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Hoyer D. Targeting the 5-HT system: Potential side effects. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108233. [PMID: 32805212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the serotonin (5-HT) system is no simple task: there are at least 15 5-HT receptors, in addition to a number of transporters and metabolizing enzymes. Multiple 5-HT receptor variants exist due to genetic variations and/or post translational modifications, splice variants or editing variants. Some receptors may form homo and heteromers. The 5-HT system is targeted by multiple drugs to treat a variety of diseases. Given the homology amongst the 5-HT and neighbouring receptor classes, only few drugs are actually selective for a single target. In fact, many 5-HT drugs act on a combination of targets, i.e. several receptors and/or transporters or enzymes. For instance, a number of antidepressants or antipsychotics act on 5-HT and other transmitter systems. Recently developed drugs may show target selectivity by design, based on the current state of knowledge, whereas many older compounds hit multiple targets since they were developed using phenotypic screens, as was done well into the 1980's. Ergot analogues, antipsychotics or antidepressants, fall into this category. As our knowledge developed over the last 25-30 years, some targets have very well-defined liabilities: for instance, 5HT2B or 5-HT2A receptor agonists, will produce valvulopathies or hallucinations, respectively, whereas 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, may lead to constipation. This short review will be limited in scope as there are multiple targets and even more compounds to discuss. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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2
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Agrawal L, Korkutata M, Vimal SK, Yadav MK, Bhattacharyya S, Shiga T. Therapeutic potential of serotonin 4 receptor for chronic depression and its associated comorbidity in the gut. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107969. [PMID: 31982703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The latest estimates from world health organization suggest that more than 450 million people are suffering from depression and other psychiatric conditions. Of these, 50-60% have been reported to have progression of gut diseases. In the last two decades, researchers introduced incipient physiological roles for serotonin (5-HT) receptors (5-HTRs), suggesting their importance as a potential pharmacological target in various psychiatric and gut diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that 5-HT systems affect the brain-gut axis in depressive patients, which leads to gut comorbidity. Recently, preclinical trials of 5-HT4R agonists and antagonists were promising as antipsychotic and prokinetic agents. In the current review, we address the possible pharmacological role and contribution of 5-HT4R in the pathophysiology of chronic depression and associated gut abnormalities. Physiologically, during depression episodes, centers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system couple together with neuroendocrine systems to alter the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and enteric nervous system (ENS), which in turn leads to onset of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders. Consecutively, the ENS governs a broad spectrum of physiological activities of gut, such as visceral pain and motility. During the stages of emotional stress, hyperactivity of the HPA axis alters the ENS response to physiological and noxious stimuli. Consecutively, stress-induced flare, swelling, hyperalgesia and altered reflexes in gut eventually lead to GIT disorders. In summary, the current review provides prospective information about the role and mechanism of 5-HT4R-based therapeutics for the treatment of depressive disorder and possible consequences for the gut via brain-gut axis interactions. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, 305-8577, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Mustafa Korkutata
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Vimal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, 305-8577, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, 305-8577, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba,1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan.
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3
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Brudeli B, Navaratnarajah M, Andressen KW, Manfra O, Moltzau LR, Nilsen NO, Levy FO, Klaveness J. Discovery and pharmacological profile of new hydrophilic 5-HT 4 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4598-4602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Urzedo-Rodrigues LS, Ferreira HS, Santana RC, Luz CP, Perrone CF, Fregoneze JB. Blockade of 5-Ht3 receptors in the septal area increases Fos expression in selected brain areas. Auton Neurosci 2014; 181:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Acidic biphenyl derivatives: Synthesis and biological activity of a new series of potent 5-HT4 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7134-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Brudeli B, Moltzau LR, Nguyen CHT, Andressen KW, Nilsen NO, Levy FO, Klaveness J. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of a new hydrophilic and orally bioavailable 5-HT4 antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:629-37. [PMID: 23711770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
5-HT4 receptor antagonists have been suggested to have clinical potential in treatment of atrial fibrillation, diarrhea-prone irritable bowel syndrome and urinary incontinence. Recently, the use of 5-HT4 antagonists has been suggested to have a therapeutic benefit in heart failure. Affinity for the hERG potassium ion channel and increased risk for prolonged QT intervals and arrhythmias has been observed for several 5-HT4 ligands. Serotonin may also have beneficial effects in the central nervous system (CNS) through stimulation of the 5-HT4 receptor, and reduced distribution of 5-HT4 antagonists to the CNS may therefore be an advantage. Replacing the amide and N-butyl side chain of the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist SB207266 with an ester and a benzyl dimethyl acetic acid group led to compound 9; a hydrophilic 5-HT4 antagonist with excellent receptor binding and low affinity for the hERG potassium ion channel. To increase oral bioavailability of carboxylic acid 9, two different prodrug approaches were applied. The tert-butyl prodrug 11 did not improve bioavailability, and LC-MS analysis revealed unmetabolized prodrug in the systemic circulation. The medoxomil ester prodrug 10 showed complete conversion and sufficient bioavailability of 9 to advance into further preclinical testing for treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Brudeli
- Drug Discovery Laboratory AS, Oslo Innovation Center, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Furlotti G, Alisi MA, Apicella C, Capezzone de Joannon A, Cazzolla N, Costi R, Cuzzucoli Crucitti G, Garrone B, Iacovo A, Magarò G, Mangano G, Miele G, Ombrato R, Pescatori L, Polenzani L, Rosi F, Vitiello M, Di Santo R. Discovery and Pharmacological Profile of New 1H-Indazole-3-carboxamide and 2H-Pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline Derivatives as Selective Serotonin 4 Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9446-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300573d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberta Costi
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Iacovo
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Gaetano Miele
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Pescatori
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Rosi
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Di Santo
- Istituto Pasteur—Fondazione
Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, “Sapienza” Università di Roma,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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8
