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Hoover LV, Yu HP, Cummings JR, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Co-occurrence of food addiction, obesity, problematic substance use, and parental history of problematic alcohol use. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:928-935. [PMID: 35878078 PMCID: PMC10986778 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the rates of co-occurrence among food addiction (FA), problematic substance use (alcohol, cannabis, cigarettes, nicotine vaping), parental history of problematic alcohol use, and obesity as an important step to understanding whether an addictive-like eating phenotype exists. METHOD A community sample of 357 U.S. adults (49.7% male, 77.6% White, Mage 40.7) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS2.0), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, the E-Cigarette Dependence Scale, the Family Tree Questionnaire, and demographic/self-report body mass index questions through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Risk ratios (RRs; unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic covariates) were calculated using modified Poisson's regression. RESULTS Risk of FA was higher in participants with problematic alcohol use (RR = 2.13, 99% CI [1.32, 3.45]), smoking (RR = 1.86, 99% CI [0.82, 3.36]), cannabis use (unadjusted; RR = 2.22, 99% CI [1.17, 4.18]), vaping (RR = 2.71, 99% CI [1.75, 4.21]), and parental history of problematic alcohol use (RR = 2.35, 99% CI [1.46, 3.79]). Risk of FA in participants with obesity was only higher in adjusted models (RR = 1.87, 99% CI [1.06, 3.27]). Obesity was not significantly associated with problematic substance use and parental history of problematic alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS FA, but not obesity, co-occurred with problematic substance use and a parental history of problematic alcohol use. Results support the conceptualization of FA as an addictive disorder. The inclusion of FA as an addictive disorder in diagnostic frameworks is an important area of future consideration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley P. Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jenna R. Cummings
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Jenna R. Cummings was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Intramural Research Program). The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agency
| | - Stuart G. Ferguson
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Iranmanesh P, Barlow K, Anvari M. The effect of bariatric surgery on opioid consumption in patients with obesity: a registry-based cohort study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2023; 19:952-961. [PMID: 37121852 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misuse of opioid medication has become a major health crisis in several countries. A significant number of patients with obesity use opioid medications, mostly to alleviate symptoms due to obesity-related co-morbidities. OBJECTIVE To compare patterns of opioid drug usage before and after bariatric surgery in this population, hypothesizing that weight loss and improvement of obesity-related co-morbidities could reduce opioid consumption. SETTING The Ontario Bariatric Registry (Ontario, Canada). METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the Ontario Bariatric Registry was used to compare opioid consumption in adult patients undergoing bariatric surgery between 2010 and 2021. The primary outcome was the number of patients using opioid medication at 1 year after surgery. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify potential predictors of opioid consumption. RESULTS Data of 11,179 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 45.7 ± 10.2 years, mean baseline body mass index was 48.9 ± 8 kg/m2, and 83.6% of patients were female. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was performed in the majority of patients (85.6%), followed by sleeve gastrectomy (14.2%). At baseline, opioids were used by 7.7% and nonopioid pain medications by 42.3% of patients. At 1 year after surgery, these numbers significantly decreased (Δ-1.9% and Δ-18.0%, respectively). The decrease in the consumption of nonopioid pain medication needs to be interpreted in the context of the contraindication to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, which was the most commonly performed procedure. Presence of musculoskeletal pain and use of nonopioid pain medication at baseline were identified as independent predictors of opioid consumption at 1 year after surgery. CONCLUSIONS At 1 year after bariatric surgery, a significant decrease in opioid and nonopioid pain medication consumption was seen among patients with obesity. Aggressive management of excess weight, especially with bariatric surgery, can potentially reduce the impact of the opioid crisis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Iranmanesh
- Center for Minimal Access Surgery, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Karen Barlow
- Center for Minimal Access Surgery, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehran Anvari
- Center for Minimal Access Surgery, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Hallit S, Brytek-Matera A, Malaeb D, Obeid S. Validation of the Arabic version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale in the general population in Lebanon. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:112. [PMID: 35927764 PMCID: PMC9354308 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the definition of food addiction is not agreed upon, it is characterized by eating more than expected without being hungry, not being able to visit certain places associated with overeating or unsuccessfully trying to cut down on the consumption of certain foods. The modified YFAS (mYFAS 2.0) version, instrument available to evaluate food addiction, was shown to have good psychometric properties. Our objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the mYFAS (mYFAS-Ar-Leb) in the Lebanese population. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 1268 persons residing in Lebanon (September-November 2020). The mean age of the participants was 26.18 years (SD = 11.17; min: 18; max: 85), with 65.1% females. The percentage of participants with food addiction was 226 (17.8%) in the total sample. A confirmatory factor analysis was run on the one-factor structure among the total sample. RESULTS The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis of the scale were excellent. The Cronbach's alpha value was good for the total scale. The mYFAS-Ar-Leb score was positively and strongly associated with stress, anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION Our study findings highlighted that the use of the mYFAS-Ar-Leb in Lebanese population might help estimate food addiction prevalence and stress on the need for effective treatment and preventive measures to craving for addictive foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon. .,Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia. .,Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Dawida 1, 50-527, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Ferdouse A, Agrawal RR, Gao MA, Jiang H, Blaner WS, Clugston RD. Alcohol induced hepatic retinoid depletion is associated with the induction of multiple retinoid catabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261675. [PMID: 35030193 PMCID: PMC8759667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption leads to a spectrum of liver disease that is associated with significant global mortality and morbidity. Alcohol is known to deplete hepatic vitamin A content, which has been linked to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. It has been suggested that induction of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) contributes to alcohol-induced hepatic vitamin A depletion, but the possible contributions of other retinoid-catabolizing CYPs have not been well studied. The main objective of this study was to better understand alcohol-induced hepatic vitamin A depletion and test the hypothesis that alcohol-induced depletion of hepatic vitamin A is due to CYP-mediated oxidative catabolism. This hypothesis was tested in a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption, including wild type and Cyp2e1 -/- mice. Our results show that chronic alcohol consumption is associated with decreased levels of hepatic retinol, retinyl esters, and retinoic acid. Moreover, the depletion of hepatic retinoid is associated with the induction of multiple retinoid catabolizing CYPs, including CYP26A1, and CYP26B1 in alcohol fed wild type mice. In Cyp2e1 -/- mice, alcohol-induced retinol decline is blunted but retinyl esters undergo a change in their acyl composition and decline upon alcohol exposure like WT mice. In conclusion, the alcohol induced decline in hepatic vitamin A content is associated with increased expression of multiple retinoid-catabolizing CYPs, including the retinoic acid specific hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroza Ferdouse
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rishi R. Agrawal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Madeleine A. Gao
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - William S. Blaner
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robin D. Clugston
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Boswell RG, Lydecker JA. Double trouble? Associations of parental substance use and eating behaviors with pediatric disordered eating. Addict Behav 2021; 123:107089. [PMID: 34450350 PMCID: PMC8506907 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comorbidity between substance use disorders and eating disorders is common and related to severity of psychopathology. Parents' eating disorder or substance use disorder have been examined independently and appear to be related to psychopathology in their children. However, no prior work has examined whether co-occurring substance use and eating disorder behaviors in parents relate to eating-disorder psychopathology and weight in their children. METHOD Participants (N = 435) were parents who completed an online cross-sectional survey. Parents reported their personal substance use and eating-disorder behaviors. Relationships between parental substance use (SUD), parental binge eating (ED), and co-occurring parental substance use and binge eating (SUDxED) with child eating-disorder psychopathology and weight were examined using linear regression. Parent age and sex, child age and sex, parent impulsivity and parent depression scores were included as covariates in analyses. RESULTS Greater severity of co-occurring parental SUDxED behavior was associated with greater child eating-related psychopathology, including child binge eating and child purging. Additionally, greater parental binge eating (ED) alone was associated with greater child binge eating and overeating. Parental SUD and/or ED behavior were not related to child weight. Child age did not moderate relationships between parent SUDxED behaviors and child binge eating or overeating. DISCUSSION Overall, parents with