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Markkula A, Igelström K, Zhang H, Capusan AJ. Paternal intelligence affects school grades in children with and without ADHD - a register-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02510-x. [PMID: 38935133 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
ADHD profoundly impacts educational attainment, quality of life, and health in young adults. However, certain subgroups of ADHD patients seem to do quite well, potentially due to differences in intelligence and socioeconomic status. Here we used paternal intelligence from the Swedish Defence Conscription and Assessment register, to investigate the role of genetic propensity for intelligence, on school performance in a large cohort of ADHD patients and matched controls. Patients treated for ADHD in Linköping, Sweden between 1995 and 2020 (n = 3262), sex- and age-matched controls (n = 9591) as well as their parents and siblings were identified using regional and national registers. Socioeconomic and demographic data, ADHD diagnosis and treatment and school grades at age 16 for the study population were extracted from Swedish National registers. We explored the associations between paternal intelligence and child school performance using linear mixed models and mediation analyses, taking a wide range of potential covariates into account. Results indicate that paternal intelligence was positively associated with standardized school grades in their offspring (Zadjusted=0.09, 95%CI 0.07, 0.10). This effect was present in both ADHD patients and controls, but ADHD patients had significantly lower standardized grades (Zadjusted=-1.03, 95%CI -1.08, -0.98). Child ADHD did not serve as a mediator for how paternal intelligence affected school grades. Our findings indicate that ADHD prevents children from reaching their academic potential at all levels of paternal intelligence. Increased understanding of the contributions of ADHD, intelligence, and SES to functional outcomes can help clinicians to better personalize interventions to the unique preconditions in each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Markkula
- Division of Psychiatrics & Rehabilitation & Diagnostics, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Linköping, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Kajsa Igelström
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital Campus, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - He Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Forum Östergötland, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andrea Johansson Capusan
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry in Linköping, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Hess JL, Barnett EJ, Hou J, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. Polygenic Resilience Scores are Associated with Lower Penetrance of Schizophrenia Risk Genes, Protection Against Psychiatric and Medical Disorders, and Enhanced Mental Well-Being and Cognition. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.03.24308377. [PMID: 38883801 PMCID: PMC11177905 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.24308377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In the past decade, significant advances have been made in finding genomic risk loci for schizophrenia (SCZ). This, in turn, has enabled the search for SCZ resilience loci that mitigate the impact of SCZ risk genes. Recently, we discovered the first genomic resilience profile for SCZ, completely independent from the established risk loci for SCZ. We posited that these resilience loci protect against SCZ for those having a heighted genomic risk for SCZ. Nevertheless, our understanding of genetic resilience remains limited. It remains unclear whether resilience loci foster protection against adverse states associated with SCZ risk related to clinical, cognitive, and brain-structural phenotypes. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed data from 487,409 participants from the UK Biobank, and found that resilience loci for SCZ afforded protection against lifetime psychiatric (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and depression) and non-psychiatric medical disorders (such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, digestive disorders, metabolic disorders, and external causes of morbidity and mortality). Resilience loci also protected against self-harm behaviors, improved fluid intelligence, and larger whole-brain and brain-regional sizes. Overall, this study sheds light on the range of phenotypes that are significantly associated with resilience loci within the general population, revealing distinct patterns separate from those associated with SCZ risk loci. Our findings indicate that resilience loci may offer protection against serious psychiatric and medical outcomes, co-morbidities, and cognitive impairment. Therefore, it is conceivable that resilience loci facilitate adaptive processes linked to improved health and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Hess
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Eric J. Barnett
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Jiahui Hou
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Stephen J. Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
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Chen D, Jia T, Cheng W, Desrivières S, Heinz A, Schumann G, Feng J. Evaluation of behavioral variance/covariance explained by the neuroimaging data through a pattern-based regression. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26601. [PMID: 38488475 PMCID: PMC10941514 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging data have been widely used to understand the neural bases of human behaviors. However, most studies were either based on a few predefined regions of interest or only able to reveal limited vital regions, hence not providing an overarching description of the relationship between neuroimaging and behaviors. Here, we proposed a voxel-based pattern regression that not only could investigate the overall brain-associated variance (BAV) for a given behavioral measure but could also evaluate the shared neural bases between different behaviors across multiple neuroimaging data. The proposed method demonstrated consistently high reliability and accuracy through comprehensive simulations. We further implemented this approach on real data of adolescents (IMAGEN project, n = 2089) and adults (HCP project, n = 808) to investigate brain-based variances of multiple behavioral measures, for instance, cognitive behaviors, substance use, and psychiatric disorders. Notably, intelligence-related scores showed similar high BAVs with the gray matter volume across both datasets. Further, our approach allows us to reveal the latent brain-based correlation across multiple behavioral measures, which are challenging to obtain otherwise. For instance, we observed a shared brain architecture underlying depression and externalizing problems in adolescents, while the symptom comorbidity may only emerge later in adults. Overall, our approach will provide an important statistical tool for understanding human behaviors using neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceSGDP Centre, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceSGDP Centre, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCMCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCMCharité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University)Ministry of EducationShanghaiChina
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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Hetland J, Lundervold AJ, Erga AH. Cognitive impairment as a predictor of long-term psychological distress in patients with polysubstance use disorders: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:143. [PMID: 38378466 PMCID: PMC10880353 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between polysubstance use disorder (pSUD), mental illness, and cognitive impairments is well established and linked to negative outcomes in substance use disorder treatment. However, it remains unclear whether cognitive impairment predicts long-term psychological distress among treatment seeking patients with pSUD. This study aimed to investigate the associations and predictive ability of cognitive impairment on psychological distress one and 5 years after treatment initiation. METHODS N = 164 treatment seeking patients with pSUD were sampled at treatment initiation. We examined associations between cognitive impairment according to Montreal Cognitive Assessment® (MoCA®), Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), and Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult version (BRIEF-A) administered at treatment initiation and psychological distress defined by the Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) at treatment initiation, one and five years later. We ran hierarchical logistic regressions to assess the predictive ability of the respective cognitive instruments administered at treatment initiation on psychological distress measured one and five years later including psychological distress at treatment initiation and substance intake at the time-points of the measurements as covariates. RESULTS The main results was that MoCA® and BRIEF-A predicted psychological distress at years one and five, but BRIEF-A lost predictive power when accounting for psychological distress at treatment initiation. WASI predicted psychological distress at year one, but not at year five. CONCLUSIONS Results from MoCA® and WASI was found to be less sensitive to the effect of psychological distress than BRIEF-A. Cognitive impairment at treatment initiation may hold predictive value on later psychological distress, yet its clinical utility is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hetland
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Research (KORFOR), Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway.
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aleksander H Erga
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Research (KORFOR), Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068, Stavanger, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Institute of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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Román FJ, Gutiérrez P, Ramos-Cejudo J, González-Calero PA, Gómez-Martín PP, Larroy C, Martín-Brufau R, López-Cavada C, Quiroga MÁ. Checking Different Video Game Mechanics to Assess Cognitive Abilities in Groups with and without Emotional Problems. J Intell 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 38275977 PMCID: PMC10816884 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assesses cognitive abilities through video games for entertainment (Blek, Edge, and Unpossible) that were programmed from scratch to record players' behavior and the levels achieved in a sample without emotional problems and in one with emotional problems. The non-emotional-problem sample was recruited from three universities and two bachelor's degree programs. The emotional-problem sample was recruited from two outpatient centers. The participants in the emotional-problem sample completed reduced versions of the ability tests and video games, as required by their emotional problems. Three subtests of the Differential Aptitude Test that assessed abstract reasoning, visuospatial reasoning, and perceptual speed were selected as ability tests. All participants were required to complete a mental health questionnaire (PROMIS) and a brief questionnaire on their gaming habits and previous experience with the video games used. The results that were obtained showed good convergent validity of the video games as measures of cognitive abilities, and they showed that the behavior of players in the sample without emotional problems while playing predicted the level achieved in the Blek and Unpossible game fragments, but this was only true for Unpossible in the emotional-problem sample; finally, shorter versions of the Blek and Edge game fragments can be used because they maintain their good psychometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Román
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gutiérrez
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.G.); (P.A.G.-C.); (P.P.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Psychology, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Mind Group Ltd., 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio González-Calero
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.G.); (P.A.G.-C.); (P.P.G.-M.)
