1
|
Anwar AI, Lu L, Plaisance CJ, Daniel CP, Flanagan CJ, Wenger DM, McGregor D, Varrassi G, Kaye AM, Ahmadzadeh S, Cornett EM, Shekoohi S, Kaye AD. Fluoroquinolones: Neurological Complications and Side Effects in Clinical Practice. Cureus 2024; 16:e54565. [PMID: 38516474 PMCID: PMC10957204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones, a popular antibiotic class that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis of bacteria by disrupting the activity of the enzyme's topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase, are used to treat bacterial infections. However, the widespread use of these drugs has allowed for the development of microbial resistance in recent years. Quinolones also have many clinically relevant side effects, including psychosis, confusion, seizures, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Common side effects include tendinitis, myopathy, depression, and fatigue. Cardiovascular side effects include increased risk of aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and QT interval prolongation. Overall, quinolones can be an effective choice for treating bacterial infections. Still, the side effect profile and decreased efficacy secondary to microbial resistance no longer make the quinolone class an ideal choice for many types of infection. A better understanding of the role of quinolone-mediated or neurological damage, cardiovascular impairment, and musculoskeletal involvement is imperative to determine the risks/benefits for the clinician.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Lu
- Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Connor J Plaisance
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Charles P Daniel
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Chelsi J Flanagan
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, USA
| | - Danielle M Wenger
- School of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, USA
| | - David McGregor
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | | | - Adam M Kaye
- Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University of the Pacific, Stockton, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rubio-Contreras D, Gómez-Herreros F. TDP1 suppresses chromosomal translocations and cell death induced by abortive TOP1 activity during gene transcription. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6940. [PMID: 37945566 PMCID: PMC10636166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1) removes torsional stress by transiently cutting one DNA strand. Such cuts are rejoined by TOP1 but can occasionally become abortive generating permanent protein-linked single strand breaks (SSBs). The repair of these breaks is initiated by tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1), a conserved enzyme that unlinks the TOP1 peptide from the DNA break. Additionally, some of these SSBs can result in double strand breaks (DSBs) either during replication or by a poorly understood transcription-associated process. In this study, we identify these DSBs as a source of genome rearrangements, which are suppressed by TDP1. Intriguingly, we also provide a mechanistic explanation for the formation of chromosomal translocations unveiling an error-prone pathway that relies on the MRN complex and canonical non-homologous end-joining. Collectively, these data highlight the threat posed by TOP1-induced DSBs during transcription and demonstrate the importance of TDP1-dependent end-joining in protecting both gene transcription and genome stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rubio-Contreras
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Gómez-Herreros
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iyyappan Y, Dhayabaran V, Elayappan M, Chaudhary SK, Palaniappan C, Kanagaraj S. Functional characterization of a hypothetical protein (TTHA1873) from Thermus thermophilus. Proteins 2023; 91:1427-1436. [PMID: 37254593 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermus thermophilus is an extremely thermophilic organism that thrives at a temperature of 65°C. T. thermophilus genome has ~2218 genes, out of which 66% (1482 genes) have been annotated, and the remaining 34% (736 genes) are assigned as hypothetical proteins. In this work, biochemical and biophysical experiments were performed to characterize the hypothetical protein TTHA1873 from T. thermophilus. The hypothetical protein TTHA1873 acts as a nuclease, which indiscreetly cuts methylated and non-methylated DNA in divalent metal ions and relaxes the plasmid DNA in the presence of ATP. The chelation of metal ions with EDTA inhibits its activity. These results suggest that the hypothetical protein TTHA1873 would be a CRISPR-associated protein with non-specific DNase activity and ATP-dependent DNA-relaxing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Iyyappan
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaigundan Dhayabaran
- Genomics and Central Research Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, India
| | - Mohanapriya Elayappan
