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Gopalappa R, Lee M, Kim G, Jung ES, Lee H, Hwang HY, Lee JG, Kim SJ, Yoo HJ, Sung YH, Kim D, Baek IJ, Kim HH. In vivo adenine base editing rescues adrenoleukodystrophy in a humanized mouse model. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2190-2206. [PMID: 38796705 PMCID: PMC11286820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), an inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in ABCD1, which encodes the peroxisomal ABC transporter, mainly affects the brain, spinal cord, adrenal glands, and testes. In ALD patients, very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) fail to enter the peroxisome and undergo subsequent β-oxidation, resulting in their accumulation in the body. It has not been tested whether in vivo base editing or prime editing can be harnessed to ameliorate ALD. We developed a humanized mouse model of ALD by inserting a human cDNA containing the pathogenic variant into the mouse Abcd1 locus. The humanized ALD model showed increased levels of VLCFAs. To correct the mutation, we tested both base editing and prime editing and found that base editing using ABE8e(V106W) could correct the mutation in patient-derived fibroblasts at an efficiency of 7.4%. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated systemic delivery of NG-ABE8e(V106W) enabled robust correction of the pathogenic variant in the mouse brain (correction efficiency: ∼5.5%), spinal cord (∼5.1%), and adrenal gland (∼2%), leading to a significant reduction in the plasma levels of C26:0/C22:0. This established humanized mouse model and the successful correction of the pathogenic variant using a base editor serve as a significant step toward treating human ALD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Gopalappa
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - MinYoung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Globinna Kim
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul Sik Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; JES Clinic, Incheon 21550, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanahrae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Hwang
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Geol Lee
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Cell and Genetic Engineering, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering, Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Woo Choo Lee Institute for Precision Drug Development, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Kaur N, Singh J. Generating human AMN and cALD iPSC-derived astrocytes with potential for modeling X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy phenotypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596696. [PMID: 38854155 PMCID: PMC11160757 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). Similar mutations in ABCD1 may result in a spectrum of phenotypes in males with slow progressing adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and fatal cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) dominating the majority of cases. Mouse model of X-ALD does not capture the phenotype differences and an appropriate model to investigate mechanism of disease onset and progress remains a critical need. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived and cell models derived from them have provided useful tools for investigating cell-type specific disease mechanisms. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from skin fibroblasts of two each of apparently healthy control, AMN and cALD patients with non-integrating mRNA-based reprogramming. iPSC lines expanded normally and expressed pluripotency markers Oct4, SOX2, Nanog, SSEA and TRA-1-60. Expression of markers SOX17, brachyury, Desmin, Oxt2 and beta tubulin III demonstrated the ability of the iPSCs to differentiate into all three germ layers. iPSC-derived lines from CTL, AMN and cALD male patients were differentiated into astrocytes. Differentiated AMN and cALD astrocytes lacked ABCD1 expression and accumulated VLCFA, a hallmark of X-ALD. These patient astrocytes provide disease-relevant tools to investigate mechanism of differential neuroinflammatory response and metabolic reprogramming in X-ALD. Further these patient-derived human astrocyte cell models will be valuable for testing new therapeutics.
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Granadeiro L, Zarralanga VE, Rosa R, Franquinho F, Lamas S, Brites P. Ataxia with giant axonopathy in Acbd5-deficient mice halted by adeno-associated virus gene therapy. Brain 2024; 147:1457-1473. [PMID: 38066620 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 5 (ACBD5) is a critical player in handling very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) en route for peroxisomal β-oxidation. Mutations in ACBD5 lead to the accumulation of VLCFA and patients present retinal dystrophy, ataxia, psychomotor delay and a severe leukodystrophy. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated and characterized an Acbd5 Gly357* mutant allele. Gly357* mutant mice recapitulated key features of the human disorder, including reduced survival, impaired locomotion and reflexes, loss of photoreceptors, and demyelination. The ataxic presentation of Gly357* mice involved the loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a giant axonopathy throughout the CNS. Lipidomic studies provided evidence for the extensive lipid dysregulation caused by VLCFA accumulation. Following a proteomic survey, functional studies in neurons treated with VLCFA unravelled a deregulated cytoskeleton with reduced actin dynamics and increased neuronal filopodia. We also show that an adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery ameliorated the gait phenotypes and the giant axonopathy, also improving myelination and astrocyte reactivity. Collectively, we established a mouse model with significance for VLCFA-related disorders. The development of relevant neuropathological outcomes enabled the understanding of mechanisms modulated by VLCFA and the evaluation of the efficacy of preclinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Granadeiro
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Violeta Enríquez Zarralanga
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Rosa
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Franquinho
- Animal Facility, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Lamas
- Animal Facility, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Wang QH, Liu LY, Wang YY, He W, Wang J, Wang J, Zou LP. Generation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from skin fibroblasts of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy. Stem Cell Res 2023; 73:103243. [PMID: 37948838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare peroxisome disease with phenotypic heterogeneity. There is a lack of suitable in vitro models to study its pathogenesis. We established two strains of iPSCs from skin fibroblasts of patients with childhood cerebral ALD and Addison's disease, respectively. CytoTune™2.0 Sendai reprogramming kit was used. The iPSC lines showed typical stem cell morphology, normal karyotype, and carrying ABCD1 variation. The iPSC lines express pluripotency markers, and have the capacity to differentiate into three germ layers. iPSCs can be used as an alternative cell source for ALD in vitro model to study its pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hong Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wen He
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Ping Zou
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China; Senior Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Poisson LM, Kaur N, Felicella MM, Singh J. System-based integrated metabolomics and microRNA analysis identifies potential molecular alterations in human X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy brain. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:3249-3262. [PMID: 37656183 PMCID: PMC10656705 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a severe demyelinating neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting males. The severe cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) phenotype has a poor prognosis and underlying mechanism of onset and progression of neuropathology remains poorly understood. In this study we aim to integrate metabolomic and microRNA (miRNA) datasets to identify variances associated with cALD. Postmortem brain tissue samples from five healthy controls (CTL) and five cALD patients were utilized in this study. White matter from ALD patients was obtained from normal-appearing areas, away from lesions (NLA) and from the periphery of lesions- plaque shadow (PLS). Metabolomics was performed by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and miRNA expression analysis was performed by next generation sequencing (RNAseq). Principal component analysis revealed that among the three sample groups (CTL, NLA and PLS) there were 19 miRNA, including several novel miRNA, of which 17 were increased with disease severity and 2 were decreased. Untargeted metabolomics revealed 13 metabolites with disease severity-related patterns with 7 increased and 6 decreased with disease severity. Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially altered metabolites and miRNA comparing CTL with NLA and NLA with PLS, identified several hubs of metabolite and signaling molecules and their upstream regulation by miRNA. The transomic approach to map the crosstalk between miRNA and metabolomics suggests involvement of specific molecular and metabolic pathways in cALD and offers opportunity to understand the complex underlying mechanism of disease severity in cALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M Poisson
- Department of Public Health Science, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Navtej Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Michelle M Felicella
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Buda A, Forss-Petter S, Hua R, Jaspers Y, Lassnig M, Waidhofer-Söllner P, Kemp S, Kim P, Weinhofer I, Berger J. ABCD1 Transporter Deficiency Results in Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1333. [PMID: 37759733 PMCID: PMC10526550 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), the most common peroxisomal disorder, is caused by mutations in the peroxisomal transporter ABCD1, resulting in the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). Strongly affected cell types, such as oligodendrocytes, adrenocortical cells and macrophages, exhibit high cholesterol turnover. Here, we investigated how ABCD1 deficiency affects cholesterol metabolism in human X-ALD patient-derived fibroblasts and CNS tissues of Abcd1-deficient mice. Lipidome analyses revealed increased levels of cholesterol esters (CE), containing both saturated VLCFA and mono/polyunsaturated (V)LCFA. The elevated CE(26:0) and CE(26:1) levels remained unchanged in LXR agonist-treated Abcd1 KO mice despite reduced total C26:0. Under high-cholesterol loading, gene expression of SOAT1, converting cholesterol to CE and lipid droplet formation were increased in human X-ALD fibroblasts versus healthy control fibroblasts. However, the expression of NCEH1, catalysing CE hydrolysis and the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and cholesterol efflux were also upregulated. Elevated Soat1 and Abca1 expression and lipid droplet content were confirmed in the spinal cord of X-ALD mice, where expression of the CNS cholesterol transporter Apoe was also elevated. The extent of peroxisome-lipid droplet co-localisation appeared low and was not impaired by ABCD1-deficiency in cholesterol-loaded primary fibroblasts. Finally, addressing steroidogenesis, progesterone-induced cortisol release was amplified in X-ALD fibroblasts. These results link VLCFA to cholesterol homeostasis and justify further consideration of therapeutic approaches towards reducing VLCFA and cholesterol levels in X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Buda
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rong Hua