| | - Pedro Pablo Gómez-Martín
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.G.); (P.A.G.-C.); (P.P.G.-M.)
| | - Cristina Larroy
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ramón Martín-Brufau
- Unidad de Corta Estancia, Hospital Psiquiátrico Román Alberca, National Service of Health, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Carlos López-Cavada
- Behavior, Emotions, and Health Research Group, Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Ángeles Quiroga
- Department of Social, Work and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
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Cadondon S, Dawson M, Carriere JA, Griffiths AJ, Gehricke JG. Short report: Initial pilot of a brief career development program for autistic young adults. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 143:104634. [PMID: 37939494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many autistic young adults may struggle to progress to further education or employment after high school, highlighting the need for tailored career development programs. If provided with the proper resources and support, the obstacles faced by autistic youth in pursuing post-secondary activities may decrease. AIMS This pilot study aimed to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a brief career development program consisting of a strengths and challenges intervention paired with a 12-week workshop intervention. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We studied the participants' changes in confidence and participation in pursuing post-secondary activities using a series of questionnaires in 20 participants, ages 16-23. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Strong Interest Inventory (SII) helped the participants choose a post-secondary path. The 1-9 Vocational Index Scale measured post-secondary participation and hours working in a normed fashion. The Confidence Index Interval: Entering Workforce measured the participants' perceived confidence related to career transition. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Our results suggested that a brief career development program paired with a strengths and challenges intervention significantly increased post-secondary involvement in autistic young adults (N = 20, p = 0.014). There were no significant changes in confidence. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings provide proof of concept of a brief career development program using the MBTI and SII in young adults with ASD. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Research in career development and transition for autistic young adults reveals that career interventions specific to the autistic population are lacking. Our pilot study explores a new type of intervention that incorporates the analysis of personal strengths and challenges with a 12-week transition workshop. Our project is the first to utilize the MBTI and SII as a tool to guide autistic youth in choosing a post-secondary path. The results of our study suggest that our program significantly improves post-secondary participation in autistic young adults. The findings provide proof of concept of using the MTBI and SII with a 12-week workshop for autistic young adults. At the end of our program, several participants began pursuing post-secondary education on track to obtain associate's (N = 8) or bachelor's (N = 3) degrees. Some began trade school (N = 3) and internships (N = 2), and others began employment or onboarding to employment (N = 4). Given the need for more evidence-based career interventions for autistic adults, our pilot study contributes significantly to autism research to better serve the autistic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cadondon
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92626, USA
| | - Meghan Dawson
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92626, USA
| | - Jeanne Anne Carriere
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92626, USA
| | - Amy Jane Griffiths
- Attallah College of Educational Studies, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Jean-G Gehricke
- The Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of California, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92626, USA.
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Zhao B, Li T, Li Y, Fan Z, Xiong D, Wang X, Gao M, Smith SM, Zhu H. An atlas of trait associations with resting-state and task-evoked human brain functional organizations in the UK Biobank. IMAGING NEUROSCIENCE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 1:1-23. [PMID: 38770197 PMCID: PMC11105703 DOI: 10.1162/imag_a_00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to identify brain regions linked to critical functions, such as language and vision, and to detect tumors, strokes, brain injuries, and diseases. It is now known that large sample sizes are necessary for fMRI studies to detect small effect sizes and produce reproducible results. Here we report a systematic association analysis of 647 traits with imaging features extracted from resting-state and task-evoked fMRI data of more than 40,000 UK Biobank participants. We used a parcellation-based approach to generate 64,620 functional connectivity measures to reveal fine-grained details about cerebral cortex functional organizations. The difference between functional organizations at rest and during task was examined, and we have prioritized important brain regions and networks associated with a variety of human traits and clinical outcomes. For example, depression was most strongly associated with decreased connectivity in the somatomotor network. We have made our results publicly available and developed a browser framework to facilitate the exploration of brain function-trait association results (http://fmriatlas.org/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Zhao
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yujue Li
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zirui Fan
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Di Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mufeng Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen M. Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Moore DM, Conway ARA. The Structure of Cognitive Abilities and Associations with Problem Behaviors in Early Adolescence: An Analysis of Baseline Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11050090. [PMID: 37233339 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11050090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Using baseline data (n = 9875) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study examining children aged 9 to 10 years, the current analyses included: (1) exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of neurocognitive measures administered during baseline collection, and (2) linear regression analyses on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors. The neurocognitive tasks measured episodic memory, executive function (EF; attention), language skills, processing speed, working memory, visuospatial ability, and reasoning. The CBCL included composite scores of parent-reported internalizing, externalizing, and stress-related behavior problems. The study reported here serves as an extension of prior research using a principal components analysis (PCA) of the ABCD baseline data. We propose an alternative solution using factor analysis. Analyses revealed a three-factor structure: verbal ability (VA), executive function/processing speed (EF/PS), and working memory/episodic memory (WM/EM). These factors were significantly correlated with the CBCL scores, albeit with small effect sizes. These findings provide a novel three-factor solution to the structure of cognitive abilities measured in the ABCD Study, offering new insights into the association between cognitive function and problem behaviors in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Michele Moore
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Andrew R A Conway
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Mahony BW, Tu D, Rau S, Liu S, Lalonde FM, Alexander-Bloch AF, Satterthwaite TD, Shinohara RT, Bassett DS, Milham MP, Raznahan A. IQ Modulates Coupling Between Diverse Dimensions of Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:59-73. [PMID: 35868430 PMCID: PMC9805478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Correlations between cognitive ability and psychopathology are well recognized, but prior research has been limited by focusing on individuals with intellectual disability, single-diagnosis psychiatric populations, or few measures of psychopathology. Here, we quantify relationships between full-scale IQ and multiple dimensions of psychopathology in a diverse care-seeking population, with a novel focus on differential coupling between psychopathology dimensions as a function of IQ. METHOD A total of 70 dimensional measures of psychopathology, plus IQ and demographic data, were collated for 2,752 children and adolescents from the Healthy Brain Network dataset. We first examined univariate associations between IQ and psychopathology, and then characterized how the correlational architecture of psychopathology differs between groups at extremes of the IQ distribution. RESULTS Associations with IQ vary in magnitude between different domains of psychopathology: IQ shows the strongest negative correlations with attentional and social impairments, but is largely unrelated to affective symptoms and psychopathy. Lower IQ is associated with stronger coupling between internalizing problems and aggression, repetitive behaviors, and hyperactivity/inattentiveness. CONCLUSION Our analyses reveal that variation in general cognitive ability is associated not only with significant and selective shifts in severity of psychopathology, but also in the coupling between different dimensions of psychopathology. These findings have relevance for the clinical assessment of mental health in populations with varying IQ, and may also inform ongoing efforts to improve the measurement of psychopathology and to understand how relationships between cognition and behavior are reflected in brain organization. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure sex balance in the selection of non-human subjects. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danni Tu
- Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Srishti Rau
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Children's National Health System, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Siyuan Liu
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Dani S Bassett
- Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico
| | | | - Armin Raznahan
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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10
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Fanelli G, Mota NR, Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Fernandez-Aranda F, Camacho-Barcia L, Testa G, Jiménez-Murcia S, Bertaina-Anglade V, Franke B, Poelmans G, van Gils V, Jansen WJ, Vos SJB, Wimberley T, Dalsgaard S, Barta C, Serretti A, Fabbri C, Bralten J. The link between cognition and somatic conditions related to insulin resistance in the UK Biobank study cohort: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104927. [PMID: 36367493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and genomic studies have shown an overlap between neuropsychiatric disorders and insulin resistance (IR)-related somatic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Impaired cognition is often observed among neuropsychiatric disorders, where multiple cognitive domains may be affected. In this review, we aimed to summarise previous evidence on the relationship between IR-related diseases/traits and cognitive performance in the large UK Biobank study cohort. Electronic searches were conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until April 2022. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were qualitatively reviewed. Overall, there is substantial evidence for an association between IR-related cardio-metabolic diseases/traits and worse performance on various cognitive domains, which is largely independent of possible confoundings. The most consistent findings referred to IR-related associations with poorer verbal and numerical reasoning ability, as well as slower processing speed. The observed associations might be mediated by alterations in immune-inflammation, brain integrity/connectivity, and/or comorbid somatic or psychiatric diseases/traits. Our findings provide impetus for further research into the underlying neurobiology and possible new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giulia Testa