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Fregoneze JB, Oliveira EF, Ribeiro VF, Ferreira HS, De Castro E Silva E. Multiple opioid receptors mediate the hypotensive response induced by central 5-HT(3) receptor stimulation. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:219-27. [PMID: 21514668 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the role of brain μ, κ and δ opioid receptors in the central serotonergic mechanisms regulating blood pressure in rats. The data obtained show that: (1) pharmacological activation of central 5-HT(3) receptors yields a significant decrease in blood pressure; (2) the blockade of those receptors by a selective antagonist induces an acute hypertensive response; (3) the pharmacological blockade of central opioid receptors by three different opioid antagonists exhibiting variable degrees of selectivity to μ, κ and δ opioid receptors always suppressed the hypotensive response induced by central 5-HT(3) receptor stimulation; (4) the blockade of opioid receptors by the same opioid antagonists that impaired the hypotensive effect of central 5-HT(3) receptor stimulation failed to modify blood pressure in animals not submitted to pharmacological manipulations of central 5-HT(3) receptor function. It is shown that a 5-HT(3) receptor-dependent mechanism seems to be part of the brain serotonergic system that contributes to cardiovascular regulation since the hypertensive response observed after ondansetron administration indicates that central 5-HT(3) receptors exert a tonic inhibitory drive on blood pressure. Furthermore, the data obtained here clearly indicate that the hypotensive response observed after pharmacological stimulation of central 5-HT(3) receptors depends on the functional integrity of brain μ, κ and δ opioid receptors, suggesting that a functional interaction between serotonergic and opiatergic pathways in the brain is part of the complex, multifactorial system that regulates blood pressure in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Fregoneze
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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9
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Blockade of 5-HT3 receptors at septal area increase blood pressure in unanaesthetized rats. Auton Neurosci 2011; 159:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Tasso B, Budriesi R, Vazzana I, Ioan P, Micucci M, Novelli F, Tonelli M, Sparatore A, Chiarini A, Sparatore F. Novel Quinolizidinyl Derivatives as Antiarrhythmic Agents: 2. Further Investigation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4668-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, V.le Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Iana Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, V.le Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Pierfranco Ioan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Novelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, V.le Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, V.le Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Chiarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, V.le Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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11
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El-Kerdawy MM, El-Bendary ER, Abdel-Aziz AAM, El-wasseef DR, El-Aziz NIA. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel fused thiophene derivatives as 5-HT2A receptor antagonists: Molecular modeling study. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:1805-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Quednow BB, Geyer MA, Halberstadt AL. Serotonin and Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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13
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Galeazzi S, Hermans TM, Paolino M, Anzini M, Mennuni L, Giordani A, Caselli G, Makovec F, Meijer EW, Vomero S, Cappelli A. Multivalent Supramolecular Dendrimer-Based Drugs. Biomacromolecules 2009; 11:182-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bm901055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Galeazzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Thomas M. Hermans
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Mennuni
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordani
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Caselli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Makovec
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Salvatore Vomero
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, and Rottapharm S.p.A., Via Valosa di Sopra 7, 20052 Monza, Italy
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14
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Synthesis and SAR of N-Chlorophenyl Substituted Piperrazinylethyl-aminomethylpyrazoles as 5-HT3AInhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.11.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Morelli E, Gemma S, Budriesi R, Campiani G, Novellino E, Fattorusso C, Catalanotti B, Coccone SS, Ros S, Borrelli G, Persico M, Fiorini I, Nacci V, Ioan P, Chiarini A, Hamon M, Cagnotto A, Mennini T, Fracasso C, Colovic M, Caccia S, Butini S. Specific Targeting of Peripheral Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptors. Synthesis, Biological Investigation, and Structure−Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3548-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morelli
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Sindu Ros
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Giuseppe Borrelli
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Marco Persico
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Isabella Fiorini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Vito Nacci
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Pierfranco Ioan
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Alberto Chiarini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Michel Hamon
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Tiziana Mennini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Claudia Fracasso
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Milena Colovic
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Silvio Caccia
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
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16
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Walker DP, Acker BA, Jon Jacobsen E, Wishka DG. Preparation of novel azabicyclic amines and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity of derived aryl amides. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570450131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Walker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Brad A. Acker
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - E. Jon Jacobsen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017
| | - Donn G. Wishka
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017
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17
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Lemaître S, Lepailleur A, Bureau R, Butt-Gueulle S, Lelong-Boulouard V, Duchatelle P, Boulouard M, Dumuis A, Daveu C, Lezoualc’h F, Pfeiffer B, Dauphin F, Rault S. Novel antagonists of serotonin-4 receptors: Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrolothienopyrazines. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2607-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Kloth DD. New pharmacologic findings for the treatment of PONV and PDNV. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009; 66:S11-8. [DOI: 10.2146/ashp080462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D. Kloth
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Room H4-131, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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19