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Yorrick Jaspers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Lassnig
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Waidhofer-Söllner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Dong L, Xiao J, Liu S, Deng G, Liao Y, Chu B, Zhao X, Song BL, Luo J. Lysosomal cholesterol accumulation is commonly found in most peroxisomal disorders and reversed by 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:1786-1799. [PMID: 36971991 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders (PDs) are a heterogenous group of diseases caused by defects in peroxisome biogenesis or functions. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is the most prevalent form of PDs and results from mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a transporter mediating the uptake of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). The curative approaches for PDs are very limited. Here, we investigated whether cholesterol accumulation in the lysosomes is a biochemical feature shared by a broad spectrum of PDs. We individually knocked down fifteen PD-associated genes in cultured cells and found ten induced cholesterol accumulation in the lysosome. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) effectively alleviated the cholesterol accumulation phenotype in PD-mimicking cells through reducing intracellular cholesterol content as well as promoting cholesterol redistribution to other cellular membranes. In ABCD1 knockdown cells, HPCD treatment lowered reactive oxygen species and VLCFA to normal levels. In Abcd1 knockout mice, HPCD injections reduced cholesterol and VLCFA sequestration in the brain and adrenal cortex. The plasma levels of adrenocortical hormones were increased and the behavioral abnormalities were greatly ameliorated upon HPCD administration. Together, our results suggest that defective cholesterol transport underlies most, if not all, PDs, and that HPCD can serve as a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Gang Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yacheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Martinović K, Bauer J, Kunze M, Berger J, Forss-Petter S. Abcd1 deficiency accelerates cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and axonopathy in a demyelinating mouse model of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:98. [PMID: 37331971 PMCID: PMC10276915 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), the most frequent, inherited peroxisomal disease, is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding a peroxisomal lipid transporter importing very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) from the cytosol into peroxisomes for degradation via β-oxidation. ABCD1 deficiency results in accumulation of VLCFAs in tissues and body fluids of X-ALD patients with a wide range of phenotypic manifestations. The most severe variant, cerebral X-ALD (CALD) is characterized by progressive inflammation, loss of the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and demyelination of the cerebral white matter. Whether the oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in CALD are caused by a primary cell autonomous defect or injury to oligodendrocytes or by a secondary effect of the inflammatory reaction remains unresolved. To address the role of X-ALD oligodendrocytes in demyelinating pathophysiology, we combined the Abcd1 deficient X-ALD mouse model, in which VLCFAs accumulate without spontaneous demyelination, with the cuprizone model of toxic demyelination. In mice, the copper chelator cuprizone induces reproducible demyelination in the corpus callosum, followed by remyelination upon cuprizone removal. By immunohistochemical analyses of oligodendrocytes, myelin, axonal damage and microglia activation during de-and remyelination, we found that the mature oligodendrocytes of Abcd1 KO mice are more susceptible to cuprizone-induced cell death compared to WT mice in the early demyelinating phase. Furthermore, this effect was mirrored by a greater extent of acute axonal damage during demyelination in the KO mice. Abcd1 deficiency did not affect the function of microglia in either phase of the treatment. Also, the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and remyelination progressed at similar rates in both genotypes. Taken together, our findings point to an effect of Abcd1 deficiency on mature oligodendrocytes and the oligodendrocyte-axon unit, leading to increased vulnerability in the context of a demyelinating insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Martinović
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kocherlakota S, Swinkels D, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Mouse Models to Study Peroxisomal Functions and Disorders: Overview, Caveats, and Recommendations. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:469-500. [PMID: 36952207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
During the last three decades many mouse lines were created or identified that are deficient in one or more peroxisomal functions. Different methodologies were applied to obtain global, hypomorph, cell type selective, inducible, and knockin mice. Whereas some models closely mimic pathologies in patients, others strongly deviate or no human counterpart has been reported. Often, mice, apparently endowed with a stronger transcriptional adaptation, have to be challenged with dietary additions or restrictions in order to trigger phenotypic changes. Depending on the inactivated peroxisomal protein, several approaches can be taken to validate the loss-of-function. Here, an overview is given of the available mouse models and their most important characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Petrillo S, D’Amico J, Nicita F, Torda C, Vasco G, Bertini ES, Cappa M, Piemonte F. Antioxidant Response in Human X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Fibroblasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2125. [PMID: 36358497 PMCID: PMC9686530 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation play a major role in the pathophysiology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, encoding the protein responsible for peroxisomal import and degradation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Therefore, VLCFAs accumulate in tissues and plasma, constituting a pathognomonic biomarker for diagnosis. However, the precise role of VLCFA accumulation on the diverse clinical phenotypes of X-ALD and the pathogenic link between VLCFAs and oxidative stress remain currently unclear. This study proposes ferroptosis as a crucial contributor to the disease development and progression. The expression profiles of "GPX4-glutathione" and "NQO1-CoQ10" ferroptosis pathways have been analyzed in fibroblasts of one patient with AMN, the late onset and slowly progressive form of X-ALD, and in two patients with cALD, the cerebral inflammatory demyelinating form of early childhood. Furthermore, as no effective treatments are currently available, especially for the rapidly progressing form of X-ALD (cALD), the efficacy of NAC treatment has also been evaluated to open the way toward novel combined therapies. Our findings demonstrate that lipid peroxides accumulate in X-ALD fibroblasts and ferroptosis-counteracting enzymes are dysregulated, highlighting a different antioxidant response in patients with AMN and cALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica D’Amico
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicita
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Torda
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Gessica Vasco
- Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab), Department of Neurorehabilitation and Robotics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00050 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico S. Bertini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
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11
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Nowacki JC, Fields AM, Fu MM. Emerging cellular themes in leukodystrophies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:902261. [PMID: 36003149 PMCID: PMC9393611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.902261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a broad spectrum of neurological disorders that are characterized primarily by deficiencies in myelin formation. Clinical manifestations of leukodystrophies usually appear during childhood and common symptoms include lack of motor coordination, difficulty with or loss of ambulation, issues with vision and/or hearing, cognitive decline, regression in speech skills, and even seizures. Many cases of leukodystrophy can be attributed to genetic mutations, but they have diverse inheritance patterns (e.g., autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked) and some arise from de novo mutations. In this review, we provide an updated overview of 35 types of leukodystrophies and focus on cellular mechanisms that may underlie these disorders. We find common themes in specialized functions in oligodendrocytes, which are specialized producers of membranes and myelin lipids. These mechanisms include myelin protein defects, lipid processing and peroxisome dysfunction, transcriptional and translational dysregulation, disruptions in cytoskeletal organization, and cell junction defects. In addition, non-cell-autonomous factors in astrocytes and microglia, such as autoimmune reactivity, and intercellular communication, may also play a role in leukodystrophy onset. We hope that highlighting these themes in cellular dysfunction in leukodystrophies may yield conceptual insights on future therapeutic approaches.
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12
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Gong Y, Laheji F, Berenson A, Qian A, Park SO, Kok R, Selig M, Hahn R, Sadjadi R, Kemp S, Eichler F. Peroxisome Metabolism Contributes to PIEZO2-Mediated Mechanical Allodynia. Cells 2022; 11:1842. [PMID: 35681537 PMCID: PMC9180358 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the peroxisomal half-transporter ABCD1 cause X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, resulting in elevated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), progressive neurodegeneration and an associated pain syndrome that is poorly understood. In the nervous system of mice, we found ABCD1 expression to be highest in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), with satellite glial cells (SGCs) displaying higher expression than neurons. We subsequently examined sensory behavior and DRG pathophysiology in mice deficient in ABCD1 compared to wild-type mice. Beginning at 8 months of age, Abcd1-/y mice developed persistent mechanical allodynia. DRG had a greater number of IB4-positive nociceptive neurons expressing PIEZO2, the mechanosensitive ion channel. Blocking PIEZO2 partially rescued the mechanical allodynia. Beyond affecting neurons, ABCD1 deficiency impacted SGCs, as demonstrated by high levels of VLCFA, increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as well as genes disrupting neuron-SGC connectivity. These findings suggest that lack of the peroxisomal half-transporter ABCD1 leads to PIEZO2-mediated mechanical allodynia as well as SGC dysfunction. Given the known supportive role of SGCs to neurons, this elucidates a novel mechanism underlying pain in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Fiza Laheji
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna Berenson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - April Qian
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Sang-O Park
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Rene Kok
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Martin Selig
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Ryan Hahn
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Reza Sadjadi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.K.); (S.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (Y.G.); (F.L.); (A.B.); (A.Q.); (S.-O.P.); (M.S.); (R.H.); (R.S.)
