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Hilz EN, Schnurer C, Bhamidipati S, Deka J, Thompson LM, Gore AC. Cognitive effects of early life exposure to PCBs: Sex-specific behavioral, hormonal and neuromolecular mechanisms involving the brain dopamine system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.13.612971. [PMID: 39314290 PMCID: PMC11419158 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.13.612971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental toxicants that disrupt hormonal and neurodevelopmental processes. Among these chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are particularly concerning due to their resistance to biodegradation and tendency to bioaccumulate. PCBs affect neurodevelopmental function and disrupt the brain's dopamine (DA) system, which is crucial for attentional, affective, and reward processing. These disruptions may contribute to the rising prevalence of DA-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, depression, and substance use disorders. Notably, these behaviors are sexually dimorphic, in part due to differences in sex hormones and their receptors, which are targets of estrogenic PCBs. Therefore, this study determined effects of early life PCB exposure on behaviors and neurochemistry related to potential disruption of dopaminergic signaling. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to PCBs or vehicle perinatally and then underwent a series of behavioral tests, including the sucrose preference test to measure affect, conditioned orienting to assess incentive-motivational phenotype, and attentional set-shifting to evaluate cognitive flexibility and response latency. Following these tests, rats were euthanized, and we measured serum estradiol (E2), midbrain DA cells, and gene expression in the midbrain. Female rats exposed perinatally to A1221 exhibited decreased sucrose preference, and both male and female A1221 rats had reduced response latency in the attentional set-shifting task compared to vehicle counterparts. Conditioned orienting, serum estradiol (E2), and midbrain DA cell numbers were not affected in either sex; however, A1221-exposed male rats displayed higher expression of estrogen receptor alpha ( Esr1 ) in the midbrain and non-significant effects on other DA-signaling genes. Additionally, E2 uniquely predicted behavioral outcomes and DAergic cell numbers in A1221-exposed female rats, whereas DA signaling genes were predictive of behavioral outcomes in males. These data highlight sex-specific effects of A1221 on neuromolecular and behavioral phenotypes.
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Jostrup E, Nyström M, Tallberg P, Söderlund G, Gustafsson P, Claesdotter-Knutsson E. Effects of Auditory and Visual White Noise on Oculomotor Inhibition in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Protocol for a Crossover Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e56388. [PMID: 39146010 PMCID: PMC11362705 DOI: 10.2196/56388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), poor inhibitory control is one of the main characteristics, with oculomotor inhibition impairments being considered a potential biomarker of the disorder. While auditory white noise has demonstrated the ability to enhance working memory in this group, visual white noise is still unexplored and so are the effects of both types of white noise stimulation on oculomotor inhibition. OBJECTIVE This crossover study aims to explore the impact of auditory and visual white noise on oculomotor inhibition in children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) children. The study will investigate the impact of different noise levels (25% and 50% visual, 78 dB auditory), and performance will be evaluated both with and without noise stimulation. We hypothesize that exposure to white noise will improve performance in children with ADHD and impair the performance for TD children. METHODS Memory-guided saccades and prolonged fixations, known for their sensitivity in detecting oculomotor disinhibition in ADHD, will be used to assess performance. Children diagnosed with ADHD, withdrawing from medication for 24 hours, and TD children without psychiatric disorders were recruited for the study. RESULTS Data collection was initiated in October 2023 and ended in February 2024. A total of 97 participants were enrolled, and the first results are expected between September and November 2024. CONCLUSIONS This study will examine whether cross-modal sensory stimulation can enhance executive function, specifically eye movement control, in children with ADHD. In addition, the study will explore potential differences between auditory and visual noise effects in both groups. Our goal is to identify implications for understanding how noise can be used to improve cognitive performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06057441; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06057441. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/56388.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Jostrup
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Nyström
- Lund University Humanities Lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pia Tallberg
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Outpatient Department, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Outpatient Department, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
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Khazdouz M, Safarzadeh R, Hejrani B, Hasani M, Mahdavi FS, Ejtahed HS, Qorbani M. The association between junk foods consumption and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02521-8. [PMID: 39037467 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The adverse effects of junk foods on the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were reported in several studies. In this meta-analysis, the association between junk food consumption and the risk of ADHD was investigated in children and adolescents. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted to find all relevant literature via four databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar, up to September 2022. Two independent authors screened all documents based on inclusion criteria. The overall effect sizes and related 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled with the random effect approach. Subgroup analysis was done to measure potential sources of heterogeneity between studies. The quality of the included studies was evaluated with The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). Nine observational studies with 58,296 children /adolescents were eligible to be include in the meta-analysis. According to the random effect model, there was a positive relation between the consumption of junk foods and ADHD symptoms (odds ratio (OR): 1.24, 95%CI 1.15-1.34, P < 0.001, I2: 37.4%, P = 0.085). A similar significant positive association was shown in the subgroups analysis by different junk foods (sweetened beverages/soft drinks, sweets/candies, and other types of junk foods). This meta-analysis finding demonstrated that consuming junk foods, especially sweetened beverages/soft drinks, and sweets/candies is associated with ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khazdouz
- Ali Asghar Children's Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Safarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Hejrani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Hasani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mahdavi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Rajaei Educational and Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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González-Martínez Á, Muñiz de Miguel S, Diéguez FJ. New Advances in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-like Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2067. [PMID: 39061529 PMCID: PMC11273832 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Similar to humans, dogs could suffer an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-like syndrome (ADHD-like). In fact, several studies highlight the use of dogs as a model for studying ADHD. This condition entails behavioral problems expressed through impulsivity, attention issues, hyperactivity, and/or aggression, compromising the quality of life for both the caregiver and the dog. The pathophysiology of ADHD-like is complex and is associated with dysregulation of various neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. The expression of ADHD-like behavior in dogs would appear to depend on a classical gene-environment interaction as is the case with many neurological disorders in humans. In addition to the described symptomatology, ADHD-like dogs can exhibit strong comorbidities with compulsive behaviors, aggressiveness, inappropriate elimination and fearfulness, in addition to epilepsy, foreign body ingestion, and pruritus. In spite of the fact that there is no veterinary consensus about the diagnosis of ADHD-like, some validated questionnaires could be helpful, but these cannot be used as a unique diagnostic tool. The use of drugs, such as fluoxetine, in addition to an adequate environmental enrichment, relaxation protocols, and behavior modification can achieve an adequate quality of life for both the dog and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Muñiz de Miguel
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences Departament, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.M.d.M.); (F.J.D.)
| | - Francisco Javier Diéguez
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences Departament, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (S.M.d.M.); (F.J.D.)
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Simkute D, Dores AR, Barbosa F, Griskova-Bulanova I. Problematic Gaming and Gambling: A Systematic Review of Task-Specific EEG Protocols. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10332-4. [PMID: 39002089 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Even though gaming and gambling bear similar problematic behavioral aspects, there are no recognizable neurophysiological biomarkers or features characterizing and/or distinguishing these conditions. A systematic review of the literature with a focus on methods was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (Web of Science Core Collection), EBSCOhost Research Databases (APA PsycINFO; APA PsycArticles; OpenDissertations; ERIC) databases. Following search terms were used to search the databases: ERP, "event related potential*", EP, "evoked potential*", SS, "steady state", EEG, electroencephal*; gam*. Data about the participants (total number, gender, age), main aim of the study and information about the experimental setup (experimental task description, stimuli used, ERPs measured (latency windows and placement of the electrodes), process evaluated) was extracted. A total of 24 studies were revised (problematic gaming - 16, pathological gambling - 8). The experimental protocols could be grouped into 3 main target domains (Cue-reactivity, General Information processing and Reward Processes & Risk Assessment). Sample-related limitations (small sample sizes, gender differences, differences between the groups regarding potential confounding variables) and heterogeneity regarding the experimental tasks, implementation and interpretation reviewed. Gambling-related research is highly focused on the investigation of the reward-related processes, whereas gaming-related research is mostly focused on the altered aspects of more general information processing. A vast heterogeneity regarding the ERP experimental paradigms being used and lack of clear guidelines and standardized procedures prevents identification of measures capable to reliably discriminate or characterize the population susceptible to addictive behavior or being able to diagnose and monitor these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Simkute
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Artemisa R Dores
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Politécnico Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inga Griskova-Bulanova
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Wu F, Zhang W, Ji W, Zhang Y, Jiang F, Li G, Hu Y, Wei X, Wang H, Wang SYA, Manza P, Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Gao X, Wang GJ, Zhang Y. Stimulant medications in children with ADHD normalize the structure of brain regions associated with attention and reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1330-1340. [PMID: 38409281 PMCID: PMC11224385 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Children with ADHD show abnormal brain function and structure. Neuroimaging studies found that stimulant medications may improve brain structural abnormalities in children with ADHD. However, prior studies on this topic were conducted with relatively small sample sizes and wide age ranges and showed inconsistent results. In this cross-sectional study, we employed latent class analysis and linear mixed-effects models to estimate the impact of stimulant medications using demographic, clinical measures, and brain structure in a large and diverse sample of children aged 9-11 from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. We studied 273 children with low ADHD symptoms and received stimulant medication (Stim Low-ADHD), 1002 children with high ADHD symptoms and received no medications (No-Med ADHD), and 5378 typically developing controls (TDC). After controlling for the covariates, compared to Stim Low-ADHD and TDC, No-Med ADHD showed lower cortical thickness in the right insula (INS, d = 0.340, PFDR = 0.003) and subcortical volume in the left nucleus accumbens (NAc, d = 0.371, PFDR = 0.003), indicating that high ADHD symptoms were associated with structural abnormalities in these brain regions. In addition, there was no difference in brain structural measures between Stim Low-ADHD and TDC children, suggesting that the stimulant effects improved both ADHD symptoms and ADHD-associated brain structural abnormalities. These findings together suggested that children with ADHD appear to have structural abnormalities in brain regions associated with saliency and reward processing, and treatment with stimulant medications not only improve the ADHD symptoms but also normalized these brain structural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Weibin Ji
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Fukun Jiang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Guanya Li
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- Kindergarten affiliated to Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- College of Westa, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Szu-Yung Ariel Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xinbo Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Image Cognition, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment & Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China.