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Ferrante M, Blackwell KT, Migliore M, Ascoli GA. Computational models of neuronal biophysics and the characterization of potential neuropharmacological targets. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15:2456-71. [PMID: 18855673 PMCID: PMC3560392 DOI: 10.2174/092986708785909094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of potential pharmacological targets in neurology and psychiatry is a fundamental problem at the intersection between medicinal chemistry and the neurosciences. Exciting new techniques in proteomics and genomics have fostered rapid progress, opening numerous questions as to the functional consequences of ligand binding at the systems level. Psycho- and neuro-active drugs typically work in nerve cells by affecting one or more aspects of electrophysiological activity. Thus, an integrated understanding of neuropharmacological agents requires bridging the gap between their molecular mechanisms and the biophysical determinants of neuronal function. Computational neuroscience and bioinformatics can play a major role in this functional connection. Robust quantitative models exist describing all major active membrane properties under endogenous and exogenous chemical control. These include voltage-dependent ionic channels (sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.), synaptic receptor channels (e.g. glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic), and G protein coupled signaling pathways (protein kinases, phosphatases, and other enzymatic cascades). This brief review of neuromolecular medicine from the computational perspective provides compelling examples of how simulations can elucidate, explain, and predict the effect of chemical agonists, antagonists, and modulators in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim T. Blackwell
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Michele Migliore
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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20
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Rivail L, Chipot C, Maigret B, Bestel I, Sicsic S, Tarek M. Large-scale molecular dynamics of a G protein-coupled receptor, the human 5-HT4 serotonin receptor, in a lipid bilayer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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De Gobbi JIF, Martinez G, Barbosa SP, Beltz TG, De Luca LA, Thunhorst RL, Johnson AK, Vanderlei Menani J. 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus mediate opposite effects on sodium intake. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1453-61. [PMID: 17434681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of several 5-HT receptor subtypes in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) in the control of sodium appetite (i.e. NaCl consumption). Male Holtzman rats had cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN for the injection of 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists in conjunction with either acute fluid depletion or 24-h sodium depletion. Following these treatments, access to 0.3 M NaCl was provided and the intakes of saline and water were measured for the next 2 h. Bilateral injections of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, ketanserin or the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, mianserin into the LPBN increased 0.3 M NaCl intake without affecting water intake induced by acute fluid-depletion. Bilateral injections of the 5-HT2B receptor agonist, BW723C86 hydrochloride, had no effect on 0.3 M NaCl or water intake under these conditions. Treatment of the LPBN with the 5-HT2B/2C receptor agonist, 2-(2-methyl-4-clorophenoxy) propanoic acid (mCPP) caused dose-related reductions in 0.3 M NaCl intake after 24 h sodium depletion. The effects of mCPP were prevented by pretreating the LPBN with the 5-HT2B/2C receptor antagonist, SDZSER082. Activation of 5-HT3 receptors by the receptor agonist, 1-phenylbiguanide (PBG) caused dose-related increases in 0.3 M NaCl intake. Pretreatment of the LPBN with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 1-methyl-N-[8-methyl-8-azabicyclo (3.2.1)-oct-3-yl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (LY-278,584) abolished the effects of PBG, but LY-278,584 had no effects on sodium or water intake when injected by itself. PBG injected into the LPBN did not alter intake of palatable 0.06 M sucrose in fluid replete rats. The results suggest that activation of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes inhibits sodium ingestion. In contrast, activation of the 5-HT3 receptor subtype increases sodium ingestion. Therefore, multiple serotonergic receptor subtypes in the LPBN are implicated in the control of sodium intake, sometimes by mediating opposite effects of 5-HT. The results provide new information concerning the control of sodium intake by LPBN mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I F De Gobbi
- Department of Physiology, Bioscience Institute, Paulista State University (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Levin M. Gap junctional communication in morphogenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 94:186-206. [PMID: 17481700 PMCID: PMC2292839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions permit the direct passage of small molecules from the cytosol of one cell to that of its neighbor, and thus form a system of cell-cell communication that exists alongside familiar secretion/receptor signaling. Because of the rich potential for regulation of junctional conductance, and directional and molecular gating (specificity), gap junctional communication (GJC) plays a crucial role in many aspects of normal tissue physiology. However, the most exciting role for GJC is in the regulation of information flow that takes place during embryonic development, regeneration, and tumor progression. The molecular mechanisms by which GJC establishes local and long-range instructive morphogenetic cues are just beginning to be understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the involvement of GJC in the patterning of both vertebrate and invertebrate systems and discusses in detail several morphogenetic systems in which the properties of this signaling have been molecularly characterized. One model consistent with existing data in the fields of vertebrate left-right patterning and anterior-posterior polarity in flatworm regeneration postulates electrophoretically guided movement of small molecule morphogens through long-range GJC paths. The discovery of mechanisms controlling embryonic and regenerative GJC-mediated signaling, and identification of the downstream targets of GJC-permeable molecules, represent exciting next areas of research in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Forsyth Center for Regenerative and Devlopmental Biology, Forsyth Institute, and Developmental Biology Department, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Luz CP, Souza A, Reis R, Mineiro P, Ferreira HS, Fregoneze JB, De Castro E Silva E. The central amygdala regulates sodium intake in sodium-depleted rats: Role of 5-HT3 and 5-HT2C receptors. Brain Res 2007; 1139:178-94. [PMID: 17288998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we have evaluated the participation of 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(2C) receptors in the central amygdala (CeA) in the regulation of water and salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. m-CPBG-induced pharmacological activation of 5-HT(3) receptors located in the CeA resulted in a significant reduction in salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. This antinatriorexic effect of m-CPBG was reverted by pretreatment with the selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist ondansetron. The injection of ondansetron alone into the CeA had no effect on sodium-depleted and normonatremic rats. Conversely, pharmacological stimulation of 5-HT(2C) receptors located in the central amygdala by the selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist m-CPP failed to modify salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. Additionally, the administration of a selective 5-HT(2C) receptor blocker, SDZ SER 082, failed to modify salt intake in rats submitted to sodium depletion. These results lead to the conclusion that the pharmacological activation of 5-HT(3) receptors located within the CeA inhibits salt intake in sodium-depleted rats and that 5-HT(2C) receptors located within the CeA appear to be dissociated from the salt intake control mechanisms operating in the central amygdala.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Animals
- Appetite Regulation/drug effects
- Appetite Regulation/physiology
- Drinking/drug effects
- Drinking/physiology
- Male
- Microinjections
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/metabolism
- Serotonin Agents/pharmacology
- Sodium, Dietary/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Luz
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia 45200-000, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
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24
