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Brown S, Perez OFR. Juvenile Justice-Based Interdisciplinary Collective Care: An Innovative Approach. Community Ment Health J 2024; 60:1042-1054. [PMID: 38730075 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-024-01285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Mental health concerns among juvenile-justice-involved youth (JJIY) continue to be a major health crisis in the United States (US). While scholarship has explored mental health concerns among JJIY, and the link to negative life outcomes, there are gaps in the existing research, particularly in effective interventions and models aimed at addressing both the mental health concerns and criminogenic risk contributing to recidivism and other negative life outcomes of this population. In this paper, we present Justice-Based Interdisciplinary Collective Care (JBICC), an innovative framework to address both the mental health needs and delinquent behavior of youth offenders. The model bridges community partners, with the purpose of informing future interventions, implementations, and research in this area. Increased justice-based interdisciplinary collective collaboration between the juvenile justice system and community programs/organizations would be a major benefit to youth offenders and their families. We also focus on the need for cultural responsiveness to be interwoven throughout all aspects of treatment. JBICC offers an opportunity to expanded services outside traditional settings and methods to ensure that youth offenders and their families receive validating and culturally responsive access to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shykina Brown
- Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, USA
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Welty LJ, Luna MJ, Aaby DA, Harrison AJ, Potthoff LM, Abram KM, Teplin LA. Do Substances Used in Adolescence Predict the Persistence of Substance Use Disorders in Adulthood? A 15-Year Study of Youth After Detention. J Adolesc Health 2024:S1054-139X(24)00228-3. [PMID: 38912979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate if the type of substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescence predicts SUDs in adulthood and examine sex and racial/ethnic differences in the persistence of SUDs. METHODS Data are from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a 15-year longitudinal study of 1829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, IL (1995-1998). Interviewers assessed SUDs using structured diagnostic interviews. RESULTS Compared with females without an SUD at detention, females with cannabis alone, comorbid alcohol and cannabis, or SUDs other than alcohol and cannabis at detention had higher odds of having an SUD 5 years later (25%, 32%, and 36% vs. 15%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-3.40; AOR = 2.76, 95% CI 1.58-4.83; AOR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.56-7.66, respectively). Males and females with SUDs other than alcohol and cannabis at detention had greater odds of having an SUD 15 years later, compared with those without an SUD at detention (males: 36% vs. 14%, AOR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.14-7.83; females: 29% vs. 8%, AOR = 4.77, 95% CI 1.85-12.30). Among youth with an SUD at detention, males were more likely than females to have an SUD 15 years later (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.03-3.29); non-Hispanic White and Hispanic males were more likely to persist than Black males (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.50-7.35; AOR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.04-5.18, respectively). DISCUSSION The type of SUD during adolescence matters. Youth with SUDs such as cocaine and opioids fared the worst. Healthcare providers must collaborate with correctional officials to increase service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - María José Luna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Lauren M Potthoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Luna MJ, Abram KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Teplin LA. Inequities in Mental Health Services: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth in the Justice System. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:422-432. [PMID: 37516236 PMCID: PMC10818024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine: (1) if youth who have mental health disorders receive needed services after they leave detention-and as they age; and (2) inequities in service use, focusing on demographic characteristics and type of disorder. METHOD We used data from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal study of 1,829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois in 1995. Participants were re-interviewed up to 13 times through 2015. Interviewers assessed disorders using structured diagnostic interviews and assessed service use using the Child and Adolescent Service Assessment and the Services Assessment for Children and Adolescents. RESULTS Less than 20% of youth who needed services received them, up to median age 32 years. Female participants with any disorder had nearly twice the odds of receiving services compared with male participants (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.41, 2.35). Compared with Black participants with any disorder, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic participants had 2.14 (95% CI: 1.57, 2.90) and 1.50 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.15) times the odds of receiving services. People with a disorder were more likely to receive services during childhood (< age 18) than during adulthood (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.95). Disorder mattered: participants with an internalizing disorder had 2.26 times and 2.43 times the odds of receiving services compared with those with a substance use disorder (respectively, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.04; 95% CI: 1.49, 3.97). CONCLUSION Few youth who need services receive them as they age; inequities persist over time. We must implement evidence-based strategies to reduce barriers to services.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Luna
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Stokes ML, Abram KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Meyerson NS, Zawitz CJ, Teplin LA. Substance Use Disorders and HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors in Youth After Juvenile Detention: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:640-649. [PMID: 37716716 PMCID: PMC10513729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in detained youth as they age. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study of a stratified random sample of 1,829 youth aged 10 to 18 years at baseline, sampled between November 1995 and June 1998 from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois, and reinterviewed up to 13 times (to median age 32); 17,766 interviews overall. RESULTS Youth had greater odds of engaging in every risk behavior when they had an SUD compared with when they did not have an SUD. For example, SUD was associated with condomless vaginal sex with a high-risk partner (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.84-2.82). SUD was also associated with multiple partners, although the strength varied by time and sex (e.g., 16 years after baseline, OR: 3.58, 95% CI: 2.46-5.23 females; OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.48-2.88 males). Types of SUD-alcohol, comorbid alcohol and marijuana, drugs other than marijuana-were also associated with HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. DISCUSSION SUDs and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors are linked among youth in the juvenile justice system and as they age. There is a longstanding need for targeted and integrated HIV and SUD services, but this need remains unmet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquita L Stokes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - David A Aaby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicholas S Meyerson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chad J Zawitz
- Cermak Health Services, Cook County Department of Corrections, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Baker AE, Padgaonkar NT, Galván A, Frick PJ, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. Characterizing trajectories of anxiety, depression, and criminal offending in male adolescents over the 5 years following their first arrest. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:570-586. [PMID: 35130994 PMCID: PMC9357865 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Youth in the juvenile justice system evince high rates of mental health symptoms, including anxiety and depression. How these symptom profiles change after first contact with the justice system and - importantly - how they are related to re-offending remains unclear. Here, we use latent growth curve modeling to characterize univariate and multivariate growth of anxiety, depression, and re-offending in 1216 male adolescents over 5 years following their first arrest. Overall, the group showed significant linear and quadratic growth in internalizing symptoms and offending behaviors over time such that levels decreased initially after first arrest followed by a small but significant upturn occurring a few years later. Crucially, multivariate growth models revealed strong positive relationships between the rates of growth in internalizing symptoms and offending behaviors such that improvements in mental health related to greater decreases in offending, and vice versa. These results highlight the reciprocal nature of internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence, underscoring the importance of considering mental health alongside offending in the juvenile justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles
| | | | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Paul J. Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University
- Institute for Learning Science and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University
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Reef J, Jeltes M, van den Brink Y, Brand E. Young offenders in forensic institutions in the Netherlands after committing serious crimes: Contribution of mandatory treatment and reduction of reincarceration. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2023; 33:33-45. [PMID: 36709455 PMCID: PMC10107129 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Netherlands, young offenders who have been convicted of a particularly serious offence may be subjected to a so-called 'Placement in an Institution for Juveniles' (PIJ) measure if they are considered to pose a high ongoing risk to public safety. They form a rarely studied distinct group. Treatment in specialist forensic custodial institutions for young people (FYCI) is an intervention of last resort and costly. The most serious young offenders tend to be the hardest to rehabilitate while preventing further offending. Treatment is focussed on reducing risk of harm as well as improving health and other protective factors. AIMS To explore the contribution of treatment in an FYCI under a forensic treatment order-the PIJ-measure-to the reduction of risk of reoffending. METHODS In a pre-post intervention study, the Juvenile Forensic Profile (JFP) was used to score complete case files of 178 young offenders at the start and end of their placement in an FYCI under the PIJ-measure, 59% of those serving between the years 2013 and 2016 inclusive. The JFP covers risk and protective factors in seven domains encompassing criminal behaviour, family, environment, risk factors, psychopathology, psychology and behaviour during incarceration. Change or stability in scores was tested against reincarceration within 2 years of PIJ-measure completion. RESULTS Impulse control and alcohol and drug use problems showed the greatest improvements. Behaviour that deteriorates during the stay is primarily related to obtaining more autonomy during reintegration efforts, including furlough. Reincarceration in the 2 years of community follow-up was unusual (13.5%). The two main variables associated with reincarceration were problematic behaviour during the pre-discharge year and lack of behavioural improvement during treatment. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes of mandatory treatment in this group of serious young offenders have not previously been studied in a rigorous pre-post intervention study design. We found evidence of an overall tendency to improvement over time in mental state and social skills, reflected by risk assessment scale scores. Continued substance use problems while incarcerated and continuing social skills deficits were most strongly associated with reincarceration suggests a possible need for review of these areas in the PIJ-measure programme. Results contribute to knowledge about risk assessment, treatment and preventions of harms by serious young offenders and may inform evidence-based policies and practices in the Netherlands and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Reef
- Department of Criminal Law and CriminologyFaculty of LawUniversity of LeidenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Marije Jeltes
- Department of Children's Rights Faculty of LawUniversity of LeidenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Yannick van den Brink