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle van Gils
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and NeuroScience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn J Jansen
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and NeuroScience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and NeuroScience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa Wimberley
- National Centre for Register-based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- National Centre for Register-based Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mental Health Services of the Capital Region, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Csaba Barta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Frazier JA, Cochran D, Kim S, Jalnapurkar I, Joseph RM, Hooper SR, Santos HP, Ru H, Venuti L, Singh R, Washburn LK, Gogcu S, Msall ME, Kuban KCK, Rollins JV, Hanson SG, Jara H, Pastyrnak SL, Roell KR, Fry RC, O'Shea TM. Psychiatric Outcomes, Functioning, and Participation in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns at Age 15 Years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:892-904.e2. [PMID: 34973366 PMCID: PMC9240104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence, co-occurrence, sex differences, and functional correlates of DSM-5 psychiatric disorders in 15-year-old adolescents born extremely preterm. METHOD The Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns (ELGAN) Study is a longitudinal study of children born <28 weeks gestation. At age 15, 670 adolescents completed the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), the Youth Self-Report, a disability scale of participation in social roles, and cognitive testing. Parents completed a family psychiatric history questionnaire. RESULTS The most prevalent psychiatric disorders were anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and major depression. More girls met criteria for anxiety than boys. Though 66% of participants did not meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder, 15% met criteria for 1, 9% for 2, and 8% for ≥3 psychiatric disorders. Participants with ≥2 psychiatric disorders were more likely to have repeated a grade, to have an individualized educational program, and to have a lower nonverbal IQ than those with no psychiatric disorders. Participants with any psychiatric disorder were more likely to use psychotropic medications; to have greater cognitive and functional impairment; and to have mothers who were single, were on public health insurance, and had less than a high school education. Finally, a positive family psychiatric history was identified more frequently among adolescents with ≥3 psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Among adolescents born extremely preterm, anxiety, major depression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were the most prevalent psychiatric disorders at age 15. Adolescents with >1 psychiatric disorder were at increased risk for multiple functional and participatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Frazier
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - David Cochran
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sohye Kim
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Isha Jalnapurkar
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Hongyu Ru
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lauren Venuti
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lisa K Washburn
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Semsa Gogcu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Michael E Msall
- University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital and JP Kennedy Research Center on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Hernan Jara
- Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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12
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Schuurmans IK, Tamayo Martinez N, Blok E, Hillegers MHJ, Ikram MA, Luik AI, Cecil CAM. Child mental health problems as a risk factor for academic underachievement: A multi-informant, population-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:578-590. [PMID: 35298839 PMCID: PMC9313785 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether child mental health problems prospectively associate with IQ-achievement discrepancy (i.e., academic under- and over-achievement) in emerging adolescence. The secondary aims were to test whether these associations are specific to certain mental health problems, to assess potential sex differences, and to examine whether associations are robustly observed across multiple informants (i.e., maternal and teacher-reports). METHODS This study included 1,577 children from the population-based birth cohort the Generation R Study. Child mental health problems at age 6 were assessed by mothers and teachers using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher's Report Form. The IQ-achievement discrepancy was quantified as the standardized residuals of academic achievement regressed on IQ, where IQ was measured with four tasks from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition around age 13 and academic attainment was measured with the Cito test, a national Dutch academic test, at the end of elementary school (12 years of age). RESULTS Mental health problems at age 6 were associated with IQ-achievement discrepancy at age 12, with more problems associating with greater academic underachievement. When examining specific mental health problems, we found that attention problems was the only mental health problem to independently associate with the IQ-achievement discrepancy (adjusted standardized difference per 1-standard deviation, mother: -0.11, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.16, -0.06]; teacher: -0.13, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.08]). These associations remained after adjusting for co-occurring mental health problems. The overall pattern of associations was consistent across boys and girls and across informants. CONCLUSION Mental health problems during the transition from kindergarten to elementary school associate with academic underachievement at the end of elementary school. These associations were primarily driven by attention problems, as rated by both mothers and teachers-suggesting that strategies targeting attention problems may be a particularly promising avenue for improving educational performance irrespective of IQ, although this should be established more thoroughly through further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel K. Schuurmans
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands,The Generation R Study GroupErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Tamayo Martinez
- The Generation R Study GroupErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC–Sophia Children”s HospitalUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabet Blok
- The Generation R Study GroupErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC–Sophia Children”s HospitalUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Manon H. J. Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC–Sophia Children”s HospitalUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Annemarie I. Luik
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC–Sophia Children”s HospitalUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte A. M. Cecil
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus MC University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus MC–Sophia Children”s HospitalUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands,Molecular EpidemiologyDepartment of Biomedical Data SciencesLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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13
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Rau S, Whitman ET, Schauder K, Gogate N, Lee NR, Kenworthy L, Raznahan A. Patterns of psychopathology and cognition in sex chromosome aneuploidy. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:61. [PMID: 34911436 PMCID: PMC8903493 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are a collectively common family of genetic disorders that increase the risk for neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairment. Beyond being important medical disorders in their own right, SCAs also offer a unique naturally occurring model for studying X- and Y-chromosome influences on the human brain. However, it remains unclear if (i) different SCAs are associated with different profiles of psychopathology and (ii) the notable interindividual variation in psychopathology is related to co-occurring variation in cognitive ability. Methods We examined scores for 11 dimensions of psychopathology [Child/Adult Behavior Checklist (CBCL)] and general cognitive ability [full-scale IQ (FSIQ) from Wechsler tests] in 110 youth with varying SCAs (XXY = 41, XYY = 22, XXX = 27, XXYY = 20) and 131 typically developing controls (XX = 59, XY = 72). Results All SCAs were associated with elevated CBCL scores across several dimensions of psychopathology (two-sample t tests comparing the euploidic and aneuploidic groups [all |T| > 9, and p < 0.001]). Social and attentional functioning were particularly sensitive to the carriage of a supernumerary Y-chromosome. In particular, the XYY group evidenced significantly more social problems than both extra-X groups (Cohen’s d effect size > 0.5, Bonferroni corrected p < .05). There was marked variability in CBCL scores within each SCA group, which generally correlated negatively with IQ, but most strongly so for social and attentional difficulties (standardized β, − 0.3). These correlations showed subtle differences as a function of the SCA group and CBCL scale. Conclusions There is domain-specific variation in psychopathology across SCA groups and domain-specific correlation between psychopathology and IQ within SCAs. These findings (i) help to tailor clinical assessment of this common and impactful family of genetic disorders and (ii) suggest that dosage abnormalities of X- and Y-linked genes impart somewhat distinct profiles of neuropsychiatric risk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11689-021-09407-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Rau
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Division of Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA. .,Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ethan T Whitman
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly Schauder
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Division of Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA.,Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikhita Gogate