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7
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Yang SW, Lee KS, Heo JS, Choi ES, Kim K, Lee S, Ahn KH. Machine learning analysis with population data for prepregnancy and perinatal risk factors for the neurodevelopmental delay of offspring. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13993. [PMID: 38886474 PMCID: PMC11183197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in offspring are associated with a complex combination of pre-and postnatal factors. This study uses machine learning and population data to evaluate the association between prepregnancy or perinatal risk factors and the NDD of offspring. Population-based retrospective cohort data were obtained from Korea National Health Insurance Service claims data for 209,424 singleton offspring and their mothers who gave birth for the first time in 2007. The dependent variables were motor development disorder (MDD), cognitive development disorder (CDD) and combined overall neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) from offspring. Seventeen independent variables from 2002 to 2007 were included. Random forest variable importance and Shapley Additive Explanation (SHAP) values were calculated to analyze the directions of its associations with the predictors. The random forest with oversampling registered much higher areas under the receiver-operating-characteristic curves than the logistic regression of interaction and non-linearity terms, 79% versus 50% (MDD), 82% versus 52% (CDD) and 74% versus 50% (NDD). Based on random forest variable importance, low socioeconomic status and age at birth were highly ranked. In SHAP values, there was a positive association between NDD and pre- or perinatal outcomes, especially, fetal male sex with growth restriction associated the development of NDD in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Yang
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Kwang-Sig Lee
- AI Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Sun Heo
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Saem Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Sohee Lee
- Department of Statistics, Korea University College of Political Science and Economics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Mayer FP, Stewart A, Varman DR, Moritz AE, Foster JD, Owens AW, Areal LB, Gowrishankar R, Velez M, Wickham K, Phelps H, Katamish R, Rabil M, Jayanthi LD, Vaughan RA, Daws LC, Blakely RD, Ramamoorthy S. Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonism Restores Phosphorylation, Trafficking and Behavior induced by a Disease Associated Dopamine Transporter Variant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.03.539310. [PMID: 37205452 PMCID: PMC10187322 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.03.539310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant dopamine (DA) signaling is implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), substance use disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Treatment of these disorders remains inadequate, as exemplified by the therapeutic use of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate for the treatment of ADHD, agents with high abuse liability. In search for an improved and non-addictive therapeutic approach for the treatment of DA-linked disorders, we utilized a preclinical mouse model expressing the human DA transporter (DAT) coding variant DAT Val559, previously identified in individuals with ADHD, ASD, or BPD. DAT Val559, like several other disease-associated variants of DAT, exhibits anomalous DA efflux (ADE) that can be blocked by d-amphetamine and methylphenidate. Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) are expressed by DA neurons and modulate DA release and clearance, suggesting that targeting KORs might also provide an alternative approach to normalizing DA-signaling disrupted by perturbed DAT function. Here we demonstrate that KOR stimulation leads to enhanced surface trafficking and phosphorylation of Thr53 in wildtype DAT, effects achieved constitutively by the Val559 mutant. Moreover, these effects can be rescued by KOR antagonism of DAT Val559 in ex vivo preparations. Importantly, KOR antagonism also corrected in vivo DA release as well as sex-dependent behavioral abnormalities observed in DAT Val559 mice. Given their low abuse liability, our studies with a construct valid model of human DA associated disorders reinforce considerations of KOR antagonism as a pharmacological strategy to treat DA associated brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix P. Mayer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Durairaj Ragu Varman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amy E. Moritz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - James D. Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Anthony W. Owens
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lorena B. Areal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Velez
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kyria Wickham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Hannah Phelps
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Rania Katamish
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Maximilian Rabil
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lankupalle D. Jayanthi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Roxanne A. Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Lynette C. Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Sammanda Ramamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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9
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Zhang F, Li Y, Liu L, Liu Y, Wang P, Biswal BB. Corticostriatal causality analysis in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024; 78:291-299. [PMID: 38444215 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM The effective connectivity between the striatum and cerebral cortex has not been fully investigated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our objective was to explore the interaction effects between diagnosis and age on disrupted corticostriatal effective connectivity and to represent the modulation function of altered connectivity pathways in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS We performed Granger causality analysis on 300 participants from a publicly available Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-200 dataset. By computing the correlation coefficients between causal connections between striatal subregions and other cortical regions, we estimated the striatal inflow and outflow connection to represent intermodulation mechanisms in corticostriatal pathways. RESULTS Interactions between diagnosis and age were detected in the superior occipital gyrus within the visual network, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule within the default mode network, which is positively correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity severity in ADHD. Main effect of diagnosis exhibited a general higher cortico-striatal causal connectivity involving default mode network, frontoparietal network and somatomotor network in ADHD compared with comparisons. Results from high-order effective connectivity exhibited a disrupted information pathway involving the default mode-striatum-somatomotor-striatum-frontoparietal networks in ADHD. CONCLUSION The interactions detected in the visual-striatum-default mode networks pathway appears to be related to the potential distraction caused by long-term abnormal information input from the retina in ADHD. Higher causal connectivity and weakened intermodulation may indicate the pathophysiological process that distractions lead to the impairment of motion planning function and the inhibition/control of this unplanned motion signals in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilu Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Liu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yefen Liu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bharat B Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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10
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Puzzo C, Festucci F, Curcio G, Gigantesco A, Adriani W. Exploring transgenerational inheritance in epigenotypes of DAT heterozygous rats: Circadian anomalies and attentional vulnerability. Behav Brain Res 2024; 464:114921. [PMID: 38408522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is mainly involved in locomotor activity, reward processes and maternal behaviors. Rats with KO gene for dopamine transporter (DAT), coding for a truncated DAT protein, are in hyperdopaminergic conditions and thus develop stereotyped behaviors and hyperactivity. Our aim was to test the prior transgenerational modulation of wild and truncated alleles as expressed in heterozygous DAT rats: specifically, we addressed the possible sequelae due to genotype and gender of the ancestors, with regard to behavioral differences in F1, F2, F3 rats. We studied non-classical DAT heterozygotes (HETs) based on two specular lines, with putative grand-maternal vs. grand-paternal imprinting. MAT females (F1; offspring of KO male and WT female) mated with a KO male to generate MIX offspring (F2). Specularly, PAT females (F1; offspring of KO female and WT male) mated with a KO male to generate PIX offspring (F2). Similarly to PAT, we obtained MUX (F2; HET offspring of MAT sire and KO dam); we also observed the F3 (MYX: HET offspring of KO male and MUX female, thus with DAT-KO maternal grandmother like also for PIX). We studied their circadian cycle of locomotor activity and their behavior in the elevated-plus-maze (EPM). Locomotor hyper-activity occurs in F1, the opposite occurs in F2, with MYX rats appearing undistinguishable from WT ones. Open-arm preference emerged in PIX and MIX rats. Only MAT and MYX rats showed a significant vulnerability for ADHD-like inattentive symptoms (duration of rearing in the EPM; Viggiano et al., 2002). A risk-taking profile is evident in the F2 phenotype, while inattentiveness from F1 progeny tends to be transferred to F3. We hypothesize that DAT-related phenotypes result from effective inheritance through pedigree of imprints that are dependent on grandparents, suggesting a protective role for gestation within a hyperdopaminergic uterus. For major features, similar odd (F1, F3) generations appear opposed to even (F2) ones; for minor specific features, the phenotype transfer may affect the progenies with a male but not a female DAT-KO ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetto Puzzo
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale Uninettuno, Rome, Italy; Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Festucci
- Dept. of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Dept. of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Antonella Gigantesco
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale Uninettuno, Rome, Italy; Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Atsoniou K, Giannopoulou E, Georganta EM, Skoulakis EMC. Drosophila Contributions towards Understanding Neurofibromatosis 1. Cells 2024; 13:721. [PMID: 38667335 PMCID: PMC11048932 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a multisymptomatic disorder with highly variable presentations, which include short stature, susceptibility to formation of the characteristic benign tumors known as neurofibromas, intense freckling and skin discoloration, and cognitive deficits, which characterize most children with the condition. Attention deficits and Autism Spectrum manifestations augment the compromised learning presented by most patients, leading to behavioral problems and school failure, while fragmented sleep contributes to chronic fatigue and poor quality of life. Neurofibromin (Nf1) is present ubiquitously during human development and postnatally in most neuronal, oligodendrocyte, and Schwann cells. Evidence largely from animal models including Drosophila suggests that the symptomatic variability may reflect distinct cell-type-specific functions of the protein, which emerge upon its loss, or mutations affecting the different functional domains of the protein. This review summarizes the contributions of Drosophila in modeling multiple NF1 manifestations, addressing hypotheses regarding the cell-type-specific functions of the protein and exploring the molecular pathways affected upon loss of the highly conserved fly homolog dNf1. Collectively, work in this model not only has efficiently and expediently modelled multiple aspects of the condition and increased understanding of its behavioral manifestations, but also has led to pharmaceutical strategies towards their amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Atsoniou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Giannopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Eirini-Maria Georganta
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
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12
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Chaves T, Török B, Fazekas CL, Correia P, Sipos E, Várkonyi D, Tóth ZE, Dóra F, Dobolyi Á, Zelena D. The Dopaminergic Cells in the Median Raphe Region Regulate Social Behavior in Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4315. [PMID: 38673899 PMCID: PMC11050709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
According to previous studies, the median raphe region (MRR) is known to contribute significantly to social behavior. Besides serotonin, there have also been reports of a small population of dopaminergic neurons in this region. Dopamine is linked to reward and locomotion, but very little is known about its role in the MRR. To address that, we first confirmed the presence of dopaminergic cells in the MRR of mice (immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR), and then also in humans (RT-PCR) using healthy donor samples to prove translational relevance. Next, we used chemogenetic technology in mice containing the Cre enzyme under the promoter of the dopamine transporter. With the help of an adeno-associated virus, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were expressed in the dopaminergic cells of the MRR to manipulate their activity. Four weeks later, we performed an extensive behavioral characterization 30 min after the injection of the artificial ligand (Clozapine-N-Oxide). Stimulation of the dopaminergic cells in the MRR decreased social interest without influencing aggression and with an increase in social discrimination. Additionally, inhibition of the same cells increased the friendly social behavior during social interaction test. No behavioral changes were detected in anxiety, memory or locomotion. All in all, dopaminergic cells were present in both the mouse and human samples from the MRR, and the manipulation of the dopaminergic neurons in the MRR elicited a specific social response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Chaves