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of LawVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eddy Brand
- Ministry of JusticeHeadquarter Correctional Institutions AgencyDen HaagThe Netherlands
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Alvarez K, Polanco-Roman L, Breslow AS, Molock S. Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:422-433. [PMID: 35599542 PMCID: PMC9765395 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Suicide rates among ethnoracially minoritized youth (i.e., youth of color) peak before the age of 30, and striking disparities in access to mental health services have been identified in this age group. However, suicide prevention strategies have yet to fully address structural racism as a mechanism in producing disparities in risk, protective factors, and access to quality effective intervention for youth of color. Such an approach is critical to provide more culturally responsive mental health care. Through an adapted socio-ecological model, the authors propose the Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention Systems Framework and illustrate pathways through which structural racism impacts suicide prevention and intervention for youth of color in the United States. The authors contextualize the impact of structural racism in three key settings where youth suicide prevention occurs: mental health services, schools, and the interface between crisis care and law enforcement. The authors posit that critical attention must be paid to the intersection of mutually reinforcing, interdependent systems rather than to systems in isolation. The authors then propose recommendations to address structural racism in suicide prevention, including macro-level interventions to improve societal conditions, research strategies to inform structural solutions, training approaches to address institutional racism, and clinical approaches to address the impact of racism and racial trauma on youths and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Alvarez
- Disparities Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence: Kiara Alvarez, Massachusetts General Hospital Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 830, Boston, MA 02114; ; Phone: 617-724-1237; Fax: 617-726-4120
| | | | - Aaron Samuel Breslow
- PRIME Center for Health Equity, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY,Health Equity Research Lab, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sherry Molock
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Kontu M, Kantojärvi L, Hakko H, Riala K, Riipinen P. Misuse of prescribed psychotropic medication and drug crime offending: A follow-up case-control study of former adolescent psychiatric inpatients. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:124-137. [PMID: 35735190 PMCID: PMC9327718 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various psychotropic prescription drugs are known to have potential for misuse. Among teenagers, non-medical use of prescription drugs may predate illicit drug use or occur concomitantly. AIMS Our aim was to examine prescriptions of psychotropic medications among drug crime offenders and non-criminal controls in a psychiatric inpatient cohort of 13-17-year-olds. Our research question was: were prescribed psychotropic and potentially addictive drugs associated with later drug crime offending. METHODS Our sample was of all 60 adolescents who had been convicted of a drug crime by young adulthood with a twice-sized control group, matched for gender, age and family-type, from a cohort of 508 adolescents consecutively admitted to a psychiatric inpatient care in Finland between April 2001 and March 2006. Adolescence-related information on substance use and psychiatric disorders was obtained by semi-structured interviews. Follow-up information on crimes and medication purchases was obtained from Finnish nationwide registers. The association of studied factors to drug crime offending was examined using stepwise binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS 75% of drug crime offenders and 47% of non-criminal controls had used addictive psychotropic medications during the follow-up period (p < 0.001). 74% of all drug crime offenders' purchases of prescribed addictive drugs occurred within the year preceding drug crimes. Of addictive drugs, the use of clonazepam and gabapentinoids was most likely to associate with drug crime offending (AOR 7.77, p < 0.001). Conduct and substance use disorders diagnosed in adolescence (AOR 3.49, p = 0.010; AOR 2.34, p = 0.050) were predictors for drug crime offending. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that, when treating young adults with conduct disorder and a history of substance use, physicians should prescribe addictive medications with caution, favouring instead non-addictive medications complemented by psychosocial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Kontu
- Department of PsychiatryResearch Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Helinä Hakko
- Department of PsychiatryOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Kaisa Riala
- Department of PsychiatryOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Pirkko Riipinen
- Department of PsychiatryResearch Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Department of PsychiatryOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
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Seker S, Boonmann C, Gerger H, Jäggi L, d'Huart D, Schmeck K, Schmid M. Mental disorders among adults formerly in out-of-home care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1963-1982. [PMID: 34169369 PMCID: PMC9663399 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While children and adolescents placed in child welfare or juvenile justice out-of-home care show higher prevalence rates of mental disorders compared to the general population, it remains unclear whether this pattern persists into adulthood. A quantitative synthesis of existing studies is lacking. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence rates for mental disorders among adults with a foster or residential child welfare or juvenile justice care history, comparing them where possible to rates among the general population. PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched for epidemiological studies published up to 28 October 2020. Nineteen studies, totaling 604,257 participants, met our inclusion criteria. Random-effects models were used for prevalence rates and odds ratios (OR) of mental disorders, and study quality was rated. A prevalence rate of 30% [95% CI (23.36, 37.36)] for any mental disorder in adults with a child welfare care history was found (3-17% for specific disorders). A prevalence rate of 45% [95% CI (42.38, 47.38)] for any mental disorder was found in adults with a juvenile justice care history (6-66% for specific disorders). For out-of-home placement history, adult mental disorders were significantly higher than in the general population (OR = 1.33-2.76). Studies differed in terms of methodology and the disorder groups considered, so heterogeneity between effect sizes ranged from low to high. Our findings suggest that the high risk that mental health issues will persist in adults with an out-of-home placement history needs to be taken seriously in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The care systems involved need to collaborate and to be aware of these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süheyla Seker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heike Gerger
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Jäggi
- Division of Personality and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delfine d'Huart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schmid
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Snow-Hill NL, Donenberg G, Feil EG, Smith DR, Floyd BR, Leve C. A Technology-Based Training Tool for a Health Promotion and Sex Education Program for Justice-Involved Youth: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e31185. [PMID: 34591028 PMCID: PMC8517818 DOI: 10.2196/31185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Justice-involved youth are especially vulnerable to mental health distress, substance misuse, and risky sexual activity, amplifying the need for evidence-based programs (EBPs). Yet, uptake of EBPs in the justice system is challenging because staff training is costly in time and effort. Hence, justice-involved youth experience increasing health disparities despite the availability of EBPs. Objective To counter these challenges, this study develops and pilot-tests a prototype of a technology-based training tool that teaches juvenile justice staff to deliver a uniquely tailored EBP for justice-involved youth—PHAT (Preventing HIV/AIDS Among Teens) Life. PHAT Life is a comprehensive sex education, mental health, and substance use EBP collaboratively designed and tested with guidance from key stakeholders and community members. The training tool addresses implementation barriers that impede uptake and sustainment of EBPs, including staff training and support and implementation costs. Methods Staff (n=11) from two juvenile justice settings pilot-tested the technology-based training tool, which included five modules. Participants completed measures of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) knowledge, sex education confidence, and implementation outcomes such as training satisfaction, adoption, implementation, acceptability, appropriateness, and sustainability. PHAT Life trainers assessed fidelity through two activity role plays participants submitted upon completing the training modules. Results Participants demonstrated increases in HIV and STI knowledge (t10=3.07; P=.01), and were very satisfied (mean 4.42, SD 0.36) with the training tool and the PHAT Life curriculum. They believed that the training tool and curriculum could be adopted, implemented, and sustained within their settings as an appropriate and acceptable intervention and training. Conclusions Overall, the results from this pilot test demonstrate feasibility and support continuing efforts toward completing the training tool and evaluating it within a fully powered randomized controlled trial. Ultimately, this study will provide a scalable option for disseminating an EBP and offers a more cost-effective and sustainable way to train staff in an EBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa L Snow-Hill
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Geri Donenberg
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Brenikki R Floyd
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Craig Leve
- Influents Innovations, Eugene, OR, United States
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11
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Teplin LA, Potthoff LM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Dulcan MK, Abram KM. Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Continuity of Psychiatric Disorders in a 15-Year Longitudinal Study of Youths Involved in the Juvenile Justice System. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:e205807. [PMID: 33818599 PMCID: PMC8022269 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Importance Previous studies have found that one-half to three-quarters of youths detained in juvenile justice facilities have 1 or more psychiatric disorders. Little is known about the course of their disorders as they age. Objective To examine the prevalence, comorbidity, and continuity of 13 psychiatric disorders among youths detained in a juvenile justice facility during the 15 years after detention up to a median age of 31 years, with a focus on sex and racial/ethnic differences. Design, Setting, and Participants The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a longitudinal cohort study of health needs and outcomes of 1829 randomly selected youths in a temporary juvenile detention center in Cook County, Illinois. Youths aged 10 to 18 years were interviewed in detention from November 20, 1995, through June 14, 1998. Participants were reinterviewed up to 12 times during the 15-year study period through February 2015, for a total of 16 372 interviews. The sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White), age (10-13 years or 14-18 years), and legal status (processed in juvenile or adult court). Data analysis was conducted from February 2014, when data preparation began, to March 2020. Exposures Detention in a juvenile justice facility. Main Outcomes and Measures Psychiatric disorders, assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 2.3 at the baseline interviews. Follow-up interviews were conducted using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV; the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version IV; and the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (beginning at the 6-year follow-up interview). Results The study included 1829 youths sampled at baseline (1172 males and 657 females; mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years). Although prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders decreased as the 1829 participants aged, 52.3% of males and 30.9% of females had at least 1 or more psychiatric disorders 15 years postdetention. Among participants with a disorder at baseline, 64.3% of males and 34.8% of females had a disorder 15 years later. Compared with females, males had 3.37 times the odds of persisting with a psychiatric disorder 15 years after baseline (95% CI, 1.79-6.35). Compared with Black participants and Hispanic participants, non-Hispanic White participants had 1.6 times the odds of behavioral disorders (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.91 and odds ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23-2.05, respectively) and greater than 1.3 times the odds of substance use disorders (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.55-2.33 and odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.73, respectively) throughout the follow-up period. Behavioral disorders and substance use disorders were the most prevalent 15 years after detention. Conclusions and Relevance This study's findings suggest that persistent psychiatric disorders may complicate the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which is already challenging for youths involved in the juvenile justice system, many of whom are from racial/ethnic minority groups and low-income backgrounds. The pediatric health community should advocate for early identification and treatment of disorders among youths in the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren M. Potthoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A. Aaby