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Zettl H, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Siebert CD. [From cocaine to innovative antiemetics. The medicinal chemistry of 5-ht3 receptor antagonists]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2007; 36:354-61. [PMID: 17722162 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200700231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Zettl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Zentrum für Arzneimittelforschung, Entwicklung und Sicherheit, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt
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25
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Levin M. Is the early left-right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 78:191-223. [PMID: 17061264 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well-characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms that ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain involve fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology, and are important not only for basic science but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. The LR axis links biomolecular chirality to embryonic development and ultimately to behavior and cognition, revealing feedback loops and conserved functional modules occurring as widely as plants and mammals. This review focuses on the unique and fascinating physiological aspects of LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several profound mechanistic analogies between biological regulation in diverse systems (specifically proposing a nonciliary parallel between kidney cells and the LR axis based on subcellular regulation of ion transporter targeting), highlights the possible importance of early, highly-conserved intracellular events that are magnified to embryo-wide scales, and lays out the most important open questions about the function, evolutionary origin, and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Forsyth Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, and the Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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26
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Esser AT, Smith KC, Weaver JC, Levin M. Mathematical model of morphogen electrophoresis through gap junctions. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:2144-59. [PMID: 16786594 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctional communication is important for embryonic morphogenesis. However, the factors regulating the spatial properties of small molecule signal flows through gap junctions remain poorly understood. Recent data on gap junctions, ion transporters, and serotonin during left-right patterning suggest a specific model: the net unidirectional transfer of small molecules through long-range gap junctional paths driven by an electrophoretic mechanism. However, this concept has only been discussed qualitatively, and it is not known whether such a mechanism can actually establish a gradient within physiological constraints. We review the existing functional data and develop a mathematical model of the flow of serotonin through the early Xenopus embryo under an electrophoretic force generated by ion pumps. Through computer simulation of this process using realistic parameters, we explored quantitatively the dynamics of morphogen movement through gap junctions, confirming the plausibility of the proposed electrophoretic mechanism, which generates a considerable gradient in the available time frame. The model made several testable predictions and revealed properties of robustness, cellular gradients of serotonin, and the dependence of the gradient on several developmental constants. This work quantitatively supports the plausibility of electrophoretic control of morphogen movement through gap junctions during early left-right patterning. This conceptual framework for modeling gap junctional signaling -- an epigenetic patterning mechanism of wide relevance in biological regulation -- suggests numerous experimental approaches in other patterning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel T Esser
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Luz C, Souza A, Reis R, Fregoneze JB, de Castro e Silva E. Role of 5-HT3 and 5-HT2C receptors located within the medial amygdala in the control of salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. Brain Res 2006; 1099:121-32. [PMID: 16765332 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(2C) receptors located within the medial amygdala (MeA) in the control of water and salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. Pharmacological activation of 5-HT(3) receptors located in the medial amygdala by the selective 5-HT(3) receptor agonist m-CPBG significantly reduced salt intake in sodium-depleted rats, an effect that is reverted by pretreatment with the selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist ondansetron. In addition, the injection of ondansetron alone into the medial amygdala had no effect on salt intake in sodium-depleted and in sodium-repleted rats. Pharmacological stimulation of 5-HT(2C) receptors located in the medial amygdala by the selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist m-CPP failed to modify salt intake in sodium-depleted rats, whereas the blockade of these receptors by the selective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist SDZ SER 082 significantly reduced salt intake in this same group of animals. These results lead to the conclusion that the pharmacological activation of 5-HT(3) receptors located within the MeA inhibits salt intake in sodium-depleted rats and that, in this same brain region, the functional integrity of 5-HT(2C) receptors is required to achieve the full expression of sodium appetite in sodium-depleted rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Luz
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia, Jequié, Brazil
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28
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Levin M, Buznikov GA, Lauder JM. Of minds and embryos: left-right asymmetry and the serotonergic controls of pre-neural morphogenesis. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:171-85. [PMID: 16679764 DOI: 10.1159/000091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a clinically important neurotransmitter regulating diverse aspects of cognitive function, sleep, mood, and appetite. Increasingly, it is becoming appreciated that serotonin signaling among non-neuronal cells is a novel patterning mechanism existing throughout diverse phyla. Here, we review the evidence implicating serotonergic signaling in embryonic morphogenesis, including gastrulation, craniofacial and bone patterning, and the generation of left-right asymmetry. We propose two models suggesting movement of neurotransmitter molecules as a novel mechanism for how bioelectrical events may couple to downstream signaling cascades and gene activation networks. The discovery of serotonin-dependent patterning events occurring long before the development of the nervous system opens exciting new avenues for future research in evolutionary, developmental, and clinical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- The Forsyth Institute, and Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Nylander O, Pihl L. Luminal hypotonicity increases duodenal mucosal permeability by a mechanism involving 5-hydroxytryptamine. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2006; 186:45-58. [PMID: 16497179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2005.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) participates in the mediation of the hypotonicity-induced increase in duodenal mucosal permeability. METHODS Proximal duodenum in anaesthetized rats was perfused in situ with a hypotonic NaCl solution and effects on duodenal motility, net fluid flux, mucosal permeability [blood-to-lumen clearance of (51)Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] and the release of 5-HT into the luminal solution studied in the presence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. RESULTS Perfusion of the duodenum with 50 mm NaCl increased mucosal permeability eightfold, increased the luminal output of 5-HT twofold and induced net fluid absorption. This rise in permeability was enhanced 25% by 5-HT (3 x 10(-3) m), reduced by the 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists granisetron (10(-4)-3 x 10(-4) m) or ondansetron (10(-5)-10(-4) m) or by the 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist SB 203186 (10(-4) m). The 5-HT(3/4) receptor antagonist tropisetron, at 10(-4) m, did not affect while 3 x 10(-4) and 3 x 10(-3) m augmented the hypotonicity-induced increase in mucosal permeability. Lidocaine (1.1 x 10(-3) m) similarly potentiated while tetrodotoxin (TTX) (5 x 10(-5) m) inhibited the hypotonicity-induced increase in mucosal permeability. Compared with animals treated with indomethacin alone ondansetron and granisetron augmented (by 30-40%) while tropisetron and lidocaine reduced (by 60-70%) the hypotonicity-induced net fluid absorption. Tetrodotoxin and all 5-HT receptor antagonists, except tropisetron, depressed duodenal motility. CONCLUSIONS Luminal hypotonicity increases duodenal mucosal permeability by a neural mechanism involving 5-HT acting on 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptors. 5-HT also appears to participate in the regulation of the hypotonicity-induced fluid flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nylander