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13
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Kim J, Bai H. Peroxisomal Stress Response and Inter-Organelle Communication in Cellular Homeostasis and Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:192. [PMID: 35204075 PMCID: PMC8868334 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are key regulators of cellular and metabolic homeostasis. These organelles play important roles in redox metabolism, the oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), and the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids. Given the essential role of peroxisomes in cellular homeostasis, peroxisomal dysfunction has been linked to various pathological conditions, tissue functional decline, and aging. In the past few decades, a variety of cellular signaling and metabolic changes have been reported to be associated with defective peroxisomes, suggesting that many cellular processes and functions depend on peroxisomes. Peroxisomes communicate with other subcellular organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and lysosomes. These inter-organelle communications are highly linked to the key mechanisms by which cells surveil defective peroxisomes and mount adaptive responses to protect them from damages. In this review, we highlight the major cellular changes that accompany peroxisomal dysfunction and peroxisomal inter-organelle communication through membrane contact sites, metabolic signaling, and retrograde signaling. We also discuss the age-related decline of peroxisomal protein import and its role in animal aging and age-related diseases. Unlike other organelle stress response pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the ER and mitochondria, the cellular signaling pathways that mediate stress responses to malfunctioning peroxisomes have not been systematically studied and investigated. Here, we coin these signaling pathways as "peroxisomal stress response pathways". Understanding peroxisomal stress response pathways and how peroxisomes communicate with other organelles are important and emerging areas of peroxisome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinoh Kim
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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14
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Structures of the human peroxisomal fatty acid transporter ABCD1 in a lipid environment. Commun Biol 2022; 5:7. [PMID: 35013584 PMCID: PMC8748874 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02970-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisomal very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) transporter ABCD1 is central to fatty acid catabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Its dysfunction underlies toxic cytosolic accumulation of VLCFAs, progressive demyelination, and neurological impairments including X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We present cryo-EM structures of ABCD1 in phospholipid nanodiscs in a nucleotide bound conformation open to the peroxisomal lumen and an inward facing conformation open to the cytosol at up to 3.5 Å resolution, revealing details of its transmembrane cavity and ATP dependent conformational spectrum. We identify features distinguishing ABCD1 from its closest homologs and show that coenzyme A (CoA) esters of VLCFAs modulate ABCD1 activity in a species dependent manner. Our data suggest a transport mechanism where the CoA moieties of VLCFA-CoAs enter the hydrophilic transmembrane domain while the acyl chains extend out into the surrounding membrane bilayer. The structures help rationalize disease causing mutations and may aid ABCD1 targeted structure-based drug design. Le et al. present cryo-EM structures of the peroxisomal very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) transporter ABCD1 in phospholipid nanodiscs in a nucleotide-bound conformation open to the peroximsomal lumen and a conformation open to the cytosol. These structures provide the basis for structure-function studies to investigate VLCFA transport properties, disease-causing mutations, and drug design for disorders, such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, associated with ABCD1 dysfunction.
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15
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Hong SA, Seo JH, Wi S, Jung ES, Yu J, Hwang GH, Yu JH, Baek A, Park S, Bae S, Cho SR. In vivo gene editing via homology-independent targeted integration for adrenoleukodystrophy treatment. Mol Ther 2022; 30:119-129. [PMID: 34058389 PMCID: PMC8753287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is caused by various pathogenic mutations in the X-linked ABCD1 gene, which lead to metabolically abnormal accumulations of very long-chain fatty acids in many organs. However, curative treatment of ALD has not yet been achieved. To treat ALD, we applied two different gene-editing strategies, base editing and homology-independent targeted integration (HITI), in ALD patient-derived fibroblasts. Next, we performed in vivo HITI-mediated gene editing using AAV9 vectors delivered via intravenous administration in the ALD model mice. We found that the ABCD1 mRNA level was significantly increased in HITI-treated mice, and the plasma levels of C24:0-LysoPC (lysophosphatidylcholine) and C26:0-LysoPC, sensitive diagnostic markers for ALD, were significantly reduced. These results suggest that HITI-mediated mutant gene rescue could be a promising therapeutic strategy for human ALD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ah Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Wi
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Eul Sik Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; JES Clinic, Incheon 21550, South Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yu
- Division of Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Gue-Ho Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, South Korea
| | - Ji Hea Yu
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, South Korea
| | - Soeon Park
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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16
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Boyd MJ, Collier PN, Clark MP, Deng H, Kesavan S, Ronkin SM, Waal N, Wang J, Cao J, Li P, Come J, Davies I, Duffy JP, Cochran JE, Court JJ, Chandupatla K, Jackson KL, Maltais F, O'Dowd H, Boucher C, Considine T, Taylor WP, Gao H, Chakilam A, Engtrakul J, Crawford D, Doyle E, Phillips J, Kemper R, Swett R, Empfield J, Bunnage ME, Charifson PS, Magavi SS. Discovery of Novel, Orally Bioavailable Pyrimidine Ether-Based Inhibitors of ELOVL1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17777-17794. [PMID: 34871500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In our efforts to identify novel small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), we conducted a high-throughput radiometric screen for inhibitors of elongation of very long chain fatty acid 1 (ELOVL1) enzyme. We developed a series of highly potent, central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant pyrimidine ether-based compounds with favorable pharmacokinetics culminating in compound 22. Compound 22 is a selective inhibitor of ELOVL1, reducing C26:0 VLCFA synthesis in ALD patient fibroblasts and lymphocytes in vitro. Compound 22 reduced C26:0 lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), a subtype of VLCFA, in the blood of ATP binding cassette transporter D1 (ABCD1) KO mice, a murine model of ALD to near wild-type levels. Compound 22 is a low-molecular-weight, potent ELOVL1 inhibitor that may serve as a useful tool for exploring therapeutic approaches to the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Philip N Collier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael P Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hongbo Deng
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sarathy Kesavan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M Ronkin
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Nathan Waal
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jingrong Cao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Pan Li
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jon Come
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ioana Davies
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John P Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John E Cochran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John J Court
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kishan Chandupatla
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Katrina L Jackson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Francois Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hardwin O'Dowd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christina Boucher
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tony Considine
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - William P Taylor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hong Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ananthisrinivas Chakilam
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Juntyma Engtrakul
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dan Crawford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Elizabeth Doyle
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jonathan Phillips
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Raymond Kemper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rebecca Swett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - James Empfield
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark E Bunnage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Paul S Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sanjay Shivayogi Magavi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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17
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Come JH, Senter TJ, Clark MP, Court JJ, Gale-Day Z, Gu W, Krueger E, Liang J, Morris M, Nanthakumar S, O'Dowd H, Maltais F, Iyer G, Andreassi J, Boucher C, Considine T, Moody CS, Taylor W, Mohanty AK, Huang Y, Zuccola H, Coll J, Bonanno KC, Gagnon KJ, Gan L, Lu F, Gao H, Chakilam A, Engtrakul J, Song B, Crawford D, Doyle E, Kramer T, Vought B, Phillips J, Kemper R, Sanders M, Swett R, Furey B, Winquist R, Bunnage ME, Jackson KL, Charifson PS, Magavi SS. Discovery and Optimization of Pyrazole Amides as Inhibitors of ELOVL1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17753-17776. [PMID: 34748351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) due to defects in ATP binding cassette protein D1 (ABCD1) is thought to underlie the pathologies observed in adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Pursuing a substrate reduction approach based on the inhibition of elongation of very long chain fatty acid 1 enzyme (ELOVL1), we explored a series of thiazole amides that evolved into compound 27─a highly potent, central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant compound with favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. Compound 27 selectively inhibits ELOVL1, reducing C26:0 VLCFA synthesis in ALD patient fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and microglia. In mouse models of ALD, compound 27 treatment reduced C26:0 VLCFA concentrations to near-wild-type levels in blood and up to 65% in the brain, a disease-relevant tissue. Preclinical safety findings in the skin, eye, and CNS precluded progression; the origin and relevance of these findings require further study. ELOVL1 inhibition is an effective approach for normalizing VLCFAs in models of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon H Come
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Timothy J Senter
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael P Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John J Court
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Zachary Gale-Day
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Elaine Krueger
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jianglin Liang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark Morris
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Suganthini Nanthakumar
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hardwin O'Dowd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Francois Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ganesh Iyer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John Andreassi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christina Boucher
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tony Considine