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mina K. Dulcan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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da Silva MC, Cruz APM, Teixeira MO. Depression, anxiety, and drug usage history indicators among institutionalized juvenile offenders of Brasilia. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2021; 34:17. [PMID: 34156567 PMCID: PMC8219810 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-021-00184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the most serious socio-educational measures for children and adolescents in conflict with the law in Brazil is their internment. This measure may represent an additional source of stress to this population and present significant impacts in the mental health context. This study aims to describe anxiety levels, depression, and addictive consumption, as well as to estimate the causalities and interactions of these variables. METHODS Herein, we report a study in which 175 male juveniles from youth detention institutions of the Federal District voluntarily completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and a short self-rating questionnaire asking whether and how often they had experienced cannabis, alcohol, and other "hard" psychotropic drugs (e.g., crack, cocaine, amphetamine) 1 year prior to institutionalization. RESULTS Of the total participants, 28.00% showed moderate to severe depression scores and 34.28% showed moderate to severe anxiety scores. In addition, the vast majority of participants also reported some antecedent drug abuse, including cannabis, alcohol, and other "hard drugs." The BDI scores moderately correlated with BAI, but none of these parameters considerably correlated with the antecedent drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate potentially concerning levels of emotional distress in these institutionalized juveniles which seem to be independent of addictive behaviors. These data deserve attention and further investigation. Thus, a need for preventative mental health for the general population and socio-educational intervention aimed at interned youth which can decrease levels of emotional stress is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Pedro M Cruz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-000, Brazil
| | - Maria O Teixeira
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Lisbon, 1649-013, Lisbon, Portugal
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Carabellese F, Mandarelli G, Felthous AR, Catanesi R. Forensic psychiatric evaluation of 187 homicidal assailants with and without a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Clinical, criminological and behavioral characteristics. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2021; 39:190-204. [PMID: 34037268 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intentional homicide, a declining phenomenon in Italy, represents one of the most extreme forms of violence. A specific subgroup of homicidal assailants is represented by those affected by mental disorders, where the relationship between psychopathology and characteristics of the homicidal attack is not yet fully understood. We analyzed the case files of 187 homicides or attempted homicides, in which the defendant had undergone a forensic psychiatric evaluation within the previous 10 years from a single forensic psychiatric center. We described and analyzed the perpetrator, victim and criminological characteristics of the study cases. A diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, a victim who was the perpetrator's biological child and absence of a personality disorder diagnosis were associated with an increased probability of having been adjudicated as lacking or having substantially diminished criminal responsibility due to a mental disorder. Homicidal assailants with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder showed some differences in criminological characteristics compared with murderers without a schizophrenic spectrum disorder, including a higher incidence of parricide, interruption of pharmacotherapy before the crime and disorganized post-crime behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Carabellese
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mandarelli
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, Bari, Italy
| | - Alan R Felthous
- Forensic Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roberto Catanesi
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, Bari, Italy
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Teplin LA, Meyerson NS, Jakubowski JA, Aaby DA, Zheng N, Abram KM, Welty LJ. Association of Firearm Access, Use, and Victimization During Adolescence With Firearm Perpetration During Adulthood in a 16-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth Involved in the Juvenile Justice System. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2034208. [PMID: 33538822 PMCID: PMC7862991 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Preventing firearm violence requires understanding its antecedents. Yet no comprehensive longitudinal study has examined how involvement with firearms during adolescence-use, access, and victimization (defined as threatened with a weapon or gunshot injury)-is associated with the perpetration of firearm violence in adulthood. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between firearm involvement during adolescence and subsequent firearm perpetration and ownership in adulthood among youth involved in the juvenile justice system. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study analyzed interview responses of 1829 randomly selected participants as part of the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal study of health needs and outcomes of youth sampled from a temporary juvenile detention center in a large US city. Youth aged 10 to 18 years were interviewed in detention from November 1995 through June 1998. Participants were reinterviewed up to 13 times over 16 years through February 2015, for a total of 17 776 interviews. The sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, age, and legal status (juvenile or adult court). Data were analyzed from April 2017, when data preparation began, through November 2020. EXPOSURES Firearm involvement during adolescence: use (ie, threaten, shoot), access (ownership, ease of access, firearm in household, membership in gang that carries firearms), and victimization (gunshot injury, threatened with a weapon). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Firearm involvement during adulthood: perpetration of firearm violence (ie, threatening with or using a firearm) and firearm ownership. RESULTS Among the 1829 participants, 1388 had a 16-year follow-up interview: 860 males, 528 females; 809 were African American, 203 were non-Hispanic White; 374 were Hispanic; and 2 were other race/ethnicity; median (interquartile range) age of 32 (30-32) years. Eighty-five percent of males and 63.2% of females were involved with firearms as adolescents. Compared with females, males had significantly higher odds of every type of involvement except having a firearm in the home. In adulthood, 41.3% of males and 10.5% of females perpetrated firearm violence. Adolescents who had been threatened with a weapon or injured by firearms had 3.1 (95% CI, 2.0-4.9) and 2.4 (95% CI, 1.2-4.9) times the odds of perpetrating violence during adulthood. Similar associations were found for firearm ownership. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Involvement with firearms during adolescence-including victimization-is a significant risk factor for firearm perpetration and ownership during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Sociology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- School of Education and Public Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Nicholas S. Meyerson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jessica A. Jakubowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A. Aaby
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nanzi Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Kim BKE, Johnson J, Rhinehart L, Logan-Greene P, Lomeli J, Nurius PS. The school-to-prison pipeline for probation youth with special education needs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2021; 91:375-385. [PMID: 34138628 PMCID: PMC8432608 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile justice-involved youth with special education eligibility may have distinct needs from other justice-involved youth that place them at higher risk of re-offending. This study examines the extent to which the comorbidity of risk factors, such as school challenges and mental and emotional health problems, is related to recidivism among probation youth with a diagnosis eligible for special education. Data came from the Washington State Juvenile Court Assessment provided to 4,317 youth adjudicated to probation for at least 3 months. We used independent sample t-tests and chi-square tests to assess the difference in mental health and school problems (e.g., suspension/expulsion history) between those with and without special education needs. Multiple regression models estimated the unique and cumulative role of special education status, mental health, and school problems in future recidivism. In the study sample, 39.6% (n = 1,708) of the youth had diagnoses eligible for special education; over 42% of these youth had two or more qualifying diagnoses. Controlling for demographics, mental health, and self-regulation skills, our findings suggest that probation youth with special education needs, compared to the rest of the probation youth, were more likely to recidivate. School exclusion increased the number of recidivisms significantly more for justice-involved youth with special education needs than those without special education needs. The findings of the study illuminate important factors for continued justice-involvement as well as insights into service and treatment planning for youth serving probation in the community, especially for those who are eligible for special education. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Rhinehart
- Department of Education, University of California, Los Angeles
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Beaudry G, Yu R, Långström N, Fazel S. An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-regression Analysis: Mental Disorders Among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:46-60. [PMID: 32035113 PMCID: PMC8222965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities and examine sources of heterogeneity between studies. METHOD Electronic databases and relevant reference lists were searched to identify surveys published from January 1966 to October 2019 that reported on the prevalence of mental disorders in unselected populations of detained adolescents. Data on the prevalence of a range of mental disorders (psychotic illnesses, major depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) along with predetermined study characteristics were extracted from the eligible studies. Analyses were reported separately for male and female adolescents, and findings were synthesized using random-effects models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression and subgroup analyses. RESULTS Forty-seven studies from 19 countries comprising 28,033 male and 4,754 female adolescents were identified. The mean age of adolescents assessed was 16 years (range, 10-19 years). In male adolescents, 2.7% (95% CI 2.0%-3.4%) had a diagnosis of psychotic illness; 10.1% (95% CI 8.1%-12.2%) major depression; 17.3% (95% CI 13.9%-20.7%) ADHD; 61.7% (95% CI 55.4%-67.9%) conduct disorder; and 8.6% (95% CI 6.4%-10.7%) PTSD. In female adolescents, 2.9% (95% CI 2.4%-3.5%) had a psychotic illness; 25.8% (95% CI 20.3%-31.3%) major depression; 17.5% (95% CI 12.1%-22.9%) ADHD; 59.0% (95% CI 44.9%-73.1%) conduct disorder; and 18.2% (95% CI 13.1%-23.2%) PTSD. Meta-regression found higher prevalences of ADHD and conduct disorder in investigations published after 2006. Female adolescents had higher prevalences of major depression and PTSD than male adolescents. CONCLUSION Consideration should be given to reviewing whether health care services in juvenile detention can address these levels of psychiatric morbidity.