- The Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Division of Neuropsychology, Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA.,Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Nyberg J, Henriksson M, Wall A, Vestberg T, Westerlund M, Walser M, Eggertsen R, Danielsson L, Kuhn HG, Åberg ND, Waern M, Åberg M. Anxiety severity and cognitive function in primary care patients with anxiety disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:617. [PMID: 34886841 PMCID: PMC8662874 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in cognitive performance are reported in patients with anxiety disorders, but research is limited and inconsistent. We aimed to investigate cross-sectional associations between cognitive function, with focus on executive function, and anxiety severity in primary care patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders. METHODS 189 Swedish patients aged 18-65 years (31% men) with anxiety disorders diagnosed according to Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were included. Severity of anxiety was assessed using Beck Anxiety Inventory self-assessment scale. Digit span, block design and matrix reasoning tests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV, and the design fluency test from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System were used. Multivariable linear regression models were applied to investigate the relationship of anxiety severity and cognitive functioning. Comparisons were also performed to a normed non-clinical population, using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS More severe anxiety was associated with lower digit span test scores (R2 = 0.109, B = -0.040, p = 0.018), but not with block design, matrix reasoning or design fluency tests scores, after adjustment for comorbid major depression in a multivariable model. When compared to a normed population, patients with anxiety performed significantly lower on the block design, digit span forward, digit span sequencing and matrix reasoning tests. CONCLUSIONS Severity of anxiety among patients with anxiety disorder was associated with executive functions related to working memory, independently of comorbid major depression, but not with lower fluid intelligence. A further understanding of the executive behavioral control in patients with anxiety could allow for more tailored treatment strategies including medication, therapy and interventions targeted to improve specific cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Nyberg
- Section for Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Region Västra Götaland, Neurology Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Henriksson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Wall
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 428, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Vestberg
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, K8 Clinical Neuroscience, K8 Neuro Ingvar, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marion Walser
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 428, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Eggertsen
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,R&D Centre Gothenburg and Södra Bohuslän, Kungsgatan 12, SE-411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Danielsson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 455, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.502499.3Region Västra Götaland, Angered Hospital, Box 63, SE-424 22 Gothenburg, Angered Sweden
| | - H. Georg Kuhn
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Section for Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N. David Åberg
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 428, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Department of Acute Medicine and Geriatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margda Waern
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XRegion Västra Götaland, Psychosis Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndalsvägen 31 hus V, SE-431 80 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Åberg
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582School of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 454, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ,Region Västra Götaland, Regionhälsan, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Dadi K, Varoquaux G, Houenou J, Bzdok D, Thirion B, Engemann D. Population modeling with machine learning can enhance measures of mental health. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab071. [PMID: 34651172 PMCID: PMC8559220 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological aging is revealed by physical measures, e.g., DNA probes or brain scans. In contrast, individual differences in mental function are explained by psychological constructs, e.g., intelligence or neuroticism. These constructs are typically assessed by tailored neuropsychological tests that build on expert judgement and require careful interpretation. Could machine learning on large samples from the general population be used to build proxy measures of these constructs that do not require human intervention? RESULTS Here, we built proxy measures by applying machine learning on multimodal MR images and rich sociodemographic information from the largest biomedical cohort to date: the UK Biobank. Objective model comparisons revealed that all proxies captured the target constructs and were as useful, and sometimes more useful, than the original measures for characterizing real-world health behavior (sleep, exercise, tobacco, alcohol consumption). We observed this complementarity of proxy measures and original measures at capturing multiple health-related constructs when modeling from, both, brain signals and sociodemographic data. CONCLUSION Population modeling with machine learning can derive measures of mental health from heterogeneous inputs including brain signals and questionnaire data. This may complement or even substitute for psychometric assessments in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalaker Dadi
- Inria, CEA, Neurospin, Parietal team, Université Paris
Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gaël Varoquaux
- Inria, CEA, Neurospin, Parietal team, Université Paris
Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal,
QC, Canada
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal,
QC, Canada
| | - Josselin Houenou
- CEA, NeuroSpin, Psychiatry Team, UNIACT Lab, Université Paris
Saclay, France
- APHP, Mondor University Hospitals, Psychiatry Department,
INSERM U955 Team 15 “Translational Psychiatry,” Créteil, France
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- Inria, CEA, Neurospin, Parietal team, Université Paris
Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal,
QC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Montreal Neurological Institute,
Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Thirion
- Inria, CEA, Neurospin, Parietal team, Université Paris
Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Denis Engemann
- Inria, CEA, Neurospin, Parietal team, Université Paris
Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain
Sciences, Germany
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16
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Tsai CJ, Lin HY, Tseng IWY, Gau SSF. White matter microstructural integrity correlates of emotion dysregulation in children with ADHD: A diffusion imaging tractography study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110325. [PMID: 33857524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation (ED) is prevalent in youths with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and causes more social impairment and poor adaptive function. Alterations in the integrity of white matter (WM) tracts might have important implications for affective processing related to ED. However, little is known about the WM correlates underpinning ED in ADHD. METHODS Using diffusion spectrum image tractography, we obtained generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values of 76 WM tracts in 77 children with ADHD and 105 typically developing controls (TDC). ED severity was defined by the dysregulation profile from the child behavior checklist. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was performed to identify modes that relate WM microstructural property to ED severity and cognitive measures. RESULTS The application of CCA identified one significant mode (r = 0.638, FWE-corrected p = 0.046) of interdependencies between WM property patterns and diagnosis, ADHD total symptom levels, dysregulation by diagnosis interaction, and full-scale intellectual quotient (FIQ). GFA values of 19 WM tracts that were linked to affective-processing, sensory-processing and integration, and cognitive control circuitry were positively correlated with ED severity in TDC but negatively correlated with ED severity in ADHD. ADHD symptom severity and diagnosis were negatively associated with the GFA patterns of this set of tract bundles. In contrast, FIQ was positively correlated with this set of tract bundles. CONCLUSIONS This study used the CCA to show that children with ADHD and TDC had distinct multivariate associations between ED severity (diagnosis by ED interaction) and microstructural property in a set of WM tracts. These tracts interconnect the cortical regions that are principally involved in emotion processing, integration, and cognitive control in multiple brain systems. The WM microstructure integrity impairment might be an essential correlate of emotion dysregulation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isaac Wen-Yih Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences and Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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17
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Jungmann S, Witthöft M. Myths of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy: Development and Testing of a Questionnaire for Standardized Assessment. VERHALTENSTHERAPIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1159/000507946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Myths in the sense of scientifically untenable statements are widespread in the field of clinical psychology and psychotherapy and can have considerable consequences (e.g., stigmatization, ineffective/potentially harmful treatments). In German-speaking countries, myths have so far been little investigated, and there is no validated questionnaire specifically for the assessment of myths in clinical psychology/psychotherapy. The aim of the study was to develop a questionnaire on myths in clinical psychology/psychotherapy (FMKPP) and to conduct a first psychometric test on two samples (general population, students). In addition, correlations with personality traits, absorption, and intolerance of uncertainty were examined. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In a sample of the German general population (<i>n</i>= 286) as well as in college students (<i>n</i>= 368), the factor structure and item characteristics were examined, and correlations with dispositional characteristics were calculated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The FMKPP consists of three factors: “myths about the effectiveness of psychotherapy,” “myths about mental disorders/processes in psychotherapy,” and “myths concerning the functioning of memory.” Reliabilities (McDonald’s ω) were between 0.50 and 0.75. As expected, the FMKPP showed significant positive correlations with absorption and uncertainty intolerance. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The reliability and validity of individual items should be investigated in future studies. The association with intolerance of uncertainty could indicate a function of myths in terms of increasing safety and predictability.