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Cameron S Moody
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - William Taylor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Arun K Mohanty
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Yulin Huang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Harmon Zuccola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joyce Coll
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kenneth C Bonanno
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Lu Gan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Fan Lu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hong Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ananthisrinivas Chakilam
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Juntyma Engtrakul
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Bin Song
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dan Crawford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Elisabeth Doyle
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tal Kramer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Bryan Vought
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jonathan Phillips
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Raymond Kemper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Martin Sanders
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rebecca Swett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brinley Furey
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ray Winquist
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark E Bunnage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Katrina L Jackson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Paul S Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sanjay S Magavi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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18
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Manor J, Chung H, Bhagwat PK, Wangler MF. ABCD1 and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A disease with a markedly variable phenotype showing conserved neurobiology in animal models. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3170-3181. [PMID: 34716609 PMCID: PMC9665428 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a phenotypically heterogeneous disorder involving defective peroxisomal β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), due to mutation in the ABCD1 gene. X-ALD is the most common peroxisomal inborn error of metabolism and confers a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Remarkably, a subset of patients exhibit a cerebral form with inflammatory invasion of the central nervous system and extensive demyelination, while in others only dying-back axonopathy or even isolated adrenal insufficiency is seen, without genotype-phenotype correlation. X-ALD's biochemical signature is marked elevation of VLCFAs in blood, a finding that has been utilized for massive newborn screening for early diagnosis. Investigational gene therapy approaches hold promises for improved outcomes. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease remain poorly understood, limiting investigation of targeted therapeutic options. Animal models for the disease recapitulate the biochemical signature of VLCFA accumulation and demonstrate mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, increased glial death, and axonal damage. Most strikingly, however, cerebral invasion of leukocytes and demyelination were not observed in any animal model for X-ALD, reflecting upon pathological processes that are yet to be discovered. This review summarizes the current disease models in animals, the lessons learned from these models, and the gaps that remained to be filled in order to assist in therapeutic investigations for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Manor
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hyunglok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pranjali K. Bhagwat
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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19
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Ma CY, Li C, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Liu H, Chen HJ, Tse HF, Liao C, Lian Q. Management of adrenoleukodystrophy: From pre-clinical studies to the development of new therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112214. [PMID: 34560537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder associated with mutations of the ABCD1 gene that encodes a peroxisomal transmembrane protein. It results in accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in tissues and body fluid. Along with other factors such as epigenetic and environmental involvement, ABCD1 mutation-provoked disorders can present different phenotypes including cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and peripheral neuropathy. cALD is the most severe form that causes death in young childhood. Bone marrow transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy are only effective when performed at an early stage of onsets in cALD. Nonetheless, current research and development of novel therapies are hampered by a lack of in-depth understanding disease pathophysiology and a lack of reliable cALD models. The Abcd1 and Abcd1/Abcd2 knock-out mouse models as well as the deficiency of Abcd1 rabbit models created in our lab, do not develop cALD phenotypes observed in human beings. In this review, we summarize the clinical and biochemical features of X-ALD, the progress of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Challenges and perspectives for future X-ALD studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yan Ma
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Li
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, the University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Can Liao
- Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Prenatal Diagnostic Centre and Cord Blood Bank, China.
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20
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Kettwig M, Klemp H, Nessler S, Streit F, Krätzner R, Rosewich H, Gärtner J. Targeted metabolomics revealed changes in phospholipids during the development of neuroinflammation in Abcd1 tm1Kds mice and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1174-1185. [PMID: 33855724 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common leukodystrophy. Despite intensive research in recent years, it remains unclear, what drives the different clinical disease courses. Due to this missing pathophysiological link, therapy for the childhood cerebral disease course of X-ALD (CCALD) remains symptomatic; the allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or hematopoietic stem-cell gene therapy is an option for early disease stages. The inclusion of dried blood spot (DBS) C26:0-lysophosphatidylcholine to newborn screening in an increasing number of countries is leading to an increasing number of X-ALD patients diagnosed at risk for CCALD. Current follow-up in asymptomatic boys with X-ALD requires repetitive cerebral MRIs under sedation. A reliable and easily accessible biomarker that predicts CCALD would therefore be of great value. Here we report the application of targeted metabolomics by AbsoluteIDQ p180-Kit from Biocrates to search for suitable biomarkers in X-ALD. LysoPC a C20:3 and lysoPC a C20:4 were identified as metabolites that indicate neuroinflammation after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in the serum of Abcd1tm1Kds mice. Analysis of serum from X-ALD patients also revealed different concentrations of these lipids at different disease stages. Further studies in a larger cohort of X-ALD patient sera are needed to prove the diagnostic value of these lipids for use as early biomarkers for neuroinflammation in CCALD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kettwig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henry Klemp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Nessler
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Streit
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Krätzner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rosewich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Rodríguez-Pascau L, Vilalta A, Cerrada M, Traver E, Forss-Petter S, Weinhofer I, Bauer J, Kemp S, Pina G, Pascual S, Meya U, Musolino PL, Berger J, Martinell M, Pizcueta P. The brain penetrant PPARγ agonist leriglitazone restores multiple altered pathways in models of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/596/eabc0555. [PMID: 34078742 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a potentially fatal neurometabolic disorder with no effective pharmacological treatment, is characterized by clinical manifestations ranging from progressive spinal cord axonopathy [adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN)] to severe demyelination and neuroinflammation (cerebral ALD-cALD), for which molecular mechanisms are not well known. Leriglitazone is a recently developed brain penetrant full PPARγ agonist that could modulate multiple biological pathways relevant for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, and particularly for X-ALD. We found that leriglitazone decreased oxidative stress, increased adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentration, and exerted neuroprotective effects in primary rodent neurons and astrocytes after very long chain fatty acid-induced toxicity simulating X-ALD. In addition, leriglitazone improved motor function; restored markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and inflammation in spinal cord tissues from AMN mouse models; and decreased the neurological disability in the EAE neuroinflammatory mouse model. X-ALD monocyte-derived patient macrophages treated with leriglitazone were less skewed toward an inflammatory phenotype, and the adhesion of human X-ALD monocytes to brain endothelial cells decreased after treatment, suggesting the potential of leriglitazone to prevent the progression to pathologically disrupted blood-brain barrier. Leriglitazone increased myelin debris clearance in vitro and increased myelination and oligodendrocyte survival in demyelination-remyelination in vivo models, thus promoting remyelination. Last, leriglitazone was clinically tested in a phase 1 study showing central nervous system target engagement (adiponectin increase) and changes on inflammatory biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. The results of our study support the use of leriglitazone in X-ALD and, more generally, in other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Minoryx Therapeutics S.L., Barcelona 08302, Spain
| | - Marc Cerrada
- Minoryx Therapeutics S.L., Barcelona 08302, Spain
| | | | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guillem Pina
- Minoryx Therapeutics S.L., Barcelona 08302, Spain
| | | | - Uwe Meya
- Minoryx Therapeutics S.L., Barcelona 08302, Spain
| | - Patricia L Musolino
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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22
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Peroxisomal ABC Transporters: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116093. [PMID: 34198763 PMCID: PMC8201181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest superfamilies of conserved proteins from bacteria to mammals. In humans, three members of this family are expressed in the peroxisomal membrane and belong to the subfamily D: ABCD1 (ALDP), ABCD2 (ALDRP), and ABCD3 (PMP70). These half-transporters must dimerize to form a functional transporter, but they are thought to exist primarily as tetramers. They possess overlapping but specific substrate specificity, allowing the transport of various lipids into the peroxisomal matrix. The defects of ABCD1 and ABCD3 are responsible for two genetic disorders called X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and congenital bile acid synthesis defect 5, respectively. In addition to their role in peroxisome metabolism, it has recently been proposed that peroxisomal ABC transporters participate in cell signaling and cell control, particularly in cancer. This review presents an overview of the knowledge on the structure, function, and mechanisms involving these proteins and their link to pathologies. We summarize the different in vitro and in vivo models existing across the species to study peroxisomal ABC transporters and the consequences of their defects. Finally, an overview of the known and possible interactome involving these proteins, which reveal putative and unexpected new functions, is shown and discussed.