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Atilola O, Abiri G, Ola B. Psychiatric morbidity among adolescents and youth involved with the juvenile justice system in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic scoping review of current studies and research gaps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 73:101633. [PMID: 33188993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current body of knowledge on the prevalence rate of psychiatric morbidity among adolescents and youth within the juvenile justice system in sub-Saharan Africa is yet to be systematically synthesized.. Consequently, African literature in the field has remained obscure, out of consideration in global discourses around the subject.; and incoherent to policy-makers. The situation has also hampered the identification of and filling of regional research-gaps in the field. The aim of this study, therefore, was to conduct a systematic scoping review of available data on psychiatric morbidity among adolescents and youth within the juvenile justice system in sub-Saharan Africa. The search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, EMBASE, CINAHL and Psych Info. Additional searches were done in Google Scholar and African Journal Online (AJOL) databases. Twenty-six studies from 21 different research projects were identified. More than two-thirds were conducted in Nigeria and published within the last decade. Similar to what has been established around the world, the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder was often very high, with a range of 59.7% - 63.0% among respondents. Key strengths of identified studies included use of standardized clinician-administered instruments for assessment and exploration of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. The main weaknesses in the studies included male gender-bias, lack of normative comparison groups, emphasis on custodial settings with little data on non-custodial systems, and considerable length of time-lag between the points of incarceration and psychiatric evaluation among the samples studied.. The study concluded that a modest number of studies have been conducted on psychiatric morbidity among justice-involved adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, but there are still significant research gaps which could be bridged in order to aid context-appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Atilola
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | | | - Bolanle Ola
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Lagos State University Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria
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Huang S, Gardner S, Piper KN, Coleman AS, Becan JE, Robertson AA, Elkington KS. Bridging Systems to Implement HIV/STI Programming Within the Juvenile Justice System: Strengths and Challenges of a Local Change Team Approach. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2020; 32:432-453. [PMID: 33112673 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2020.32.5.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth are at risk for HIV/STIs but do not access services. The complex challenges of improving the delivery of health-related services within juvenile justice (JJ) settings warrant exploration of strategies to close this service gap. This study describes the successes and challenges of utilizing a local change team (LCT) strategy comprising JJ and health agency staff to implement HIV/STI programming in JJ settings, across six counties in six states in the U.S. Five focus groups comprising n = 28 JJ and health agency staff who served as LCT members were conducted. Results demonstrated the structured nature of the collaborative process and strength of commitment among LCT members were necessary for successful implementation of HIV/STI programming. The use of LCTs comprising membership of JJ and (behavioral) health systems has broader applicability to other health and behavioral health issues faced by youth on probation that JJ staff may feel ill equipped to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Huang
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Sheena Gardner
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Kaitlin N Piper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley S Coleman
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | | | - Angela A Robertson
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
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Elkington KS, Lee J, Brooks C, Watkins J, Wasserman GA. Falling between two systems of care: Engaging families, behavioral health and the justice systems to increase uptake of substance use treatment in youth on probation. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 112:49-59. [PMID: 32199546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth (JIY) in the US have high rates of substance use (SU) problems, yet 50%-80% of these youth do not receive necessary services. There has been no systematic exploration of the use of treatment services for JIY that examines viewpoints across stakeholders in justice- and treatment-systems as well as the families. We conducted qualitative interviews and focus groups with n = 58, youth, their caregivers, SU treatment providers and probation officers in a Northeastern state. Interviews explored how families, staff- and system-level factors influence uptake of and retention in SU treatment services in youth on probation. We conducted a thematic analysis of all interview texts. Caregiver engagement is essential for youth treatment uptake and retention. Difficulties achieving caregiver engagement and agreement that treatment was necessary stemmed from distrust in the "system"; denial or minimization of youth's SU problem; relational barriers; and overburden and chaos within the family system. Structural barriers to service uptake were lack of available treatment options, SU agency practices and policies, and interagency collaboration between SU treatment agencies and probation. Enhancing family engagement at the point of referral to SU treatment is essential. Improvements in interagency collaboration and communication between SU treatment and probation agencies are necessary. Implications for policy and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Elkington
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America.
| | - Jacqueline Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Catherine Brooks
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Jillian Watkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Gail A Wasserman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
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Borschmann R, Janca E, Carter A, Willoughby M, Hughes N, Snow K, Stockings E, Hill NTM, Hocking J, Love A, Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Fazel S, Puljević C, Robinson J, Kinner SA. The health of adolescents in detention: a global scoping review. LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 5:e114-e126. [PMID: 31954434 PMCID: PMC7025881 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are affected by complex health problems, health-risk behaviours, and high rates of premature death. We did a global synthesis of the evidence regarding the health of this population. We searched Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, including reviews, that reported the prevalence of at least one health outcome (physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive) in adolescents (aged <20 years) in detention, and were published between Jan 1, 1980, and June 30, 2018. The reference lists of published review articles were scrutinised for additional relevant publications. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, and three reviewed full texts of relevant articles. The protocol for this Review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016041392). 245 articles (204 primary research articles and 41 reviews) were included, with most primary research (183 [90%]) done in high-income countries. A high lifetime prevalence of health problems, risks, and conditions was reported in detained adolescents, including mental disorders (0–95%), substance use disorders (22–96%), self-harm (12–65%), neurodevelopmental disabilities (2–47%), infectious diseases (0–34%), and sexual and reproductive conditions (pregnant by age 19 years 20–37%; abnormal cervical screening test result 16%). Various physical and mental health problems and health-risk behaviours are more common among adolescents in detention than among their peers who have not been detained. As the social and structural drivers of poor health overlap somewhat with factors associated with exposure to the criminal justice system, strategies to address these factors could help to reduce both rates of adolescent detention and adolescent health inequalities. Improving the detection of mental and physical disorders, providing appropriate interventions during detention, and optimising transitional health care after release from detention could improve the health outcomes of these vulnerable young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kathryn Snow
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jane Hocking
- Sexual Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Love
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jo Robinson
- Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Chamberlain C, Ralph N, Hokke S, Clark Y, Gee G, Stansfield C, Sutcliffe K, Brown SJ, Brennan S. Healing The Past By Nurturing The Future: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis of pregnancy, birth and early postpartum experiences and views of parents with a history of childhood maltreatment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225441. [PMID: 31834894 PMCID: PMC6910698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment can have serious effects on development and physical, social and emotional wellbeing. Any long-lasting relational effects can impede the capacity to nurture children, potentially leading to 'intergenerational trauma'. Conversely, the transition to parenthood during pregnancy, birth and the early postpartum period offers a unique life-course opportunity for healing. This systematic review aims to understand the pregnancy, birth and early postpartum experiences of parents who reported maltreatment in their own childhood. METHODS A protocol, based on the ENTREQ statement, was registered with PROSPERO. We searched Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, NHS Evidence and key Web of Science databases from date of inception to June 2018 to identify qualitative studies exploring perinatal experiences of parents who were maltreated in their own childhood. Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion and extracted data. Data were synthesised using grounded theory and thematic analysis approaches. FINDINGS The search yielded 18329 articles, 568 full text articles were reviewed, and 50 studies (60 articles) met inclusion criteria for this review. Due to the large number of studies across the whole perinatal period (pregnancy to two years postpartum), this paper reports findings for experiences during pregnancy, birth and early postpartum (27 studies). Parents described positive experiences and strategies to help them achieve their hopes and dreams of providing safe, loving and nurturing care for their children. However, many parents experienced serious challenges. Seven core analytic themes encapsulated these diverse and dynamic experiences: New beginnings; Changing roles and identities; Feeling connected; Compassionate care; Empowerment; Creating safety; and Reweaving a future. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy birth and the early postpartum period is a unique life-course healing opportunity for parents with a history of maltreatment. Understanding parent's experiences and views of perinatal care and early parenting is critical for informing the development of acceptable and effective support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chamberlain
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Intergenerational Health Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naomi Ralph
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stacey Hokke
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne Clark
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Graham Gee
- Intergenerational Health Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Stansfield
- Evidence for Policy and Practice Co-ordinating Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Sutcliffe
- Evidence for Policy and Practice Co-ordinating Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie J. Brown
- Intergenerational Health Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Brennan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Böge I, Schepker R, Fegert JM. [Intensive psychiatric care of children and adolescents in their natural environment : Alternatives to inpatient treatment]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 62:195-204. [PMID: 30627734 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mental health disorders are one of the main diseases in children and adolescents, the persistence rate into adulthood being around 50%. Early intervention is therefore essential. However, present treatment options reach only 50% of children and adolescents with mental health problems.The objective of this article is to depict why legal deficits complicated the establishment of outreach treatment in the past and to illustrate recent legal changes that now allow innovative outreach treatment programs that meet the need of children and adolescents with mental health issues.This review is based on pertinent publications that were retrieved by a selective literature search in PubMed and Cochrane Library concerning types of home treatment in child and adolescent psychiatry, with due reference to the authors' own experience with intensive home treatment.The literature shows that outreach work has been effective in many other countries. In Germany however, clear separation in finances between outpatient and inpatient treatment did not allow the establishment of outreach teams in the past. On 01.01.2017 a new law, the PsychVVG, entered into force, and now provides a sound legal basis for outreach work. Home treatment in the form of, for example, intensive outreach work that equals the intensity and frequency of inpatient treatment (StäB) or continuum of care school (CCSchool), a project that joins school-based diagnostic elements with school-based treatment, can now be installed and evaluated.Intensive outreach work, especially in child and adolescent psychiatry, will now be a good alternative to inpatient treatment that integrates parents into the treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Böge
- KJPP, Universität Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland. .,KJPP, ZfP Südwürttemberg, Weingartshoferstraße 2, 88214, Ravensburg, Deutschland.