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Sciences, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chandrasekaran Palaniappan
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sekar Kanagaraj
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rossi V, Govoni M, Di Stefano G. Lactate Can Modulate the Antineoplastic Effects of Doxorubicin and Relieve the Drug's Oxidative Damage on Cardiomyocytes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3728. [PMID: 37509389 PMCID: PMC10378253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (DOXO) is currently administered as the first-choice therapy for a variety of malignancies. Cancer cells exhibit enhanced glycolysis and lactate production. This metabolite affects gene expression and can play a role in chemoresistance. AIM OF THIS STUDY We investigated whether the enhanced lactate levels that characterize neoplastic tissues can modify the response of cancer cells to DOXO. METHODS After exposing cancer cells to increased lactate levels, we examined whether this metabolite could interfere with the principal mechanisms responsible for the DOXO antineoplastic effect. RESULTS Increased lactate levels did not affect DOXO-induced topoisomerase poisoning but offered protection against the oxidative damage caused by the drug. This protection was related to changes in gene expression caused by the combined action of DOXO and lactate. Oxidative damage significantly contributed to the heavy cardiotoxicity following DOXO treatment. In cultured cardiomyocytes, we confirmed that DOXO-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress can be significantly mitigated by exposing the cells to increased lactate levels. CONCLUSIONS In addition to contributing to elucidating the effects of the combined action of DOXO and lactate, our results suggest a possible method to reduce the heavy drug cardiotoxicity, a major side effect leading to therapy discontinuation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rossi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Section of General Pathology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marzia Govoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Section of General Pathology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Di Stefano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Section of General Pathology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Keller JG, Petersen KV, Mizielinski K, Thiesen C, Bjergbæk L, Reguera RM, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Balaña-Fouce R, Trejo A, Masdeu C, Alonso C, Knudsen BR, Tesauro C. Gel-Free Tools for Quick and Simple Screening of Anti-Topoisomerase 1 Compounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050657. [PMID: 37242440 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing need for effective compounds against cancer or pathogen-borne diseases, the development of new tools to investigate the enzymatic activity of biomarkers is necessary. Among these biomarkers are DNA topoisomerases, which are key enzymes that modify DNA and regulate DNA topology during cellular processes. Over the years, libraries of natural and synthetic small-molecule compounds have been extensively investigated as potential anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, or anti-parasitic drugs targeting topoisomerases. However, the current tools for measuring the potential inhibition of topoisomerase activity are time consuming and not easily adaptable outside specialized laboratories. Here, we present rolling circle amplification-based methods that provide fast and easy readouts for screening of compounds against type 1 topoisomerases. Specific assays for the investigation of the potential inhibition of eukaryotic, viral, or bacterial type 1 topoisomerase activity were developed, using human topoisomerase 1, Leishmania donovani topoisomerase 1, monkeypox virus topoisomerase 1, and Mycobacterium smegmatis topoisomerase 1 as model enzymes. The presented tools proved to be sensitive and directly quantitative, paving the way for new diagnostic and drug screening protocols in research and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Celine Thiesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bjergbæk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Angela Trejo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Carme Masdeu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Concepcion Alonso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Birgitta R Knudsen