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pedro Correia
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Sipos
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Dorottya Várkonyi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna E. Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and in Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Fanni Dóra
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, H1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
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13
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Shastri GG, Sudre G, Ahn K, Jung B, Kolachana B, Auluck PK, Elnitski L, Marenco S, Shaw P. Cortico-striatal differences in the epigenome in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:189. [PMID: 38605038 PMCID: PMC11009227 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While epigenetic modifications have been implicated in ADHD through studies of peripheral tissue, to date there has been no examination of the epigenome of the brain in the disorder. To address this gap, we mapped the methylome of the caudate nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex in post-mortem tissue from fifty-eight individuals with or without ADHD. While no single probe showed adjusted significance in differential methylation, several differentially methylated regions emerged. These regions implicated genes involved in developmental processes including neurogenesis and the differentiation of oligodendrocytes and glial cells. We demonstrate a significant association between differentially methylated genes in the caudate and genes implicated by GWAS not only in ADHD but also in autistic spectrum, obsessive compulsive and bipolar affective disorders through GWAS. Using transcriptomic data available on the same subjects, we found modest correlations between the methylation and expression of genes. In conclusion, this study of the cortico-striatal methylome points to gene and gene pathways involved in neurodevelopment, consistent with studies of common and rare genetic variation, as well as the post-mortem transcriptome in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri G Shastri
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kwangmi Ahn
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Jung
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pavan K Auluck
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laura Elnitski
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Philip Shaw
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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14
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Itagaki S, Ohnishi T, Toda W, Sato A, Matsumoto J, Ito H, Ishii S, Yamakuni R, Miura I, Yabe H. Reduced dopamine transporter availability in drug-naive adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2024; 3:e177. [PMID: 38868484 PMCID: PMC11114433 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to clarify the abnormalities in dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in drug-naive adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the relationship between ADHD symptoms and abnormalities in DAT availability. Methods Single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) was performed using iodine-123-β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyltropane) (I-123 β CIT) as a tracer to measure in vivo DAT availability in 20 drug-naive patients with ADHD [mean age ± standard deviation (SD)]: 25 ± 3.44 years; male:female = 11:9] and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) (mean age ± SD: 23.9 ± 2.27 years). Comparisons of DAT availability between HCs and adult patients with ADHD and the association between symptom severity and DAT availability within the ADHD group were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping 12. Results Drug-naive adults with ADHD showed significantly reduced DAT availability in the bilateral nucleus accumbens compared with HCs. Correlation analyses revealed a negative correlation between the severity of inattentive symptoms in adult patients with ADHD and DAT availability in the bilateral heads of the caudate nucleus, indicating the association between severe inattentive symptoms and lower DAT availability in the caudate nucleus. Conclusion In drug-naive adult patients with ADHD, DAT availability was reduced in the nucleus accumbens, an important part of the reward system. This finding indicates the importance of the DAT in the reward system in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Inattentiveness was associated with DAT availability in the caudate nucleus, suggesting involvement of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Itagaki
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Takashi Ohnishi
- Medical Affairs DivisionJanssen Pharmaceutical K.KTokyoJapan
| | - Wataru Toda
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Aya Sato
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Junya Matsumoto
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental HealthNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Shiro Ishii
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Ryo Yamakuni
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Itaru Miura
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
- Department of Mind & Brain MedicineFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
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15
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Custodio RJP, Hengstler JG, Cheong JH, Kim HJ, Wascher E, Getzmann S. Adult ADHD: it is old and new at the same time - what is it? Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:225-241. [PMID: 37813870 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though the number of studies aiming to improve comprehension of ADHD pathology has increased in recent years, there still is an urgent need for more effective studies, particularly in understanding adult ADHD, both at preclinical and clinical levels, due to the increasing evidence that adult ADHD is highly distinct and a different entity from childhood ADHD. This review paper outlines the symptoms, diagnostics, and neurobiological mechanisms of ADHD, with emphasis on how adult ADHD could be different from childhood-onset. Data show a difference in the environmental, genetic, epigenetic, and brain structural changes, when combined, could greatly impact the behavioral presentations and the severity of ADHD in adults. Furthermore, a crucial aspect in the quest to fully understand this disorder could be through longitudinal analysis. In this way, we will determine if and how the pathology and pharmacology of ADHD change with age. This goal could revolutionize our understanding of the disorder and address the weaknesses in the current clinical classification systems, improving the characterization and validity of ADHD diagnosis, specifically those in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, South Korea
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Experimental Ergonomics, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
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16
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Cameron C. Medicalization of Neurodivergence and the Embodied Experience of ADHD. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-4. [PMID: 38326299 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2311471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Medicalization shapes, and in some cases legitimizes, individuals' embodied experiences even as it molds the landscape of healthcare and treatment. In this essay I provide a layered account that moves between my experiences as a neurodivergent person and academic theorizing to explore how processes of medicalization inform public discourses and personal sensemaking. In the case of ADHD, medicalization has contributed to societal narratives that focus on symptoms of hyperactivity rather than the etiology of dopamine dysregulation. Such narratives fail to fully account for the lived experience of ADHD and inadvertently stigmatize neurodivergent individuals. I urge scholars and practitioners to direct more attention to the communicative dimensions of medicalization including both the rhetorical nature of the diagnostic process and how diagnoses, in turn, are rhetorically framed with varying consequences.
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17
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Chen FR, French K. PEP reward reactivity moderates the effects of RSA reactivity on antisocial behavior and substance use. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14445. [PMID: 37728176 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Integrating Polyvagal Theory and Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), we examined pre-ejection period (PEP) reward reactivity, which was suggested to index trait impulsivity, as a moderator between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity and antisocial behavior (ASB), and substance use in an urban male, adult sample. To understand the inconsistent findings between RSA reactivity and externalizing problems, we proposed to study both negatively and positively valenced tasks for RSA reactivity and to include PEP reward reactivity as a moderator for the RSA-behavior link. Data were collected from an urban sample of 131 male adults (active offenders, demographic controls, and college students). ICG (impedance cardiography) and ECG (electrocardiogram) were recorded, computing PEP (sympathetic nervous system activity marker) and RSA (parasympathetic nervous system activity marker), while participants completed the modified Trier Social Stress Test and a simple reward task. Reactivity was calculated by subtracting the baseline from the task activity. Consistent with prior studies, more RSA withdrawal to stress and less PEP shortening to reward predicted the most ASB and substance use. Less RSA withdrawal to reward and more PEP shortening to reward predicted the most ASB and substance use. We incorporated autonomic space, RST, and Polyvagal Theory to discuss our findings, and specifically highlight how clarifying what each reactivity captures based on the task demand (e.g., presence of social threat, need for vagal-mediated social affiliative behavior) can illuminate our understanding of the result patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances R Chen
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine French
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Newcorn JH, Ivanov I, Krone B, Li X, Duhoux S, White S, Schulz KP, Bédard ACV, Pedraza J, Adler L, Blair RJ. Neurobiological basis of reinforcement-based decision making in adults with ADHD treated with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: Preliminary findings and implications for mechanisms influencing clinical improvement. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:19-26. [PMID: 38101205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD is often described as a disorder of altered reward sensitivity, yet few studies have examined the extent to which: (i) treatments for ADHD impact reward-related mechanisms; and (ii) changes in the reward system are associated with clinical improvement. This study addresses these issues - examining the extent to which clinical improvement following lisdexamfetamine (LDX) treatment is associated with changes in brain reward system activation. METHODS Twenty adults (M = 11, 55%, F = 9, 45%), ages 19-52 (M = 33.9, SD = 10.0) with ADHD participated in a randomized cross-over study with lisdexamfetamine (LDX) and placebo (PB). Changes in brain activation were assessed during functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) scans: after receiving 3-5 weeks of treatment with LDX and 3-5 weeks of no drug/PB. fMRI contrasts were derived from the passive-avoidance (PA) learning task, which assessed reward-related learning using computational variables. We analyzed the following conditions: the Choice-Phase, modulated by the expected value (EV; i.e., object-choose and object-reject), and the Feedback-Phase, modulated by the prediction error (PE; i.e., reward and punish). Clinical symptom severity was assessed via interview with the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS-IV). To address the primary objective, we performed group-level mass-univariate regression analyses between LDX and PB of percent change of the ADHD-RS total scores and the four contrast images under the Choice- and Feedback-conditions. Significance was set at a whole-brain voxel-wise threshold of p < 0.05 with family-wise error (FWE) correction and an extent (cluster) threshold of 50 contiguous voxels. RESULTS Improvement in ADHD symptoms with LDX was accompanied by significantly increased activation in a series of brain regions previously implicated in reinforcement processing in the choice and feedback conditions (e.g., left caudate and putamen, right orbitofrontal cortex, left middle frontal, superior frontal, and precentral gyri). CONCLUSIONS These findings, while preliminary, are the first to show that ADHD symptom improvement with stimulant treatment is associated with increased responsiveness of brain systems engaged in reward processing. Results support the hypothesis that LDX treatment may restore balance to dysfunction (e.g., hypoactivation) within the brain reward circuitry in adults with ADHD. Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01924429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Newcorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Iliyan Ivanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Beth Krone