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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30
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Cappelli A, Gallelli A, Manini M, Anzini M, Mennuni L, Makovec F, Menziani MC, Alcaro S, Ortuso F, Vomero S. Further Studies on the Interaction of the 5-Hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) Receptor with Arylpiperazine Ligands. Development of a New 5-HT3 Receptor Ligand Showing Potent Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Properties. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3564-75. [PMID: 15887964 DOI: 10.1021/jm0493461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel arylpiperazine derivatives bearing lipophilic probes were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their potential ability to interact with the 5-hydroxytryptamine(3) (5-HT(3)) receptor. Most of the new compounds show subnanomolar 5-HT(3) receptor affinity. Ester 6bc showing a picomolar K(i) value is one of the most potent 5-HT(3) receptor ligands so far synthesized. The structure-affinity relationship study suggests the existence of a certain degree of conformational freedom of the amino acid residues interacting with the substituents in positions 3 and 4 of the quipazine quinoline nucleus. Thus, the tacrine-related heterobivalent ligand 6o was designed in an attempt to capitalize on the evidence of such a steric tolerance. Compound 6o shows a nanomolar potency for both the 5-HT(3) receptor and the human AChE and represents the first example of a rationally designed high-affinity 5-HT(3) receptor ligand showing nanomolar AChE inhibitory activity. Finally, the computational analysis performed on compound 6o allowed the rationalization of the structure-energy determinants for AChE versus BuChE selectivity and revealed the existence of a subsite at the boundary of the 5-HT(3) receptor extracellular domain, which could represent a "peripheral" site similar to that evidenced in the AChE gorge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico and European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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31
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Modica M, Romeo G, Materia L, Russo F, Cagnotto A, Mennini T, Gáspár R, Falkay G, Fülöp F. Synthesis and binding properties of novel selective 5-HT3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:3891-901. [PMID: 15210156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on the synthesis and affinities for the 5-HT(3) versus the 5-HT(4) receptor of new piperazinyl-substituted thienopyrimidine derivatives 20-45 with a view to identify potent and selective ligands for the 5-HT(3) receptor. Some of the new compounds show good affinity for the 5-HT(3) receptor and, notably, do not display any affinity for the 5-HT(4) receptor. 4-(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-methylthio-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 31 exhibits the highest affinity for the 5-HT(3) receptor (Ki = 33 nM) and behaves as noncompetitive antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Modica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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32
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Butera JA, Argentieri TM. Recent approaches to the treatment of urinary incontinence: a survey of patent activity from 1995 to 1998. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.8.8.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ferreira HS, de Castro e Silva E, Cointeiro C, Oliveira E, Faustino TN, Fregoneze JB. Role of central 5-HT3 receptors in the control of blood pressure in stressed and non-stressed rats. Brain Res 2005; 1028:48-58. [PMID: 15518641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of central 5-HT(3) receptors in the control of blood pressure and heart rate (HR) of non-stressed and stressed rats. The pharmacological stimulation of brain 5-HT(3) receptors by third ventricle injections of the selective 5-HT(3) receptor agonist m-CPBG induced a significant decrease in blood pressure in non-stressed rats and impaired the hypertensive response induced by restraint stress. The blockade of brain 5-HT(3) receptors by the central administration of the selective 5-HT(3) antagonist ondansetron elicited a significant increase in blood pressure in non-stressed rats. Conversely, the hypertensive response induced by restraint stress was not affected by central administration of ondansetron. Additionally, baroreflex-mediated bradycardia during phenylephrine-induced hypertensive response was preserved in non-stressed animals receiving third ventricle injections of m-CPBG, while the baroreflex-mediated tachycardia that occurs during the hypotensive response induced by the administration of sodium nitroprusside was impaired. It is concluded that the serotoninergic component represented by the brain 5-HT(3) receptors exerts a tonic inhibitory influence on the central control of blood pressure in non-stressed rats, probably by a sympathoinhibitory-related mechanism. On the other hand, during stress, this central 5-HT(3)-dependent inhibitory drive is overwhelmed by the different neurochemical systems that harmonically trigger and sustain the hypertensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Silva Ferreira
- Life Sciences Department, Bahia State University, 41195-001 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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34
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Rivail L, Giner M, Gastineau M, Berthouze M, Soulier JL, Fischmeister R, Lezoualc'h F, Maigret B, Sicsic S, Berque-Bestel I. New insights into the human 5-HT4 receptor binding site: exploration of a hydrophobic pocket. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 143:361-70. [PMID: 15351779 PMCID: PMC1575351 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A body of evidences suggests that a hydrophobic pocket of the human 5-HT(4) receptor contributes to the high affinity of some bulky 5-HT(4) ligands. A thorough study of this pocket was performed using mutagenesis and molecular modeling. Ligand binding or competition studies with selected bulky ligands (RS39604, RS100235, [(3)H]GR113808 and ML11411) and small ligands (5-HT and ML10375) were carried out on wild-type and mutant receptors (W7.40A/F, Y7.43F, R3.28L) transiently transfected in COS-7 cells. The functional activity of the mutated receptors was evaluated by measuring the ability of 5-HT to stimulate adenylyl cyclase. For W7.40F mutation, no changes in the affinity of studied ligands and in the functional activity of the mutant receptor were observed, in contrary to W7.40A mutation, which abolished both binding of ligands and 5-HT-induced cAMP production. Mutation R3.28L revealed a totally silent receptor with a basal level of cAMP production similar to the mock control despite its ability to product cAMP in the presence of 5-HT. Moreover, a one order loss of affinity of RS39604 and a 45-fold increase of ML11411 affinity were observed. Mutation Y7.43F modified the affinity of GR113808, which displays a 13-fold lower affinity for the mutant than for the wild-type receptor. In conclusion, in the hydrophobic pocket, two polar amino acids are able to interact through hydrogen bonds with bulky ligands depending on their chemical properties. Moreover, these experimental data may validate the proposed new three-dimensional model of the human 5-HT(4) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Rivail
