal circle and its effects on the gut microbiome during manned Mars explorations. In particular, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels require monitoring under artificial light environments and during long-term space flight. Large-scale studies are required to further consolidate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Chen
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- SPACEnter Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Zang
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wei
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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441
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Overbey EG, da Silveira WA, Stanbouly S, Nishiyama NC, Roque-Torres GD, Pecaut MJ, Zawieja DC, Wang C, Willey JS, Delp MD, Hardiman G, Mao XW. Spaceflight influences gene expression, photoreceptor integrity, and oxidative stress-related damage in the murine retina. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13304. [PMID: 31527661 PMCID: PMC6746706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended spaceflight has been shown to adversely affect astronaut visual acuity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether spaceflight alters gene expression profiles and induces oxidative damage in the retina. Ten week old adult C57BL/6 male mice were flown aboard the ISS for 35 days and returned to Earth alive. Ground control mice were maintained on Earth under identical environmental conditions. Within 38 (+/-4) hours after splashdown, mice ocular tissues were collected for analysis. RNA sequencing detected 600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in murine spaceflight retinas, which were enriched for genes related to visual perception, the phototransduction pathway, and numerous retina and photoreceptor phenotype categories. Twelve DEGs were associated with retinitis pigmentosa, characterized by dystrophy of the photoreceptor layer rods and cones. Differentially expressed transcription factors indicated changes in chromatin structure, offering clues to the observed phenotypic changes. Immunofluorescence assays showed degradation of cone photoreceptors and increased retinal oxidative stress. Total retinal, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid layer thickness were significantly lower after spaceflight. These results indicate that retinal performance may decrease over extended periods of spaceflight and cause visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliah G Overbey
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Willian Abraham da Silveira
- Queen's University Belfast, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Seta Stanbouly
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Nina C Nishiyama
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | | | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - David Carl Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Michael D Delp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Queen's University Belfast, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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442
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Dong HS, Lan HY, Yu YB, Li HF, Lin JM. Altered fecal microbiomes and short chain fatty acids of crew members with periodic intake of prepackaged food in a ground-based space station simulator for 50 days. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 36:101480. [PMID: 31520746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Hai-Yun Lan
- State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Key Laboratory of Space Nutrition and Food Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- SPACEnter Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hai-Fang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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443
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Abstract
Twin registries have developed as a valuable resource for the study of many aspects of disease and society over the years in many different countries. A number of these registries include large numbers of twins with data collected at varying information levels for twin cohorts over the past several decades. More recent expansion of twin datasets has allowed for the collection of genetic data, together with many other levels of 'omic' information along with multiple demographic, physiological, health outcomes and other measures typically used in epidemiologic research. Other twin data sources outside these registries reflect research interests in particular aspects of disease or specific phenotypic assessment. Twin registries have the potential to play a key role in many aspects of the artificial intelligence/machine learning-driven projects of the future and will continue to keep adapting to the changing research landscape.
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444
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Overbey EG, Paul AM, da Silveira WA, Tahimic CGT, Reinsch SS, Szewczyk N, Stanbouly S, Wang C, Galazka JM, Mao XW. Mice Exposed to Combined Chronic Low-Dose Irradiation and Modeled Microgravity Develop Long-Term Neurological Sequelae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174094. [PMID: 31443374 PMCID: PMC6747492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight poses many challenges for humans. Ground-based analogs typically focus on single parameters of spaceflight and their associated acute effects. This study assesses the long-term transcriptional effects following single and combination spaceflight analog conditions using the mouse model: simulated microgravity via hindlimb unloading (HLU) and/or low-dose γ-ray irradiation (LDR) for 21 days, followed by 4 months of readaptation. Changes in gene expression and epigenetic modifications in brain samples during readaptation were analyzed by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). The results showed minimal gene expression and cytosine methylation alterations at 4 months readaptation within single treatment conditions of HLU or LDR. In contrast, following combined HLU+LDR, gene expression and promoter methylation analyses showed multiple altered pathways involved in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, the regulation of neuropeptides, and cellular signaling. In brief, neurological readaptation following combined chronic LDR and HLU is a dynamic process that involves pathways that regulate neuronal function and structure and may lead to late onset neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliah G Overbey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Willian A da Silveira