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Kurt P Schulz
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anne-Claude V Bédard
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V6, USA
| | - Juan Pedraza
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lenard Adler
- New York University Crossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Robert James Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
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19
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Wilson SK, Thomas J. BH4 as a Therapeutic Target for ADHD: Relevance to Neurotransmitters and Stress-Driven Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:161-167. [PMID: 37942650 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231204012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical cofactor in a variety of metabolic pathways that have been linked to ADHD. There have been no previous studies utilizing BH4 as a supplement for ADHD. BH4 has been approved as a treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU). Individuals with PKU and ADHD appear to have low DA levels in common, suggesting that the hypodopaminergic state seen in both illnesses could be a relationship between the two. Clinical research involving supplementation of BH4 has shown low occurrence of adverse. In experiments, BH4 has also been found to have good blood-brain barrier permeability. BH4 also has the ability in scavenging ROS activity, which is an implication of stress and is seen in ADHD. BH4's significance in ADHD is reviewed in this paper because of its involvement in numerous neurodevelopmental metabolic pathways, and we anticipate that exogenous BH4 can be used to treat ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson K Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala
| | - Jaya Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala
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20
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Panov G, Panova P. Neurobiochemical Disturbances in Psychosis and their Implications for Therapeutic Intervention. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:1784-1798. [PMID: 38265370 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266282773240116073618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Psychosis, marked by the emergence of psychotic symptoms, delves into the intricate dance of neurotransmitter dynamics, prominently featuring dopamine as a key orchestrator. In individuals living with psychotic conditions, the finely tuned balance of dopamine becomes disrupted, setting off a cascade of perceptual distortions and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms. A lot of factors can impact dopamine metabolism, further complicating its effects. From genetic predispositions to environmental stressors and inflammation, the delicate equilibrium is susceptible to various influences. The sensorium, the origin of incoming information, loses its intrinsic valence in this complex interplay. The concept of the "signal-to-noise ratio" encapsulates dopamine's role as a molecular switch in neural networks, influencing the flow of information serving the basic biological functions. This nuanced modulation acts as a cognitive prism, shaping how the world is perceived. However, in psychosis, this balance is disrupted, steering individuals away from a shared reality. Understanding dopamine's centrality requires acknowledging its unique status among neurotransmitters. Unlike strictly excitatory or inhibitory counterparts, dopamine's versatility allows it to toggle between roles and act as a cognitive director in the neural orchestra. Disruptions in dopamine synthesis, exchange, and receptor representation set off a chain reaction, impacting the delivery of biologically crucial information. The essence of psychosis is intricately woven into the delicate biochemical ballet choreographed by dopamine. The disruption of this neurotransmitter not only distorts reality but fundamentally reshapes the cognitive and behavioral field of our experience. Recognizing dopamine's role as a cognitive prism provides vital insights into the multifaceted nature of psychotic conditions, offering avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring this delicate neurotransmitter balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Panov
- Psychiatric Clinic, University Hospital for Active Treatment "Prof. Dr. Stoyan Kirkovich," Trakia University, Stara Zagora, 6000, Bulgaria
- Department "Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychology," Medical Faculty of University "Prof. Dr. Asen Zlatarov," Burgas, 8000, Bulgaria
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21
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Egeland J, Lund O, Kowalik-Gran I, Aarlien AK, Söderlund GBW. Effects of auditory white noise stimulation on sustained attention and response time variability. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1301771. [PMID: 38144987 PMCID: PMC10748431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1301771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction "The moderate brain arousal model" claims that white noise improves attention by optimizing brain arousal. We analyze Conners' Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) performance, expecting to find reduced reaction time variability with noise mediated by decrease under long event-rates and in later parts of the test, indicating that noise reverse fall in phasic and tonic arousal. Methods Sixty-five children with high or lower ADHD-symptoms from a child psychiatric unit, succeeded to complete the CCPT-3 with and without white noise. Results Noise reduced overall variability, improved performance in later parts of the test, and reduced response variability under the longest event rate particularly in the high symptoms group. No overall change in omissions and commissions, but the high symptoms group made fewer omissions during noise compared the low symptom group. Discussion The study indicates an arousal effect of noise but should be replicated with other noise variants and amplitudes to improve effect and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Egeland
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olaf Lund
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Iwona Kowalik-Gran
- Divison of Mental Health & Addiction, Vestold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Göran B. W. Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Szigetvari PD, Patil S, Birkeland E, Kleppe R, Haavik J. The effects of phenylalanine and tyrosine levels on dopamine production in rat PC12 cells. Implications for treatment of phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia type 1 and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105629. [PMID: 37865339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, resulting in phenylalanine accumulation and impaired tyrosine production. In Tyrosinemia type 1 (TYRSN1) mutations affect fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, leading to accumulation of toxic intermediates of tyrosine catabolism. Treatment of TYRSN1 with nitisinone results in extreme tissue levels of tyrosine. Although PKU and TYRSN1 have opposite effects on tyrosine levels, both conditions have been associated with neuro-psychiatric symptoms typically present in ADHD, possibly indicating an impaired dopamine (DA) synthesis. However, concrete in vivo data on the possible molecular basis for disrupted DA production under disease mimicking conditions have been lacking. In pursuit to uncover associated molecular mechanisms, we exposed an established, DA producing cell line (PC12) to different concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in culture media. We measured the effects on viability, proteomic composition, tyrosine, DA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and TH phosphorylation. TH catalyzes the rate-limiting step in DA synthesis. High extracellular levels of phenylalanine depleted cells of intracellular tyrosine and DA. Compared to physiological levels (75 μM), either low (35 μM) or high concentrations of tyrosine (275 or 835 μM) decreased cellular DA, TH protein, and its phosphorylation levels. Using deep proteomic analysis, we identified multiple proteins, biological processes and pathways that were altered, including enzymes and transporters involved in amino acid metabolism. Using this information and published data, we developed a mathematical model to predict how extracellular levels of aromatic amino acids can affect the cellular synthesis of DA via different mechanisms. Together, these data provide new information about the normal regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and how this may be altered in neurometabolic disorders, such as PKU and TYRSN1, with implications for the treatment of cognitive symptoms resulting from comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudarshan Patil
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Even Birkeland
- Department of Genetic Research & Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway; The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune Kleppe
- Norwegian Centre for Maritime- and Diving Medicine, Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009, Bergen, Norway; Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
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23
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Reumann D, Krauditsch C, Novatchkova M, Sozzi E, Wong SN, Zabolocki M, Priouret M, Doleschall B, Ritzau-Reid KI, Piber M, Morassut I, Fieseler C, Fiorenzano A, Stevens MM, Zimmer M, Bardy C, Parmar M, Knoblich JA. In vitro modeling of the human dopaminergic system using spatially arranged ventral midbrain-striatum-cortex assembloids. Nat Methods 2023; 20:2034-2047. [PMID: 38052989 PMCID: PMC10703680 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons project to the striatum as well as the cortex and are involved in movement control and reward-related cognition. In Parkinson's disease, nigrostriatal midbrain dopaminergic neurons degenerate and cause typical Parkinson's disease motor-related impairments, while the dysfunction of mesocorticolimbic midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in addiction and neuropsychiatric disorders. Study of the development and selective neurodegeneration of the human dopaminergic system, however, has been limited due to the lack of an appropriate model and access to human material. Here, we have developed a human in vitro model that recapitulates key aspects of dopaminergic innervation of the striatum and cortex. These spatially arranged ventral midbrain-striatum-cortical organoids (MISCOs) can be used to study dopaminergic neuron maturation, innervation and function with implications for cell therapy and addiction research. We detail protocols for growing ventral midbrain, striatal and cortical organoids and describe how they fuse in a linear manner when placed in custom embedding molds. We report the formation of functional long-range dopaminergic connections to striatal and cortical tissues in MISCOs, and show that injected, ventral midbrain-patterned progenitors can mature and innervate the tissue. Using these assembloids, we examine dopaminergic circuit perturbations and show that chronic cocaine treatment causes long-lasting morphological, functional and transcriptional changes that persist upon drug withdrawal. Thus, our method opens new avenues to investigate human dopaminergic cell transplantation and circuitry reconstruction as well as the effect of drugs on the human dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reumann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Krauditsch
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edoardo Sozzi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sakurako Nagumo Wong
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Zabolocki
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marthe Priouret
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balint Doleschall
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaja I Ritzau-Reid
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marielle Piber
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Morassut
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles Fieseler
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandro Fiorenzano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'Adriano Buzzati Traverso' (IGB), CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Zimmer
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cedric Bardy
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Malin Parmar
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Cascone AD, Calabro F, Foran W, Larsen B, Nugiel T, Parr AC, Tervo-Clemmens B, Luna B, Cohen JR. Brain tissue iron neurophysiology and its relationship with the cognitive effects of dopaminergic modulation in children with and without ADHD. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 63:101274. [PMID: 37453207 PMCID: PMC10372187 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit impairments in response inhibition. These impairments are ameliorated by modulating dopamine (DA) via the administration of rewards or stimulant medication like methylphenidate (MPH). It is currently unclear whether intrinsic DA availability impacts these effects of dopaminergic modulation on response inhibition. Thus, we estimated intrinsic DA availability using magnetic resonance-based assessments of basal ganglia and thalamic tissue iron in 36 medication-naïve children with ADHD and 29 typically developing (TD) children (8-12 y) who underwent fMRI scans and completed standard and rewarded go/no-go tasks. Children with ADHD additionally participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover MPH challenge. Using linear regressions covarying for age and sex, we determined there were no group differences in brain tissue iron. We additionally found that higher putamen tissue iron was associated with worse response inhibition performance in all participants. Crucially, we observed that higher putamen and caudate tissue iron was associated with greater responsivity to MPH, as measured by improved task performance, in participants with ADHD. These results begin to clarify the role of subcortical brain tissue iron, a measure associated with intrinsic DA availability, in the cognitive effects of reward- and MPH-related dopaminergic modulation in children with ADHD and TD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna D Cascone