- Biocis, UMR-8076 (CNRS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mireille Giner
- Biocis, UMR-8076 (CNRS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Monique Gastineau
- Unité INSERM U-446, Laboratoire de Cardiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Magali Berthouze
- Unité INSERM U-446, Laboratoire de Cardiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Louis Soulier
- Biocis, UMR-8076 (CNRS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Rodolphe Fischmeister
- Unité INSERM U-446, Laboratoire de Cardiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Unité INSERM U-446, Laboratoire de Cardiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Bernard Maigret
- UMR-7565, Equipe de Dynamique des Assemblages Membranaires, Université Henri Poincaré, 54506 Vandœuvre, Nancy, France
| | - Sames Sicsic
- Biocis, UMR-8076 (CNRS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Isabelle Berque-Bestel
- Biocis, UMR-8076 (CNRS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Author for correspondence:
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Carvalho F, Barros D, Silva J, Rezende E, Soares M, Fregoneze J, De Castro e Silva E. Hyperglycemia induced by acute central fluoxetine administration: role of the central CRH system and 5-HT3 receptors. Neuropeptides 2004; 38:98-105. [PMID: 15223272 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2003] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain serotonin and CRH systems participate in the control of blood glucose levels. We have previously demonstrated that the pharmacological stimulation of central 5-HT3 receptors, the target for several therapeutic agents used as antiemetics in the course of chemotherapy, induces hyperglycemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of the brain CRH component and 5-HT3 receptors in basal blood glucose levels as well as in the hyperglycemia induced by third ventricle injections of fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor with a broad range of clinical use. In this study, we used fasted adult Wistar male rats (220 +/- 20 g) whose third ventricles were cannulated 7 days prior to the experiments. Acute third ventricle injections of fluoxetine caused a significant increase in plasma glucose levels throughout the experiment. Pretreatment with alpha-helical CRH, a selective CRH antagonist, significantly blunted fluoxetine-induced hyperglycemia. Also, pretreatment with two distinct selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (LY-278,584 and ondansetron) significantly impaired the rise in plasma glucose levels observed in fluoxetine-treated animals pretreated with isotonic saline solution. None of these antagonists was able to modify blood glucose levels when injected alone into the third ventricle. Animals receiving third ventricle injections of fluoxetine, in spite of being hyperglycemic, presented plasma insulin levels similar to those displayed by normoglycemic, saline-treated controls. It is suggested that the acute increase in brain serotonergic activity caused by third ventricle injections of fluoxetine induces a hyperglycemic response that requires the functional integrity of the brain CRH system and 5-HT3 receptors. Also, it is proposed that the absence of a compensatory increase in plasma insulin levels may contribute to the generation of a hyperglycemic response after central fluoxetine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carvalho
- Life Sciences Department, Bahia State University, 41195-001 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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36
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López-Tudanca PL, Labeaga L, Innerárity A, Alonso-Cires L, Tapia I, Mosquera R, Orjales A. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a new benzoxazole derivative as a potent 5-HT3 receptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2709-14. [PMID: 12788344 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-Benzoxazol-2-yl-ethyl)-guanidine hydrochloride (10) was synthesized and pharmacologically tested. This compound showed high affinity for the 5-HT(3) receptor (K(i)=0.77 nM) and potently triggered the von Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) in rats with an ED(50)=0.52 microg/kg iv and intrinsic activity next to 1 (i.a.=0.94). This stimulant effect was abolished by pretreatment with the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist granisetron and was subject to a rapid and pronounced tachyphylaxis, due to desensitization of the peripheric cardiac 5-HT(3) receptor. Consequently, 10 acts as an in vivo 5-HT(3) antagonist inhibiting the BJR responses evoked by submaximal doses of 5-HT with an ID(50)=5.8 microg/kg iv.
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37
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Hansen MB. The enteric nervous system III: a target for pharmacological treatment. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 93:1-13. [PMID: 12828568 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen major advances in the pharmacological understanding of the nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, the enteric nervous system, and its importance for gut functions in several states of disease. Indeed, the enteric nervous system has become a promising target in the treatment of many gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders. Some of these new therapeutic concepts, such as botulinum toxin for achalasia and serotonergic drugs for functional bowel diseases, are already in clinical use. This paper is part 3 of three Minireviews in Pharmacology & Toxicology, and presents the neurogastrointestinal pharmacological therapeutic options in gastrointestinal pain, functional gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer and related conditions with focus on future drug targets. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal neuropathy, the role of serotonin and related neuroendocrine transmitters, serotonergic drugs, and neurotrophic factors in neurogastrointestinal pharmacology will be addressed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Berner Hansen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery K, H:S Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Langlois
- CNRS-BIOCIS (UPRES A 8076), INSERM U-446, Institut de Signalisation et Innovation Thérapeutique (IFR-ISIT), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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39
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Hinschberger A, Butt S, Lelong V, Boulouard M, Dumuis A, Dauphin F, Bureau R, Pfeiffer B, Renard P, Rault S. New benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine and azepino[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives as selective antagonists of 5-HT4 receptors: binding profile and pharmacological characterization. J Med Chem 2003; 46:138-47. [PMID: 12502367 DOI: 10.1021/jm020954v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine and azepino[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives were prepared and evaluated to determine the necessary requirements for high affinity on the 5-HT(4) receptors and high selectivity versus other receptors. The compounds were synthesized by substituting the chlorine atom of benzonaphthyridines and azepinoquinolines with various N-alkyl-4-piperidinylmethanolates. They were evaluated in binding assays with [(3)H]GR 113808 as the 5-HT(4) receptor radioligand. The affinity values (K(i) or inhibition percentages) depended upon the substituent on the aromatic ring on one hand and the substituent on the lateral piperidine chain on the other hand. A chlorine atom produced a marked drop in activity while a N-propyl or N-butyl group gave compounds with nanomolar affinities (1 < K(i) < 10 nM). Among the most potent ligands (3a, 4a, 5a), 4a was selected on the basis of its high affinity and selectivity for pharmacological screening and was evaluated in vivo in specific tests. This compound reveals itself as an antagonist/low partial agonist in the COS-7 cells stably expressing the 5-HT(4(a)) receptor. Derivative 4a also showed in vivo potent analgesic activity in the writhing test at very low doses.