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Tallberg P, Rastam M, Perrin S, Hallin AL, Gustafsson P. A longitudinal investigation of cognitive functioning and its relationship to symptom severity and academic functioning in treatment seeking youth with AHDH. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2021; 9:52-63. [PMID: 33928054 PMCID: PMC8077411 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2021-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Children with ADHD tend to present with poorer cognitive functioning leaving them more vulnerable to a range of negative outcomes. To date, only a handful of longitudinal studies have examined the stability of Wechsler composite scores in children and adolescents with ADHD, and none of them used a more recent version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC), than the WISC-III. Objective: The present study investigates the cognitive stability and its longitudinal relationship with the severity of the child’s ADHD symptoms and school grades. Method: Cognitive functioning was measured with the fourth editions of the WISC-IV or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS-IV) at baseline and at a 3-4-year follow-up in children with ADHD (n = 125, mean age = 11.40 years, SD = 3.27) and a Control group of schoolchildren (n = 59, mean age = 11.97 years, SD = 2.15). The stability of cognitive functioning and the relationship between cognitive functioning, ADHD and grades were evaluated using linear mixed models and logistic regression. Results: Standardized composite scores of Full scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, and Processing Speed declined between baseline and follow-up in the ADHD group. ADHD symptom scores were associated with Working Memory scores. Together, the severity of concurrent ADHD symptoms and lower scores for verbal comprehension at baseline and follow-up were associated with an increased risk of not achieving grades at follow-up in youth with ADHD. Conclusions: Youth with ADHD often present with cognitive impairments, not improved over time. Together these increase the risk of poorer academic outcomes. Concurrent evaluation of symptom severity and cognitive functions can add potentially useful information in terms of treatment planning, and school supports to prevent school failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Tallberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Rastam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sean Perrin
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne-Li Hallin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Legemaat AM, Semkovska M, Brouwer M, Geurtsen GJ, Burger H, Denys D, Bockting CL. Effectiveness of cognitive remediation in depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-16. [PMID: 33849674 PMCID: PMC9811271 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence suggests beneficial effects of cognitive remediation in depression. An update of the current evidence is needed. The aim was to systematically assess the effectiveness of cognitive remediation in depression on three outcomes. METHODS The meta-analysis was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019124316). PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched on 2 February 2019 and 8 November 2020 for peer-reviewed published articles. We included randomized and non-randomized clinical trials comparing cognitive remediation to control conditions in adults with primary depression. Random-effects models were used to calculate Hedges' g, and moderators were assessed using mixed-effects subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Main outcome categories were post-treatment depressive symptomatology (DS), cognitive functioning (CF) and daily functioning (DF). RESULTS We identified 5221 records and included 21 studies reporting on 24 comparisons, with 438 depressed patients receiving cognitive remediation and 540 patients in a control condition. We found a small effect on DS (g = 0.28, 95% CI 0.09-0.46, I2 40%), a medium effect on CF (g = 0.60, 95% CI 0.37-0.83, I2 44%) and a small effect on DF (g = 0.22, 95% CI 0.06-0.39, I2 3%). There were no significant effects at follow-up. Confounding bias analyses indicated possible overestimation of the DS and DF effects in the original studies. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive remediation in depression improves CF in the short term. The effects on DS and DF may have been overestimated. Baseline depressive symptom severity should be considered when administering cognitive remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Legemaat
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience & Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Semkovska
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Marlies Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience & Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J. Geurtsen
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience & Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huibert Burger
- Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience & Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L. Bockting
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience & Amsterdam Public Health, Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Oude Turfmarkt 147 1012 GC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Lencz T, Krystal JH, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. Multivariate genome-wide analysis of education, socioeconomic status and brain phenome. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:482-496. [PMID: 33349686 PMCID: PMC8068566 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) and education (EDU) are phenotypically associated with psychiatric disorders and behaviours. It remains unclear how these associations influence genetic risk for psychopathology, psychosocial factors and EDU and/or SES (EDU/SES) individually. Using information from >1 million individuals, we conditioned the genetic risk for psychiatric disorders, personality traits, brain imaging phenotypes and externalizing behaviours with genome-wide data for EDU/SES. Accounting for EDU/SES significantly affected the observed heritability of psychiatric traits, ranging from 2.44% h2 decrease for bipolar disorder to 14.2% h2 decrease for Tourette syndrome. Neuroticism h2 significantly increased by 20.23% after conditioning with SES. After EDU/SES conditioning, neuronal cell types were identified for risky behaviour (excitatory), major depression (inhibitory), schizophrenia (excitatory and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediated) and bipolar disorder (excitatory). Conditioning with EDU/SES also revealed unidirectional causality between brain morphology, psychopathology and psychosocial factors. Our results indicate that genetic discoveries related to psychopathology and psychosocial factors may be limited by genetic overlap with EDU/SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gita A Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Heampstead, NY, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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21
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Rawls E, Kummerfeld E, Zilverstand A. An integrated multimodal model of alcohol use disorder generated by data-driven causal discovery analysis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:435. [PMID: 33790384 PMCID: PMC8012376 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has high prevalence and adverse societal impacts, but our understanding of the factors driving AUD is hampered by a lack of studies that describe the complex neurobehavioral mechanisms driving AUD. We analyzed causal pathways to AUD severity using Causal Discovery Analysis (CDA) with data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP; n = 926 [54% female], 22% AUD [37% female]). We applied exploratory factor analysis to parse the wide HCP phenotypic space (100 measures) into 18 underlying domains, and we assessed functional connectivity within 12 resting-state brain networks. We then employed data-driven CDA to generate a causal model relating phenotypic factors, fMRI network connectivity, and AUD symptom severity, which highlighted a limited set of causes of AUD. The model proposed a hierarchy with causal influence propagating from brain connectivity to cognition (fluid/crystalized cognition, language/math ability, & working memory) to social (agreeableness/social support) to affective/psychiatric function (negative affect, low conscientiousness/attention, externalizing symptoms) and ultimately AUD severity. Our data-driven model confirmed hypothesized influences of cognitive and affective factors on AUD, while underscoring that addiction models need to be expanded to highlight the importance of social factors, amongst others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rawls
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Erich Kummerfeld
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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22
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Dietary Habit Is Associated with Depression and Intelligence: An Observational and Genome-Wide Environmental Interaction Analysis in the UK Biobank Cohort. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041150. [PMID: 33807197 PMCID: PMC8067152 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary habits have considerable impact on brain development and mental health. Despite long-standing interest in the association of dietary habits with mental health, few population-based studies of dietary habits have assessed depression and fluid intelligence. Our aim is to investigate the association of dietary habits with depression and fluid intelligence. In total, 814 independent loci were utilized to calculate the individual polygenic risk score (PRS) for 143 dietary habit-related traits. The individual genotype data were obtained from the UK Biobank cohort. Regression analyses were then conducted to evaluate the association of dietary habits with depression and fluid intelligence, respectively. PLINK 2.0 was utilized to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) × dietary habit interaction effect on the risks of depression and fluid intelligence. We detected 22 common dietary habit-related traits shared by depression and fluid intelligence, such as red wine glasses per month, and overall alcohol intake. For interaction analysis, we detected that OLFM1 interacted with champagne/white wine in depression, while SYNPO2 interacted with coffee type in fluid intelligence. Our study results provide novel useful information for understanding how eating habits affect the fluid intelligence and depression.
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23
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Wilson KE, Fish AM, Mankiw C, Xenophontos A, Warling A, Whitman E, Clasen L, Torres E, Blumenthal J, Raznahan A. Modeling familial predictors of proband outcomes in neurogenetic disorders: initial application in XYY syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:12. [PMID: 33752588 PMCID: PMC7986517 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of gene dosage can significantly increase risk for psychopathology, but outcomes vary greatly amongst carriers of any given chromosomal aneuploidy or sub-chromosomal copy number variation (CNV). One potential path to advance precision medicine for neurogenetic disorders is modeling penetrance in probands relative to observed phenotypes in their non-carrier relatives. Here, we seek to advance this general analytic framework by developing new methods in application to XYY syndrome-a sex chromosome aneuploidy that is known to increase risk for psychopathology. METHODS We analyzed a range of cognitive and behavioral domains in XYY probands and their non-carrier family members (n = 58 families), including general cognitive ability (FSIQ), as well as continuous measures of traits related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Proband and relative scores were compared using covariance, regression and cluster analysis. Comparisons were made both within and across traits. RESULTS Proband scores were shifted away from family scores with effect sizes varying between 0.9 and 2.4 across traits. Only FSIQ and vocabulary scores showed a significant positive correlation between probands and their non-carrier relatives across families (R2 ~ 0.4). Variability in family FSIQ also cross-predicted variability in proband ASD trait severity. Cluster analysis across all trait-relative pairings revealed that variability in parental psychopathology was more weakly coupled to their XYY versus their euploid offspring. CONCLUSIONS We present a suite of generalizable methods for modeling variable penetrance in aneuploidy and CNV carriers using family data. These methods update estimates of phenotypic penetrance for XYY and suggest that the predictive utility of family data is likely to vary for different traits and different gene dosage disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00001246 , "89-M-0006: Brain Imaging of Childhood Onset Psychiatric Disorders, Endocrine Disorders and Healthy Controls." Date of registry: 01 October 1989.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Wilson
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Ari M Fish
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Catherine Mankiw
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Anastasia Xenophontos
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Allysa Warling
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Ethan Whitman
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Liv Clasen
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Erin Torres
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Jonathan Blumenthal
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 Room 4N242 MSC 1367, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1367, USA.