- Neuroscience Curriculum, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Finnegan Calabro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William Foran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bart Larsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tehila Nugiel
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ashley C Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brenden Tervo-Clemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica R Cohen
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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25
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Perrotte G, Moreira MMG, de Vargas Junior A, Teixeira Filho A, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Effects of Caffeine on Main Symptoms in Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1304. [PMID: 37759905 PMCID: PMC10526204 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically treated with stimulant medications, which may lead to several adverse effects. Recent animal studies have shown that caffeine can improve the symptoms of ADHD. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effect of caffeine on ADHD symptoms in children. (2) Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing caffeine with placebo in children, comparing overall symptoms of ADHD, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (3) Results: We included seven RCTs in the systematic review for qualitative assessment, with 104 patients aged 5 to 15 years. Four of these studies (n = 76) were included in the meta-analysis. After qualitative analysis, four studies indicated no improvement in any of the ADHD symptoms compared with placebo. One study showed improvement in ADHD symptoms based on 1 of 5 scales applied. One study indicated significant improvement in general symptoms, inattention, and hyperactivity. One study indicated improvement in sustained attention but a worsening of impulsivity. In contrast, when using a quantitative analysis of the general symptoms of ADHD, the data showed no significant difference when comparing placebo with caffeine (standardized mean difference -0.12; 95% CI -0.44 to 0.20; p = 0.45; I2 = 0%). (4) Conclusion: overall, the totality of the evidence suggests no significant benefit of caffeine over placebo in the treatment of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Perrotte
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil;
| | | | - Amauri de Vargas Junior
- Department of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba 82590-300, Brazil;
| | - Alvaro Teixeira Filho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, Brazil;
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-903, Brazil
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26
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Kang J, Park M, Oh CM, Kim T. High-fat diet-induced dopaminergic dysregulation induces REM sleep fragmentation and ADHD-like behaviors. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115412. [PMID: 37607442 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) has been associated with reduced wakefulness and various behavioral deficits, including anxiety, depression, and anhedonia. The dopaminergic system, which plays a crucial role in sleep and ADHD, is known to be vulnerable to chronic HFD. However, the association between HFD-induced behavioral and molecular changes remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a HFD on the dopaminergic system and its association with behavioral deficits in male mice. The mice were divided into normal diet and HFD groups and were analyzed for sleep patterns, behavior tests, and transcription levels of dopamine-related genes in the brain. The HFD group showed decreased wakefulness, increased REM sleep with fragmented patterns, decreased time spent in the center zone of the open field test, shorter immobile time in the tail suspension test, impaired visuospatial memory, and reduced sucrose preference. Additionally, the HFD group had decreased mRNA levels of D1R, COMT, and DAT in the nucleus accumbens, which negatively correlated with REM sleep proportion and REM sleep bout count. The results suggest that HFD-induced behavioral deficits were resemblance to ADHD-like behavioral phenotypes and disturbs REM sleep by dysregulating the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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27
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García-Yagüe ÁJ, Cuadrado A. Mechanisms of NURR1 Regulation: Consequences for Its Biological Activity and Involvement in Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12280. [PMID: 37569656 PMCID: PMC10419244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NURR1 (Nuclear receptor-related 1 protein or NR4A2) is a nuclear protein receptor transcription factor with an essential role in the development, regulation, and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons and mediates the response to stressful stimuli during the perinatal period in mammalian brain development. The dysregulation of NURR1 activity may play a role in various diseases, including the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and several other pathologies. NURR1 is regulated by multiple mechanisms, among which phosphorylation by kinases or SUMOylation are the best characterized. Both post-translational modifications can regulate the activity of NURR1, affecting its stability and transcriptional activity. Other non-post-translational regulatory mechanisms include changes in its subcellular distribution or interaction with other protein partners by heterodimerization, also affecting its transcription activity. Here, we summarize the currently known regulatory mechanisms of NURR1 and provide a brief overview of its participation in pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Juan García-Yagüe
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28027 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28027 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Tschudi L, Fischer SKM, Perlov E, Baumgartner MR, Soyka M, Müller TJ, Seifritz E, Mutschler J. Concomitant Drug Use among Opioid-Dependent Patients with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Does Methylphenidate Merit a Trial? Eur Addict Res 2023; 29:305-312. [PMID: 37517394 DOI: 10.1159/000531008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concomitant drug use is common among opioid-dependent patients in maintenance therapy. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common comorbidity among opioid users, is associated with a higher risk of concomitant drug use. Earlier studies showed that methylphenidate (MPH) can reduce cocaine consumption among patients with ADHD. The use of MPH as an agonist-replacement or maintenance therapy in cocaine-dependent patients without ADHD is also common in Switzerland, despite a lack of supporting evidence. The aim of this study was to assess concomitant cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, MPH, and heroin use among patients in opioid maintenance therapy either with or without comorbid ADHD. We expected stimulant consumption to be higher in patients with cocaine dependence and comorbid ADHD and that use of MPH would not lead to a reduction in cocaine consumption in patients without ADHD. We therefore evaluated correlations between use of MPH and cocaine consumption and between MPH consumption and cocaine craving within the two groups. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 94 opioid-dependent patients in maintenance therapy in an outpatient department of the Psychiatric Hospital of Zurich. The patients were divided into two groups based on comorbid ADHD; a group with ADHD (N = 27) and a group without ADHD (N = 67). Drug use was assessed using 3-month hair analysis. RESULTS We did not find significant differences in the number of patients using cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA, or heroin between groups with or without ADHD. With respect to cocaine use, 85.2 percent of patients in the ADHD group and 73.1 percent in the non-ADHD group were users. The non-ADHD group showed a significant positive correlation between the concentration of MPH and cocaine in hair samples (p < 0.05), and a positive correlation between cocaine craving and the concentration of MPH in hair samples (p = 0.065). These two trends were not evident in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION Among patients without ADHD, use of MPH correlates with higher cocaine consumption and craving. Conversely, no significant correlation was found between MPH and cocaine use in patients with ADHD. Our study adds to the evidence that MPH confers negative effects in cocaine users without ADHD and should thus have no place in the treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Tschudi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Karl Maximilian Fischer
- Psychiatric Services Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, Center for Forensic Hair Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Soyka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Barone H, Elgen IB, Bliksrud YT, Vangsøy Hansen E, Skavhellen RR, Furevik MI, Haavik J. Case report: ADHD and prognosis in tyrosinemia type 1. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1213590. [PMID: 37533886 PMCID: PMC10392124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1213590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurometabolic disorders such as tyrosinemia type 1 (TYRSN1) may interfere with brain metabolism and show symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients treated with the enzyme inhibitor nitisinone [2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione, NTBC]. It has been reported that ADHD treatment improves treatment compliance, which is imperative for the long-term prognosis of patients with TYRSN1. In this study, we report the case of a male patient who was diagnosed with TYRSN1 at 3 months of age and was subsequently treated with NTBC, restricted protein intake, and amino acids supplementation. At 7 years of age, he was referred for neuropsychiatric assessment, diagnosed with ADHD, and treated with methylphenidate. The effects of the treatment were monitored via parental interviews, questionnaires covering ADHD symptoms, and a continuous performance test. A reduction in ADHD symptoms, particularly inattentiveness, was observed across all measures. The early identification of ADHD and the treatment of neurometabolic disorders, such as TYRSN1, may be important from a lifetime perspective as this may improve the prognosis of the medical condition as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Barone
- Regional Resource Center for Autism, ADHD and Tourette Syndrome, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Irene Bircow Elgen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Rita Rigmor Skavhellen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magne Ivar Furevik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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30
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Roberts C, Sahakian BJ, Chen S, Sallie SN, Walker C, White SR, Weber J, Skandali N, Robbins TW, Murray GK. Impact and centrality of attention dysregulation on cognition, anxiety, and low mood in adolescents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9106. [PMID: 37277504 PMCID: PMC10241800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional impairments in cognition are frequently thought to be a feature of individuals with depression or anxiety. However, documented impairments are both broad and inconsistent, with little known about when they emerge, whether they are causes or effects of affective symptoms, or whether specific cognitive systems are implicated. Here, we show, in the adolescent ABCD cohort (N = 11,876), that attention dysregulation is a robust factor underlying wide-ranging cognitive task impairments seen in adolescents with moderate to severe anxiety or low mood. We stratified individuals high in DSM-oriented depression or anxiety symptomology, and low in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as vice versa - demonstrating that those high in depression or anxiety dimensions but low in ADHD symptoms not only exhibited normal task performance across several commonly studied cognitive paradigms, but out-performed controls in several domains, as well as in those low in both dimensions. Similarly, we showed that there were no associations between psychopathological dimensions and performance on an extensive cognitive battery after controlling for attention dysregulation. Further, corroborating previous research, the co-occurrence of attention dysregulation was associated with a wide range of other adverse outcomes, psychopathological features, and executive functioning (EF) impairments. To assess how attention dysregulation relates to and generates diverse psychopathology, we performed confirmatory and exploratory network analysis with different analytic approaches using Gaussian Graphical Models and Directed Acyclic Graphs to examine interactions between ADHD, anxiety, low mood, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), social relationships, and cognition. Confirmatory centrality analysis indicated that features of attention dysregulation were indeed central and robustly connected to a wide range of psychopathological traits across different categories, scales, and time points. Exploratory network analysis indicated potentially important bridging traits and socioenvironmental influences in the relationships between ADHD symptoms and mood/anxiety disorders. Trait perfectionism was uniquely associated with both better cognitive performance and broad psychopathological dimensions. This work suggests that attentional dysregulation may moderate the breadth of EF, fluid, and crystalized cognitive task outcomes seen in adolescents with anxiety and low mood, and may be central to disparate pathological features, and thus a target for attenuating wide-ranging negative developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shuquan Chen