- VPCIR Biosciences ApS, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmed MB, Islam SU, Alghamdi AAA, Kamran M, Ahsan H, Lee YS. Phytochemicals as Chemo-Preventive Agents and Signaling Molecule Modulators: Current Role in Cancer Therapeutics and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15765. [PMID: 36555406 PMCID: PMC9779495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest non communicable diseases. Numerous anticancer medications have been developed to target the molecular pathways driving cancer. However, there has been no discernible increase in the overall survival rate in cancer patients. Therefore, innovative chemo-preventive techniques and agents are required to supplement standard cancer treatments and boost their efficacy. Fruits and vegetables should be tapped into as a source of compounds that can serve as cancer therapy. Phytochemicals play an important role as sources of new medication in cancer treatment. Some synthetic and natural chemicals are effective for cancer chemoprevention, i.e., the use of exogenous medicine to inhibit or impede tumor development. They help regulate molecular pathways linked to the development and spread of cancer. They can enhance antioxidant status, inactivating carcinogens, suppressing proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest and death, and regulating the immune system. While focusing on four main categories of plant-based anticancer agents, i.e., epipodophyllotoxin, camptothecin derivatives, taxane diterpenoids, and vinca alkaloids and their mode of action, we review the anticancer effects of phytochemicals, like quercetin, curcumin, piperine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and gingerol. We examine the different signaling pathways associated with cancer and how inflammation as a key mechanism is linked to cancer growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Cecos University, Peshawar, Street 1, Sector F 5 Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, M310, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Young Sup Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Delint-Ramirez I, Konada L, Heady L, Rueda R, Jacome ASV, Marlin E, Marchioni C, Segev A, Kritskiy O, Yamakawa S, Reiter AH, Tsai LH, Madabhushi R. Calcineurin dephosphorylates topoisomerase IIβ and regulates the formation of neuronal-activity-induced DNA breaks. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3794-3809.e8. [PMID: 36206766 PMCID: PMC9990814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity induces topoisomerase IIβ (Top2B) to generate DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) within the promoters of neuronal early response genes (ERGs) and facilitate their transcription, and yet, the mechanisms that control Top2B-mediated DSB formation are unknown. Here, we report that stimulus-dependent calcium influx through NMDA receptors activates the phosphatase calcineurin to dephosphorylate Top2B at residues S1509 and S1511, which stimulates its DNA cleavage activity and induces it to form DSBs. Exposing mice to a fear conditioning paradigm also triggers Top2B dephosphorylation at S1509 and S1511 in the hippocampus, indicating that calcineurin also regulates Top2B-mediated DSB formation following physiological neuronal activity. Furthermore, calcineurin-Top2B interactions following neuronal activity and sites that incur activity-induced DSBs are preferentially localized at the nuclear periphery in neurons. Together, these results reveal how radial gene positioning and the compartmentalization of activity-dependent signaling govern the position and timing of activity-induced DSBs and regulate gene expression patterns in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Delint-Ramirez
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lahiri Konada
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lance Heady
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richard Rueda
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Eric Marlin
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Marchioni
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amir Segev
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oleg Kritskiy
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Satoko Yamakawa
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ram Madabhushi
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Processing DNA lesions during mitosis to prevent genomic instability. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1105-1118. [PMID: 36040211 PMCID: PMC9444068 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Failure of cells to process toxic double-strand breaks (DSBs) constitutes a major intrinsic source of genome instability, a hallmark of cancer. In contrast with interphase of the cell cycle, canonical repair pathways in response to DSBs are inactivated in mitosis. Although cell cycle checkpoints prevent transmission of DNA lesions into mitosis under physiological condition, cancer cells frequently display mitotic DNA lesions. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of how mitotic cells process lesions that escape checkpoint surveillance. We outline mechanisms that regulate the mitotic DNA damage response and the different types of lesions that are carried over to mitosis, with a focus on joint DNA molecules arising from under-replication and persistent recombination intermediates, as well as DNA catenanes. Additionally, we discuss the processing pathways that resolve each of these lesions in mitosis. Finally, we address the acute and long-term consequences of unresolved mitotic lesions on cellular fate and genome stability.