greater co-occurring substance use and eating disorder behaviors had children with more severe eating-disorder psychopathology. Clinicians working with families, and those seeking to prevent pediatric eating-related problems, should consider assessing and addressing parents' psychopathology to improve prevention and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Boswell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Princeton Center for Eating Disorders, Penn Medicine, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Janet A Lydecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108556. [PMID: 33862029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly palatable foods and substance of abuse have intersecting neurobiological, metabolic and behavioral effects relevant for understanding vulnerability to conditions related to food (e.g., obesity, binge eating disorder) and drug (e.g., substance use disorder) misuse. Here, we review data from animal models, clinical populations and epidemiological evidence in behavioral, genetic, pathophysiologic and therapeutic domains. Results suggest that consumption of highly palatable food and drugs of abuse both impact and conversely are regulated by metabolic hormones and metabolic status. Palatable foods high in fat and/or sugar can elicit adaptation in brain reward and withdrawal circuitry akin to substances of abuse. Intake of or withdrawal from palatable food can impact behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse and vice versa. A robust literature suggests common substrates and roles for negative reinforcement, negative affect, negative urgency, and impulse control deficits, with both highly palatable foods and substances of abuse. Candidate genetic risk loci shared by obesity and alcohol use disorders have been identified in molecules classically associated with both metabolic and motivational functions. Finally, certain drugs may have overlapping therapeutic potential to treat obesity, diabetes, binge-related eating disorders and substance use disorders. Taken together, data are consistent with the hypotheses that compulsive food and substance use share overlapping, interacting substrates at neurobiological and metabolic levels and that motivated behavior associated with feeding or substance use might constitute vulnerability factors for one another. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Agarwal K, Manza P, Leggio L, Livinski AA, Volkow ND, Joseph PV. Sensory cue reactivity: Sensitization in alcohol use disorder and obesity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:326-357. [PMID: 33587959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques to measure the function of the human brain such as electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are powerful tools for understanding the underlying neural circuitry associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and obesity. The sensory (visual, taste and smell) paradigms used in neuroimaging studies represent an ideal platform to investigate the connection between the different neural circuits subserving the reward/executive control systems in these disorders, which may offer a translational mechanism for novel intervention predictions. Thus, the current review provides an integrated summary of the recent neuroimaging studies that have applied cue-reactivity paradigms and neuromodulation strategies to explore underlying alterations in neural circuitry as well in treatment strategies in AUD and obesity. Finally, we discuss literature on mechanisms associated with increased alcohol sensitivity post-bariatric surgery (BS) which offers guidance for future research to use sensory percepts in elucidating the relation of reward signaling in AUD development post-BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Agarwal
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda and Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda and Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paule Valery Joseph
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Coker CR, Keller BN, Arnold AC, Silberman Y. Impact of High Fat Diet and Ethanol Consumption on Neurocircuitry Regulating Emotional Processing and Metabolic Function. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:601111. [PMID: 33574742 PMCID: PMC7870708 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatry disorders such as anxiety and depression has steadily increased in recent years in the United States. This increased risk for anxiety and depression is associated with excess weight gain, which is often due to over-consumption of western diets that are typically high in fat, as well as with binge eating disorders, which often overlap with overweight and obesity outcomes. This finding suggests that diet, particularly diets high in fat, may have important consequences on the neurocircuitry regulating emotional processing as well as metabolic functions. Depression and anxiety disorders are also often comorbid with alcohol and substance use disorders. It is well-characterized that many of the neurocircuits that become dysregulated by overconsumption of high fat foods are also involved in drug and alcohol use disorders, suggesting overlapping central dysfunction may be involved. Emerging preclinical data suggest that high fat diets may be an important contributor to increased susceptibility of binge drug and ethanol intake in animal models, suggesting diet could be an important aspect in the etiology of substance use disorders. Neuroinflammation in pivotal brain regions modulating metabolic function, food intake, and binge-like behaviors, such as the hypothalamus, mesolimbic dopamine circuits, and amygdala, may be a critical link between diet, ethanol, metabolic dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric conditions. This brief review will provide an overview of behavioral and physiological changes elicited by both diets high in fat and ethanol consumption, as well as some of their potential effects on neurocircuitry regulating emotional processing and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. Coker
- Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bailey N. Keller
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Amy C. Arnold
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuval Silberman
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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van Beurden SB, Greaves CJ, Abraham C, Lawrence NS, Smith JR. ImpulsePal: The systematic development of a smartphone app to manage food temptations using intervention mapping. Digit Health 2021; 7:20552076211057667. [PMID: 34868619 PMCID: PMC8637692 DOI: 10.1177/20552076211057667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsive processes driving eating behaviour can often undermine peoples' attempts to change their behaviour, lose weight and maintain weight loss. AIM To develop an impulse management intervention to support weight loss in adults. METHODS Intervention Mapping (IM) was used to systematically develop the "ImpulsePal" intervention. The development involved: (1) a needs assessment including a qualitative study, Patient and Public advisory group and expert group consultations, and a systematic review of impulse management techniques; (2) specification of performance objectives, determinants, and change objectives; (3) selection of intervention strategies (mapping of change techniques to the determinants of change); (4) creation of programme materials; (5) specification of adoption and implementation plans; (6) devising an evaluation plan. RESULTS Application of the IM Protocol resulted in a smartphone app that could support reductions in unhealthy (energy dense) food consumption, overeating, and alcoholic and sugary drink consumption. ImpulsePal includes inhibition training, mindfulness techniques, implementation intentions (if-then planning), visuospatial loading, use of physical activity for craving management, and context-specific reminders. An "Emergency Button" was also included to provide access to in-the-moment support when temptation is strong. CONCLUSIONS ImpulsePal is a novel, theory- and evidence-informed, person-centred app that aims to support impulse management for healthier eating. Intervention Mapping facilitated the incorporation of app components that are practical operationalisations of change techniques targeting our specific change objectives and their associated theoretical determinants. Using IM enabled transparency and provided a clear framework for evaluation, and enhances replicability and the potential of the intervention to accomplish the desired outcome of facilitating weight loss through dietary change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin J Greaves
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charles Abraham
- School of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, AUS
| | | | - Jane R Smith
- College of Medicine of Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Mierzejewski P, Zakrzewska A, Kuczyńska J, Wyszogrodzka E, Dominiak M. Intergenerational implications of alcohol intake: metabolic disorders in alcohol-naïve rat offspring. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9886. [PMID: 32974100 PMCID: PMC7489241 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol drinking may be associated with an increased risk of various metabolic diseases. Rat lines selectively bred for alcohol preference and alcohol avoidance constitute an interesting model to study inherited factors related to alcohol drinking and metabolic disorders. The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of selected laboratory biomarkers of metabolic disorders in blood samples from naïve offspring of Warsaw alcohol high-preferring (WHP), Warsaw alcohol low-preferring (WLP), and wild Wistar rats. Blood samples were collected from 3-month old (300–350 g) alcohol-naïve, male offspring of WHP (n = 8) and WLP rats (n = 8), as well as alcohol-naïve, male, wild Wistar rats. Markers of metabolic, hepatic, and pancreatic disorders were analysed (levels of homocysteine, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and amylase serum activities). Alcohol-naïve offspring of WHP, WLP, and wild Wistar rats differed significantly in the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, homocysteine, as well as in the activity of GGT, ALT, AST, and amylase enzymes. Most markers in the alcohol-naïve offspring of WHP rats were altered even thought they were never exposed to alcohol pre- or postnatally. This may suggest that parental alcohol abuse can have a detrimental influence on offspring vulnerability to metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mierzejewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Zakrzewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kuczyńska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Wyszogrodzka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dominiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Cummings JR, Lumeng JC, Miller AL, Hyde LW, Siada R, Gearhardt AN. Parental substance use and child reward-driven eating behaviors. Appetite 2020; 