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Montoro R, Heine VM, Kemp S, Engelen M. Evolution of adrenoleukodystrophy model systems. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:544-553. [PMID: 33373044 PMCID: PMC8248356 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a neurometabolic disorder affecting the adrenal glands, testes, spinal cord and brain. The disease is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene resulting in a defect in peroxisomal degradation of very long-chain fatty acids and their accumulation in plasma and tissues. Males with ALD have a near 100% life-time risk to develop myelopathy. The life-time prevalence to develop progressive cerebral white matter lesions (known as cerebral ALD) is about 60%. Adrenal insufficiency occurs in about 80% of male patients. In adulthood, 80% of women with ALD also develop myelopathy, but adrenal insufficiency or cerebral ALD are very rare. The complex clinical presentation and the absence of a genotype-phenotype correlation are complicating our understanding of the disease. In an attempt to understand the pathophysiology of ALD various model systems have been developed. While these model systems share the basic genetics and biochemistry of ALD they fail to fully recapitulate the complex neurodegenerative etiology of ALD. Each model system recapitulates certain aspects of the disorder. This exposes the complexity of ALD and therefore the challenge to create a comprehensive model system to fully understand ALD. In this review, we provide an overview of the different ALD modeling strategies from single-celled to multicellular organisms and from in vitro to in vivo approaches, and introduce how emerging iPSC-derived technologies could improve the understanding of this highly complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Montoro
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & MetabolismUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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24
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Raas Q, van de Beek MC, Forss-Petter S, Dijkstra IM, Deschiffart A, Freshner BC, Stevenson TJ, Jaspers YR, Nagtzaam L, Wanders RJ, van Weeghel M, Engelen-Lee JY, Engelen M, Eichler F, Berger J, Bonkowsky JL, Kemp S. Metabolic rerouting via SCD1 induction impacts X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142500. [PMID: 33690217 DOI: 10.1172/jci142500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in ABCD1, the peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) transporter. ABCD1 deficiency results in accumulation of saturated VLCFAs. A drug screen using a phenotypic motor assay in a zebrafish ALD model identified chloroquine as the top hit. Chloroquine increased expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (scd1), the enzyme mediating fatty acid saturation status, suggesting that a shift toward monounsaturated fatty acids relieved toxicity. In human ALD fibroblasts, chloroquine also increased SCD1 levels and reduced saturated VLCFAs. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of SCD1 expression led to an increase in saturated VLCFAs, and CRISPR knockout of scd1 in zebrafish mimicked the motor phenotype of ALD zebrafish. Importantly, saturated VLCFAs caused ER stress in ALD fibroblasts, whereas monounsaturated VLCFA did not. In parallel, we used liver X receptor (LXR) agonists to increase SCD1 expression, causing a shift from saturated toward monounsaturated VLCFA and normalizing phospholipid profiles. Finally, Abcd1-/y mice receiving LXR agonist in their diet had VLCFA reductions in ALD-relevant tissues. These results suggest that metabolic rerouting of saturated to monounsaturated VLCFAs may alleviate lipid toxicity, a strategy that may be beneficial in ALD and other peroxisomal diseases in which VLCFAs play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Raas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Malu-Clair van de Beek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inge Me Dijkstra
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abigail Deschiffart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Briana C Freshner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yorrick Rj Jaspers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Nagtzaam
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Ja Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florian Eichler
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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25
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Hartley MD, Shokat MD, DeBell MJ, Banerji T, Kirkemo LL, Scanlan TS. Pharmacological Complementation Remedies an Inborn Error of Lipid Metabolism. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:551-559.e4. [PMID: 32169163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare, genetic disease in which increased very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the central nervous system (CNS) cause demyelination and axonopathy, leading to neurological deficits. Sobetirome, a potent thyroid hormone agonist, has been shown to lower VLCFAs in the periphery and CNS. In this study, two pharmacological strategies for enhancing the effects of sobetirome were tested in Abcd1 KO mice, a murine model with the same inborn error of metabolism as X-ALD patients. First, a sobetirome prodrug (Sob-AM2) with increased CNS penetration lowered CNS VLCFAs more potently than sobetirome and was better tolerated with reduced peripheral exposure. Second, co-administration of thyroid hormone with sobetirome enhanced VLCFA lowering in the periphery but did not produce greater lowering in the CNS. These data support the conclusion that CNS VLCFA lowering in Abcd1 knockout mice is limited by a mechanistic threshold related to slow lipid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D Hartley
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Mitra D Shokat
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Margaret J DeBell
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Tania Banerji
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Lisa L Kirkemo
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA.
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26
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Turk BR, Theda C, Fatemi A, Moser AB. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathology, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, newborn screening and therapies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:52-72. [PMID: 31909500 PMCID: PMC7041623 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked disease caused by a mutation of the peroxisomal ABCD1 gene. This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathogenic cell- and tissue-specific roles of lipid species in the context of experimental therapeutic strategies and provides an overview of critical historical developments, therapeutic trials and the advent of newborn screening in the USA. In ALD, very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) chain length-dependent dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial radical generating systems inducing cell death pathways has been shown, providing the rationale for therapeutic moiety-specific VLCFA reduction and antioxidant strategies. The continuing increase in newborn screening programs and promising results from ongoing and recent therapeutic investigations provide hope for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela R. Turk
- Hugo W Moser Research InstituteKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Christiane Theda
- Neonatal ServicesRoyal Women's HospitalMurdoch Children's Research Institute and University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Hugo W Moser Research InstituteKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Ann B. Moser
- Hugo W Moser Research InstituteKennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMDUSA
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27
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Abe Y, Tamura S, Honsho M, Fujiki Y. A Mouse Model System to Study Peroxisomal Roles in Neurodegeneration of Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:119-143. [PMID: 33417212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen PEX genes are currently identified as genes responsible for peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Patients with PBDs manifest as neurodegenerative symptoms such as neuronal migration defect and malformation of the cerebellum. To address molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PBDs, mouse models for the PBDs have been generated by targeted disruption of Pex genes. Pathological phenotypes and metabolic abnormalities in Pex-knockout mice well resemble those of the patients with PBDs. The mice with tissue- or cell type-specific inactivation of Pex genes have also been established by using a Cre-loxP system. The genetically modified mice reveal that pathological phenotypes of PBDs are mediated by interorgan and intercellular communications. Despite the illustrations of detailed pathological phenotypes in the mutant mice, mechanistic insights into pathogenesis of PBDs are still underway. In this chapter, we overview the phenotypes of Pex-inactivated mice and the current understanding of the pathogenesis underlying PBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Abe
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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28
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The Drosophila melanogaster as Genetic Model System to Dissect the Mechanisms of Disease that Lead to Neurodegeneration in Adrenoleukodystrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:145-159. [PMID: 33417213 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is the most successful genetic model organism to study different human disease with a recent increased popularity to study neurological disorders. Drosophila melanogaster has a complex yet well-defined brain with defined anatomical regions with specific functions. The neuronal network in the adult brain has a structural organization highly similar to human neurons, but in a brain that is much more amenable for complex analyses. The availability of sophisticated genetic tools to study neurons permits to examine neuronal functions at the single cell level in the whole brain by confocal imaging, which does not require sections. Thus, Drosophila has been used to successfully study many neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and has been recently adopted to understand the complex networks leading to neurological disorders with metabolic origins such as Leigh disease and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD).In this review, we will describe the genetic tools available to study neuronal structures and functions and also illustrate some limitations of the system. Finally, we will report the experimental efforts that in the past 10 years have established Drosophila melanogaster as an excellent model organism to study neurodegenerative disorders focusing on X-ALD.