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40
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López-Rodríguez ML, Murcia M, Benhamú B, Viso A, Campillo M, Pardo L. Benzimidazole derivatives. 3. 3D-QSAR/CoMFA model and computational simulation for the recognition of 5-HT(4) receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4806-15. [PMID: 12383006 DOI: 10.1021/jm020807x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional quantitative structure-affinity relationship study (3D-QSAR), using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) method, and subsequent computational simulation of ligand recognition have been successfully applied to explain the binding affinities for the 5-HT(4) receptor (5-HT(4)R) of a series of benzimidazole-4-carboxamides and carboxylates derivatives 1-24. The K(i) values of these compounds are in the range from 0.11 to 10 000 nM. The derived 3D-QSAR model shows high predictive ability (q(2) = 0.789 and r(2) = 0.997). Steric (contribution of 43.5%) and electrostatic (50.3%) fields and solvation energy (6.1%) of this novel class of 5-HT(4)R antagonists are relevant descriptors for structure-activity relationships. Computational simulation of the complexes between the benzimidazole-4-carboxamide UCM-21195 (5) and the carboxylate UCM-26995 (21) and a 3D model of the transmembrane domain of the 5-HT(4)R, constructed using the reported crystal structure of rhodopsin, have allowed us to define the molecular details of the ligand-receptor interaction that includes (i) the ionic interaction between the NH group of the protonated piperidine of the ligand and the carboxylate group of Asp(3.32), (ii) the hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen of the ligand and the hydroxyl group of Ser(5.43), (iii) the hydrogen bond between the NH group of Asn(6.55) and the aromatic ring of carboxamides or the ether oxygen of carboxylates, (iv) the interaction of the electron-rich clouds of the aromatic ring of Phe(6.51) and the electron-poor hydrogens of the carbon atoms adjacent to the protonated piperidine nitrogen of the ligand, and (v) the pi-sigma stacking interaction between the benzimidazole system of the ligand and the benzene ring of Tyr(5.38). Moreover, the noticeable increase in potency at the 5-HT(4)R sites, by the introduction of a chloro or bromo atom at the 6-position of the aromatic ring, is attributed to the additional electrostatic and van der Waals interaction of the halogen atom in a small cavity located between transmembrane domains 5 and 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Cappelli A, Gallelli A, Braile C, Anzini M, Vomero S, Mennuni L, Makovec F, Menziani MC, De Benedetti PG, Donati A, Giorgi G. Novel potent 5-HT(3) receptor ligands based on the pyrrolidone structure. Effects of the quaternization of the basic nitrogen on the interaction with 5-HT(3) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2681-91. [PMID: 12057657 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The results of a comprehensive structure-affinity relationship study on the effect of the quaternization (i.e., N-methylation) of structurally different ligands in the classes of tropane and quinuclidine derivatives are described. This study shows that the effects of the quaternization of the basic nitrogen of these 5-HT(3) receptor ligands appear to be strictly structure-dependent suggesting that different binding modes are operative at 5-HT(3) receptor binding site. The different effect of the quaternization of the basic nitrogen of structurally different ligands were rationalized in terms of the interaction with the receptor by means of the combined use of experimental techniques (X-ray diffraction and NMR studies) and computational simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Bureau R, Daveu C, Lemaître S, Dauphin F, Landelle H, Lancelot JC, Rault S. Molecular design based on 3D-pharmacophore. Application to 5-HT4 receptor. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2002; 42:962-7. [PMID: 12132898 DOI: 10.1021/ci0101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A definition of a pharmacophore for the 5-HT4 antagonist was carried out by considering a three-dimensional model which correlates the chemical structures of series of antagonists with their biological affinities. A molecular design is described by analyzing the differences between two 3D serotonin pharmacophores. This successful structural modification demonstrates the efficiency of this approach to design new serotonin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Bureau
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Université de Caen, 1, rue Vaubénard, 14032 Caen, France
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Cappelli A, Anzini M, Vomero S, Mennuni L, Makovec F, Doucet E, Hamon M, Menziani MC, De Benedetti PG, Giorgi G, Ghelardini C, Collina S. Novel potent 5-HT(3) receptor ligands based on the pyrrolidone structure: synthesis, biological evaluation, and computational rationalization of the ligand-receptor interaction modalities. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:779-801. [PMID: 11814868 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel conformationally constrained derivatives of classical 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists were designed and synthesized with the aim of probing the central 5-HT(3) receptor recognition site in a systematic way. The newly-synthesized compounds were tested for their potential ability to inhibit [(3)H]granisetron specific binding to 5-HT(3) receptor in rat cortical membranes. These studies revealed subnanomolar affinity in some of the compounds under study. The most potent ligand in this series was found to be quinuclidine derivative (S)-7i, which showed an affinity comparable with that of the reference ligand granisetron. The potential 5-HT(3) agonist/antagonist activity of some selected compounds was assessed in vitro on the 5-HT(3) receptor-dependent [(14)C]guanidinium uptake in NG 108-15 cells. Both of the tropane derivatives tested in this functional assay (7a and 9a) showed antagonist properties, while the quinuclidine derivatives studied [the enantiomers of compounds 7i, 8g, and 9g, and compound (R)-8h] showed a full range of intrinsic efficacies. Therefore, the functional behavior of these 5-HT(3) receptor ligands appears to be affected by the structural features of both the azabicyclo moiety and the heteroaromatic portion. In agreement with the data obtained on NG 108-15 cells, investigations on the 5-HT(3) receptor-dependent Bezold-Jarisch reflex in urethane-anaesthetized rats confirmed the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist properties of compounds 7a and (S)-7i showing for these compounds ID(50) values of 2.8 and 181 microg/kg, respectively. Finally, compounds 7a, (S)-7i and 9a (at the doses of 0.01, 1.0, and 0.01 mg/kg ip, respectively) prevented scopolamine-induced amnesia in the mouse passive avoidance test suggestive of a potential usefulness in cognitive disorders for these compounds. Qualitative and quantitative structure-affinity relationship studies were carried out by means of theoretical descriptors derived on a single structure and ad-hoc defined size and shape descriptors (indirect approach). The results showed to be useful in capturing information relevant to ligand-receptor interaction. Additional information derived by the analysis of the energy minimized 3-D structures of the ligand-receptor complexes (direct approach) suggested interesting mechanistic and methodological considerations on the binding mode multiplicity at the 5-HT(3) receptors and on the degree of tolerance allowed in the alignment of molecules for the indirect approach, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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44
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Iriepa I, Villasante FJ, Gálvez E, Labeaga L, Innerarity A, Orjales A. Synthesis and pharmacology of isoquinuclidine derivatives as 5-HT(3) ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:189-92. [PMID: 11755351 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoates and benzamides containing the 5- and 6-isoquinuclidinyl system was synthesised and evaluated for binding to 5-HT(3), 5-HT(4) and D(2) receptors. In general, the isoquinuclidine derivatives at the 5-position have shown to be more potent as 5-HT(3) ligands but they also possess 5-HT(4) and D(2) properties. However, the results show that the derivatives at the 6-position afforded the most promising compounds in terms of both receptor affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Iriepa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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45