144:104486. [PMID: 31605723 PMCID: PMC6890229 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Family history of substance use is a well-established risk factor for greater substance use in adolescence and adulthood. The biological vulnerability hypothesis proposes that family history of substance use might also confer risk for obesogenic eating behavior because of similar rewarding characteristics between substances and certain foods (e.g., processed foods high in refined carbohydrates and fat). Indeed, preliminary research shows that family history of substance use is linked with sweet liking and obesity in adults; however, it is unknown whether this factor is linked to eating behavior earlier in development. The present study (n = 52) tested the association of severity of parental nicotine dependence and alcohol use (drinking frequency, drinking quantity, binge drinking, and number of annual drinks consumed) with two types of child [Mage = 10.18 (0.83) years] eating behavior: homeostatic eatingbehavior, or eating regulated by internal satiety cues, and reward-driven eatingbehavior, or eating motivated by pleasure. Results indicated that-over and above the influence of child age, child biological sex, and family income-more severe parental nicotine dependence and frequent and/or heavy, frequent parental alcohol use were associated with significantly greater child reward-driven eating behaviors as indexed by the Food Responsiveness and Enjoyment of Food subscales on the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Parental substance use was not associated with child homeostatic eating behavior as indexed by the Satiety Responsiveness subscale. Family history of substance use may be an important transdiagnostic risk factor that identifies children at risk for obesogenic, reward-driven eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Cummings
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruby Siada
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Zhou Y, Jia L, Lu B, Gu G, Hu H, Zhang Z, Bai L, Cui W. Updated hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control rates based on the 2017ACC/AHA high blood pressure guideline. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:758-765. [PMID: 31131983 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
| | - Limei Jia
- Department of physical examination center The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Baojin Lu
- Department of physical examination center The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cardiology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
| | - Haijuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
| | - Long Bai
- Department of Cardiology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Cardiology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province Shijiazhuang China
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Gearhardt AN, Waller R, Jester JM, Hyde LW, Zucker RA. Body mass index across adolescence and substance use problems in early adulthood. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2018; 32:309-319. [PMID: 29771559 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive substance use and obesity are underpinned by a number of shared risk factors (e.g., reward dysfunction, impulsivity). Food and drugs of abuse engage similar reward-related neural circuitry and the food-drug competition hypothesis proposes that excess consumption of food may diminish desire for drugs of abuse by competing for neural receptors associated with reward and motivation. Adolescence is a high-risk period for both increased substance use and excessive weight gain. In the present study, the authors tested whether, consistent with the food-drug competition hypothesis, elevated body mass index (BMI) across adolescence predicted fewer substance use problems in young adulthood. In a multiwave prospective study of a community sample of families enriched for high levels of substance use disorders, the authors first identified BMI trajectories across adolescence in 565 participants using latent class growth analysis. They then used maximum likelihood methods to compare the equality of mean alcohol-, drug-, and nicotine-related problems during early adulthood across adolescent BMI trajectories. Participants in the obese relative to the normal weight trajectory in adolescence had fewer drinking and illicit drug problems in early adulthood. Relative to the overweight trajectory, nicotine dependence was significantly higher among both the normal weight and obese trajectories. The current findings provide partial support for the food-drug competition hypothesis, which suggests that highly palatable foods may be rewarding enough to compete with drugs of abuse and that transdiagnostic approaches to reducing problematic substance use and overeating in adolescence may be useful. However, the relationship between nicotine and food requires further study. (PsycINFO Database Record
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15
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Wu J, Li T, Song X, Sun W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li L, Yu Y, Liu Y, Qi C, Liu B. Prevalence and distribution of hypertension and related risk factors in Jilin Province, China 2015: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020126. [PMID: 29599392 PMCID: PMC5875623 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution of hypertension and its related factors in Jilin province, China. DESIGN A cross-sectional study in four cities and four rural counties in Jilin as part of a national Chinese study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 15 206 participants who were ≥15 years old and were selected using a stratified multistage random sampling method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of hypertension. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension in Jilin province was 24.7%. Moreover, the prevalence of hypertension increased with age in both sexes, and was higher in men than in women. The modifiable factors that were associated with hypertension were body mass index, smoking and alcohol drinking. The risk factors identified are similar to those in southern China, except smoking, which has no association with hypertension prevalence in the South. CONCLUSIONS Age, sex, body mass index, smoking and alcohol drinking were risk factors of hypertension. Control of these related risk factors, especially smoking, may be helpful in the treatment and management of hypertension in Jilin province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianjing Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Longbo Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunpeng Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yihang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wang W, Jiang W, Hou L, Duan H, Wu Y, Xu C, Tan Q, Li S, Zhang D. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of expression data of monozygotic twins identifies specific modules and hub genes related to BMI. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:872. [PMID: 29132311 PMCID: PMC5683603 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic management of obesity is challenging, hence further elucidating the underlying mechanisms of obesity development and identifying new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets are urgent and necessary. Here, we performed differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify significant genes and specific modules related to BMI based on gene expression profile data of 7 discordant monozygotic twins. Results In the differential gene expression analysis, it appeared that 32 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were with a trend of up-regulation in twins with higher BMI when compared to their siblings. Categories of positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process, positive regulation of NF-kappa B import into nucleus, and peroxidase activity were significantly enriched within GO database and NF-kappa B signaling pathway within KEGG database. DEGs of NAMPT, TLR9, PTGS2, HBD, and PCSK1N might be associated with obesity. In the WGCNA, among the total 20 distinct co-expression modules identified, coral1 module (68 genes) had the strongest positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.56, P = 0.04) and disease status (r = 0.56, P = 0.04). Categories of positive regulation of phospholipase activity, high-density lipoprotein particle clearance, chylomicron remnant clearance, reverse cholesterol transport, intermediate-density lipoprotein particle, chylomicron, low-density lipoprotein particle, very-low-density lipoprotein particle, voltage-gated potassium channel complex, cholesterol transporter activity, and neuropeptide hormone activity were significantly enriched within GO database for this module. And alcoholism and cell adhesion molecules pathways were significantly enriched within KEGG database. Several hub genes, such as GAL, ASB9, NPPB, TBX2, IL17C, APOE, ABCG4, and APOC2 were also identified. The module eigengene of saddlebrown module (212 genes) was also significantly correlated with BMI (r = 0.56, P = 0.04), and hub genes of KCNN1 and AQP10 were differentially expressed. Conclusion We identified significant genes and specific modules potentially related to BMI based on the gene expression profile data of monozygotic twins. The findings may help further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of obesity development and provide novel insights to research potential gene biomarkers and signaling pathways for obesity treatment. Further analysis and validation of the findings reported here are important and necessary when more sample size is acquired. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4257-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yili Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, No. 175 Shandong Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihua Tan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bio-demography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Shuxia Li
- Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, No. 38 Dengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Exploring food reward and calorie intake in self-perceived food addicts. Appetite 2017; 115:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Ivezaj V, Stoeckel LE, Avena NM, Benoit SC, Conason A, Davis JF, Gearhardt AN, Goldman R, Mitchell JE, Ochner CN, Saules KK, Steffen KJ, Stice E, Sogg S. Obesity and addiction: can a complication of surgery help us understand the connection? Obes Rev 2017; 18:765-775. [PMID: 28429582 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial, chronic disease that has proven difficult to treat. An increased understanding of aetiological mechanisms is critical to the development of more effective obesity prevention and treatment strategies. A growing body of empirical evidence has demonstrated parallels between obesity, overeating and substance abuse, including shared behavioural, psychological and neurophysiological factors implicated in the excessive intake of both food and substances of abuse. Several different lines of research have recently emerged that hold the potential to shed light on the connection between obesity, food reward and addiction, with studies examining changes in alcohol use/misuse after weight loss surgery providing a particularly interesting perspective on these interrelationships. However, these lines of investigation have proceeded in relative isolation, and relevant research findings have yet to be integrated in a synthesized, comprehensive manner. To provide an opportunity to achieve such a synthesis, a scientific symposium was convened at the Radcliffe Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Invited participants were researchers working in diverse domains related to the intersection between obesity and addiction. Extensive discussion was generated suggesting novel research directions. In this article, we summarize and synthesize the symposium participants' ongoing research in this area, incorporating additional relevant research holding potential clues regarding the connections between obesity, weight loss surgery and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ivezaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L E Stoeckel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N M Avena
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S C Benoit
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Conason
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mt. Sinai West, New York, NY, USA
| | - J F Davis
- Department of Integrative Physiology & Neuroscience, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R Goldman
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Mitchell
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - C N Ochner
- Kendall Regional Medical Center, Hospital, Corporation of America - Physician Services Group, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K K Saules
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - K J Steffen
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA.,School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - E Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - S Sogg
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Weight Center, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Michaud A, Vainik U, Garcia-Garcia I, Dagher A. Overlapping Neural Endophenotypes in Addiction and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:127. [PMID: 28659866 PMCID: PMC5469912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity refers to a tendency to act rapidly without full consideration of consequences. The trait is thought to result from the interaction between high arousal responses to potential rewards and poor self-control. Studies have suggested that impulsivity confers vulnerability to both addiction and obesity. However, results in this area are unclear, perhaps due to the high phenotypic complexity of addictions and obesity. Focusing on impulsivity, the aim of this review is to tackle the putative overlaps between addiction and obesity in four domains: (1) personality research, (2) neurocognitive tasks, (3) brain imaging, and (4) clinical evidence. We suggest that three impulsivity-related domains are particularly relevant for our understanding of similarities between addiction and obesity: lower self-control (high Disinhibition/low Conscientiousness), reward sensitivity (high Extraversion/Positive Emotionality), and negative affect (high Neuroticism/Negative Emotionality). Neurocognitive studies have shown that obesity and addiction are both associated with increased impulsive decision-making and attention bias in response to drug or food cues, respectively. Mirroring this, obesity and different forms of addiction seem to exhibit similar alterations in functional MRI brain activity in response to reward processing and during self-control tasks. Overall, our review provides an integrative approach to understand those facets of obesity that present similarities to addictive behaviors. In addition, we suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting inhibitory control may represent a promising approach for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Michaud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Uku Vainik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Isabel Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Goodyear K, Lee MR, Schwandt ML, Hodgkinson CA, Leggio L. Hepatic, lipid and genetic factors associated with obesity: crosstalk with alcohol dependence? World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:120-128. [PMID: 27905213 PMCID: PMC5382351 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1249952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alcohol dependence represents a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Understanding the variables that contribute to this diagnosis and its severity is critical. An overlap between factors that may predispose people to become obese and those that may increase the risk of alcohol dependence may exist. However, data in the literature are not conclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the association between alcohol dependence and obesity-related factors, including biochemical and genetic factors. METHODS In a case-control study with 829 participants, factors involved with metabolism and obesity were assessed, including biochemical lipid and liver markers, and the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs8050136. RESULTS Increased triglycerides, having one or two minor A alleles for rs8050136 and being a smoker were associated with increased risk of alcohol dependence, while increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with decreased risk. In addition, having abnormal gamma-glutamyl transferase and being female were factors associated with an increased severity of alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings suggest a link between alcohol dependence and obesity-related biochemical and genetic factors. Future studies are needed to better understand if these factors may play a predictive role and/or may act as biomarkers for treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Goodyear
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mary R. Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie L. Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin A. Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Corresponding author: Lorenzo Leggio, M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc., Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, Telephone: 301-435-9398,
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21
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Mosca A, Della Corte C, Sartorelli MR, Ferretti F, Nicita F, Vania A, Nobili V. Beverage consumption and paediatric NAFLD. Eat Weight Disord 2016; 21:581-588. [PMID: 27565159 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in children and adolescents, due to the increased worldwide incidence of obesity among children. It is now clear enough that of diet high in carbohydrates and simple sugars are associated with hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Several studies have shown that an increased consumption of simple sugars is also positively associated with overweight and obesity, and related co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and NAFLD. It is difficult to define the role of the various components of soft drinks and energy drinks in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression in NASH, but the major role is played by high calorie and high sugar consumption, mainly fructose. In addition, other components of these beverages (e.g. xanthine) seem to have an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, crucial pathways involved in NAFLD/NASH. The drastic reduction in the consumption of energy drinks and soft drinks is an appropriate intervention for the prevention of obesity and NAFLD in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Mosca
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neuropsychiatry, Centre of Paediatric Dietetics and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Della Corte
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Ferretti
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicita
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Vania
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neuropsychiatry, Centre of Paediatric Dietetics and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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22
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Cicognini FM, Belli R, Andena T, Giuberti G, Gallo A, Rossi F. Relationships of alcohol consumption and nutritional knowledge on body weight and composition in a group of Italian students. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-160058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maria Cicognini
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Roberto Belli
- Campus Agroalimentare di Piacenza Raineri-Marcora, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Teresa Andena
- Campus Agroalimentare di Piacenza Raineri-Marcora, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giuberti
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, Control and Risk Factors Associated with Hypertension among Adults in Southern China, 2013. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146181. [PMID: 26784948 PMCID: PMC4718602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control of hypertension and their associated factors in southern China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 5 cities of urban areas and 5 counties of rural areas in Southern China in 2013, a stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select a representative sample. Recruitment included a total of 19254 participants aged 15 or older. Socio-demographic profiles, examinations were administrated on each subject. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify the risk factors of hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control. Overall, the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension are 24.59% and 32.11%, respectively in southern China. Among all the hypertensive patients, 67.43% were aware of their condition, 55.76% took anti-hypertension medication recent two weeks, and 30.79% had their blood pressure controlled. Compared with male, female hypertensive patients had higher rates of hypertension awareness, treatment and control. Age, gender, marital status, living areas, education, BMI, waist circumference, visceral adipose index (VAI), high body fat percentage (BFP) and family hypertension history correlated with the prevalence of hypertension. SBP/DBP increased with VAI and BFP increasing. There is an increasing prevalence of hypertension and high pre-hypertension in the general population in southern China, but levels of awareness, treatment, and control remain relatively low, especially for young and middle-aged population. Innovative strategies including of adopting appropriate anti-hypertensive medication therapy and healthy lifestyles should be taken.