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24
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Ni P, Liu M, Wang D, Tian Y, Zhao L, Wei J, Yu X, Qi X, Li X, Yu H, Ni R, Ma X, Deng W, Guo W, Wang Q, Li T. Association Analysis Between Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Expression and Cognitive Function in Patients with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, or Major Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:567-574. [PMID: 33654399 PMCID: PMC7910219 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s286102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder are three common mental disorders. Although their diagnosis and treatment differ, they partially overlap. METHODS To explore the similarities and characteristics of these three psychiatric diseases, an intelligence quotient (IQ) assessment was performed to evaluate cognitive deficits. Relative catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined in all three groups compared with healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS The results indicated that patients with any of the three psychiatric diseases presented IQ deficits, and that the first-episode schizophrenia (FES) group had even lower cognitive function than the other two groups. The relative COMT expression decreased in the FES group and increased in the BD group compared with the HC group. The correlation analysis of COMT expression level and IQ scores showed a positive correlation between relative COMT expression and full-scale IQ in the HC group. However, this correlation disappeared in all three psychiatric diseases studied. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this cross-disease strategy provided important clues to explain lower IQ scores and dysregulated COMT expression among three common mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Ni
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Manli Liu
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dequan Wang
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxue Wei
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Yu
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Qi
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yu
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjun Ni
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Deng
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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25
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Rydell AM, Brocki KC. Cognitive and Emotional Profiles of CU Traits and Disruptive Behavior in Adolescence: a Prospective Study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1039-1051. [PMID: 30523475 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study we followed 82-90 adolescents, 50% boys, from 15 to 16 years, investigating CU traits and disruptive behaviors as predictors of cognitive skills and arousal to emotional pictures. At age 15, CU traits were rated by adolescents and disruptive (aggregated ADHD-ODD-delinquent) behaviors were rated by parents and adolescents. At age 16, executive function, reaction time variability (RTV), IQ and arousal to negative pictures were assessed. The results showed that, with control for disruptive behaviors, CU traits predicted lower RTV, higher IQ and lower arousal to negative pictures. With control for CU traits, disruptive behaviors predicted lower spatial working memory, lower interference control and higher RTV. Our findings are of theoretical and clinical relevance as they point to highly diverging cognitive and emotional profiles of CU traits and disruptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Margret Rydell
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin C Brocki
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Jungmann S, Witthöft M. Mythen der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie: Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Fragebogens zur standardisierten Erfassung. VERHALTENSTHERAPIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1159/000507767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
<b><i>Hintergrund:</i></b> Mythen im Sinne von wissenschaftlich nicht haltbaren Aussagen sind im Bereich der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie weitverbreitet und können erhebliche Auswirkungen haben (z.B. Stigmatisierung, unwirksame/potenziell schädliche Behandlungen). Im deutschsprachigen Raum sind Mythen bislang wenig erforscht, und es existiert kein validierter Fragebogen spezifisch zur Erfassung von Mythen der Klinischen Psychologie/Psychotherapie. Die Studie verfolgte das Ziel, einen Fragebogen zu Mythen der Klinischen Psychologie und Psychotherapie (FMKPP) zu entwickeln und an zwei Stichproben (Allgemeinbevölkerung, Studierende) einer ersten psychometrischen Prüfung zu unterziehen. Zudem wurden Zusammenhänge mit Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen, Absorption und Unsicherheitsintoleranz geprüft. <b><i>Methode:</i></b> An einer Stichprobe der Allgemeinbevölkerung (<i>n</i> = 286) sowie Studierenden (<i>n</i> = 368) wurden mittels einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse die Faktorstruktur untersucht, eine Itemanalyse durchgeführt sowie Korrelationen mit Fragebögen zu dispositionellen Merkmalen berechnet. <b><i>Ergebnisse:</i></b> Der FMKPP zeigte die drei Faktoren: “Mythen zur Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie”, “Mythen zu psychischen Störungen/Prozessen in der Psychotherapie” und “Mythen bezüglich der Funktionsweise des Gedächtnisses”. Die Reliabilitäten (McDonalds ω) lagen zwischen 0,50 und 0,75. Erwartungskonform zeigte der FMKPP signifikant positive Zusammenhänge mit Absorption und Unsicherheitsintoleranz. <b><i>Schlussfolgerung:</i></b> Vor dem Hintergrund einer ersten psychometrischen Prüfung sollten die Reliabilität sowie die Validität einzelner Items in zukünftigen Studien untersucht werden. Die Assoziation mit Unsicherheitsintoleranz könnte eine Funktion von Mythen im Sinne der Erhöhung von Sicherheit und Vorhersagbarkeit indizieren.
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Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms and Psychopathological Profile in Children and Adolescents with KBG syndrome. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110313. [PMID: 31703437 PMCID: PMC6895923 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KBG syndrome is a rare multisystem developmental disorder caused by ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 11 (ANKRD11) gene haploinsufficiency, resulting from either intragenic loss-of-function mutations or microdeletions encompassing the gene. Concerning the behavioral phenotype, a limited amount of research has been focused on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, autistic-like features, anxiety and impairments in emotion regulation, and no study has provided a systematic assessment. The aim of the present work is to investigate the psychopathological profile in children, adolescents, and young adults with KBG syndrome. Seventeen subjects with molecularly confirmed diagnoses were evaluated to investigate cognitive abilities and psychopathological features. Parametric and nonparametric indexes were used to describe the patient cohort according to type and distribution of specific measures. The KBG subjects were characterized by a low mean IQ score, with a distribution characterized by a variability similar to that occurring in the general population. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders were computed as well as the corresponding confidence intervals to compare their prevalence to that reported for the general population. The KBG subjects were characterized by higher prevalence of obsessive-compulsive, tic, depressive and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a peculiar aspect characterizing the psychopathological profile of KBG patients, which does not seem to be related to the cognitive level. The present study provides new relevant information towards the definition of a psychopathological phenotype of KBG syndromes useful to plan a better treatment for patients.
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Davico C, Amianto F, Gaiotti F, Lasorsa C, Peloso A, Bosia C, Vesco S, Arletti L, Reale L, Vitiello B. Clinical and personality characteristics of adolescents with anorexia nervosa with or without non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 94:152115. [PMID: 31513949 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE About one-fifth of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) engage in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This study examined clinical and temperament profile of female adolescents with both disorders (AN+NSSI) as compared with peers with AN only. METHODS A consecutive sample of 73 female adolescents with AN (mean age: 13.77 years), who had been admitted to inpatient or day-hospital services, received clinical, cognitive, and temperament/character evaluations. Of them, 32 met DSM-5 criteria also for NSSI. Assessments included demographics, standard nutrition parameters, Youth Self-Report (YSR), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). RESULTS No differences were detected between AN+NSSI and AN in demographics, body mass index, or age at onset of AN. AN+NSSI had higher rate of binging and purging, higher YSR scores for both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, lower total IQ, and lower Self-directedness and Cooperativeness scores. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that adolescents with AN+NSSI have psychopathological, cognitive and overall character features that differ from patients with AN only. These characteristics may have implications for treatment and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Davico
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Turin, Italy; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Amianto
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy; Neurosciences Department, Psychiatry Section, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Gaiotti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Lasorsa
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Peloso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Turin, Italy; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Bosia
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Vesco
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Arletti
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Reale
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Turin, Italy; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Turin, Italy; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Sciences, Regina Margherita Pediatric Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Platt JM, Keyes KM, McLaughlin KA, Kaufman AS. The Flynn effect for fluid IQ may not generalize to all ages or ability levels: a population-based study of 10,000 US adolescents. INTELLIGENCE 2019; 77. [PMID: 32322129 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2019.101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Generational changes in IQ (the Flynn Effect) have been extensively researched and debated. Within the US, gains of 3 points per decade have been accepted as consistent across age and ability level, suggesting that tests with outdated norms yield spuriously high IQs. However, findings are generally based on small samples, have not been validated across ability levels, and conflict with reverse effects recently identified in Scandinavia and other countries. Using a well-validated measure of fluid intelligence, we investigated the Flynn Effect by comparing scores normed in 1989 and 2003, among a representative sample of American adolescents ages 13-18 (n=10,073). Additionally, we examined Flynn Effect variation by age, sex, ability level, parental age, and SES. Adjusted mean IQ differences per decade were calculated using generalized linear models. Overall the Flynn Effect was not significant; however, effects varied substantially by age and ability level. IQs increased 2.3 points at age 13 (95% CI=2.0, 2.7), but decreased 1.6 points at age 18 (95% CI=-2.1, -1.2). IQs decreased 4.9 points for those with IQ<70 (95% CI=-4.9, -4.8), but increased 3.5 points among those with IQ>130 (95% CI=3.4, 3.6). The Flynn Effect was not meaningfully related to other background variables. Using the largest sample of US adolescent IQs to date, we demonstrate significant heterogeneity in fluid IQ changes over time. Reverse Flynn Effects at age 18 are consistent with previous data, and those with lower ability levels are exhibiting worsening IQ over time. Findings by age and ability level challenge generalizing IQ trends throughout the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Platt
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032.,Center for Research on Society and Health, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Alan S Kaufman
- Yale University, Child Study Center, School of Medicine, 230 S. Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06519
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Psychiatric manifestations in Egyptian Gaucher patients on enzyme replacement therapy. J Psychosom Res 2019; 122:75-81. [PMID: 31079842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gaucher disease (GD) may include psychiatric symptoms as a part of its wide spectrum of manifestations, with several reports describing its association with mood or psychotic symptoms. We investigated the presence of psychiatric manifestations in an Egyptian sample of Gaucher Disease (GD) patients. METHODS Our sample consisted of 22 GD patients (diagnosed by low glucocerebrosidase (GBA) activity in leukocytes or fibroblasts and molecular analysis by full (GBA) gene sequencing). 13 patients were classified as GD type 1 and 9 patients as GD type 3. We assessed the presence of psychiatric symptoms using the Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N·I) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID) tools. Arabic versions were used. RESULTS The results showed that 41% of the sample had psychiatric disorders, with the most common being depression. None was receiving any form of psychiatric treatment. We found no statistically significant association between the presence of psychiatric disorders and any of the clinical variables of GD, its phenotype, or genotype. CONCLUSION The current results suggest that GD patients are susceptible to psychiatric disorders. However, these results need to be replicated on a wider scale. These findings are of ultimate importance, considering the lack of integrated services addressing both the medical and psychological aspects of inborn errors of metabolism in many countries.