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGF), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- KBR, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Sigrid S Reinsch
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Nathaniel Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Seta Stanbouly
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jonathan M Galazka
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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445
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Wood KN, Greaves DK, Hughson RL. Interrelationships between pulse arrival time and arterial blood pressure during postural transitions before and after spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1050-1057. [PMID: 31414954 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that acute changes in arterial blood pressure (BP) when astronauts moved between supine and standing posture before and after spaceflight can be tracked by beat-to-beat changes in pulse arrival time (PAT). Nine male crewmembers (45 ± 7 yr of age; mean mission length: 165 ± 13 days) participated in a standardized supine-to-sit-to-stand test (5 min-30 s-3 min) before flight and 1 day following return to Earth with continuous monitoring of ECG and finger arterial BP. PAT was determined from the R-wave of the ECG to the foot of the BP waveform. On average, modest cardiovascular deconditioning was detected by ~10 beats/min increase in heart rate in supine and standing posture after spaceflight (P < 0.05). When looking across the full data collection period, the r2 values between inverse of PAT (1/PAT) and systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) varied considerably between individuals (SBP preflight 0.142 ± 0.186, postflight 0.262 ± 0.243). Individual variability was consistent during periods of transition (SBP preflight 0.284 ± 0.324, postflight 0.297 ± 0.269); however, when SBP dropped >20 mmHg, r2 was significant in 5 of 5 preflight tests and 5 of 7 postflight tests. The standard error of the estimate based on a simple linear model during both pre- and postflight testing was 9-11 mmHg for SBP and 6-7 mmHg for DBP. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that PAT tracked dynamic changes in BP. PAT as a noninvasive, nonintrusive surrogate for changes in BP could be developed as an indicator of risk for syncope on return from spaceflight or other Earth-based applications.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Astronauts returning to Earth's gravity are at increased risk of low blood pressure on standing. Arterial pulse arrival time tracked the decrease in arterial blood pressure on moving from supine to upright posture. Nonintrusive technology providing indicators sensitive to acute changes in blood pressure could act as an early warning system to identify risk for hypotension that place astronauts, or people on Earth, at risk of impaired cognitive performance, fainting, and falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Wood
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle K Greaves
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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446
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Chen L, Zhang B, Yang L, Bai YG, Song JB, Ge YL, Ma HZ, Cheng JH, Ma J, Xie MJ. BMAL1 Disrupted Intrinsic Diurnal Oscillation in Rat Cerebrovascular Contractility of Simulated Microgravity Rats by Altering Circadian Regulation of miR-103/Ca V1.2 Signal Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163947. [PMID: 31416128 PMCID: PMC6720455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional and structural adaptations in cerebral arteries could be one of the fundamental causes in the occurrence of orthostatic intolerance after space flight. In addition, emerging studies have found that many cardiovascular functions exhibit circadian rhythm. Several lines of evidence suggest that space flight might increase an astronaut’s cardiovascular risks by disrupting circadian rhythm. However, it remains unknown whether microgravity disrupts the diurnal variation in vascular contractility and whether microgravity impacts on circadian clock system. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 28-day hindlimb-unweighting to simulate the effects of microgravity on vasculature. Cerebrovascular contractility was estimated by investigating vasoconstrictor responsiveness and myogenic tone. The circadian regulation of CaV1.2 channel was determined by recording whole-cell currents, evaluating protein and mRNA expressions. Then the candidate miRNA in relation with Ca2+ signal was screened. Lastly, the underlying pathway involved in circadian regulation of cerebrovascular contractility was determined. The major findings of this study are: (1) The clock gene BMAL1 could induce the expression of miR-103, and in turn modulate the circadian regulation of CaV1.2 channel in rat cerebral arteries at post-transcriptional level; and (2) simulated microgravity disrupted intrinsic diurnal oscillation in rat cerebrovascular contractility by altering circadian regulation of BMAL1/miR-103/CaV1.2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yun-Gang Bai
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ji-Bo Song
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yi-Ling Ge
- First Cadet Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Ma
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jiu-Hua Cheng
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Man-Jiang Xie
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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447
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Medications in Space: In Search of a Pharmacologist's Guide to the Galaxy. Pharm Res 2019; 36:148. [PMID: 31414302 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Medications have been used during space missions for more than half a century, yet our understanding of the effects of spaceflight on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is poor. The space environment induces time-dependent alterations in human physiology that include fluid shifts, cardiovascular deconditioning, bone and muscle density loss, and impaired immunity. This review presents the current knowledge on the physiological effects of spaceflight that can translate into altered drug disposition and activity and eventually to inadequate treatment. It describes findings from studies in astronauts along with mechanistic studies in animal models and in vitro systems. Future missions into deeper space and the emergence of commercial spaceflight will require a more detailed understanding of space pharmacology to optimize treatment in astronauts and space travelers.