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Wang KS, Zuo L, Pan Y, Xie C, Luo X. Genetic variants in the CPNE5 gene are associated with alcohol dependence and obesity in Caucasian populations. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 71:1-7. [PMID: 26522866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction may increase the risk of obesity due to shared genetic components. The Copine V (CPNE5) gene is involved in Ca(2+) binding and may play an important role in the development of the central nervous system. This study tested the genetic associations of 77 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CPNE5 gene with alcohol dependence (AD) and obesity using a Caucasian sample - The Study of Addiction - Genetics and Environment (SAGE) sample (1066 AD cases and 1278 non-AD controls, 422 obese cases and 1395 non-obese controls). The Marshfield sample (1442 obese cases and 2122 non-obese controls) was used for replication of obesity. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using the PLINK software. In the SAGE sample, we identified 10 SNPs associated with AD and 17 SNPs associated with obesity (p < 0.05). Interestingly, 6 SNPs (rs9986517, rs9470387, rs3213534, rs10456444, rs3752482, and rs9470386) were associated with both AD (OR = 0.77, 0.77, 0.83, 0.84, 0.79 and 1.14, respectively; p = 9.72 × 10(-5), 1.1 × 10(-4), 4.09 × 10(-3), 5.26 × 10(-3), 1.59 × 10(-2), and 3.81 × 10(-2), respectively) and obesity (OR = 0.77, 0.77, 0.78, 0.77, 0.68 and 1.18, respectively; p = 2.74 × 10(-3), 2.69 × 10(-3), 2.45 × 10(-3), 1.01 × 10(-3), 5.18 × 10(-3) and 3.85 × 10(-2), respectively). In the Marshfield sample, rs3752480 was associated with obesity (p = 0.0379). In addition, four SNPs (rs9986517, rs10456444, rs7763347 and rs4714010) showed associations with obesity in the meta-analysis using both samples (p = 0.00493, 0.0274, 0.00346, and 0.0141, respectively). These findings provide the first evidence of common genetic variants in the CPNE5 gene influencing both the AD and obesity; and will serve as a resource for replication in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Sheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Bauer LO. Visual illusions and inattention: Their association with adiposity among adolescent girls. Appetite 2015; 95:310-6. [PMID: 26232136 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Delboeuf concentric circle illusion is frequently invoked as an explanation for the hypothesized association between dinner plate size and overeating. We examined its association with adiposity among 162 girls, aged 14-18 years. We also examined the association of adiposity with neural and behavioral responses during a separate visual discrimination task. The analysis showed that girls with a body mass index percentile ≥ 85, or with greater triceps skinfold thickness, exhibited less sensitivity to the Delboeuf illusion than girls with normal adiposity. The excess adiposity group also exhibited significantly smaller electroencephalographic responses and more errors during the separate visual discrimination task. In combination, the findings from the two tasks suggest that girls with an elevated body mass are less sensitive to visual cues in their environment. The implications of these findings for weight loss education should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-2103, USA.
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Blanco C, García-Anaya M, Wall M, de los Cobos JCP, Swierad E, Wang S, Petry NM. Should pathological gambling and obesity be considered addictive disorders? A factor analytic study in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:129-34. [PMID: 25769392 PMCID: PMC4387020 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological gambling (PG) is now aligned with substance use disorders in the DSM-5 as the first officially recognized behavioral addiction. There is growing interest in examining obesity as an addictive disorder as well. The goal of this study was to investigate whether epidemiological data provide support for the consideration of PG and obesity as addictive disorders. METHOD Factor analysis of data from a large, nationally representative sample of US adults (N=43,093), using nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, PG and obesity as indicators. It was hypothesized that nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence and drug use dependence would load on a single factor. It was further hypothesized that if PG and obesity were addictive disorders, they would load on the same factor as substance use disorders, whereas failure to load on the addictive factor would not support their conceptualization as addictive disorders. RESULTS A model with one factor including nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence, drug dependence and PG, but not obesity, provided a very good fit to the data, as indicated by CFI=0.99, TLI=0.99 and RMSEA=0.01 and loadings of all indicators >0.4. CONCLUSION Data from this study support the inclusion of PG in a latent factor with substance use disorders but do not lend support to the consideration of obesity, as defined by BMI, as an addictive disorder. Future research should investigate whether certain subtypes of obesity are best conceptualized as addictive disorders and the shared biological and environmental factors that account for the common and specific features of addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - María García-Anaya
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University,Clinical Research Division, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico City
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University,Department of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - José Carlos Pérez de los Cobos
- Addictive Behaviors Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, (IIB Sant Pau) Departament de Psiguiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewelina Swierad
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - Nancy M. Petry
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut Health Center
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Lawrence NS, Verbruggen F, Morrison S, Adams RC, Chambers CD. Stopping to food can reduce intake. Effects of stimulus-specificity and individual differences in dietary restraint. Appetite 2014; 85:91-103. [PMID: 25447023 PMCID: PMC4286116 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We examine whether cognitive training (response inhibition) modifies food intake. Food stimulus-specific training can influence food intake. These effects are more pronounced in restrained eaters. General training to non-food stimuli did not influence food intake.
Overeating in our food-rich environment is a key contributor to obesity. Computerised response-inhibition training could improve self-control in individuals who overeat. Evidence suggests that training people to inhibit motor responses to specific food pictures can reduce the subsequent choice and consumption of those foods. Here we undertook three experiments using the stop-signal task to examine the effects of food and non-food related stop-training on immediate snack food consumption. The experiments examined whether training effects were stimulus-specific, whether they were influenced by the comparator (control) group, and whether they were moderated by individual differences in dietary restraint. Experiment 1 revealed lower intake of one food following stop- vs. double- (two key-presses) response training to food pictures. Experiment 2 offered two foods, one of which was not associated with stopping, to enable within- and between-subjects comparisons of intake. A second control condition required participants to ignore signals and respond with one key-press to all pictures. There was no overall effect of training on intake in Experiment 2, but there was a marginally significant moderation by dietary restraint: Restrained eaters ate significantly less signal-food following stop- relative to double-response training. Experiment 3 revealed that stop- vs. double-response training to non-food pictures had no effect on food intake. Taken together with previous findings, these results suggest some stimulus-specific effects of stop-training on food intake that may be moderated by individual differences in dietary restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Frederick Verbruggen
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Sinead Morrison
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Rachel C Adams
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Kirillova G, Reynolds M, Kirisci L, Mosovsky S, Ridenour T, Tarter R, Vanyukov M. Familiality of addiction and its developmental mechanisms in girls. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 143:213-8. [PMID: 25156223 PMCID: PMC4199288 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug use disorders (DUD) have been theorized to share sources of risk variation with other consummatory behaviors. We hypothesized that common mechanisms exist for familial risk for DUD, physiological maturation and nutritional status in girls. Whereas body fat content must exceed a threshold to enable adrenarche and gonadarche, nutritional status may also be a behavior risk indicator. Impaired psychological self-regulation associated with DUD risk may manifest in early overeating, which could in turn accelerate reproductive maturation, resulting in a greater likelihood of affiliation with deviant/older peers and drug use. METHOD The sample consisted of families ascertained through the father who either had (N=95) or did not have (N=130) a DUD, and who had a 10-12 year old daughter and her mother available for study. Correlation, survival and path analyses of three consecutive assessments evaluated the relationships between parental DUD (number of affected parents, NAP), nutritional status (NS, subscapular skinfold measurements and body mass index), sexual maturation (Tanner stage), peer delinquency, and the daughter's lifetime DUD diagnosis. RESULTS NAP was positively related to the girls' nutritional status. Longitudinal path analysis indicated mediation of the relationship between NAP and peer delinquency by sexual maturation. The relationship between NAP and sexual maturation is mediated by NS. The effect of sexual maturation at age ∼11 on the girls' DUD risk is mediated by peer delinquency. CONCLUSION The data are consistent with mediation of intergenerational transmission of DUD risk in females by elevated nutrition, leading to accelerated maturation, and affiliation with deviant peers.