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Platt JM, Keyes KM, McLaughlin KA, Kaufman AS. Intellectual disability and mental disorders in a US population representative sample of adolescents. Psychol Med 2019; 49:952-961. [PMID: 29996960 PMCID: PMC6330165 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most research on the prevalence, distribution, and psychiatric comorbidity of intellectual disability (ID) relies on clinical samples, limiting the generalizability and utility of ID assessment in a legal context. This study assessed ID prevalence in a population-representative sample of US adolescents and examined associations of ID with socio-demographic factors and mental disorders. METHODS Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (N = 6256). ID was defined as: (1) IQ ⩽ 76, measured using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test; (2) an adaptive behavior score ⩽76, and (3) age of onset ⩽18 measured using a validated scale. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed 15 lifetime mental disorders. The Sheehan disability scale assessed disorder severity. We used logistic regression models to estimate differences in lifetime disorders for adolescents with and without ID. RESULTS ID prevalence was 3.2%. Among adolescents with ID, 65.1% met lifetime criteria for a mental disorder. ID status was associated with specific phobia, agoraphobia, and bipolar disorder, but not behavior disorders after adjustment for socio-demographics. Adolescents with ID and mental disorders were significantly more likely to exhibit severe impairment than those without ID. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight how sample selection and overlap between ID and psychopathology symptoms might bias understanding of the mental health consequences of ID. For example, associations between ID and behavior disorders widely reported in clinical samples were not observed in a population-representative sample after adjustment for socio-demographic confounders. Valid assessment and understanding of these constructs may prove influential in the legal system by influencing treatment referrals and capital punishment decisions.General Scientific SummaryCurrent definitions of intellectual disability (ID) are based on three criteria: formal designation of low intelligence through artificial problem-solving tasks, impairment in one's ability to function in his/her social environment, and early age of onset. In a national population sample of adolescents, the majority of those with ID met criteria for a lifetime mental disorder. Phobias and bipolar disorder, but not behavior disorders, were elevated in adolescents with ID. Findings highlight the need to consider how behavioral problems are conceptualized and classified in people with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology,University of Washington,Seattle,Washington,USA
| | - Alan S Kaufman
- Child Study Center,School of Medicine,Yale University,New Haven,Connecticut,USA
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Lin HY, Cocchi L, Zalesky A, Lv J, Perry A, Tseng WYI, Kundu P, Breakspear M, Gau SSF. Brain-behavior patterns define a dimensional biotype in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2399-2408. [PMID: 29409566 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood-onset attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is clinically heterogeneous and commonly presents with different patterns of cognitive deficits. It is unclear if this clinical heterogeneity expresses a dimensional or categorical difference in ADHD. METHODS We first studied differences in functional connectivity in multi-echo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) acquired from 80 medication-naïve adults with ADHD and 123 matched healthy controls. We then used canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to identify latent relationships between symptoms and patterns of altered functional connectivity (dimensional biotype) in patients. Clustering methods were implemented to test if the individual associations between resting-state brain connectivity and symptoms reflected a non-overlapping categorical biotype. RESULTS Adults with ADHD showed stronger functional connectivity compared to healthy controls, predominantly between the default-mode, cingulo-opercular and subcortical networks. CCA identified a single mode of brain-symptom co-variation, corresponding to an ADHD dimensional biotype. This dimensional biotype is characterized by a unique combination of altered connectivity correlating with symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, inattention, and intelligence. Clustering analyses did not support the existence of distinct categorical biotypes of adult ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data advance a novel finding that the reduced functional segregation between default-mode and cognitive control networks supports a clinically important dimensional biotype of childhood-onset adult ADHD. Despite the heterogeneity of its presentation, our work suggests that childhood-onset adult ADHD is a single disorder characterized by dimensional brain-symptom mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Luca Cocchi
- Systems Neuroscience Group,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane, Queensland,Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre,The University of Melbourne,Melbourne,Victoria,Australia
| | - Jinglei Lv
- Systems Neuroscience Group,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane, Queensland,Australia
| | - Alistair Perry
- Systems Neuroscience Group,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane, Queensland,Australia
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging,National Taiwan University College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Prantik Kundu
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,New York,NY,USA
| | - Michael Breakspear
- Systems Neuroscience Group,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,Brisbane, Queensland,Australia
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
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Luciana M, Bjork JM, Nagel BJ, Barch DM, Gonzalez R, Nixon SJ, Banich MT. Adolescent neurocognitive development and impacts of substance use: Overview of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) baseline neurocognition battery. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 32:67-79. [PMID: 29525452 PMCID: PMC6039970 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by numerous social, hormonal and physical changes, as well as a marked increase in risk-taking behaviors. Dual systems models attribute adolescent risk-taking to tensions between developing capacities for cognitive control and motivational strivings, which may peak at this time. A comprehensive understanding of neurocognitive development during the adolescent period is necessary to permit the distinction between premorbid vulnerabilities and consequences of behaviors such as substance use. Thus, the prospective assessment of cognitive development is fundamental to the aims of the newly launched Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Consortium. This paper details the rationale for ABC'lected measures of neurocognition, presents preliminary descriptive data on an initial sample of 2299 participants, and provides a context for how this large-scale project can inform our understanding of adolescent neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luciana
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - J M Bjork
- Virginia Commonwealth University, United States.
| | - B J Nagel
- Oregon Health Sciences University, United States.
| | - D M Barch
- Washington University, St. Louis, United States.
| | - R Gonzalez
- Florida International University, United States.
| | - S J Nixon
- University of Florida, United States.
| | - M T Banich
- University of Colorado, Boulder, United States.