| | - Renate Schepker
- KJPP, Universität Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland.,KJPP, ZfP Südwürttemberg, Weingartshoferstraße 2, 88214, Ravensburg, Deutschland
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- KJPP, Universität Ulm, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075, Ulm, Deutschland
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Abstract
Justice-involved youth are at exceedingly high risk of trauma exposure, multisystem involvement, and mental health distress, including depression. Justice-involved youth carry with them both a high symptom burden and a high cost to society. Both could be reduced through evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies. Effective treatment of mental disorders may reduce future justice involvement, whereas lack of treatment increases likelihood of justice involvement into adulthood. Multiple effective programs exist to improve the lives of justice-involved youth and subsequently decrease the cost to society of detaining and adjudicating these youth within the juvenile justice system.
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24
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Bowser D, Henry BF, McCollister KE. An Overlapping Systems Conceptual Framework to Evaluate Implementation of a Behavioral Health Intervention for Justice-Involved Youth. Health Serv Insights 2019; 12:1178632919855037. [PMID: 31244523 PMCID: PMC6582281 DOI: 10.1177/1178632919855037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nearly 65% of justice–involved youth have a substance use and/or mental health disorder. Although evidence–based practices have been established for adolescents with co–occurring mental health and substance use disorders, these practices are not widely used in juvenile justice agencies due to environmental and organizational complexities. Methods: Our study builds on Juvenile Justice—Translational Research on Interventions for Adolescents in the Legal System (JJ–TRIALS), a multi–site cooperative research initiative of juvenile justice and partnering behavioral health agencies. We also integrate state and county–level data to support broader assessment of key drivers of implementation success. Results: We present an economics/systems conceptual model describing how the environmental context, systems organization, and economic costs of implementation can affect implementation outcomes. Comparison of intervention condition (Core vs Enhanced) and pre–implementation costs (High vs Low) found differences in insurance reimbursements and types, as well as agency staffing characteristics. Discussion: Implementing new procedures or policies at a systems level must consider implementation outcomes in a broad context. Factors such as population demographics, primary care and behavioral health treatment capacity, unemployment rates, and public funding for treatment and other services are important in determining intervention success and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bowser
- Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Brandy F Henry
- Schneider Institutes for Health Policy, Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E McCollister
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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25
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Lau KSL, Rosenman MB, Wiehe SE, Tu W, Aalsma MC. Race/Ethnicity, and Behavioral Health Status: First Arrest and Outcomes in a Large Sample of Juvenile Offenders. J Behav Health Serv Res 2019; 45:237-251. [PMID: 29238907 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-017-9578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the simultaneous effects of gender, race/ethnicity, and pre-arrest behavioral health (BH) service-use on age at first arrest, and first arrest outcomes. Between January 2004 and December 2011, arrest and medical records were collected on a retrospective longitudinal cohort of 12,476 first-time offenders, ages 8-18 years. Black youth were arrested at younger ages than white or Hispanic youth. Youth with psychiatric problems were arrested at younger ages than youth with substance-use, dual-diagnoses, or no BH problems. Compared to white males, black males had lower odds of detention and BH referrals. Compared to white females, black females had higher odds of release and lower odds of probation, detention, and BH referrals. A significant gender-by-BH problem interaction revealed males and females with previous psychiatric problems were arrested at younger ages than youth with substance, dual-diagnosis, or no prior problems. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S L Lau
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, USA.
| | - Marc B Rosenman
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah E Wiehe
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wanzhu Tu
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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26
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Baggio S, Heller P, Barnert ES, Tran NT, Gétaz L, Wolff H. Substance use Initiation among Justice-Involved Youths: Evidence from the Pathways to Desistance Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2019.1578711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Life Course and Social Inequality Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Heller
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth S. Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Australian Center for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Watika, India
| | - Laurent Gétaz
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Zwecker NA, Harrison AJ, Welty LJ, Teplin LA, Abram KM. Social Support Networks among Delinquent Youth: An 8-Year Follow-up Study. JOURNAL OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION 2019; 57:459-480. [PMID: 31190722 PMCID: PMC6561504 DOI: 10.1080/10509674.2018.1523821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supportive social networks are key to the successful transition to young adulthood. Yet, we know little about networks of delinquent youth, a population at risk for disrupted social connections. This study describes the structure and function of social support networks among delinquent youth eight years after detention; median age 24 years. Nearly one-fifth of participants had no one that they could count on, and one-third had only one person in their support network. Participants tended to have very dense networks composed almost entirely of family. Findings underscore the importance of expanding social supports for delinquent youth as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A. Zwecker
- OCD & Anxiety Program of Southern California, 2656 29th Street, Suite 208 Santa Monica, CA 90405
| | - Anna J. Harrison
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7G15, San Francisco, CA 94110
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 900, Chicago IL, 60611
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 900, Chicago IL, 60611
| | - Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 900, Chicago IL, 60611
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28
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Kinner SA, Young JT. Understanding and Improving the Health of People Who Experience Incarceration: An Overview and Synthesis. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:4-11. [PMID: 29860342 PMCID: PMC5982728 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The world prison population is growing at a rate that exceeds the rate of population growth. This issue of Epidemiologic Reviews comprises articles in which researchers summarize what is known about some of the key health issues facing people in prison, particularly in relation to human immunodeficiency virus and other blood-borne viral infections. A key recurring theme is that addressing the health needs of people in prison is important to reducing health inequalities at the population level—that prisoner health is public health. The reviews also highlight some critical evidence gaps, notably the lack of evidence from low- and middle-income countries, and the limited number of longitudinal studies in which health behaviors, health outcomes, or health service experiences after release from prison are documented. Despite growing evidence of the poor health of detained adolescents, none of the included reviews considered this population. Further research on the health of young people who cycle through juvenile detention should be a priority. Despite a rapidly growing literature on the health of people who experience incarceration, some critical health issues remain poorly understood, and there has been insufficient attention devoted to co-occurring health conditions and the consequent need for coordinated care. Key populations in custodial settings remain understudied, limiting capacity to develop targeted, evidence-based responses to their health needs. The quality of many studies is suboptimal, and although rigorous, independent research in correctional settings can be challenging, it is not impossible and is critical to laying the groundwork for evidence-based reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
- Correspondence to Stuart A. Kinner, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville VIC 3052 Australia (e-mail: )
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Australia
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29
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Brooks M, Miller E, Abebe K, Mulvey E. The Observed Longitudinal Relationship between Future Orientation and Substance Use Among a Cohort of Youth with Serious Criminal Offenses. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1925-1936. [PMID: 29509061 PMCID: PMC8006892 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1441311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Future orientation (FO), an essential construct in youth development, encompassing goals, expectations for life, and ability to plan for the future. This study uses a multidimensional measure of future orientation to assess the relationship between change in future orientation and change in substance use over time. METHODS Data were from the Pathways to Desistence study. Justice involved youth (n = 1,354), ages 14 to 18 at time of recruitment, completed interviews every six months for three years. Multiple measures were chosen a priori as elements of future orientation. After evaluating the psychometrics of a new measure for future orientation, we ran mixed effects cross-lagged panel models to assess the relationship between changes in future orientation and substance use (tobacco, marijuana, hard drugs, and alcohol). RESULTS There was a significant bidirectional relationship between future orientation and all substance use outcomes. Adjusted models accounted for different sites, sex, age, ethnicity, parental education, and proportion of time spent in a facility. In adjusted models, higher levels of future orientation resulted in smaller increases in substance use at future time points. CONCLUSIONS Future orientation and substance use influence each other in this sample of adolescent offenders. Treating substance use disorders is also likely to increase future orientation, promoting positive youth development more generally. This study expands our understanding of the longitudinal relationship between changes in future orientation and changes in levels of substance use in a sample of justice involved youth with high levels of substance use, a group of considerable clinical and policy interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrian Brooks
- a Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Global Health Center , Department of Pediatrics , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- b University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.,d Department of Pediatrics , Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Kaleab Abebe
- b University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Edward Mulvey
- b University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA.,c Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
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30