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Yang L, Xu X, Yan J, Yu W, Tang X, Wu H, Parkin CL. Analysis on associated factors of uncontrolled hypertension among elderly hypertensive patients in Southern China: a community-based, cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:903. [PMID: 25178313 PMCID: PMC4247067 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of hypertension in China has risen dramatically in recent decades, but it is not well understood if hypertension is adequately controlled in the elderly population in Southern China. A provincial survey was performed in order to estimate the prevalence of hypertension control and the associated factors in the elderly population. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 6 community health service centers across 12 counties in Southern China from October 2010 to April 2011. Recruitment included a total of 10644 hypertensive subjects aged 60 or older. Basic lab tests and physical examinations were administrated on each subject. In addition, each subject completed a standardized questionnaire. Results The 10644 participants (mean age of 70.3 years) included 5527 women (51.9%), 5117 men (48.1%), 3148 overweight subjects (29.57%), 846 (7.95%) obese subjects, 1654 smokers (15.54%) and 1750 consumers of alcohol (16.44%). The control, treatment and awareness of hypertension were 44.6%, 50.3% and 46.3%, respectively. Most treated hypertensives (68.57%) used combination therapy of antihypertensive medications, and those using long-acting antihypertensive medications had a higher rate of adequately controlled hypertension. Results showed that elderly, living in rural and suburban areas, low education level, family history of hypertension, smoking, excessive salt consumption, lack of physical activity, overweight, obese and diabetes were associated with uncontrolled hypertension. Conclusions Lack of adequate hypertension control is relatively high among the elderly in Southern China. Hypertension awareness and early treatment are needed in this population, especially among suburban population, as well as adopting appropriate antihypertensive medication therapy and healthy lifestyles. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-903) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Zhejiang provincial center for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases control and prevention, Zhejiang hospital, 12 Lingyin Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China.
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Flint AJ, Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD, Field AE, Rimm EB. Food-addiction scale measurement in 2 cohorts of middle-aged and older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:578-86. [PMID: 24452236 PMCID: PMC3927691 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.068965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess weight is a major threat to public health. An addiction-like tendency toward certain foods may contribute to overeating. OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe the prevalence and associated characteristics in relation to a food-addiction scale in middle-aged and older women. DESIGN We examined the prevalence and associated characteristics of a food-addiction scale measure in a cross-sectional analysis of 134,175 women participating in 2 ongoing prospective cohort studies of US nurses. RESULTS Overall, 7839 (5.8%) of the women surveyed met the criteria for food addiction measured by using the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale. The prevalence of food addiction was 8.4% in the younger cohort of women aged 45-64 y and 2.7% in the older cohort of women aged 62-88 y. In the multivariate model, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m²) ≥ 35.0 (compared with 18.5-22.9) was associated with food addiction, a prevalence ratio (PR) of 15.83 (95% CI: 12.58, 19.91) in the younger cohort of women, and a PR of 18.41 (95% CI: 11.63, 29.14) in the older cohort of women. Several other demographic characteristics and other factors were associated with the food-addiction measure in both cohorts of women. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, for the first time in a large, US-based population of women, we documented the prevalence of food addiction by using a novel measurement scale in middle-aged and older women. The results may provide insight into the strong association between behavioral attributes of food consumption and the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Flint
- Departments of Epidemiology (AJF, AEF, and EBR) and Nutrition (AJF and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (ANG); the Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ (WRC); the Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT (KDB); the Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA (AEF); the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (AEF and EBR); and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (AEF)
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Prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension among Asian Indians living in urban Singapore and rural India. J Hypertens 2014; 31:1539-46. [PMID: 23666423 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328361d52b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We compared the epidemiology of hypertension in South Asian Indians living in two geographic regions with vastly different socioeconomic settings (urban Singapore and rural India). METHODS We analyzed data from two large population-based studies: the Singapore Indian Eye Study (SINDI, n = 3228, aged 40-80 years, 49.2% women) and the Central India Eye and Medical Study (CIEMS, n = 3591, aged ≥40 years, 52.6% women). Hypertension was defined as SBP at least 140 or DBP at least 90 mmHg or self-reported history/treatment for hypertension. RESULTS The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension in SINDI and CIEMS were 58.6 and 25.3%. After adjusting for potential confounders, increasing age, overweight/obese, and diabetes status showed a positive association and 'never drinking alcohol' showed a protective association with hypertension in both populations. Current smoking and being female showed a protective association and no formal education showed a positive association with hypertension in SINDI. Among those with hypertension in SINDI and CIEMS, 72.4 and 25.3% were aware of their condition of whom 85 and 31.6% were on treatment for hypertension. The blood pressure control was similar between the two populations (48.7% in SINDI and 46.9% in CIEMS). CONCLUSION The prevalence of hypertension, the level of awareness, and treatment for hypertension was higher in Indians living in Singapore than in rural Indians. Socioeconomic and metabolic factors explain some of the observed differences between the two populations, which may provide insights to develop public health strategies.
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Child and adolescent psychopathology predicts increased adult body mass index: results from a prospective community sample. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2014; 35:108-17. [PMID: 24343190 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between childhood and adolescent symptoms of (1) depression, (2) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and (3) conduct disorder (CD) with adult body mass index (BMI) in a prospective longitudinal study of 3294 community participants in the Ontario Child Health Survey. METHODS One thousand nine hundred ninety-two children aged 4 to 11 years and 1302 adolescents aged 12 to 16 years at study entry in 1983 underwent follow-up in 2000. Body mass index data were available for 1886 adult participants in the year 2000, which comprised the final study sample. Data were collected from youth, parents, and teachers using a combination of parental, youth, and teacher self-report and semistructured interview. Body mass index is a derived variable determined from the self-reported height and weight in 2000. RESULTS Adults with depression, ADHD, or CD identified in childhood had increased body weight (BMI = 27.2 kg/m, 27.7 kg/m, and 27.9 kg/m, respectively) compared with their nonaffected peers (BMI = 24.8 kg/m; p < .001). Greater depressive symptoms in childhood were associated with increased adult BMI among boys (p = .02). Among adolescents, depression and sex interact in the association with adult BMI (p = .01). The association of childhood ADHD with adult overweight was completely accounted for by the effect of comorbid child conduct disturbance (p < .001) for both girls and boys. Greater conduct symptoms were associated with increased adult BMI (p = .04) among adolescent girls. CONCLUSION This epidemiologic study suggests that psychopathology in childhood is associated with increased adult BMI. Early identification of psychiatric illness may present key opportunities for targeted prevention of obesity.