Collapse
|
9
|
A novel irinotecan derivative ZBH-1207 with different anti-tumor mechanism from CPT-11 against colon cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8359-8368. [PMID: 35764749 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Irinotecan (CPT-11) is a camptothecin derivative whose potent anti-tumor activity depends on the rapid formation of an in vivo active metabolite, SN38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin). CPT-11 combine with other agents are often the treatment of choice for patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). This study evaluates the cytotoxic mechanism of a novel CPT-11 derivative, ZBH-1207 in CRC cells in vitro. METHODS The anti-proliferation effect of ZBH-1207 on tumor cells was assessed by MTT assay. The inhibition of TOP1, the alteration of cell cycle and apoptosis, and the expression of caspase-3 and PARP in CRC cells induced by ZBH-1207 were detected by DNA relaxation assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS ZBH-1207 significantly inhibits the proliferation of seven tumor cell lines and retains the activity of TOP1 as compared with CPT-11. Treatment with ZBH-1207 results in more apparent cell cycle arrests and apoptosis of CRC cells than that of CPT-11 and SN38. Accordingly, up-regulation of active caspase-3 and PARP expression were relatively higher in ZBH-1207 group than that in CPT-11 and SN38 group. CONCLUSION ZBH-1207 has higher cytotoxicity than CPT-11/SN38 in CRC cells. Its molecular mechanism involves apoptosis signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mackay RP, Weinberger PM, Copland JA, Mahdavian E, Xu Q. YM155 Induces DNA Damage and Cell Death in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells by Inhibiting DNA Topoisomerase IIα at the ATP-Binding Site. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:925-935. [PMID: 35405742 PMCID: PMC9167740 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is among the most aggressive of human cancers, and currently there are few effective treatments for most patients. YM155, first identified as a survivin inhibitor, was highlighted in a high-throughput screen performed by the National Cancer Institute, killing ATC cells in vitro and in vivo. However, there was no association between survivin expression and response to YM155 in clinical trials, and YM155 has been mostly abandoned for development despite favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. Currently, alternative mechanisms are being explored for YM155 by a number of groups. In this study, ATC patient samples show overexpression of topoisomerase Top2α compared with benign thyroid samples and to differentiated thyroid cancers. ATC cell lines that overexpress Top2α are more sensitive to YM155. We created a YM155-resistant cell line, which shows decreased expression of Top2α and is resensitized with Top2α overexpression. Molecular modeling predicts binding for YM155 in the Top2α ATP-binding site and identifies key amino acids for YM155-Top2α interaction. A Top2α mutant abrogates the effect of YM155, confirming the contribution of Top2α to YM155 mechanism of action. Our results suggest a novel mechanism of action for YM155 and may represent a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of ATC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Mackay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Paul M. Weinberger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - John A. Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Elahe Mahdavian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Qinqin Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seredinski S, Boos F, Günther S, Oo JA, Warwick T, Izquierdo Ponce J, Lillich FF, Proschak E, Knapp S, Gilsbach R, Pflüger-Müller B, Brandes RP, Leisegang MS. DNA topoisomerase inhibition with the HIF inhibitor acriflavine promotes transcription of lncRNAs in endothelial cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:1023-1035. [PMID: 35228897 PMCID: PMC8844413 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is an important driver of cancer and is therefore an attractive drug target. Acriflavine (ACF) has been suggested to inhibit HIF1, but its mechanism of action is unknown. Here we investigated the interaction of ACF with DNA and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and its function in human endothelial cells. ACF promoted apoptosis and reduced proliferation, network formation, and angiogenic capacity. It also induced changes in gene expression, as determined by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), which could not be attributed to specific inhibition of HIF1. A similar response was observed in murine lung endothelial cells. Although ACF increased and decreased a similar number of protein-coding genes, lncRNAs were preferentially upregulated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. An assay for transposase accessibility with subsequent DNA sequencing (ATAC-seq) demonstrated that ACF induced strong changes in chromatin accessibility at lncRNA promoters. Immunofluorescence showed displacement of DNA:RNA hybrids. Such effects might be due to ACF-mediated topoisomerase inhibition, which was indeed the case, as reflected by DNA unwinding assays. Comparison with other acridine derivatives and topoisomerase inhibitors suggested that the specific function of ACF is an effect of acridinium-class compounds. This study demonstrates that ACF inhibits topoisomerases rather than HIF specifically and that it elicits a unique expression response of lncRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Seredinski