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Aalsma MC, Anderson VR, Schwartz K, Ouyang F, Tu W, Rosenman MB, Wiehe SE. Preventive Care Use Among Justice-Involved and Non-Justice-Involved Youth. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-1107. [PMID: 28970371 PMCID: PMC5990959 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Youth involved in the juvenile justice system (ie, arrested youth) are at risk for health problems. Although increasing preventive care use by justice-involved youth (JIY) is 1 approach to improving their well-being, little is known about their access to and use of care. The objective of this study was to determine how rates of well-child (WC) and emergency department visits, as well as public insurance enrollment continuity, differed between youth involved in the justice system and youth who have never been in the system. We hypothesized that JIY would exhibit less frequent WC and more frequent emergency service use than non-justice-involved youth (NJIY). METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of administrative medical and criminal records of all youth (ages 12-18) enrolled in Medicaid in Marion County, Indiana, between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2011. RESULTS The sample included 88 647 youth; 20 668 (23%) were involved in the justice system. JIY had lower use rates of WC visits and higher use rates of emergency services in comparison with NJIY. JIY had more and longer gaps in Medicaid coverage compared with NJIY. For all youth sampled, both preventive and emergency services use varied significantly by Medicaid enrollment continuity. CONCLUSIONS JIY experience more and longer gaps in Medicaid coverage, and rely more on emergency services than NJIY. Medicaid enrollment continuity was associated with differences in WC and emergency service use among JIY, with policy implications for improving preventive care for these vulnerable youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Aalsma
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Katherine Schwartz
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Fangqian Ouyang
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Wanzhu Tu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marc B. Rosenman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah E. Wiehe
- Children’s Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN
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31
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Gottfried ED, Christopher SC. Mental Disorders Among Criminal Offenders. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2017; 23:336-346. [DOI: 10.1177/1078345817716180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Gottfried
- Community & Public Safety Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sheresa C. Christopher
- Community & Public Safety Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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32
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Kemp K, Thamotharan S, Poindexter B, Barker D, Tolou-Shams M, Houck CD. EMOTION REGULATION AS A PREDICTOR OF JUVENILE ARREST. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 44:912-926. [PMID: 34168387 PMCID: PMC8221245 DOI: 10.1177/0093854817695842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study examines emotion regulation as a novel dynamic factor of juvenile arrest as it compares with known static and dynamic risk factors. Participants included seventh graders at five urban public schools (N = 420, M age = 13, 53% male). The predictive relationship between adolescent self-, parent-, and teacher-report of baseline adolescent emotional competence and arrest at 30-month follow-up was assessed. Stepwise logistic regression analyses revealed that teacher report of emotion regulation strategies, minority status, and lifetime marijuana use were significant predictors of arrest. Findings indicate teacher report of emotion regulation competence in early adolescence may be an important consideration for prevention program development.
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33
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Wilson BDM, Jordan SP, Meyer IH, Flores AR, Stemple L, Herman JL. Disproportionality and Disparities among Sexual Minority Youth in Custody. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1547-1561. [PMID: 28093665 PMCID: PMC5844288 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that sexual minority youth are disproportionately criminalized in the U.S. and subjected to abusive treatment while in correctional facilities. However, the scope and extent of disparities based on sexual orientation remains largely overlooked in the juvenile justice literature. This study, based on a nationally representative federal agency survey conducted in 2012 (N = 8785; 9.9% girls), reveals that 39.4% of girls and 3.2% of boys in juvenile correctional facilities identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. These youth, particularly gay and bisexual boys, report higher rates of sexual victimization compared to their heterosexual peers. Sexual minority youth, defined as both lesbian, gay, and bisexual identified youth as well as youth who identified as straight and reported some same-sex attraction, were also 2-3 times more likely than heterosexual youth to report prior episodes of detention lasting a year or more. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca D M Wilson
- School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Sid P Jordan
- Social Welfare Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ilan H Meyer
- School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Lara Stemple
- School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jody L Herman
- School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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34
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Atilola O, Ola B, Abiri G, Sahid-Adebambo M, Odukoya O, Adewuya A, Coker O, Folarin O, Fasawe A. Status of mental-health services for adolescents with psychiatric morbidity in youth correctional institutions in Lagos. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2017. [PMID: 28639494 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2017.1321550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High prevalence rates of psychiatric morbidity have been documented among adolescents within youth correctional institutions in Nigeria. However, there has not been prior investigation to determine the capacity for and nature of mental health services being provided in these institutions. OBJECTIVES To assess psychiatric morbidity among adolescents within youth correctional institutions in Lagos, while simultaneously examining the capacity for and the scope of mental health services. METHODS Psychiatric morbidity and alcohol/substance use disorder were assessed among 165 respondents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the CRAFFT screening tool for adolescent substance use disorder. Availability of mental-health services in the institutions was examined using an 'audit protocol'. RESULTS We found prevalence rates of 18.2% and 15.8% of general psychiatric morbidity and alcohol/ substance use disorder, respectively, among the adolescents. Only about a third (34.3%; n = 20) of the operational staff at the institutions had educational backgrounds relevant to psycho-social services for children/adolescents, while less than a quarter (22.4%, n = 13) has ever received any training in child mental health services. There was no evidence of mental health screening and intervention in the service framework within the institutions. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that there was evidence for significant mental health service gaps within the youth correctional services in Lagos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Atilola
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine , Ikeja Lagos , Nigeria.,b Department of Psychiatry , Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Bolanle Ola
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine , Ikeja Lagos , Nigeria.,b Department of Psychiatry , Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Gbonjubola Abiri
- c Child and Adolescent Unit , Federal Neuro-psychiatric Hospital Yaba , Lagos , Nigeria
| | | | | | - Abiodun Adewuya
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine , Ikeja Lagos , Nigeria.,b Department of Psychiatry , Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Olurotimi Coker
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine , Ikeja Lagos , Nigeria.,b Department of Psychiatry , Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Ikeja , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Oluwadamilola Folarin
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine , Lagos State University College of Medicine , Ikeja Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Adedolapo Fasawe
- e Mental Health Desk , Lagos State Ministry of Health , Ikeja Lagos , Nigeria
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35
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Cunningham K, Martinez DA, Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Carey KB, Carey MP. Alcohol Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Adolescents with Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2017; 26:353-366. [PMID: 29204066 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1305934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with psychiatric disorders appear to be at increased risk for acquiring HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; however, little is known about the prevalence of behavioral risk factors in this population. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Electronic database searches identified studies sampling adolescents diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and assessing both alcohol and sexual risk behaviors. Fourteen studies sampling 3,029 adolescents with psychiatric disorders were included. The majority of adolescents with psychiatric disorders report alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors. Risk reduction interventions targeting these two behaviors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene Cunningham
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David A Martinez
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lori A J Scott-Sheldon
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kate B Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael P Carey
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Mental Health Referrals Reduce Recidivism in First-Time Juvenile Offenders, But How Do We Determine Who is Referred? Psychiatr Q 2017; 88:167-183. [PMID: 27241528 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-016-9445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While psychiatric disorders are common among juvenile delinquents, many mental health problems go undetected, increasing the likelihood for persistent difficulties. This is the first known study to examine mental health referral rates and recidivism in the juvenile justice system. In addition to the study, we review juvenile justice mental health screening to improve detection and treatment. Juvenile criminal records in conjunction with behavioral health screenings were analyzed to determine differences in referrals and recidivism among first time offenders. Recidivism rates were significantly lower (p = 0.04) and time to recidivism was significantly longer (p = 0.03) for those referred specifically for mental health services than for those without any referrals, even after adjusting for offense severity. While black youths had a significantly higher recidivism rate (p = 0.02) and a shorter time to recidivism (p = 0.009) than white youths, there was no significant difference between races when referred specifically for mental health services. Among the groups studied, black youths had the most profound positive effect from mental health referrals (p < 0.0001). This study indicates the importance of detecting mental health problems among juvenile delinquents, especially for black offenders. The apparent protective effect of mental health interventions necessitates screening that better identifies underlying psychosocial factors rather than strict reliance upon diagnostic criteria and self-report. Broader or even universal mental health referrals for juvenile offenders could reduce future legal system involvement and costs to society. We review potential reasons that mental health problems go undetected and provide recommendations.