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Davis C. A narrative review of binge eating and addictive behaviors: shared associations with seasonality and personality factors. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:183. [PMID: 24409156 PMCID: PMC3873524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge-eating disorder and seasonal affective disorder were first described as clinically relevant conditions in very close temporal proximity a few decades ago. Both disorders have a higher prevalence rate in woman than in men, are characterized by a high proneness-to-stress and manifest heightened responsiveness to high-calorie, hyper-palatable foods. In recent years, a compelling body of evidence suggests that foods high in sugar and fat have the potential to alter brain reward circuitry in a manner similar to that seen when addictive drugs like alcohol and heroin are consumed in excess. These findings have led to suggestions that some cases of compulsive overeating may be understood as an addiction to sweet, fatty, and salty foods. In this paper, it is proposed that high seasonality is a risk factor for binge eating, especially in those characterized by anxious and impulsive personality traits - associations that could only occur in an environment with a superfluity of, and easy access to, rich and tasty foods. Given the well-established links between binge eating and addiction disorders [Ref. (1-3) for reviews], it is also suggested that seasonality, together with the same high-risk psychological profile, exacerbates the likelihood of engaging in a broad range of addictive behaviors. Data from a community sample (n = 412) of adults tested these models using linear regression procedures. Results confirmed that symptoms of binge eating and other addictive behaviors were significantly inter-correlated, and that seasonality, gender, and addictive personality traits were strong statistical predictors of the variance in binge-eating scores. Seasonality and addictive personality traits also accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in the measure of addictive behaviors. Conclusions are discussed in the context of brain reward mechanisms, motivational alternations in response to chronic over-consumption, and their relevance for the treatment of excessive appetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Davis
- Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Saunders BT, Robinson TE. Individual variation in resisting temptation: implications for addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1955-75. [PMID: 23438893 PMCID: PMC3732519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to the sights, sounds, smells and/or places that have been associated with rewards, such as food or drugs, some individuals have difficulty resisting the temptation to seek out and consume them. Others have less difficulty restraining themselves. Thus, Pavlovian reward cues may motivate maladaptive patterns of behavior to a greater extent in some individuals than in others. We are just beginning to understand the factors underlying individual differences in the extent to which reward cues acquire powerful motivational properties, and therefore, the ability to act as incentive stimuli. Here we review converging evidence from studies in both human and non-human animals suggesting that a subset of individuals are more "cue reactive", in that certain reward cues are more likely to attract these individuals to them and motivate actions to get them. We suggest that those individuals for whom Pavlovian reward cues become especially powerful incentives may be more vulnerable to impulse control disorders, such as binge eating and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry E. Robinson
- Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program), University of Michigan
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Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Obesity and substance misuse: is there a relationship? INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 10:30-35. [PMID: 24307980 PMCID: PMC3849872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between obesity and alcohol/drug misuse has been examined through both site studies and large epidemiological studies. In reviewing 19 site studies that have examined alcohol misuse among the obese, in comparison with rates before 1990, rates since 1990 have doubled (6.2% to 14.3%). Of the 7 studies that have examined drug misuse among the obese, rates average 8.0%. Given the potential limitations of varying study populations, methodologies, and prevalence assessments, these rates closely reflect those in the general population, according to data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication study. As for the findings from 5 large epidemiological studies, Overall, findings do not clearly support the contention that obese individuals are at a higher risk for substance misuse, although specific sub-populations of the obese may be (e.g., those with Cluster B personality disorders). If there is an association between some obese populations and substance abuse, this may be accounted for by overlapping neurohormonal correlates. However, some authorities contend that food and drugs compete for the same reward pathways in the brain, suggesting that obesity may actually be protective against substance misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy A Sansone
- R. Sansone is a professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Internal Medicine at Wright State University School of Medicine in Dayton, OH, and Director of Psychiatry Education at Kettering Medical Center in Kettering, OH. L. Sansone is a civilian family medicine physician and Medical Director of the Family Health Clinic at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Medical Center in WPAFB, OH. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or United States Government
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Davis C. From passive overeating to "food addiction": a spectrum of compulsion and severity. ISRN OBESITY 2013; 2013:435027. [PMID: 24555143 PMCID: PMC3901973 DOI: 10.1155/2013/435027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A psychobiological dimension of eating behaviour is proposed, which is anchored at the low end by energy intake that is relatively well matched to energy output and is reflected by a stable body mass index (BMI) in the healthy range. Further along the continuum are increasing degrees of overeating (and BMI) characterized by more severe and more compulsive ingestive behaviours. In light of the many similarities between chronic binge eating and drug abuse, several authorities have adopted the perspective that an apparent dependence on highly palatable food-accompanied by emotional and social distress-can be best conceptualized as an addiction disorder. Therefore, this review also considers the overlapping symptoms and characteristics of binge eating disorder (BED) and models of food addiction, both in preclinical animal studies and in human research. It also presents this work in the context of the modern and "toxic" food environment and therein the ubiquitous triggers for over-consumption. We complete the review by providing evidence that what we have come to call "food addiction" may simply be a more acute and pathologically dense form of BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Davis
- Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, 343 Bethune College, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
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Francis H, Stevenson R. The longer-term impacts of Western diet on human cognition and the brain. Appetite 2013; 63:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yao XH, Nguyen HK, Nyomba BLG. Prenatal ethanol exposure causes glucose intolerance with increased hepatic gluconeogenesis and histone deacetylases in adult rat offspring: reversal by tauroursodeoxycholic acid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59680. [PMID: 23544086 PMCID: PMC3609812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure results in increased glucose production in adult rat offspring and this may involve modulation of protein acetylation by cellular stress. We used adult male offspring of dams given ethanol during gestation days 1-7 (early), 8-14 (mid) and 15-21 (late) compared with those from control dams. A group of ethanol offspring was treated with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) for 3 weeks. We determined gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase, hepatic free radicals, histone deacetylases (HDAC), acetylated foxo1, acetylated PEPCK, and C/EBP homologous protein as a marker of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Prenatal ethanol during either of the 3 weeks of pregnancy increased gluconeogenesis, gluconeogenic genes, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, sirtuin-2 and HDAC3, 4, 5, and 7 in adult offspring. Conversely, prenatal ethanol reduced acetylation of foxo1 and PEPCK. Treatment of adult ethanol offspring with TUDCA reversed all these abnormalities. Thus, prenatal exposure of rats to ethanol results in long lasting oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses explaining increased expression of gluconeogenic genes and HDAC proteins which, by deacetylating foxo1 and PEPCK, contribute to increased gluconeogenesis. These anomalies occurred regardless of the time of ethanol exposure during pregnancy, including early embryogenesis. As these anomalies were reversed by treatment of the adult offspring with TUDCA, this compound has therapeutic potentials in the treatment of glucose intolerance associated with prenatal ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hoa K. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B. L. Grégoire Nyomba
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Subramaniam M, Picco L, He V, Vaingankar JA, Abdin E, Verma S, Rekhi G, Yap M, Lee J, Chong SA. Body mass index and risk of mental disorders in the general population: results from the Singapore Mental Health Study. J Psychosom Res 2013; 74:135-41. [PMID: 23332528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the current study were to elucidate the association between body mass index (BMI) and mental disorders and to examine whether these associations are moderated by socio-demographic correlates and comorbid physical disorders. METHODS The Singapore Mental Health Study (SMHS) surveyed adult Singapore residents (Singapore citizens and permanent residents) aged 18 years and above. The survey was conducted from December 2009 to December 2010. The diagnoses of mental disorders were established using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0). BMI was calculated using height and weight which were self-reported by respondents. The Euro-Qol-5Dimensions (EQ-5D) was used to measure the health related quality of life (HRQoL) in the sample. RESULTS Six thousand and six hundred sixteen respondents completed the study (response rate of 75.9%) and constituted a representative sample of the adult resident population in Singapore. Being underweight was associated with both lifetime (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.3) and 12-month obsessive-compulsive disorder (adjusted OR: 4.4). Obesity was associated with 12-month alcohol dependence (adjusted OR: 8.4). There were no significant differences in the EQ-5D indices or the EQ-VAS scores among the four BMI groups in the population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are somewhat unique and different from those reported in research from Western countries. There is a need for further cross-cultural research to explore and identify genetic, metabolic and cultural differences that underlie the interaction between obesity and mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, Singapore, Singapore.