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frederike Boos
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - James A Oo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Timothy Warwick
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Judit Izquierdo Ponce
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix F Lillich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Gilsbach
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beatrice Pflüger-Müller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias S Leisegang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boot A, Liu M, Stantial N, Shah V, Yu W, Nitiss KC, Nitiss JL, Jinks-Robertson S, Rozen SG. Recurrent mutations in topoisomerase IIα cause a previously undescribed mutator phenotype in human cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114024119. [PMID: 35058360 PMCID: PMC8795545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114024119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases nick and reseal DNA to relieve torsional stress associated with transcription and replication and to resolve structures such as knots and catenanes. Stabilization of the yeast Top2 cleavage intermediates is mutagenic in yeast, but whether this extends to higher eukaryotes is less clear. Chemotherapeutic topoisomerase poisons also elevate cleavage, resulting in mutagenesis. Here, we describe p.K743N mutations in human topoisomerase hTOP2α and link them to a previously undescribed mutator phenotype in cancer. Overexpression of the orthologous mutant protein in yeast generated a characteristic pattern of 2- to 4-base pair (bp) duplications resembling those in tumors with p.K743N. Using mutant strains and biochemical analysis, we determined the genetic requirements of this mutagenic process and showed that it results from trapping of the mutant yeast yTop2 cleavage complex. In addition to 2- to 4-bp duplications, hTOP2α p.K743N is also associated with deletions that are absent in yeast. We call the combined pattern of duplications and deletions ID_TOP2α. All seven tumors carrying the hTOP2α p.K743N mutation showed ID_TOP2α, while it was absent from all other tumors examined (n = 12,269). Each tumor with the ID_TOP2α signature had indels in several known cancer genes, which included frameshift mutations in tumor suppressors PTEN and TP53 and an activating insertion in BRAF. Sequence motifs found at ID_TOP2α mutations were present at 80% of indels in cancer-driver genes, suggesting that ID_TOP2α mutagenesis may contribute to tumorigenesis. The results reported here shed further light on the role of topoisomerase II in genome instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud Boot
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke University-National University of Singapore Medical School (Duke-NUS Medical School), 169857 Singapore;
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Mo Liu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke University-National University of Singapore Medical School (Duke-NUS Medical School), 169857 Singapore
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Nicole Stantial
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Viraj Shah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL 61107
| | - Willie Yu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke University-National University of Singapore Medical School (Duke-NUS Medical School), 169857 Singapore
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Karin C Nitiss
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL 61107
| | - John L Nitiss
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, IL 61107
| | - Sue Jinks-Robertson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;
| | - Steven G Rozen
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke University-National University of Singapore Medical School (Duke-NUS Medical School), 169857 Singapore;