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Abram KM, Azores-Gococo NM, Emanuel KM, Aaby DA, Welty LJ, Hershfield JA, Rosenbaum MS, Teplin LA. Sex and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Positive Outcomes in Delinquent Youth After Detention: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171:123-132. [PMID: 27992626 PMCID: PMC5704941 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Longitudinal studies of delinquent youth have focused on criminal recidivism, not on psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. This omission is critical because after detention most youth return to the community, where they become the responsibility of pediatric health care professionals. OBJECTIVE To investigate 8 positive outcomes among delinquent youth 5 and 12 years after detention, focusing on sex and racial/ethnic differences. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal US study of long-term outcomes of delinquent youth after detention, participants were interviewed in detention between November 20, 1995, and June 14, 1998, and reinterviewed up to 9 times during the 12-year study period, through May 12, 2011. Data analysis was conducted between November 18, 2013, and July 25, 2016. EXPOSURES Juvenile detention. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Achievement of positive outcomes in 8 domains: educational attainment, residential independence, gainful activity, desistance from criminal activity, mental health, abstaining from substance abuse, interpersonal functioning, and parenting responsibility. Outcomes were assessed with widely used measures supplemented by correctional records. RESULTS The study included 1829 youth at baseline (1172 males and 657 females; mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years). At the end of the study, 1520 (83.1%) of the original sample remained (944 males and 576 females; mean [SD] age, 27.6 [1.4] years). Twelve years after detention, females were more likely than males to have positive outcomes for gainful activity (odds ratio [OR], 2.53; 95% CI, 1.86-3.44), desistance from criminal activity (OR, 5.89; 95% CI, 4.38-7.92), residential independence (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 2.57-4.52), parenting responsibility (OR, 18.65; 95% CI, 12.29-28.30), and mental health (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.13-1.92). Twelve years after detention, only 21.9% of males and 54.7% of females had achieved more than half of the outcomes. As youth aged, the number of positive outcomes increased only modestly (mean increase for males, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13-0.62; for females, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.13-0.45). Among males, non-Hispanic white individuals were significantly more likely to achieve most positive outcomes compared with minorities, but less likely to abstain from substance abuse. For example, 12 years after detention, non-Hispanic white males had nearly 3 times the odds of educational attainment compared with African American (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.77-4.50) and Hispanic males (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.75-4.82), and 2 to 5 times the odds of gainful activity compared with African American (OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 3.16-8.45) and Hispanic males (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.56-4.26). Latent class analysis shows that African American males fared the worst, with lives characterized by incarceration, criminal activity, and few positive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings highlight racial/ethnic disparities among youth in achieving positive outcomes after detention. To improve outcomes, pediatric health care professionals should recognize the importance of psychosocial health, partner with on-site psychosocial services in their practices, and facilitate access to services in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nicole M. Azores-Gococo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kristin M. Emanuel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David A. Aaby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer A. Hershfield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Melinda S. Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Welty LJ, Hershfield JA, Abram KM, Han H, Byck GR, Teplin LA. Trajectories of Substance Use Disorder in Youth After Detention: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:140-148. [PMID: 28117060 PMCID: PMC5308462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify trajectories of substance use disorders (SUDs) in youth during the 12 years after detention and how gender, race/ethnicity, and age at baseline predict trajectories. METHOD As part of the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a longitudinal study of 1,829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois from 1995 through 1998, participants were reinterviewed in the community or correctional facilities up to 9 times over 12 years. Independent interviewers assessed SUDs using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children 2.3 (baseline) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule IV (follow-ups). Primary outcome was a mutually exclusive 5-category typology of disorder: no SUD, alcohol alone, marijuana alone, comorbid alcohol and marijuana, or "other" illicit ("hard") drug. Trajectories were estimated using growth mixture models with a 3-category ordinal variable derived from the typology. RESULTS During the 12-year follow-up, 19.6% of youth did not have an SUD. The remaining 81.4% were in 3 trajectory classes. Class 1 (24.5%), a bell-shaped trajectory, peaked 5 years after baseline when 42.7% had an SUD and 12.5% had comorbid or "other" illicit drug disorders. Class 2 (41.3%) had a higher prevalence of SUD at baseline, 73.8%. Although prevalence decreased over time, 23.5% had an SUD 12 years later. Class 3 (14.6%), the most serious and persistent trajectory, had the highest prevalence of comorbid or "other" illicit drug disorders-52.1% at baseline and 17.4% 12 years later. Males, Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, and youth who were older at baseline (detention) had the worst outcomes. CONCLUSION Gender, race/ethnicity, and age at detention predict trajectories of SUDs in delinquent youth. Findings provide an empirical basis for child psychiatry to address health disparities and improve prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Welty
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Jennifer A Hershfield
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago; Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Los Angeles
| | - Karen M Abram
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Hongyun Han
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Gayle R Byck
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Health Disparities and Public Policy, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago.
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Abram KM, Stokes ML, Welty LJ, Aaby DA, Teplin LA. Disparities in HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors After Youth Leave Detention: A 14-Year Longitudinal Study. Pediatrics 2017; 139:e20160360. [PMID: 28115541 PMCID: PMC5260145 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine changes in the prevalence of 15 HIV/AIDS sex and drug risk behaviors in delinquent youth during the 14 years after they leave detention, focusing on sex and racial/ethnic differences. METHODS The Northwestern Juvenile Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1829 youth randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois, recruited between 1995 and 1998 and reinterviewed up to 11 times. Independent interviewers assessed HIV/AIDS risk behaviors using the National Institutes on Drug Abuse Risk Behavior Assessment. RESULTS Fourteen years after detention (median age, 30 years), one-quarter of males and one-tenth of females had >1 sexual partner in the past 3 months. One-tenth of participants reported recent unprotected vaginal sex with a high-risk partner. There were many sex and racial/ethnic differences. For example, African American males had 4.67 times the odds of having >1 partner than African American females (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.22-6.76). Over time, compared with non-Hispanic white males, African American males had 2.56 times the odds (95% CI, 1.97-3.33) and Hispanic males had 1.63 times the odds (95% CI, 1.24-2.12) of having multiple partners, even after adjusting for incarceration and age. Non-Hispanic white females were more likely to have multiple partners than racial/ethnic minority females. CONCLUSIONS Although rates decrease over time, prevalence of sex risk behaviors are much higher than the general population. Among males, racial/ethnic minorities were at particular risk. The challenge for pediatric health is to address how disproportionate confinement of racial/ethnic minority youth contributes to disparities in the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Abram
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
| | | | - Leah J Welty
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
- Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies are needed to identify youth developing schizophrenia. The present study aimed to determine whether adolescents treated for substance misuse were at elevated risk to develop schizophrenia, whether this risk has changed since the late 1960s, and whether substance misuse in adolescence predicted poorer outcomes through adulthood. METHOD In a Swedish city, since the mid-1960s there has been only one clinic for adolescent substance misuse. Three samples from this clinic were studied: 1992 individuals treated from 1968 to 1971 followed to age 50 years; 1576 treated from 1980 to 1984 followed to age 35 years; and 180 treated in 2004 followed to age 22 years. Each clinical sample was matched on age, sex and place of birth to an equal, or larger, number of randomly selected individuals from the general population. Schizophrenia, substance use disorders, physical disorders related to substance misuse, criminal convictions, poverty and death were identified using national registers. RESULTS Individuals treated for substance misuse in adolescence were at increased risk to subsequently develop schizophrenia: in males the increase was approximately four-fold and in females between five- and seven-fold. There was no difference in risk for those treated in 1968-1971 and from 1980 to 1984 when cannabis use increased from 37.6% to 49.8% of the clinical samples. Among males who developed schizophrenia, treatment for substance misuse was associated with increased risk of substance use disorders and criminal convictions through adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Treatment programmes for adolescents misusing substances include a disproportionate number developing schizophrenia. Early detection and treatment have the potential to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hodgins
- Centre de Recherche,Institut Universitaire de Santé Mentale de Montréal,Département de Psychiatrie,Université de Montréal,Montréal,Québec, H1N 3M5,Canada
| | - P Larm
- Centre for Clinical Research,Uppsala University,Västmanland County Hospital Västerås and School of Health,Care and Social Welfare,Mälardalens University,Box 883, S-72123 Västerås,Sweden
| | - J Westerman
- Swedish Institute for Social Research,Stockholm University,SE-106 91 Stockholm,Sweden
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Casey S, Day A. Accountability in Juvenile Justice: A Framework to Assess Client Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2016; 60:1645-1668. [PMID: 25995052 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x15586767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development of an assessment protocol for use with juvenile justice clients that can be used to assess needs in a manner that not only informs the development of case plans but also allows for the assessment of change over the course of a service contact. The youth justice assessment tool supports case needs identification and analysis as well as screening for mental health concerns, risk of harm to self or others, and risk of reoffending. Initial validation of the case needs component has been undertaken and although further validation is required, preliminary data reported in this article suggest that this type of approach to client assessment does hold some promise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Day