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Bauer LO, Yang BZ, Houston RJ, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. GABRA2 genotype, impulsivity, and body mass. Am J Addict 2013; 21:404-10. [PMID: 22882390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to test a hypothesis associating impulsivity with an elevated body mass index (BMI). METHODS To this end, we examined associations of BMI with putative genetic, neurophysiological, psychiatric, and psychological indicators of impulsivity in 78 women and 74 men formerly dependent on alcohol or drugs. A second analysis was designed to test the replicability of the genetic findings in an independent sample of 109 women and 111 men with a similar history of substance dependence. RESULTS The results of the first analysis showed that BMI was positively correlated with Total and Nonplanning Scale Scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the number of childhood symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in women. It was also positively correlated, in women, with a GABRA2 variant previously implicated as a risk factor for substance dependence and an objective electroencephalographic feature previously associated with GABRA2 and relapse risk. The second analysis confirmed that the correlation between BMI and the substance-dependence-associated GABRA2 genotype was reliable and sex-specific. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that an elevated BMI is associated with genetic, neurophysiological, psychiatric, and psychological indicators of impulsivity. The sex difference may be explained by greater opportunities to eat and overeat, a preference for higher calorie foods, a longer duration of alcohol/drug abstinence, or previous pregnancies in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-2103, USA
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with obesity, overweight, and abdominal obesity, and BD individuals with obesity have a greater illness burden. Factors related to BD, its treatment, and the individual may all contribute to BD's association with obesity. Management strategies for the obese BD patient include use of medications with better metabolic profiles, lifestyle interventions, and adjunctive pharmacotherapy for weight loss. Obesity-related psychiatric and medical comorbidities should also be assessed and managed. Bariatric surgery may be an option for carefully selected patients. Greater research into the theoretical underpinnings and clinical management of the BD-obesity connection is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE, 4075 Old Western Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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Thomson CA, Wertheim BC, Hingle M, Wang L, Neuhouser ML, Gong Z, Garcia L, Stefanick ML, Manson JE. Alcohol consumption and body weight change in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:1158-64. [PMID: 22689071 PMCID: PMC6247802 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether alcohol consumption is associated with incident overweight or obesity in normal-weight, postmenopausal women. DESIGN Prospective cohort study considering baseline alcohol consumption and subsequent weight change over 7 years. SUBJECTS 15,920 normal-weight (body mass index (BMI): 18.5 to <25 kg m(-2)), postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial. MEASUREMENTS Body weight change, and incident overweight and obesity (BMI, 25.0 to <30 and ≥ 30 kg m(-2)) over 7 years. RESULTS One-third of the 13,822 women included in the analytical cohort reported no alcohol consumption. BMI differed little between abstainers (22.8±1.58 kg m(-2)) and alcohol consumers in the upper quintile (22.7±1.53 kg m(-2)). Among normal-weight women, the risk of becoming overweight or obese over a 7-year follow-up period was 35% or 88% lower, respectively, for women in the upper quintile of alcohol intake relative to abstainers (hazard ratio (HR), 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58-0.73; or HR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05-0.25, respectively). Risk for overweight and obesity was not significantly modified by age. Wine consumption showed the greatest protective association for risk of overweight (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84), followed by liquor (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.93) and beer (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-1.00). CONCLUSION Postmenopausal women of normal weight who report moderate alcohol intake have a reduced risk of becoming overweight or obese over time. Perhaps, weight control measures in this population should target behaviors other than reduction in alcohol for those of normal BMI consuming moderate amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Thomson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Lawrence NS, Hinton EC, Parkinson JA, Lawrence AD. Nucleus accumbens response to food cues predicts subsequent snack consumption in women and increased body mass index in those with reduced self-control. Neuroimage 2012; 63:415-22. [PMID: 22776461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals have difficulty controlling their food consumption, which is due in part to the ubiquity of tempting food cues in the environment. Individual differences in the propensity to attribute incentive (motivational) salience to and act on these cues may explain why some individuals eat more than others. Using fMRI in healthy women, we found that food cue related activity in the nucleus accumbens, a key brain region for food motivation and reward, was related to subsequent snack food consumption. However, both nucleus accumbens activation and snack food consumption were unrelated to self-reported hunger, or explicit wanting and liking for the snack. In contrast, food cue reactivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex was associated with subjective hunger/appetite, but not with consumption. Whilst the food cue reactivity in the nucleus accumbens that predicted snack consumption was not directly related to body mass index (BMI), it was associated with increased BMI in individuals reporting low self-control. Our findings reveal a neural substrate underpinning automatic environmental influences on consumption in humans and demonstrate how self-control interacts with this response to predict BMI. Our data provide support for theoretical models that advocate a 'dual hit' of increased incentive salience attribution to food cues and poor self-control in determining vulnerability to overeating and overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Ziauddeen H, Farooqi IS, Fletcher PC. Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model? Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13:279-86. [PMID: 22414944 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An increasingly influential perspective conceptualizes both obesity and overeating as a food addiction accompanied by corresponding brain changes. Because there are far-reaching implications for clinical practice and social policy if it becomes widely accepted, a critical evaluation of this model is important. We examine the current evidence for the link between addiction and obesity, identifying several fundamental shortcomings in the model, as well as weaknesses and inconsistencies in the empirical support for it from human neuroscientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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Blum K, Bailey J, Gonzalez AM, Oscar-Berman M, Liu Y, Giordano J, Braverman E, Gold M. Neuro-Genetics of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) as the Root Cause of "Addiction Transfer": A New Phenomenon Common after Bariatric Surgery. JOURNAL OF GENETIC SYNDROMES & GENE THERAPY 2011; 2012:S2-001. [PMID: 23483116 PMCID: PMC3593106 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.s2-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Now after many years of successful bariatric (weight-loss) surgeries directed at the obesity epidemic clinicians are reporting that some patients are replacing compulsive overeating with newly acquired compulsive disorders such as alcoholism, gambling, drugs, and other addictions like compulsive shopping and exercise. This review article explores evidence from psychiatric genetic animal and human studies that link compulsive overeating and other compulsive disorders to explain the phenomenon of addiction transfer. Possibly due to neurochemical similarities, overeating and obesity may act as protective factors reducing drug reward and addictive behaviors. In animal models of addiction withdrawal from sugar induces imbalances in the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and dopamine, similar to opiate withdrawal. Many human neuroimaging studies have supported the concept of linking food craving to drug craving behavior. Previously our laboratory coined the term Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) for common genetic determinants in predicting addictive disorders and reported that the predictive value for future RDS behaviors in subjects carrying the DRD2 Taq A1 allele was 74%. While poly genes play a role in RDS, we have also inferred that disruptions in dopamine function may predispose certain individuals to addictive behaviors and obesity. It is now known that family history of alcoholism is a significant obesity risk factor. Therefore, we hypothesize here that RDS is the root cause of substituting food addiction for other dependencies and potentially explains this recently described Phenomenon (addiction transfer) common after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G & G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, USA
| | - John Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony M Gonzalez
- Department of General and Bariatric Surgery, South Miami Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John Giordano
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G & G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Eric Braverman
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Abstract
This article has shown that obesity is related to several psychiatric disorders, the most thoroughly researched of which is depression. In both community and clinical populations, the observed relationship is more consistent in women than in men, and is stronger in more severely obese individuals. The presence of BED also is associated with elevated risk of additional psychopathology. Longitudinal research provides evidence to support a pathway from obesity to depression, as well as one from depression to obesity. Weight loss, particularly with nonpharmacologic methods, appears to have favorable group-level effects on mood, but may be associated with adverse outcomes for some individuals. Persons who require antipsychotic medications are at risk for weight gain and metabolic abnormalities, and their management should be informed by consensus guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Berkowitz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 3029, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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