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29
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Turk BR, Theda C, Fatemi A, Moser AB. X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathology, Pathophysiology, Diagnostic Testing, Newborn Screening, and Therapies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019:S0736-5748(19)30133-9. [PMID: 31778737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked disease caused by a mutation of the peroxisomal ABCD1 gene. This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathogenic cell- and tissue-specific role of lipid species in the context of experimental therapeutic strategies and provides an overview of critical historical developments, therapeutic trials, and the advent of newborn screening in the United States. In ALD, very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) chain-length-dependent dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial radical generating systems inducing cell death pathways has been shown, providing the rationale for therapeutic moiety-specific VLCFA reduction and antioxidant strategies. The continuing increase in newborn screening programs and promising results from ongoing and recent therapeutic investigations provide hope for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela R Turk
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Christiane Theda
- Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ann B Moser
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Rutherford HA, Hamilton N. Animal models of leukodystrophy: a new perspective for the development of therapies. FEBS J 2019; 286:4176-4191. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Rutherford
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease University of Sheffield UK
| | - Noémie Hamilton
- The Bateson Centre, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease University of Sheffield UK
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31
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Raas Q, Gondcaille C, Hamon Y, Leoni V, Caccia C, Ménétrier F, Lizard G, Trompier D, Savary S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes in BV-2 cells: novel microglial models for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:704-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Lee CAA, Seo HS, Armien AG, Bates FS, Tolar J, Azarin SM. Modeling and rescue of defective blood-brain barrier function of induced brain microvascular endothelial cells from childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy patients. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:9. [PMID: 29615068 PMCID: PMC5883398 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene. 40% of X-ALD patients will convert to the deadly childhood cerebral form (ccALD) characterized by increased permeability of the brain endothelium that constitutes the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Mutation information and molecular markers investigated to date are not predictive of conversion. Prior reports have focused on toxic metabolic byproducts and reactive oxygen species as instigators of cerebral inflammation and subsequent immune cell invasion leading to BBB breakdown. This study focuses on the BBB itself and evaluates differences in brain endothelium integrity using cells from ccALD patients and wild-type (WT) controls. Methods The blood–brain barrier of ccALD patients and WT controls was modeled using directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into induced brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs). Immunocytochemistry and PCR confirmed characteristic expression of brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) markers. Barrier properties of iBMECs were measured via trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), sodium fluorescein permeability, and frayed junction analysis. Electron microscopy and RNA-seq were used to further characterize disease-specific differences. Oil-Red-O staining was used to quantify differences in lipid accumulation. To evaluate whether treatment with block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (PEO–PPO) could mitigate defective properties, ccALD-iBMECs were treated with PEO–PPO block copolymers and their barrier properties and lipid accumulation levels were quantified. Results iBMECs from patients with ccALD had significantly decreased TEER (2592 ± 110 Ω cm2) compared to WT controls (5001 ± 172 Ω cm2). They also accumulated lipid droplets to a greater extent than WT-iBMECs. Upon treatment with a PEO–PPO diblock copolymer during the differentiation process, an increase in TEER and a reduction in lipid accumulation were observed for the polymer treated ccALD-iBMECs compared to untreated controls. Conclusions The finding that BBB integrity is decreased in ccALD and can be rescued with block copolymers opens the door for the discovery of BBB-specific molecular markers that can indicate the onset of ccALD and has therapeutic implications for preventing the conversion to ccALD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12987-018-0094-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A A Lee
- Department of Genetics and Cell Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hannah S Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anibal G Armien
- Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Hama K, Fujiwara Y, Morita M, Yamazaki F, Nakashima Y, Takei S, Takashima S, Setou M, Shimozawa N, Imanaka T, Yokoyama K. Profiling and Imaging of Phospholipids in Brains of Abcd1
-Deficient Mice. Lipids 2018; 53:85-102. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku; Tokyo 173-8605 Japan
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku; Tokyo 173-8605 Japan
| | - Masashi Morita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamazaki
- International Mass Imaging Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu; Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Yuko Nakashima
- International Mass Imaging Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu; Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Shiro Takei
- International Mass Imaging Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu; Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center; Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido; Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- International Mass Imaging Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu; Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
- Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu; Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
- Department of Anatomy; The University of Hong Kong, 6/F, William MW Mong Block 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam; Hong Kong SAR China
- Riken Center for Molecular Imaging Science, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center; Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido; Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Tsuneo Imanaka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Kure; Hiroshima 737-0112 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku; Tokyo 173-8605 Japan
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Strachan LR, Stevenson TJ, Freshner B, Keefe MD, Miranda Bowles D, Bonkowsky JL. A zebrafish model of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy recapitulates key disease features and demonstrates a developmental requirement for abcd1 in oligodendrocyte patterning and myelination. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3600-3614. [PMID: 28911205 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a devastating inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by defects in the ABCD1 gene and affecting peripheral and central nervous system myelin. ABCD1 encodes a peroxisomal transmembrane protein required for very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) metabolism. We show that zebrafish (Danio rerio) Abcd1 is highly conserved at the amino acid level with human ABCD1, and during development is expressed in homologous regions including the central nervous system and adrenal glands. We used TALENs to generate five zebrafish abcd1 mutant allele lines introducing premature stop codons in exon 1, as well as obtained an abcd1 allele from the Zebrafish Mutation Project carrying a point mutation in a splice donor site. Similar to patients with ALD, zebrafish abcd1 mutants have elevated VLCFA levels. Interestingly, we found that CNS development of the abcd1 mutants is disrupted, with hypomyelination in the spinal cord, abnormal patterning and decreased numbers of oligodendrocytes, and increased cell death. By day of life five abcd1 mutants demonstrate impaired motor function, and overall survival to adulthood of heterozygous and homozygous mutants is decreased. Expression of human ABCD1 in oligodendrocytes rescued apoptosis in the abcd1 mutant. In summary, we have established a zebrafish model of ALD that recapitulates key features of human disease pathology and which reveals novel features of underlying disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Strachan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Briana Freshner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew D Keefe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D Miranda Bowles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Lauer A, Da X, Hansen MB, Boulouis G, Ou Y, Cai X, Liberato Celso Pedrotti A, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Caruso P, Hayden DL, Rost N, Mouridsen K, Eichler FS, Rosen B, Musolino PL. ABCD1 dysfunction alters white matter microvascular perfusion. Brain 2017; 140:3139-3152. [PMID: 29136088 PMCID: PMC5841142 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which lead to a rapidly progressive cerebral inflammatory demyelination in up to 60% of affected males. Selective brain endothelial dysfunction and increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier suggest that white matter microvascular dysfunction contributes to the conversion to cerebral disease. Applying a vascular model to conventional dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance perfusion imaging, we demonstrate that lack of ABCD1 function causes increased capillary flow heterogeneity in asymptomatic hemizygotes predominantly in the white matter regions and developmental stages with the highest probability for conversion to cerebral disease. In subjects with ongoing inflammatory demyelination we observed a sequence of increased capillary flow heterogeneity followed by blood–brain barrier permeability changes in the perilesional white matter, which predicts lesion progression. These white matter microvascular alterations normalize within 1 year after treatment with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. For the first time in vivo, our studies unveil a model to assess how ABCD1 alters white matter microvascular function and explores its potential as an earlier biomarker for monitoring disease progression and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Lauer
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neuroradiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Xiao Da
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Gregoire Boulouis
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neuroradiology, Université Paris-Descartes, INSERM UMR 894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Yangming Ou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuezhu Cai
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Caruso
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L Hayden
- Department of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Rost
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim Mouridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Florian S Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia L Musolino
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Kleinecke S, Richert S, de Hoz L, Brügger B, Kungl T, Asadollahi E, Quintes S, Blanz J, McGonigal R, Naseri K, Sereda MW, Sachsenheimer T, Lüchtenborg C, Möbius W, Willison H, Baes M, Nave KA, Kassmann CM. Peroxisomal dysfunctions cause lysosomal storage and axonal Kv1 channel redistribution in peripheral neuropathy. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28470148 PMCID: PMC5417850 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of peripheral nerve function is frequent in neurometabolic diseases, but mechanistically not well understood. Here, we report a novel disease mechanism and the finding that glial lipid metabolism is critical for axon function, independent of myelin itself. Surprisingly, nerves of Schwann cell-specific Pex5 mutant mice were unaltered regarding axon numbers, axonal calibers, and myelin sheath thickness by electron microscopy. In search for a molecular mechanism, we revealed enhanced abundance and internodal expression of axonal membrane proteins normally restricted to juxtaparanodal lipid-rafts. Gangliosides were altered and enriched within an expanded lysosomal compartment of paranodal loops. We revealed the same pathological features in a mouse model of human Adrenomyeloneuropathy, preceding disease-onset by one year. Thus, peroxisomal dysfunction causes secondary failure of local lysosomes, thereby impairing the turnover of gangliosides in myelin. This reveals a new aspect of axon-glia interactions, with Schwann cell lipid metabolism regulating the anchorage of juxtaparanodal Kv1-channels. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23332.001 Nerve cells transmit messages along their length in the form of electrical signals. Much like an electrical wire, the nerve fiber or axon is coated by a multiple-layered insulation, called the myelin sheath. However, unlike electrical insulation, the myelin sheath is regularly interrupted to expose short regions of the underlying nerve. These exposed regions and the adjacent regions underneath the myelin contain ion channels that help to propagate electrical signals along the axon. Peroxisomes are compartments in animal cells that process fats. Genetic mutations that prevent peroxisomes from working properly can lead to diseases where the nerves cannot transmit signals correctly. This is thought to be because the nerves lose their myelin sheath, which largely consists of fatty molecules. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord are known as peripheral nerves. Kleinecke et al. have now analyzed peripheral nerves from mice that had one of three different genetic mutations, preventing their peroxisomes from working correctly. Even in cases where the mutation severely impaired nerve signaling, the peripheral nerves retained their myelin sheath. The peroxisome mutations did affect a particular type of potassium ion channel and the anchor proteins that hold these channels in place. The role of these potassium ion channels is not fully known, but normally they are only found close to regions of the axon that are not coated by myelin. However, the peroxisome mutations meant that the channels and their protein anchors were now also located along the myelinated segments of the nerve’s axons. This redistribution of the potassium ion channels likely contributes to the peripheral nerves being unable to signal properly. In addition, Kleinecke et al. found that disrupting the peroxisomes also affected another cell compartment, called the lysosome, in the nerve cells that insulate axons with myelin sheaths. Lysosomes help to break down unwanted fat molecules. Mutant mice had more lysosomes than normal, but these lysosomes did not work efficiently. This caused the nerve cells to store more of certain types of molecules, including molecules called glycolipids that stabilize protein anchors, which hold the potassium channels in place. A likely result is that protein anchors that would normally be degraded are not, leading to the potassium channels appearing inappropriately throughout the nerve. Future work is now needed to investigate whether peroxisomal diseases cause similar changes in the brain. The results presented by Kleinecke et al. also suggest that targeting the lysosomes or the potassium channels could present new ways to treat disorders of the peroxisomes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23332.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kleinecke