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Psychiatric Diagnoses and Treatment in a Sample of Serious Juvenile Offenders. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:1424-1451. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dembo R, Wareham J, Schmeidler J, Briones-Robinson R, Winters KC. Differential Effects of Mental Health Problems Among Truant Youths. J Behav Health Serv Res 2016; 43:402-27. [PMID: 25124652 PMCID: PMC4329283 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-014-9435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates at-risk youth are more likely to experience emotional and psychological problems. Young people who are often truant from school represent a group of at-risk youth, but one for which mental health issues are understudied. This study examined heterogeneity of mental health problems among a sample of 300 truant adolescents using latent class analysis (LCA). LCA indicated the sample of truants was best represented by four latent subgroups of youth with low mental health problems; high depression, low mania; high mania, low depression; and high depression and mania. These subgroups were examined in relation to sociodemographic and psychosocial measures at baseline and after truancy offenses. Results indicated general and unique differences in these covariates across the four latent classes. Service and practice implications of better understanding mental health issues of truant youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dembo
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | | | | | - Rhissa Briones-Robinson
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
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van Delft I, Finkenauer C, Verbruggen J. Child Maltreatment and Social Connectedness Among Formerly Institutionalized Females: Links With Depression. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:1393-1412. [PMID: 25586915 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514567959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of child maltreatment subtypes (physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence) and cumulative child maltreatment on depressive symptoms in adulthood, and examine the protective effects of social connectedness in a sample of formerly institutionalized females. The sample consisted of 124 females who were institutionalized in a Dutch juvenile justice institution during adolescence and were followed-up when they were on average 32 years old. Information about child maltreatment was extracted from treatment files. Retrospective data on social connectedness in young adulthood were established during interviews using a Life History Calendar. Relationship quality at follow-up was assessed with items derived from the Rochester Youth Development Study. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Scale for Depression (CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms in adulthood. Results showed that 85.5% of the females experienced child maltreatment, and co-occurrence of subtypes was high. Cumulative child maltreatment increased the risk of depression in adulthood. Furthermore, social connectedness, that is, more employment over time and the quality of the romantic relationship at follow-up, protected against the development of depression. However, social connectedness did not buffer the effect of maltreatment on depression. Our findings indicate that treatment of these girls should focus on improving the social-emotional development to promote positive interpersonal relationships and include educational and vocational components to guide these girls toward increased opportunities on the labor market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janna Verbruggen
- VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cardiff University, UK Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Karoly HC, Callahan T, Schmiege SJ, Ewing SWF. Evaluating the Hispanic Paradox in the Context of Adolescent Risky Sexual Behavior: The Role of Parent Monitoring. J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 41:429-40. [PMID: 25972373 PMCID: PMC4829736 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the United States, Hispanic adolescents are at elevated risk for negative outcomes related to risky sexual behavior. To evaluate potential protective factors for this group, we examined the fit of the Hispanic Paradox for sexual behavior among high-risk youth and the moderating role of parent monitoring. METHOD We enrolled 323 justice-involved Hispanic youth (73% male; mean age 16 years), and measured generational status, parent monitoring (monitoring location, who children spend time with outside of school, family dinner frequency), and sexual risk behavior. RESULTS There were no main effects for generational status on sexual behavior. Parent monitoring of location moderated the relationship between generational status and sexual behavior, such that greater monitoring of location was associated with less risky sexual behavior, but only for youth second generation and above. CONCLUSIONS Rather than direct evidence supporting the Hispanic Paradox, we found a more nuanced relationship for generational status in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado,
| | - Tiffany Callahan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and
| | - Sarah J Schmiege
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and
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Welty LJ, Harrison AJ, Abram KM, Olson ND, Aaby DA, McCoy KP, Washburn JJ, Teplin LA. Health Disparities in Drug- and Alcohol-Use Disorders: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study of Youths After Detention. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:872-80. [PMID: 26985602 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.303032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine sex and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of 9 substance-use disorders (SUDs)--alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogen or PCP, opiate, amphetamine, inhalant, sedative, and unspecified drug--in youths during the 12 years after detention. METHODS We used data from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1829 youths randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois, starting in 1995 and reinterviewed up to 9 times in the community or correctional facilities through 2011. Independent interviewers assessed SUDs with Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children 2.3 (baseline) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule version IV (follow-ups). RESULTS By median age 28 years, 91.3% of males and 78.5% of females had ever had an SUD. At most follow-ups, males had greater odds of alcohol- and marijuana-use disorders. Drug-use disorders were most prevalent among non-Hispanic Whites, followed by Hispanics, then African Americans (e.g., compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic Whites had 32.1 times the odds of cocaine-use disorder [95% confidence interval = 13.8, 74.7]). CONCLUSIONS After detention, SUDs differed markedly by sex, race/ethnicity, and substance abused, and, contrary to stereotypes, did not disproportionately affect African Americans. Services to treat substance abuse--during incarceration and after release--would reach many people in need, and address health disparities in a highly vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Welty
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
| | - Anna J Harrison
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
| | - Karen M Abram
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
| | - Nichole D Olson
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
| | - David A Aaby
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
| | - Kathleen P McCoy
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
| | - Jason J Washburn
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Linda A. Teplin, Anna J. Harrison, Karen M. Abram, Nichole D. Olson, David A. Aaby, and Kathleen P. McCoy are with Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. Leah J. Welty is with Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Disparities and Public Policy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Jason J. Washburn is with Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alexian Brothers Behavioral Health Hospital, Hoffman Estates, IL
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Semel RA. Incorporating the Jesness Inventory-Revised (JI-R) in a Best-Practice Model of Juvenile Delinquency Assessments. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15228932.2016.1119516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
There is a large proportion of minority youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) occurs when the proportion of any ethnic group is higher at any given stage in the juvenile justice process than the proportion of this group in the general population. There are several theories explaining the presence and persistence of DMC. This article reviews the history of DMC and the theories and implications of this problem. It discusses several targets for interventions designed to reduce DMC and offer resources in this area.
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Jozefiak T, Kayed NS, Rimehaug T, Wormdal AK, Brubakk AM, Wichstrøm L. Prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders among adolescents living in residential youth care. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:33-47. [PMID: 25749933 PMCID: PMC4698296 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most adolescents are placed in residential youth care (RYC) because of severe psychosocial strains and child maltreatment, which represent risk factors for developing mental disorders. To plan RYC units and ensure that residents receive evidence-based psychiatric interventions, it is necessary to obtain reliable and valid prevalence estimates of mental disorders in this population. However, there is a lacuna of research on diagnoses derived from standardized clinical interviews. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders applying diagnostic interviews in an entire population of adolescents living in RYC in Norway. All young people in RYC were invited to participate in the study. Eighty-six RYC institutions with 601 eligible adolescents were included and 400 adolescents, 12-20 years old, participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 67 %. Anonymous Child Behaviour Checklist scores for 141 (70 %) of the declining residents were also available, allowing diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) for 541 youths to be estimated. Diagnoses were assessed by trained interviewers with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment interview (CAPA). Seventy-six point two per cent (71.5-80.8 CI 95 %) of adolescents received at least one 3-month DSM-IV diagnosis. Prevalence rates for internalizing psychiatric disorders were higher than for behavioural disorders. Comorbidity was high between these two groups. Mental disorders were prevalent among children and youth in RYC. Our results create major concerns and challenge the existing organization of the RYC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jozefiak
- Faculty of Medicine, Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Medical Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postbox 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nanna Sønnichsen Kayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Medical Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postbox 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tormod Rimehaug
- Faculty of Medicine, Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Medical Technical Research Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Postbox 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Kristine Wormdal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann Mari Brubakk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Elkington KS, Belmonte K, Latack JA, Mellins CA, Wasserman GA, Donenberg GR, Hirsch JS. An Exploration of Family and Juvenile Justice Systems to Reduce Youth HIV/STI Risk. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2015; 25:700-716. [PMID: 26539022 PMCID: PMC4628815 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Using in-depth interviews with 20 probation youth (60% female; 35% white; 30% Hispanic; mean age 15years, range=13-17), their caregivers (100% female; mean age 44years, range=34-71) and 12 female probation officers (100% white; mean age 46years, range=34-57), we explored how family and probation systems exacerbate or mitigate sexual risk. We conducted thematic analyses of interviews, comparing narratives of families of sexually risky (n=9) versus non-sexually risky (n=11) youth. Family functioning differed by youth sexual risk behavior around quality of relationships, communication, and limit-setting and monitoring. The involvement of families of sexually risky youth in probation positively influenced family functioning. Data suggest these families are amenable to intervention and may benefit from family-based HIV/STI interventions delivered in tandem with probation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Elkington
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, #15, New York, NY 10032. Tel: 212-568-4208. Fax: 212-568-6003
| | - K. Belmonte
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - J. A. Latack
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY
| | - C. A. Mellins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and NYSPI, New York, NY
| | - G. A. Wasserman
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and NYSPI, NY
| | - G. R. Donenberg
- College of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - J. S. Hirsch
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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