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meroni A, Vindigni A. A RADAR method to measure DNA topoisomerase covalent complexes. Methods Enzymol 2022; 672:369-381. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Aichinger G. Natural Dibenzo-α-Pyrones: Friends or Foes? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313063. [PMID: 34884865 PMCID: PMC8657677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural dibenzo-α-pyrones (DAPs) can be viewed from two opposite angles. From one angle, the gastrointestinal metabolites urolithins are regarded as beneficial, while from the other, the emerging mycotoxin alternariol and related fungal metabolites are evaluated critically with regards to potential hazardous effects. Thus, the important question is: can the structural characteristics of DAP subgroups be held responsible for distinct bioactivity patterns? If not, certain toxicological and/or pharmacological aspects of natural DAPs might yet await elucidation. Thus, this review focuses on comparing published data on the two groups of natural DAPs regarding both adverse and beneficial effects on human health. Literature on genotoxic, estrogenic, endocrine-disruptive effects, as well as on the induction of the cellular anti-oxidative defense system, anti-inflammatory properties, the inhibition of kinases, the activation of mitophagy and the induction of autophagy, is gathered and critically reviewed. Indeed, comparing published data suggests similar bioactivity profiles of alternariol and urolithin A. Thus, the current stratification into hazardous Alternaria toxins and healthy urolithins seems debatable. An extrapolation of bioactivities to the other DAP sub-class could serve as a promising base for further research. Conclusively, urolithins should be further evaluated toward high-dose toxicity, while alternariol derivatives could be promising chemicals for the development of therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Aichinger
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Busatto FF, Mersaoui SY, Sun Y, Pommier Y, Masson JY, Saffi J. Functions of the CSB Protein at Topoisomerase 2 Inhibitors-Induced DNA Lesions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727836. [PMID: 34746125 PMCID: PMC8569893 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) inhibitors are drugs widely used in the treatment of different types of cancer. Processing of their induced-lesions create double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA, which is the main toxic mechanism of topoisomerase inhibitors to kill cancer cells. It was established that the Nucleotide Excision Repair pathway respond to TOP2-induced lesions, mainly through the Cockayne Syndrome B (CSB) protein. In this paper, we further define the mechanism and type of lesions induced by TOP2 inhibitors when CSB is abrogated. In the absence of TOP2, but not during pharmacological inhibition, an increase in R-Loops was detected. We also observed that CSB knockdown provokes the accumulation of DSBs induced by TOP2 inhibitors. Consistent with a functional interplay, interaction between CSB and TOP2 occurred after TOP2 inhibition. This was corroborated with in vitro DNA cleavage assays where CSB stimulated the activity of TOP2. Altogether, our results show that TOP2 is stimulated by the CSB protein and prevents the accumulation of R-loops/DSBs linked to genomic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Faccio Busatto
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cell Biology (PPGBCM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sofiane Y Mersaoui
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cell Biology (PPGBCM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nicolette J, Luijten M, Sasaki JC, Custer L, Embry M, Froetschl R, Johnson G, Ouedraogo G, Settivari R, Thybaud V, Dearfield KL. Utility of a next-generation framework for assessment of genomic damage: A case study using the pharmaceutical drug candidate etoposide. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:512-525. [PMID: 34775645 PMCID: PMC9299499 DOI: 10.1002/em.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a hypothetical case study to examine the use of a next-generation framework developed by the Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee of the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute for assessing the potential risk of genetic damage from a pharmaceutical perspective. We used etoposide, a genotoxic carcinogen, as a representative pharmaceutical for the purposes of this case study. Using the framework as guidance, we formulated a hypothetical scenario for the use of etoposide to illustrate the application of the framework to pharmaceuticals. We collected available data on etoposide considered relevant for assessment of genetic toxicity risk. From the data collected, we conducted a quantitative analysis to estimate margins of exposure (MOEs) to characterize the risk of genetic damage that could be used for decision-making regarding the predefined hypothetical use. We found the framework useful for guiding the selection of appropriate tests and selecting relevant endpoints that reflected the potential for genetic damage in patients. The risk characterization, presented as MOEs, allows decision makers to discern how much benefit is critical to balance any adverse effect(s) that may be induced by the pharmaceutical. Interestingly, pharmaceutical development already incorporates several aspects of the framework per regulations and health authority expectations. Moreover, we observed that quality dose response data can be obtained with carefully planned but routinely conducted genetic toxicity testing. This case study demonstrates the utility of the next-generation framework to quantitatively model human risk based on genetic damage, as applicable to pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Custer
- Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Drug Safety EvaluationNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Michelle Embry
- Health and Environmental Sciences InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | | | - George Johnson
- Swansea University Medical SchoolSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Topoisomerases are enzymes that play essential roles in DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination. All cells have two major forms of DNA topoisomerases: type I enzymes, which make single-stranded cuts in DNA, and type II enzymes, which cut and decatenate double-stranded DNA. DNA topoisomerases are important targets of approved and experimental anti-cancer agents. Provided in this article are protocols to assess activities of topoisomerases and their inhibitors. Included are an assay for topoisomerase I activity based on relaxation of supercoiled DNA; an assay for topoisomerase II based on the decatenation of double-stranded DNA; and approaches for enriching and quantifying DNA-protein covalent complexes formed as obligatory intermediates in the reactions of type I and II topoisomerases with DNA; and assays for measuring DNA cleavage in vitro. Topoisomerases are not the only proteins that form covalent adducts with DNA in living cells, and the approaches described here are likely to find use in characterizing other protein-DNA adducts and exploring their utility as targets for therapy. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Assay of topoisomerase I activity Basic Protocol 2: Assay of topoisomerase II activity Basic Protocol 3: In vivo determination of topoisomerase covalent complexes using the in vivo complex of enzyme (ICE) assay Support Protocol 1: Preparation of mouse tissue for determination of topoisomerase covalent complexes using the ICE assay Support Protocol 2: Using recombinant topoisomerase standard for absolute quantification of cellular TOP2CC Basic Protocol 4: Quantification of topoisomerase-DNA covalent complexes by RADAR/ELISA: The rapid approach to DNA adduct recovery (RADAR) combined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Basic Protocol 5: Analysis of protein-DNA covalent complexes by RADAR/Western Support Protocol 3: Adduct-Seq to characterize adducted DNA Support Protocol 4: Nuclear fractionation and RNase treatment to reduce sample complexity Basic Protocol 6: Determination of DNA cleavage by purified topoisomerase I Basic Protocol 7: Determination of inhibitor effects on DNA cleavage by topoisomerase II using a plasmid linearization assay Alternate Protocol: Gel electrophoresis determination of topoisomerase II cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L Nitiss
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Rockford, Illinois
| | - Kostantin Kiianitsa
- Departments of Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin C Nitiss
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Rockford, Illinois.,Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois
| | - Nancy Maizels
- Departments of Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Novel antimicrobial ciprofloxacin-pyridinium quaternary ammonium salts with improved physicochemical properties and DNA gyrase inhibitory activity. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
19
|
A Dual-Sensor-Based Screening System for In Vitro Selection of TDP1 Inhibitors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144832. [PMID: 34300575 PMCID: PMC8309759 DOI: 10.3390/s21144832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA sensors can be used as robust tools for high-throughput drug screening of small molecules with the potential to inhibit specific enzymes. As enzymes work in complex biological pathways, it is important to screen for both desired and undesired inhibitory effects. We here report a screening system utilizing specific sensors for tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) and topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) activity to screen in vitro for drugs inhibiting TDP1 without affecting TOP1. As the main function of TDP1 is repair of TOP1 cleavage-induced DNA damage, inhibition of TOP1 cleavage could thus reduce the biological effect of the TDP1 drugs. We identified three new drug candidates of the 1,5-naphthyridine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinylphosphine sulfide families. All three TDP1 inhibitors had no effect on TOP1 activity and acted synergistically with the TOP1 poison SN-38 to increase the amount of TOP1 cleavage-induced DNA damage. Further, they promoted cell death even with low dose SN-38, thereby establishing two new classes of TDP1 inhibitors with clinical potential. Thus, we here report a dual-sensor screening approach for in vitro selection of TDP1 drugs and three new TDP1 drug candidates that act synergistically with TOP1 poisons.