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Richert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Livia de Hoz
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- University of Heidelberg, Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Kungl
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Asadollahi
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Quintes
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Blanz
- Unit of Molecular Cell Biology and Transgenic, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kobra Naseri
- Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Sachsenheimer
- University of Heidelberg, Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hugh Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Celia Michèle Kassmann
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Hartley MD, Kirkemo LL, Banerji T, Scanlan TS. A Thyroid Hormone-Based Strategy for Correcting the Biochemical Abnormality in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1328-1338. [PMID: 28200172 PMCID: PMC5460829 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by adrenal insufficiency and central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. All patients with X-ALD have the biochemical abnormality of elevated blood and tissue levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), saturated fatty acids with 24 to 26 carbons. X-ALD results from loss of function mutations in the gene encoding the peroxisomal transporter ABCD1, which is responsible for uptake of VLCFAs into peroxisomes for degradation by oxidation. One proposed therapeutic strategy for genetic complementation of ABCD1 is pharmacologic upregulation of ABCD2, a gene encoding a homologous peroxisomal transporter. Here, we show that thyroid hormone or sobetirome, a clinical-stage selective thyroid hormone receptor agonist, increases cerebral Abcd2 and lowers VLCFAs in blood, peripheral organs, and brains of mice with defective Abcd1. These results support an approach to treating X-ALD that involves a thyromimetic agent that reactivates VLCFA disposal both in the periphery and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 92739
| | - Lisa L. Kirkemo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 92739
| | - Tapasree Banerji
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 92739
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 92739
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van de Beek MC, Dijkstra IME, van Lenthe H, Ofman R, Goldhaber-Pasillas D, Schauer N, Schackmann M, Engelen-Lee JY, Vaz FM, Kulik W, Wanders RJA, Engelen M, Kemp S. C26:0-Carnitine Is a New Biomarker for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy in Mice and Man. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154597. [PMID: 27124591 PMCID: PMC4849772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is caused by mutations in ABCD1 and characterized by very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) accumulation. Virtually all males develop progressive myelopathy (AMN). A subset of patients, however, develops a fatal cerebral demyelinating disease (cerebral ALD). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is curative for cerebral ALD provided the procedure is performed in an early stage of the disease. Unfortunately, this narrow therapeutic window is often missed. Therefore, an increasing number of newborn screening programs are including ALD. To identify new biomarkers for ALD, we developed an Abcd1 knockout mouse with enhanced VLCFA synthesis either ubiquitous or restricted to oligodendrocytes. Biochemical analysis revealed VLCFA accumulation in different lipid classes and acylcarnitines. Both C26:0-lysoPC and C26:0-carnitine were highly elevated in brain, spinal cord, but also in bloodspots. We extended the analysis to patients and confirmed that C26:0-carnitine is also elevated in bloodspots from ALD patients. We anticipate that validation of C26:0-carnitine for the diagnosis of ALD in newborn bloodspots may lead to a faster inclusion of ALD in newborn screening programs in countries that already screen for other inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malu-Clair van de Beek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M. E. Dijkstra
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Lenthe
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ofman
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Martin Schackmann
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Kulik
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Singh J, Olle B, Suhail H, Felicella MM, Giri S. Metformin-induced mitochondrial function and ABCD2 up-regulation in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy involves AMP-activated protein kinase. J Neurochem 2016; 138:86-100. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Neurology; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Brittany Olle
- Department of Neurology; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Hamid Suhail
- Department of Neurology; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit Michigan USA
| | | | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology; Henry Ford Health System; Detroit Michigan USA
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Sivachenko A, Gordon HB, Kimball SS, Gavin EJ, Bonkowsky JL, Letsou A. Neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of adrenoleukodystrophy: the roles of the Bubblegum and Double bubble acyl-CoA synthetases. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:377-87. [PMID: 26893370 PMCID: PMC4852500 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Debilitating neurodegenerative conditions with metabolic origins affect millions of individuals worldwide. Still, for most of these neurometabolic disorders there are neither cures nor disease-modifying therapies, and novel animal models are needed for elucidation of disease pathology and identification of potential therapeutic agents. To date, metabolic neurodegenerative disease has been modeled in animals with only limited success, in part because existing models constitute analyses of single mutants and have thus overlooked potential redundancy within metabolic gene pathways associated with disease. Here, we present the first analysis of a very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) double mutant. We show that the Drosophila bubblegum(bgm) and double bubble(dbb) genes have overlapping functions, and that the consequences of double knockout of both bubblegum and double bubble in the fly brain are profound, affecting behavior and brain morphology, and providing the best paradigm to date for an animal model of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a fatal childhood neurodegenerative disease associated with the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids. Using this more fully penetrant model of disease to interrogate brain morphology at the level of electron microscopy, we show that dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism via disruption of ACS function in vivois causal of neurodegenerative pathologies that are evident in both neuronal cells and their supporting cell populations, and leads ultimately to lytic cell death in affected areas of the brain. Finally, in an extension of our model system to the study of human disease, we describe our identification of an individual with leukodystrophy who harbors a rare mutation in SLC27a6(encoding a very-long-chain ACS), a human homolog of bgm and dbb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sivachenko
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hannah B Gordon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Suzanne S Kimball
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin J Gavin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anthea Letsou
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Hu YC, Namekawa SH. Functional significance of the sex chromosomes during spermatogenesis. Reproduction 2016; 149:R265-77. [PMID: 25948089 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian sex chromosomes arose from an ordinary pair of autosomes. Over hundreds of millions of years, they have evolved into highly divergent X and Y chromosomes and have become increasingly specialized for male reproduction. Both sex chromosomes have acquired and amplified testis-specific genes, suggestive of roles in spermatogenesis. To understand how the sex chromosome genes participate in the regulation of spermatogenesis, we review genes, including single-copy, multi-copy, and ampliconic genes, whose spermatogenic functions have been demonstrated in mouse genetic studies. Sex chromosomes are subject to chromosome-wide transcriptional silencing in meiotic and postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. We also discuss particular sex-linked genes that escape postmeiotic silencing and their evolutionary implications. The unique gene contents and genomic structures of the sex chromosomes reflect their strategies to express genes at various stages of spermatogenesis and reveal the driving forces that shape their evolution.Free Chinese abstract: A Chinese translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/6/R265/suppl/DC1.Free Japanese abstract: A Japanese translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/6/R265/suppl/DC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental BiologyDivision of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Developmental BiologyDivision of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA Division of Developmental BiologyDivision of Reproductive SciencesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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43
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Baarine M, Khan M, Singh A, Singh I. Functional Characterization of IPSC-Derived Brain Cells as a Model for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143238. [PMID: 26581106 PMCID: PMC4651558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ALD is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder where mutations in the ABCD1 gene result in clinically diverse phenotypes: the fatal disorder of cerebral childhood ALD (cALD) or a milder disorder of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). The various models used to study the pathobiology of X-ALD disease lack the appropriate presentation for different phenotypes of cALD vs AMN. This study demonstrates that induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) derived brain cells astrocytes (Ast), neurons and oligodendrocytes (OLs) express morphological and functional activities of the respective brain cell types. The excessive accumulation of saturated VLCFA, a "hallmark" of X-ALD, was observed in both AMN OLs and cALD OLs with higher levels observed in cALD OLs than AMN OLs. The levels of ELOVL1 (ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 1) mRNA parallel the VLCFA load in AMN and cALD OLs. Furthermore, cALD Ast expressed higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than AMN Ast and control Ast with or without stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. These results document that IPSC-derived Ast and OLs from cALD and AMN fibroblasts mimic the respective biochemical disease phenotypes and thus provide an ideal platform to investigate the mechanism of VLCFA load in cALD OLs and VLCFA-induced inflammatory disease mechanisms of cALD Ast and thus for testing of new therapeutics for AMN and cALD disease of X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauhamad Baarine
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Avtar Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Fourcade S, Ferrer I, Pujol A. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial and proteostasis malfunction in adrenoleukodystrophy: A paradigm for axonal degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:18-29. [PMID: 26073123 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal and mitochondrial malfunction, which are highly intertwined through redox regulation, in combination with defective proteostasis, are hallmarks of the most prevalent multifactorial neurodegenerative diseases-including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)-and of the aging process, and are also found in inherited conditions. Here we review the interplay between oxidative stress and axonal degeneration, taking as groundwork recent findings on pathomechanisms of the peroxisomal neurometabolic disease adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We explore the impact of chronic redox imbalance caused by the excess of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) on mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis, and discuss how this impairs protein quality control mechanisms essential for neural cell survival, such as the proteasome and autophagy systems. As consequence, prime molecular targets in the pathogenetic cascade emerge, such as the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis of mitochondrial biogenesis, and the inhibitor of autophagy mTOR. Thus, we propose that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants; mitochondrial biogenesis boosters such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone and the SIRT1 ligand resveratrol; and the autophagy activator temsirolimus, a derivative of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, hold promise as disease-modifying therapies for X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Institut of Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U759, ISCIII, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Catalonia, Spain.