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Columbia University Teachers College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Clare Walker
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simon R White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jochen Weber
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolina Skandali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Xie Z, Liang H, Miao M, Wang Z, Chen Y, Yang L, Zhou Y, Cao W, Yuan W. Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Cognitive and Neurobehavioral Development in Children at 6 Years of Age. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37216669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence regarding the effects of prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on neurodevelopment in children is inconclusive. In 449 mother-child pairs from the Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study, we measured the concentrations of 11 PFASs in maternal plasma samples obtained at 12-16 weeks of gestation. We assessed children's neurodevelopment at 6 years of age by the fourth edition of the Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18. We evaluated the association between prenatal exposure to PFASs and children's neurodevelopment and the effect modification of maternal dietary factors during pregnancy and the child's sex. We found that prenatal exposure to multiple PFASs was associated with increased scores for attention problems, and the individual effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was statistically significant. However, no statistically significant association between PFASs and cognitive development was observed. Additionally, we found the effect modification of maternal nut intake and child's sex. In conclusion, this study suggests that prenatal exposure to PFASs was associated with more attention problems, and maternal nut intake during pregnancy may alter the potential effect of PFASs. However, these findings were exploratory because of multiple testing and the relatively small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hong Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Maohua Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yao Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Dioxin, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wencheng Cao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Dioxin, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
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Gallen CL, Schachtner JN, Anguera-Singla R, Anguera JA, Gazzaley A. Influence of game features on attention in adults. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1123306. [PMID: 37228349 PMCID: PMC10203248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incorporation of game features into cognitive tasks can inform us about the influence of reward and motivation on attention. Continuous performance tasks (CPTs), designed to assess attention abilities, are examples of cognitive tasks that have been targeted for the addition of game features. However, previous results have been mixed regarding how game elements affect attention abilities and task performance. Methods Here, we studied if there were factors that predict which individuals exhibit changes in attention from game features added to a CPT. Participants (N = 94, aged 21-71) played a traditional CPT and a game CPT with identical mechanics, but featured engaging game elements (aesthetics, storyline, competition, feedback, and reward). Results We first found corroborating evidence that game features have mixed effects on attention performance: most attention metrics of interest exhibited no overall difference between the traditional and game CPT, while game elements reduced performance for a few metrics. Importantly, we also found that specific behavioral and demographic profiles predicted individual differences in performance on the game CPT compared to the traditional CPT. Those with more attention difficulties (ADHD symptoms), more reward responsiveness, and younger adults performed better on the game CPT while, conversely, those with fewer ADHD symptoms, less reward responsiveness, and older adults performed better on the traditional CPT. Discussion These findings provide insights into how game features can influence attention in different individuals and have important implications for the use of game elements in cognitive tasks and training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Gallen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica N. Schachtner
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Roger Anguera-Singla
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joaquin A. Anguera
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Neuroscape Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Sanches ES, Boia R, Leitão RA, Madeira MH, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, Ambrósio AF, Fernandes R, Silva AP. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Animal Model Presents Retinal Alterations and Methylphenidate Has a Differential Effect in ADHD versus Control Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040937. [PMID: 37107312 PMCID: PMC10135983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders. Interestingly, children with ADHD seem to experience more ophthalmologic abnormalities, and the impact of methylphenidate (MPH) use on retinal physiology remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to unravel the retina's structural, functional, and cellular alterations and the impact of MPH in ADHD versus the control conditions. For that, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were used as animal models of ADHD and the controls, respectively. Animals were divided into four experimental groups as follows: WKY vehicle (Veh; tap water), WKY MPH (1.5 mg/kg/day), SHR Veh, SHR MPH. Individual administration was performed by gavage between P28-P55. Retinal physiology and structure were evaluated at P56 followed by tissue collection and analysis. The ADHD animal model presents the retinal structural, functional, and neuronal deficits, as well as the microglial reactivity, astrogliosis, blood-retinal barrier (BRB) hyperpermeability and a pro-inflammatory status. In this model, MPH had a beneficial effect on reducing microgliosis, BRB dysfunction, and inflammatory response, but did not correct the neuronal and functional alterations in the retina. Curiously, in the control animals, MPH showed an opposite effect since it impaired the retinal function, neuronal cells, and BRB integrity, and also promoted both microglia reactivity and upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. This study unveils the retinal alterations in ADHD and the opposite effects induced by MPH in the retina of ADHD and the control animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane S Sanches
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Leitão
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria H Madeira
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Fontes-Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Becker SP, Bölte S, Castellanos FX, Franke B, Newcorn JH, Nigg JT, Rohde LA, Simonoff E. Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science - from characterization to cause. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:506-532. [PMID: 36220605 PMCID: PMC10023337 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The science of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is motivated by a translational goal - the discovery and exploitation of knowledge about the nature of ADHD to the benefit of those individuals whose lives it affects. Over the past fifty years, scientific research has made enormous strides in characterizing the ADHD condition and in understanding its correlates and causes. However, the translation of these scientific insights into clinical benefits has been limited. In this review, we provide a selective and focused survey of the scientific field of ADHD, providing our personal perspectives on what constitutes the scientific consensus, important new leads to be highlighted, and the key outstanding questions to be addressed going forward. We cover two broad domains - clinical characterization and, risk factors, causal processes and neuro-biological pathways. Part one focuses on the developmental course of ADHD, co-occurring characteristics and conditions, and the functional impact of living with ADHD - including impairment, quality of life, and stigma. In part two, we explore genetic and environmental influences and putative mediating brain processes. In the final section, we reflect on the future of the ADHD construct in the light of cross-cutting scientific themes and recent conceptual reformulations that cast ADHD traits as part of a broader spectrum of neurodivergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London. UK
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program & Developmental Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clinica de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Brazil
| | - Emily Simonoff
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London. UK
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Elmehy DA, Elmansory BM, Gamea GA, Abdelhai DI, Abd-Elsalam SM, Salamah AM, Ata DS, Mahmoud EF, Ibrahim HA, Salama AM. Parasitic infections as potential risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:82-92. [PMID: 36910322 PMCID: PMC9998788 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represents a mysterious neuropsychiatric alarming concern due to indefinite etiopathogenesis among children. Notably, the studies which investigated the correlation between ADHD and parasitic infections are insufficient. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the correlation between ADHD and some tissue dwelling and intestinal parasitic infections in children. The study was conducted on 200 children, including 100 children suffering from ADHD (Group I) and 100 healthy children as a control group (Group II). All caregivers fulfilled predesigned sociodemographic form and Conners parent rating scale (CPRS-48) questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin level as well as relative eosinophilic count. The presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and anti-Toxocara IgG in serum by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was further investigated. Also, micronutrients as zinc, iron, and copper levels were measured. Schistosoma antigen was investigated in urine samples. Stool samples were subjected to direct wet smear, concentration technique and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining for coccidian parasites detection. Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica antigens were investigated in stool samples. Group I expressed more liability to sociodemographic risk factors, decreased levels of Hb, iron, zinc, and copper with statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Comparison between Group I and Group II regarding the detected parasitic infections exhibited statistically significant difference except Schistosoma antigen positivity which expressed no statistical significance. The present study concluded that the parasitic infections with their consequences are potential risk factors in children with ADHD indicating that their early diagnosis and treatment may help in ADHD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A. Elmehy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Basma M. Elmansory
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Gamea
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Dina I. Abdelhai
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer M. Salamah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kafr El Shiekh University, Kafr El Shiekh, Egypt
| | - Dina S. Ata
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman F. Mahmoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hoda A. Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amina M. Salama
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Mizuno Y, Cai W, Supekar K, Makita K, Takiguchi S, Silk TJ, Tomoda A, Menon V. Methylphenidate Enhances Spontaneous Fluctuations in Reward and Cognitive Control Networks in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:271-280. [PMID: 36717325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate, a first-line treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is thought to influence dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its associated brain circuitry, but this hypothesis has yet to be systematically tested. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial including 27 children with ADHD. Children with ADHD were scanned twice with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging under methylphenidate and placebo conditions, along with assessment of sustained attention. We examined spontaneous neural activity in the NAc and the salience, frontoparietal, and default mode networks and their links to behavioral changes. Replicability of methylphenidate effects on spontaneous neural activity was examined in a second independent cohort. RESULTS Methylphenidate increased spontaneous neural activity in the NAc and the salience and default mode networks. Methylphenidate-induced changes in spontaneous activity patterns in the default mode network were associated with improvements in intraindividual response variability during a sustained attention task. Critically, despite differences in clinical trial protocols and data acquisition parameters, the NAc and the salience and default mode networks showed replicable patterns of methylphenidate-induced changes in spontaneous activity across two independent cohorts. CONCLUSIONS We provide reproducible evidence demonstrating that methylphenidate enhances spontaneous neural activity in NAc and cognitive control networks in children with ADHD, resulting in more stable sustained attention. Our findings identified a novel neural mechanism underlying methylphenidate treatment in ADHD to inform the development of clinically useful biomarkers for evaluating treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mizuno