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448
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Jiang P, Green SJ, Chlipala GE, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH. Reproducible changes in the gut microbiome suggest a shift in microbial and host metabolism during spaceflight. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 31399081 PMCID: PMC6689164 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space environment imposes a range of challenges to mammalian physiology and the gut microbiota, and interactions between the two are thought to be important in mammalian health in space. While previous findings have demonstrated a change in the gut microbial community structure during spaceflight, specific environmental factors that alter the gut microbiome and the functional relevance of the microbiome changes during spaceflight remain elusive. METHODS We profiled the microbiome using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in fecal samples collected from mice after a 37-day spaceflight onboard the International Space Station. We developed an analytical tool, named STARMAPs (Similarity Test for Accordant and Reproducible Microbiome Abundance Patterns), to compare microbiome changes reported here to other relevant datasets. We also integrated the gut microbiome data with the publically available transcriptomic data in the liver of the same animals for a systems-level analysis. RESULTS We report an elevated microbiome alpha diversity and an altered microbial community structure that were associated with spaceflight environment. Using STARMAPs, we found the observed microbiome changes shared similarity with data reported in mice flown in a previous space shuttle mission, suggesting reproducibility of the effects of spaceflight on the gut microbiome. However, such changes were not comparable with those induced by space-type radiation in Earth-based studies. We found spaceflight led to significantly altered taxon abundance in one order, one family, five genera, and six species of microbes. This was accompanied by a change in the inferred microbial gene abundance that suggests an altered capacity in energy metabolism. Finally, we identified host genes whose expression in the liver were concordantly altered with the inferred gut microbial gene content, particularly highlighting a relationship between host genes involved in protein metabolism and microbial genes involved in putrescine degradation. CONCLUSIONS These observations shed light on the specific environmental factors that contributed to a robust effect on the gut microbiome during spaceflight with important implications for mammalian metabolism. Our findings represent a key step toward a better understanding the role of the gut microbiome in mammalian health during spaceflight and provide a basis for future efforts to develop microbiota-based countermeasures that mitigate risks to crew health during long-term human space expeditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - George E. Chlipala
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
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449
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The effects of spaceflight and fracture healing on distant skeletal sites. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11419. [PMID: 31388031 PMCID: PMC6684622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight results in reduced mechanical loading of the skeleton, which leads to dramatic bone loss. Low bone mass is associated with increased fracture risk, and this combination may compromise future, long-term, spaceflight missions. Here, we examined the systemic effects of spaceflight and fracture surgery/healing on several non-injured bones within the axial and appendicular skeleton. Forty C57BL/6, male mice were randomized into the following groups: (1) Sham surgery mice housed on the earth (Ground + Sham); (2) Femoral segmental bone defect surgery mice housed on the earth (Ground + Surgery); (3) Sham surgery mice housed in spaceflight (Flight + Sham); and (4) Femoral segmental bone defect surgery mice housed in spaceflight (Flight + Surgery). Mice were 9 weeks old at the time of launch and were euthanized approximately 4 weeks after launch. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to evaluate standard bone parameters in the tibia, humerus, sternebra, vertebrae, ribs, calvarium, mandible, and incisor. One intriguing finding was that both spaceflight and surgery resulted in virtually identical losses in tibial trabecular bone volume fraction, BV/TV (24–28% reduction). Another important finding was that surgery markedly changed tibial cortical bone geometry. Understanding how spaceflight, surgery, and their combination impact non-injured bones will improve treatment strategies for astronauts and terrestrial humans alike.
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Bevelacqua JJ, Welsh J, Mortazavi SMJ. Commentary: Introduction to the Frontiers Research Topic: Optimization of Exercise Countermeasures for Human Space Flight-Lessons From Terrestrial Physiology and Operational Considerations. Front Physiol 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31379613 PMCID: PMC6659347 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S M J Mortazavi
- Medical Physics Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Diagnostic Imaging, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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