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45
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Régal L, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders: A Review on Cerebellar Pathologies. Brain Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26201894 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with diverse metabolic tasks including essential roles in lipid metabolism. They are of utmost importance for the normal functioning of the nervous system as most peroxisomal disorders are accompanied with neurological symptoms. Remarkably, the cerebellum exquisitely depends on intact peroxisomal function both during development and adulthood. In this review, we cover all aspects of cerebellar pathology that were reported in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and in diseases caused by dysfunction of the peroxisomal α-oxidation, β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis pathways. We also discuss the phenotypes of mouse models in which cerebellar pathologies were recapitulated and search for connections with the metabolic abnormalities. It becomes increasingly clear that besides the most severe forms of peroxisome dysfunction that are associated with developmental cerebellar defects, milder impairments can give rise to ataxia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, TARGID, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, UZ Brussel-University Hospital Brussels, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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46
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Chu BB, Liao YC, Qi W, Xie C, Du X, Wang J, Yang H, Miao HH, Li BL, Song BL. Cholesterol Transport through Lysosome-Peroxisome Membrane Contacts. Cell 2015; 161:291-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Morató L, Ruiz M, Boada J, Calingasan NY, Galino J, Guilera C, Jové M, Naudí A, Ferrer I, Pamplona R, Serrano M, Portero-Otín M, Beal MF, Fourcade S, Pujol A. Activation of sirtuin 1 as therapy for the peroxisomal disease adrenoleukodystrophy. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1742-53. [PMID: 25822341 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure are prominent factors in the axonal degeneration process. In this study, we demonstrate that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a key regulator of the mitochondrial function, is impaired in the axonopathy and peroxisomal disease X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). We have restored SIRT1 activity using a dual strategy of resveratrol treatment or by the moderate transgenic overexpression of SIRT1 in a X-ALD mouse model. Both strategies normalized redox homeostasis, mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetic failure, axonal degeneration and associated locomotor disabilities in the X-ALD mice. These results indicate that the reactivation of SIRT1 may be a valuable strategy to treat X-ALD and other axonopathies in which the control of redox and energetic homeostasis is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morató
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Boada
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - N Y Calingasan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1006 New York, USA
| | - J Galino
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Guilera
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Jové
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - A Naudí
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - I Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) ISCIII, Spain
| | - R Pamplona
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - M Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Portero-Otín
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain
| | - M F Beal
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1006 New York, USA
| | - S Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) ISCIII, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Loss of AMP-activated protein kinase induces mitochondrial dysfunction and proinflammatory response in unstimulated Abcd1-knockout mice mixed glial cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:176983. [PMID: 25861159 PMCID: PMC4377497 DOI: 10.1155/2015/176983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations and/or deletions in the ABCD1 gene. Similar mutations/deletions can give rise to variable phenotypes ranging from mild adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) to inflammatory fatal cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) via unknown mechanisms. We recently reported the loss of the anti-inflammatory protein adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPKα1) exclusively in ALD patient-derived cells. X-ALD mouse model (Abcd1-knockout (KO) mice) mimics the human AMN phenotype and does not develop the cerebral inflammation characteristic of human ALD. In this study we document that AMPKα1 levels in vivo (in brain cortex and spinal cord) and in vitro in Abcd1-KO mixed glial cells are similar to that of wild type mice. Deletion of AMPKα1 in the mixed glial cells of Abcd1-KO mice induced spontaneous mitochondrial dysfunction (lower oxygen consumption rate and ATP levels). Mitochondrial dysfunction in ALD patient-derived cells and in AMPKα1-deleted Abcd1-KO mice mixed glial cells was accompanied by lower levels of mitochondrial complex (1-V) subunits. More importantly, AMPKα1 deletion induced proinflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase levels in the unstimulated Abcd1-KO mice mixed glial cells. Taken together, this study provides novel direct evidence for a causal role for AMPK loss in the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and proinflammatory response in X-ALD.
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49
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Gong Y, Mu D, Prabhakar S, Moser A, Musolino P, Ren J, Breakefield XO, Maguire CA, Eichler FS. Adenoassociated virus serotype 9-mediated gene therapy for x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Mol Ther 2015; 23:824-834. [PMID: 25592337 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a devastating neurological disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene that encodes a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCD1) responsible for transport of CoA-activated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into the peroxisome for degradation. We used recombinant adenoassociated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vector for delivery of the human ABCD1 gene (ABCD1) to mouse central nervous system (CNS). In vitro, efficient delivery of ABCD1 gene was achieved in primary mixed brain glial cells from Abcd1-/- mice as well as X-ALD patient fibroblasts. Importantly, human ABCD1 localized to the peroxisome, and AAV-ABCD1 transduction showed a dose-dependent effect in reducing VLCFA. In vivo, AAV9-ABCD1 was delivered to Abcd1-/- mouse CNS by either stereotactic intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intravenous (IV) injections. Astrocytes, microglia and neurons were the major target cell types following ICV injection, while IV injection also delivered to microvascular endothelial cells and oligodendrocytes. IV injection also yielded high transduction of the adrenal gland. Importantly, IV injection of AAV9-ABCD1 reduced VLCFA in mouse brain and spinal cord. We conclude that AAV9-mediated ABCD1 gene transfer is able to reach target cells in the nervous system and adrenal gland as well as reduce VLCFA in culture and a mouse model of X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dakai Mu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shilpa Prabhakar
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Moser
- Peroxisome Disease Lab, Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Musolino
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JiaQian Ren
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Casey A Maguire
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian S Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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50
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Baarine M, Beeson C, Singh A, Singh I. ABCD1 deletion-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is corrected by SAHA: implication for adrenoleukodystrophy. J Neurochem 2015; 133:380-96. [PMID: 25393703 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inherited peroxisomal metabolic neurodegenerative disorder, is caused by mutations/deletions in the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCD1) gene encoding peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). Metabolic dysfunction in X-ALD is characterized by the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids ≥ C22:0) in the tissues and plasma of patients. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial status following deletion of ABCD1 in B12 oligodendrocytes and U87 astrocytes. This study provides evidence that silencing of peroxisomal protein ABCD1 produces structural and functional perturbations in mitochondria. Activities of electron transport chain-related enzymes and of citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) were reduced; mitochondrial redox status was dysregulated and the mitochondrial membrane potential was disrupted following ABCD1 silencing. A greater reduction in ATP levels and citrate synthase activities was observed in oligodendrocytes as compared to astrocytes. Furthermore, most of the mitochondrial perturbations induced by ABCD1 silencing were corrected by treating cells with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, an Histone deacetylase inhibitor. These observations indicate a novel relationship between peroxisomes and mitochondria in cellular homeostasis and the importance of intact peroxisomes in relation to mitochondrial integrity and function in the cell types that participate in the pathobiology of X-ALD. These observations suggest suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid as a potential therapy for X-ALD. Schematic description of the effects of loss of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter D1 (ABCD1) gene on cellular Redox and mitochondrial activities and their correction by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) treatment. Pathogenomic accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) as a result of loss of ABCD1 leads to dysfunctions of mitochondrial biogenesis and its activities. Treatment with SAHA corrects mitochondrial dysfunctions. These studies describe unique cooperation between mitochondria and peroxisome for cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauhamad Baarine
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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