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López-Rodríguez ML, Murcia M, Benhamú B, Viso A, Campillo M, Pardo L. 3-D-QSAR/CoMFA and recognition models of benzimidazole derivatives at the 5-HT(4) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2807-11. [PMID: 11597405 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
3-D-QSAR/CoMFA methodology and computational simulation of ligand recognition have been successfully applied to explain the binding affinities of a series of benzimidazole derivatives 1-24 acting at serotonin 5-HT(4)Rs. Both derived computational models have facilitated the identification of the structural elements of the ligands that are key to high 5-HT(4)R affinity. The results provide the tools for predicting the affinity of related compounds, and for guiding the design and synthesis of new ligands with predetermined affinities and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Castro L, Varjão B, Silva I, Duque B, Batista A, Santana R, Luz P, Rocha MA, Fregoneze JB, De Castro-e-Silva E. Effect of the intracerebroventricular administration of GR 113808, a selective 5-HT4 antagonist, on water intake during hyperosmolarity and hypovolemia. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34:791-6. [PMID: 11378670 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2001000600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate here that acute third ventricle injections of GR 113808, a highly selective 5-HT4 antagonist, decrease water intake induced by a previous salt load while potentiating drinking elicited by hypovolemia induced by previous subcutaneous administration of polyethylene glycol in male Wistar rats (200 +/- 20 g). At the dose of 160 nmol/rat, third ventricle injections of GR 113808 induced a significant reduction of water intake in salt-loaded animals after 120 min as compared to salt-loaded animals receiving third ventricle injections of saline (salt load + GR = 3.44 +/- 0.41 ml, N = 12; salt load + saline = 5.74 +/- 0.40 ml, N = 9). At the dose of 80 nmol/rat, GR 113808 significantly enhanced water intake in hypovolemic animals after 120 min as compared to hypovolemic animals receiving third ventricle injections of saline (hypovol + GR = 4.01 +/- 0.27 ml, N = 8; hypovol + saline = 2.41 +/- 0.23 ml, N = 12). We suggest that central 5-HT4 receptors may exert a positive drive on water intake due to hyperosmolarity and a negative input on drinking provoked by hypovolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40110-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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47
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Modica M, Santagati M, Guccione S, Russo F, Cagnotto A, Goegan M, Mennini T. Design, synthesis and binding properties of novel and selective 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2001; 36:287-301. [PMID: 11337106 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(01)01216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis and the binding tests on the 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors of new thienopyrimidopiperazine and piperazinylacylaminodimethylthiophene derivatives, in order to identify potent and selective ligands for each receptor. The 3-amino-2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-5,6-dimethyl-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivative 28 showed the highest affinity and selectivity for the 5-HT3 over the 5-HT4 receptor (5-HT3 Ki=3.92 nM, 5-HT4 not active), whereas the 2-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butanoylamino]-4,5-dimethyl-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid ethyl ester (41) showed the highest affinity and selectivity for the 5-HT4 over the 5-HT3 receptor (5-HT4 Ki=81.3 nM, 5-HT3 not active). Conformational analyses were carried out on the compounds of the piperazinylacylaminodimethylthiophene series (39-42) taking compound 41 as the template.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Modica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, viale Andrea Doria, 6, Ed. 2 Città Universitaria, I-95125, Catania, Italy
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Kowalczyk BA, Robinson, Gardner JO. Process Development of the Synthetic Route to Sulamserod Hydrochloride. Org Process Res Dev 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/op0002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Kowalczyk
- Chemical Development, Roche Bioscience, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A
| | - Robinson
- Chemical Development, Roche Bioscience, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A
| | - John O. Gardner
- Chemical Development, Roche Bioscience, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A
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Modica M, Santagati M, Guccione S, Russo F, Cagnotto A, Goegan M, Mennini T. Design, synthesis and binding properties of novel and selective 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:1065-79. [PMID: 11248405 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)01187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis and the binding tests on the 5-HT(3) and 5-HT(4) receptors of new thienopyrimidopiperazine and piperazinylacylaminodimethylthiophene derivatives, in order to identify potent and selective ligands for each receptor. The compound with higher affinity and selectivity for the 5-HT(3) over the 5-HT(4) receptor was the 3-amino-2-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)-5,6-dimethyl-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 28 (5-HT(3) K(i)=3.92 nM, 5-HT(4) not active), the compound with higher affinity and selectivity for the 5-HT(4) over the 5-HT(3) receptor was the 2-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butanoylamino]-4,5-dimethyl-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid ethyl ester 41 (5-HT(4) K(i)=81.3 nM, 5-HT(3) not active). Conformational analyses were carried out on the compounds of the piperazinylacylaminodimethylthiophene series (39-42) taking compound 41 as the template.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Modica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Curtet S, Soulier JL, Zahradnik I, Giner M, Berque-Bestel I, Mialet J, Lezoualc'h F, Donzeau-Gouge P, Sicsic S, Fischmeister R, Langlois M. New arylpiperazine derivatives as antagonists of the human cloned 5-HT(4) receptor isoforms. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3761-9. [PMID: 11020291 DOI: 10.1021/jm0009538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New derivatives of arylpiperazine 9 were designed from ML 10302, a potent 5-HT(4) receptor agonist in the gastrointestinal system. Compounds were synthesized by condensation of a number of available arylpiperazines or heteroarylpiperazines with 2-bromoethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate. They were evaluated in binding assays on the recently cloned human 5-HT(4(e)) isoform stably expressed in C6 glial cells with [(3)H]GR 113808 as the radioligand. The affinity values (K(i)) depended upon the substituent on the aromatic ring. A chlorine atom produced a marked drop in activity (K(i) > 100 nM), while a m-methoxy group gave a compound with nanomolar affinity (K(i) = 3 nM). The most potent compounds were the heterocyclic derivatives with pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, or pyridine moieties (compounds 9r, 9t, 9u, 9x, respectively). K(i) values for 9a and 9r were determined for the 5-HT(4(a)), 5-HT(4(b)), 5-HT(4(c)), and 5-HT(4(d)) receptor isoforms transiently expressed in COS cells. The results indicated that the compounds were not selective. They produced an inhibition of the 5-HT-stimulated cyclic AMP synthesis in the C6 glial cells stably expressing the 5-HT(4(e)) receptor and shifted the 5-HT concentration-effect curve on adenylyl cyclase activity with pK(D) values of 7.44 and 8.47, respectively. In isolated human atrial myocytes, 9r antagonized the stimulatory effect of 5-HT on the L-type calcium current (I(Ca)) with a K(D) value of 0.7 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Curtet
- CNRS-BIOCIS (UPRES A 8076) and Laboratoire de Cardiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INSERM U-446, Institut de Signalisation et Innovation Thérapeutique (IFR-ISIT), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, 92296 Châtenay-Mala
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