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kai Makita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Timothy J Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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37
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Guo J, Luo X, Kong Y, Li B, Si B, Jensen O, Sun L, Song Y. The effects of first-dose methylphenidate on the neural signatures of visual selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108481. [PMID: 36572273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although methylphenidate (MPH) has been shown to significantly improve selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the neural mechanism of this effect remains unclear. We investigated the effects of first-dose MPH on the neural signatures of visual selective attention in children with ADHD. We measured the impact of first-dose MPH on electrophysiological indexes from eighteen children with ADHD (8.9-15.2 years; 15 boys) while they performed a visual search task. MPH was administered in a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design. MPH led to decreases in behavioral error rates and reaction times. For the electrophysiological indexes, MPH significantly increased the target-elicited N2pc amplitude and posterior P3 amplitude during the selective attention process. The trial-based correlation analysis revealed that the enhanced N2pc (more negative) and P3 (more positive) promoted the behavioral response speed for children with ADHD. The lower individual P3 amplitude was associated with higher severity of inattention symptoms. The severer inattention symptoms were related to weaker MPH effect on N2pc amplitude. These findings suggest that N2pc and P3 are closely related to the mechanism of MPH in the ADHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangsheng Luo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingkun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bailu Si
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ole Jensen
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Li Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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38
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Sudre G, Gildea DE, Shastri GG, Sharp W, Jung B, Xu Q, Auluck PK, Elnitski L, Baxevanis AD, Marenco S, Shaw P. Mapping the cortico-striatal transcriptome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:792-800. [PMID: 36380233 PMCID: PMC9918667 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in identifying rare and common genetic variants conferring risk for ADHD, the lack of a transcriptomic understanding of cortico-striatal brain circuitry has stymied a molecular mechanistic understanding of this disorder. To address this gap, we mapped the transcriptome of the caudate nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex in post-mortem tissue from 60 individuals with and without ADHD. Significant differential expression of genes was found in the anterior cingulate cortex and, to a lesser extent, the caudate. Significant downregulation emerged of neurotransmitter gene pathways, particularly glutamatergic, in keeping with models that implicate these neurotransmitters in ADHD. Consistent with the genetic overlap between mental disorders, correlations were found between the cortico-striatal transcriptomic changes seen in ADHD and those seen in other neurodevelopmental and mood disorders. This transcriptomic evidence points to cortico-striatal neurotransmitter anomalies in the pathogenesis of ADHD, consistent with current models of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Sudre
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Derek E Gildea
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Office of the Scientific Director, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wendy Sharp
- Office of the Scientific Director, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Jung
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Qing Xu
- Human Brain Collection Core, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pavan K Auluck
- Human Brain Collection Core, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laura Elnitski
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andreas D Baxevanis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Philip Shaw
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Office of the Scientific Director, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Shegani A, Kealey S, Luzi F, Basagni F, Machado JDM, Ekici SD, Ferocino A, Gee AD, Bongarzone S. Radiosynthesis, Preclinical, and Clinical Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Carbon-11 Labeled Endogenous and Natural Exogenous Compounds. Chem Rev 2023; 123:105-229. [PMID: 36399832 PMCID: PMC9837829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of positron emission tomography (PET) centers at most major hospitals worldwide, along with the improvement of PET scanner sensitivity and the introduction of total body PET systems, has increased the interest in the PET tracer development using the short-lived radionuclides carbon-11. In the last few decades, methodological improvements and fully automated modules have allowed the development of carbon-11 tracers for clinical use. Radiolabeling natural compounds with carbon-11 by substituting one of the backbone carbons with the radionuclide has provided important information on the biochemistry of the authentic compounds and increased the understanding of their in vivo behavior in healthy and diseased states. The number of endogenous and natural compounds essential for human life is staggering, ranging from simple alcohols to vitamins and peptides. This review collates all the carbon-11 radiolabeled endogenous and natural exogenous compounds synthesised to date, including essential information on their radiochemistry methodologies and preclinical and clinical studies in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Shegani
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Kealey
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Luzi
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum−University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joana do Mar Machado
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sevban Doğan Ekici
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ferocino
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antony D. Gee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Bongarzone
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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40
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Huang H, Jin Z, He C, Guo S, Zhang Y, Quan M. Chronic Exercise for Core Symptoms and Executive Functions in ADHD: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2023; 151:190271. [PMID: 36510746 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The effects of chronic exercise interventions (CEIs) on core symptoms and executive functions (EFs) of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how different characteristics of CEIs could modify the effect remain unclear. We synthesized the current evidence on the effects of CEIs on core symptoms and EFs in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS Data sources include PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from database inception to July 31, 2022. Study selection includes randomized controlled trials that reported on the effects of CEIs on core symptoms and/or EFs in ADHD aged 6 to 18 years. RESULTS Twenty-two randomized controlled trials were included. CEIs had a small beneficial effect on overall core symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.64 to -0.14), as well as inattention (SMD = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.63 to -0.004) among children and adolescents with ADHD. Closed-skill exercise showed a large improvement in core symptoms (SMD = -0.83, 95% CI: -1.30 to -0.35), whereas open-skill exercise did not. Additionally, CEIs had a moderately beneficial effect on overall EFs (SMD = -0.68, 95% CI: -0.91 to -0.45) and a moderate-to-large effect on the specific domains of EFs. The pooled effects on overall core symptoms and EFs were not significantly modified by study population (children or adolescents), exercise session duration (≤50 or >50 minutes per session, median), or total exercise sessions (<24 or ≥24 sessions, median). CONCLUSIONS CEIs have small-to-moderate beneficial effects on overall core symptoms and EFs in children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijuan Jin
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Quan
- School of Exercise and Health.,Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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41
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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42
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Bellato A, Perna J, Ganapathy PS, Solmi M, Zampieri A, Cortese S, Faraone SV. Association between ADHD and vision problems. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:410-422. [PMID: 35931758 PMCID: PMC9812778 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis assessing whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with disorders of the eye, and/or altered measures of visual function. METHOD Based on a pre-registered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42021256352), we searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge/Science, Ovid Medline, Embase and APA PsycINFO up to 16th November 2021, with no language/type of document restrictions. We included observational studies reporting at least one measure of vision in people of any age meeting DSM/ICD criteria for ADHD and in people without ADHD; or the prevalence of ADHD in people with and without vision disorders. Study quality was assessed with the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). Random effects meta-analyses were used for data synthesis. RESULTS We included 42 studies in the narrative synthesis and 35 studies in the meta-analyses (3,250,905 participants). We found meta-analytic evidence of increased risk of astigmatism (OR = 1.79 [CI: 1.50, 2.14]), hyperopia and hypermetropia (OR = 1.79 [CI: 1.66, 1.94]), strabismus (OR = 1.93 [CI: 1.75, 2.12]), unspecified vision problems (OR = 1.94 [CI: 1.38, 2.73]) and reduced near point of convergence (OR = 5.02 [CI: 1.78, 14.11]); increased lag (Hedge's g = 0.63 [CI: 0.30, 0.96]) and variability (Hedge's g = 0.40 [CI: 0.17, 0.64]) of the accommodative response; and increased self-reported vision problems (Hedge's g = 0.63 [CI: 0.44, 0.82]) in people with ADHD compared to those without ADHD (with no significant heterogeneity). We also found meta-analytic evidence of no differences between people with and without ADHD on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (Hedge's g = -0.19 [CI: -0.41, 0.02]) and refractive error (Hedge's g = 0.08 [CI: -0.26, 0.42]) (with no significant heterogeneity). DISCUSSION ADHD is associated with some self-reported and objectively ascertained functional vision problems, but not with structural alterations of the eye. Further studies should clarify the causal relationship, if any, between ADHD and problems of vision. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration: CRD42021256352.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bellato
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Perna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Preethi S Ganapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Zampieri
- Vittorio Emanuele III Hospital, Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Manion MTC, Glasper ER, Wang KH. A sex difference in mouse dopaminergic projections from the midbrain to basolateral amygdala. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:75. [PMID: 36585727 PMCID: PMC9801632 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopaminergic circuits play important roles in the motivational control of behavior and dysfunction in dopaminergic circuits have been implicated in several psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. While these disorders exhibit different incidence rates in men and women, the potential sex differences in the underlying neural circuits are not well-understood. Previous anatomical tracing studies in mammalian species have revealed a prominent circuit projection connecting the dopaminergic midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which is involved in emotional processing and associative learning. However, whether there is any sex difference in this anatomical circuit remains unknown. METHODS To study the potential sex differences in the VTA-to-BLA dopaminergic circuit, we injected two viral vectors encoding fluorescent reporters of axons and synaptic boutons (AAV-FLEX-tdTomato and AAV-FLEX-SynaptophysinGFP, respectively) into the VTA of a mouse transgenic driver line (tyrosine hydroxylase promoter-driven Cre, or TH-Cre), which restricts the reporter expression to dopaminergic neurons. We then used confocal fluorescent microscopy to image the distribution and density of dopaminergic axons and synaptic boutons in serial sections of both male and female mouse brain. RESULTS We found that the overall labeling intensity of VTA-to-BLA dopaminergic projections is intermediate among forebrain dopaminergic pathways, significantly higher than the projections to the prefrontal cortex, but lower than the projections to the nucleus accumbens. Within the amygdala areas, dopaminergic axons are concentrated in BLA. Although the size of BLA and the density of dopaminergic axons within BLA are similar between male and female mice, the density of dopaminergic synaptic boutons in BLA is significantly higher in male brain than female brain. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an anatomical sex difference in mouse dopaminergic innervations from the VTA to BLA. This finding may provide a structural foundation to study neural circuit mechanisms underlying sex differences in motivational and emotional behaviors and related psychiatric dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. C. Manion