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Shen X, Cox SR, Adams MJ, Howard DM, Lawrie SM, Ritchie SJ, Bastin ME, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC. Resting-State Connectivity and Its Association With Cognitive Performance, Educational Attainment, and Household Income in the UK Biobank. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:878-886. [PMID: 30093342 PMCID: PMC6289224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cognitive ability is an important predictor of lifelong physical and mental well-being, and impairments are associated with many psychiatric disorders. Higher cognitive ability is also associated with greater educational attainment and increased household income. Understanding neural mechanisms underlying cognitive ability is of crucial importance for determining the nature of these associations. In the current study, we examined the spontaneous activity of the brain at rest to investigate its relationships with not only cognitive ability but also educational attainment and household income. Methods We used a large sample of resting-state neuroimaging data from the UK Biobank (n = 3950). Results First, analysis at the whole-brain level showed that connections involving the default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), and cingulo-opercular network (CON) were significantly positively associated with levels of cognitive performance assessed by a verbal-numerical reasoning test (standardized β cingulo-opercular values ranged from 0.054 to 0.097, pcorrected < .038). Connections associated with higher levels of cognitive performance were also significantly positively associated with educational attainment (r = .48, n = 4160) and household income (r = .38, n = 3793). Furthermore, analysis on the coupling of functional networks showed that better cognitive performance was associated with more positive DMN–CON connections, decreased cross-hemisphere connections between the homotopic network in the CON and FPN, and stronger CON–FPN connections (absolute βs ranged from 0.034 to 0.063, pcorrected < .045). Conclusions The current study found that variation in brain resting-state functional connectivity was associated with individual differences in cognitive ability, largely involving the DMN and lateral prefrontal network. In addition, we provide evidence of shared neural associations of cognitive ability, educational attainment, and household income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David M Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Platt JM, McLaughlin KA, Luedtke AR, Ahern J, Kaufman AS, Keyes KM. Targeted Estimation of the Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Fluid Intelligence in a US Population Sample of Adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1456-1466. [PMID: 29982374 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown inverse associations between childhood adversity and intelligence, although most are based on small clinical samples and fail to account for the effects of multiple co-occurring adversities. Using data from the 2001-2004 National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement, a cross-sectional US population study of adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 10,073), we examined the associations between 11 childhood adversities and intelligence, using targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation incorporates machine learning to identify the relationships between exposures and outcomes without overfitting, including interactions and nonlinearity. The nonverbal score from the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test was used as a standardized measure of fluid reasoning. Childhood adversities were grouped into deprivation and threat types based on recent conceptual models. Adjusted marginal mean differences compared the mean intelligence score if all adolescents experienced each adversity to the mean in the absence of the adversity. The largest associations were observed for deprivation-type experiences, including poverty and low parental education, which were related to reduced intelligence. Although lower in magnitude, threat events related to intelligence included physical abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Violence prevention and poverty-reduction measures would likely improve childhood cognitive outcomes.
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Girault JB, Langworthy BW, Goldman BD, Stephens RL, Cornea E, Reznick JS, Fine J, Gilmore JH. The Predictive Value of Developmental Assessments at 1 and 2 for Intelligence Quotients at 6. INTELLIGENCE 2018; 68:58-65. [PMID: 30270948 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intelligence is an important individual difference factor related to mental health, academic achievement, and life success, yet there is a lack of research into its early cognitive predictors. This study investigated the predictive value of infant developmental assessment scores for school-age intelligence in a large, heterogeneous sample of single- and twin-born subjects (N = 521). We found that Early Learning Composite (ELC) scores from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning have similar predictive power to that of other infant tests. ELC scores at age 2 were predictive of Stanford-Binet abbreviated intelligence (ABIQ) scores at age 6 (r = 0.46) even after controlling for sex, gestation number, and parental education. ELC scores at age 1 were less predictive of 6-year ABIQ scores (r = 0.17). When the sample was split to test robustness of findings, we found that results from the full sample replicated in a subset of children born at ≥32 weeks gestation without birth complications (n = 405), though infant cognitive scores did not predict IQ in a subset born very prematurely or with birth complications (n = 116). Scores at age 2 in twins and singletons showed similar predictive ability for scores at age 6, though twins had particularly high correlations between ELC at age 1 and ABIQ at age 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Girault
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Center for Developmental Science, Campus Box # 8115, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin W Langworthy
- Department of Biostatistics, Campus Box # 7400, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Barbara D Goldman
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, Campus Box # 8180, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Campus Box # 3270, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca L Stephens
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Emil Cornea
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - J Steven Reznick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Campus Box # 3270, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jason Fine
- Department of Biostatistics, Campus Box # 7400, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box #7160, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Schaefer JD, Scult MA, Caspi A, Arseneault L, Belsky DW, Hariri AR, Harrington H, Houts R, Ramrakha S, Poulton R, Moffitt TE. Is low cognitive functioning a predictor or consequence of major depressive disorder? A test in two longitudinal birth cohorts. Dev Psychopathol 2017:1-15. [PMID: 29144220 PMCID: PMC5842891 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941700164x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has been identified as an important aspect of major depressive disorder (MDD). We tested two theories regarding the association between MDD and cognitive functioning using data from longitudinal cohort studies. One theory, the cognitive reserve hypothesis, suggests that higher cognitive ability in childhood decreases risk of later MDD. The second, the scarring hypothesis, instead suggests that MDD leads to persistent cognitive deficits following disorder onset. We tested both theories in the Dunedin Study, a population-representative cohort followed from birth to midlife and assessed repeatedly for both cognitive functioning and psychopathology. We also used data from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study to test whether childhood cognitive functioning predicts future MDD risk independent of family-wide and genetic risk using a discordant twin design. Contrary to both hypotheses, we found that childhood cognitive functioning did not predict future risk of MDD, nor did study members with a past history of MDD show evidence of greater cognitive decline unless MDD was accompanied by other comorbid psychiatric conditions. Our results thus suggest that low cognitive functioning is related to comorbidity, but is neither an antecedent nor an enduring consequence of MDD. Future research may benefit from considering cognitive deficits that occur during depressive episodes from a transdiagnostic perspective.
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Platt JM, Colich NL, McLaughlin KA, Gary D, Keyes KM. Transdiagnostic psychiatric disorder risk associated with early age of menarche: A latent modeling approach. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 79:70-79. [PMID: 28757148 PMCID: PMC5643227 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier age of pubertal maturation in females is associated with increased risk for mental health problems in adolescence, compared with on-time or later maturation. However, most investigations of pubertal timing and mental health consider risk for individual disorders and fail to account for comorbidity. A latent-modeling approach using a large, nationally representative sample could better explain the transdiagnostic nature of the consequences of early-onset puberty. METHODS Data on age of menarche and mental disorders were drawn from a population-representative sample of adolescents (n=4925), ages 13-17. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit four latent disorder categories: distress, eating, and externalizing, and fear disorders. Timing of menarche included those with earlier (age≤10, age 11) and later age of onset (age 13, 14+), relative to those with average timing of menarche (age 12). Associations between timing of menarche and latent disorders were estimated in a structural equation model (SEM), adjusted for age, income, race, parent marital status, BMI, and childhood adversity. RESULTS The measurement model evidenced acceptable fit (CFI=0.91; RMSEA=0.02). Onset of menarche before age 11 was significantly associated with distress disorders (coefficient=0.096; p<0.0001), fear disorders (coefficient=0.09; p<0.0001), and externalizing disorders (coefficient=0.039; p=0.049) as compared to on-time or late menarche. No residual associations of early menarche with individual disorders over and above the latent disorders were observed. CONCLUSION The latent modeling approach illuminated meaningful transdiagnostic psychiatric associations with early timing of menarche. Biological processes initiated at puberty can influence cognitive and affective processes as well as social relationships for adolescents. Under developmentally normative conditions, these changes may be adaptive. However, for those out of sync with their peers, researchers and clinicians should recognize the potential for these processes to influence liability to a broad array of psychopathological consequences in adolescence.
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Abramovitch A, Anholt G, Raveh-Gottfried S, Hamo N, Abramowitz JS. Meta-Analysis of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Neuropsychol Rev 2017; 28:111-120. [PMID: 28864868 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-017-9358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a moderate degree of underperformance on cognitive tests, including deficient processing speed. However, despite little research focusing on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in OCD, it has long been speculated that the disorder is associated with elevated intellectual capacity. The present meta-analytic study was, therefore, conducted to quantitatively summarize the literature on IQ in OCD systematically. We identified 98 studies containing IQ data among individuals with OCD and non-psychiatric comparison groups, and computed 108 effect sizes for Verbal IQ (VIQ, n = 55), Performance IQ (PIQ, n = 13), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ, n = 40). Across studies, small effect sizes were found for FSIQ and VIQ, and a moderate effect size for PIQ, exemplifying reduced IQ in OCD. However, mean IQ scores across OCD samples were in the normative range. Moderator analyses revealed no significant moderating effect across clinical and demographic indices. We conclude that, although lower than controls, OCD is associated with normative FSIQ and VIQ, and relatively lowered PIQ. These results are discussed in light of neuropsychological research in OCD, and particularly the putative impact of reduced processing speed in this population. Recommendations for utilization of IQ tests in OCD, and directions for future studies are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitai Abramovitch
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Gideon Anholt
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Naama Hamo
- Department of Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Jonathan S Abramowitz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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40
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Bejerot S, Nilsonne G, Humble MB. Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4:437. [PMID: 28495546 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bejerot
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats B Humble
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden; University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro, Sweden
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