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Erica R. Glasper
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43235 USA
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
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Yamamoto M, Inada T. Positron emission tomography studies in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Jpn J Radiol 2022; 41:382-392. [PMID: 36480104 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-022-01368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, motor hyperactivity, impulsivity, and psychosocial as well as cognitive dysfunction. Although characteristic clinical manifestations have been described, no definitive biomarkers to diagnose ADHD have been established. In this review article, we summarize positron emission tomography (PET) studies conducted in adult patients with ADHD. We found that, although, disturbances of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine functions have been implicated in ADHD, no characteristic findings have been identified from PET studies in patients with ADHD. Several previous PET studies on the central dopaminergic transmission-related ligands in patients with ADHD have shown altered binding of dopamine markers in the basal ganglia. However, no consistent results were observed in the binding characteristics for dopamine transporters and receptors. Findings from PET studies with ligands related to serotonin and norepinephrine pathways showed either unclear clinical significance or low replicability. Therefore, whether alterations of monoamine function may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism remains to be clarified. The limitations of previous PET studies include their small sample sizes, focus on several kinds of existing ligands, and a questionable validity of the diagnosis (lack of biological diagnostic criteria). To determine the characteristic findings for diagnosing ADHD, further research is needed, and particularly, studies that evaluate new active ligands with specific binding to monoamine pathways should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeri Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya-Shi, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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45
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Gunuc S. Investigation of the relationships between ADHD risk and digital screen exposure in children aged 4–11: A large population study in Turkey. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selim Gunuc
- Psychology Department Izmir Bakırçay University Izmir Turkey
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46
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Weinberg A. Pathways to depression: Dynamic associations between neural responses to appetitive cues in the environment, stress, and the development of illness. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14193. [PMID: 36256483 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on research my colleagues and I have conducted on etiological pathways to depression. Much of this work has focused on the measurement of neural responses to appetitive cues, using two event-related brain potential (ERP) components, the Late Positive Potential (LPP) and the Reward Positivity (RewP). Reductions in each of these components have been associated with current symptoms of depression, and in some cases have been shown to differentiate anxious from depressive phenotypes. In this review, I will describe three broad and related approaches we have taken in our research to address a series of interdependent issuess. The first attempts to understand different sources of variation in the LPP and RewP, and how these sources interact with one another. The second tries to identify whether variation in the processes measured by these ERP components might reflect a latent vulnerability to depression and its symptoms, that is evident prior to illness onset. And the third examines the possibility that the processes reflected in the LPP and RewP might play a mechanistic role in the development of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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47
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Multiscale neural gradients reflect transdiagnostic effects of major psychiatric conditions on cortical morphology. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1024. [PMID: 36168040 PMCID: PMC9515219 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that multiple psychiatric conditions are underpinned by shared neural pathways, affecting similar brain systems. Here, we carried out a multiscale neural contextualization of shared alterations of cortical morphology across six major psychiatric conditions (autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depression disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia). Our framework cross-referenced shared morphological anomalies with respect to cortical myeloarchitecture and cytoarchitecture, as well as connectome and neurotransmitter organization. Pooling disease-related effects on MRI-based cortical thickness measures across six ENIGMA working groups, including a total of 28,546 participants (12,876 patients and 15,670 controls), we identified a cortex-wide dimension of morphological changes that described a sensory-fugal pattern, with paralimbic regions showing the most consistent alterations across conditions. The shared disease dimension was closely related to cortical gradients of microstructure as well as neurotransmitter axes, specifically cortex-wide variations in serotonin and dopamine. Multiple sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness with respect to slight variations in analytical choices. Our findings embed shared effects of common psychiatric conditions on brain structure in multiple scales of brain organization, and may provide insights into neural mechanisms of transdiagnostic vulnerability.
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Dutta CN, Christov-Moore L, Ombao H, Douglas PK. Neuroprotection in late life attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of pharmacotherapy and phenotype across the lifespan. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:938501. [PMID: 36226261 PMCID: PMC9548548 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.938501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, psychostimulants have been the gold standard pharmaceutical treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the United States, an astounding 9% of all boys and 4% of girls will be prescribed stimulant drugs at some point during their childhood. Recent meta-analyses have revealed that individuals with ADHD have reduced brain volume loss later in life (>60 y.o.) compared to the normal aging brain, which suggests that either ADHD or its treatment may be neuroprotective. Crucially, these neuroprotective effects were significant in brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala) where severe volume loss is linked to cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Historically, the ADHD diagnosis and its pharmacotherapy came about nearly simultaneously, making it difficult to evaluate their effects in isolation. Certain evidence suggests that psychostimulants may normalize structural brain changes typically observed in the ADHD brain. If ADHD itself is neuroprotective, perhaps exercising the brain, then psychostimulants may not be recommended across the lifespan. Alternatively, if stimulant drugs are neuroprotective, then this class of medications may warrant further investigation for their therapeutic effects. Here, we take a bottom-up holistic approach to review the psychopharmacology of ADHD in the context of recent models of attention. We suggest that future studies are greatly needed to better appreciate the interactions amongst an ADHD diagnosis, stimulant treatment across the lifespan, and structure-function alterations in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Nirvana Dutta
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Leonardo Christov-Moore
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hernando Ombao
- Biostatistics Group, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pamela K. Douglas
- School of Modeling, Simulation, and Training, and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Grochecki P, Smaga I, Surowka P, Marszalek-Grabska M, Kalaba P, Dragacevic V, Kotlinska P, Filip M, Lubec G, Kotlinska JH. Novel Dopamine Transporter Inhibitor, CE-123, Ameliorates Spatial Memory Deficits Induced by Maternal Separation in Adolescent Rats: Impact of Sex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810718. [PMID: 36142621 PMCID: PMC9503873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) is a key contributor to neurodevelopmental disorders, including learning disabilities. To test the hypothesis that dopamine signaling is a major factor in this, an atypical new dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor, CE-123, was assessed for its potential to counteract the MS-induced spatial learning and memory deficit in male and female rats. Hence, neonatal rats (postnatal day (PND)1 to 21) were exposed to MS (180 min/day). Next, the acquisition of spatial learning and memory (Barnes maze task) and the expression of dopamine D1 receptor, dopamine transporter (DAT), and the neuronal GTPase, RIT2, which binds DAT in the vehicle-treated rats were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the adolescent animals. The results show that MS impairs the acquisition of spatial learning and memory in rats, with a more severe effect in females. Moreover, the MS induced upregulation of DAT and dopamine D1 receptors expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in adolescent rats. Regarding RIT2, the expression was decreased in the hippocampus for both the males and females, however, in the prefrontal cortex, reduction was found only in the females, suggesting that there are region-specific differences in DAT endocytic trafficking. CE-123 ameliorated the behavioral deficits associated with MS. Furthermore, it decreased the MS-induced upregulation of D1 receptor expression level in the hippocampus. These effects were more noted in females. Overall, CE-123, an atypical DAT inhibitor, is able to restore cognitive impairment and dopamine signaling in adolescent rats exposed to MS—with more evident effect in females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grochecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Surowka
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Marszalek-Grabska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Paracelsus Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vladimir Dragacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Malgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Paracelsus Private Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jolanta H. Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-7255; Fax: +48-81-448-7250
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50
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Tuan WJ, Babinski DE, Rabago DP, Zgierska AE. Treatment with stimulants and the risk of COVID-19 complications in adults with ADHD. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:155-161. [PMID: 35839903 PMCID: PMC9279163 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have shown higher infection rates and worse outcomes from COVID-19. Stimulant medications are prescribed as the first-line treatment for ADHD in adults and mitigate risk of negative ADHD-related health outcomes, but little is known about the association between stimulant medications and COVID-19 outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of severe COVID-19 outcomes among people with ADHD who were prescribed stimulant medications versus those who were not. This retrospective cohort study used electronic health records in the TriNetX research database. We assessed records of adults with ADHD diagnosed with COVID-19 between January 1, 2020 and June 30, 2021. The stimulant cohort consisted of 28,011 people with at least one stimulant prescription; the unmedicated cohort comprised 42,258 people without prescribed stimulants within 12 months prior to their COVID infection. Multiple logistic regression modeling was utilized to assess the presence of critical care services or death within 30 days after the onset of COVID diagnoses, controlling for patient demographics, and comorbid medical and mental health conditions. The stimulant cohort was less likely to utilize emergency department, hospital, and intensive care services than the unmedicated cohort, and had significantly lower 30-day mortality. Further research, including prospective studies, is needed to confirm and refine these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jan Tuan
- Penn State College of Medicine, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, 700 HMC Crescent Rd, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Dara E Babinski
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 700 HMC Crescent Rd, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David P Rabago
- Penn State College of Medicine, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, 700 HMC Crescent Rd, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 700 HMC Crescent Rd, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Penn State College of Medicine, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, and Public Health Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent Rd, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Aleksandra E Zgierska
- Penn State College of Medicine, Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, and Public Health Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent Rd, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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