Collapse
|
20
|
Khaiwa N, Maarouf NR, Darwish MH, Alhamad DWM, Sebastian A, Hamad M, Omar HA, Orive G, Al-Tel TH. Camptothecin's journey from discovery to WHO Essential Medicine: Fifty years of promise. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113639. [PMID: 34175539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nature represents a rich source of compounds used for the treatment of many diseases. Camptothecin (CPT), isolated from the bark of Camptotheca acuminata, is a cytotoxic alkaloid that attenuates cancer cell replication by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase 1. Despite its promising and wide spectrum antiproliferative activity, its use is limited due to low solubility, instability, acquired tumour cell resistance, and remarkable toxicity. This has led to the development of numerous CPT analogues with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. Three natural product-inspired drugs, namely, topotecan, irinotecan, and belotecan, are clinically approved and prescribed drugs for the treatment of several types of cancer, whereas other derivatives are in clinical trials. In this review, which covers literature from 2015 to 2020, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview and describe efforts that led to the development of a variety of CPT analogues. These efforts have led to the discovery of potent, first-in-class chemotherapeutic agents inspired by CPT. In addition, the mechanism of action, SAR studies, and recent advances of novel CPT drug delivery systems and antibody drug conjugates are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noura Khaiwa
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noor R Maarouf
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mhd H Darwish
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dima W M Alhamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anusha Sebastian
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Health Sciences, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hany A Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saito Y, Taniguchi Y, Hirazawa S, Miura Y, Tsurimoto H, Nakayoshi T, Oda A, Hamel E, Yamashita K, Goto M, Nakagawa-Goto K. Effects of substituent pattern on the intracellular target of antiproliferative benzo[b]thiophenyl chromone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113578. [PMID: 34171512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new biological scaffold was produced by replacing the 6π-electron phenyl ring-B of a natural flavone skeleton with a 10π-electron benzothiophene (BT). Since aromatic rings are important for ligand protein interactions, this expansion of the π-electron system of ring-B might change the bioactivity profile. One of the resulting novel natural product-inspired compounds, 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-7-isopropoxy-6-methoxyflavone (6), effectively arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and displayed significant antiproliferative effects with IC50 values of 0.05-0.08 μM against multiple human tumor cell lines, including a multidrug resistant line. A structure-activity relationship study revealed that a 10π-electron system with high aromaticity, juxtaposed 4-oxo and 5-hydroxy groups, and 7-alkoxy groups were important for potent antimitotic activity. Interestingly, two BT-flavonols (3-hydroxyflavone), 16 and 20, with 3-hydroxy and 5-alkoxy groups, induced distinct biological profiles affecting the cell cycle at the G1/S phase by inhibition of DNA replication through an interaction with topoisomerase I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Saito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukako Taniguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Sachika Hirazawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuta Miura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsurimoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakayoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Katsumi Yamashita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masuo Goto
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, United States.
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Herrero-Ruiz A, Martínez-García PM, Terrón-Bautista J, Millán-Zambrano G, Lieberman JA, Jimeno-González S, Cortés-Ledesma F. Topoisomerase IIα represses transcription by enforcing promoter-proximal pausing. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108977. [PMID: 33852840 PMCID: PMC8052185 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of topological stress in the form of DNA supercoiling is inherent to the advance of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and needs to be resolved by DNA topoisomerases to sustain productive transcriptional elongation. Topoisomerases are therefore considered positive facilitators of transcription. Here, we show that, in contrast to this general assumption, human topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) activity at promoters represses transcription of immediate early genes such as c-FOS, maintaining them under basal repressed conditions. Thus, TOP2A inhibition creates a particular topological context that results in rapid release from promoter-proximal pausing and transcriptional upregulation, which mimics the typical bursting behavior of these genes in response to physiological stimulus. We therefore describe the control of promoter-proximal pausing by TOP2A as a layer for the regulation of gene expression, which can act as a molecular switch to rapidly activate transcription, possibly by regulating the accumulation of DNA supercoiling at promoter regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Herrero-Ruiz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain; Topology and DNA Breaks Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pedro Manuel Martínez-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - José Terrón-Bautista
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Millán-Zambrano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Jimeno-González
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41080, Spain.
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain; Topology and DNA Breaks Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Trapped topoisomerase II initiates formation of de novo duplications via the nonhomologous end-joining pathway in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26876-26884. [PMID: 33046655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008721117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (Top2) is an essential enzyme that resolves catenanes between sister chromatids as well as supercoils associated with the over- or under-winding of duplex DNA. Top2 alters DNA topology by making a double-strand break (DSB) in DNA and passing an intact duplex through the break. Each component monomer of the Top2 homodimer nicks one of the DNA strands and forms a covalent phosphotyrosyl bond with the 5' end. Stabilization of this intermediate by chemotherapeutic drugs such as etoposide leads to persistent and potentially toxic DSBs. We describe the isolation of a yeast top2 mutant (top2-F1025Y,R1128G) the product of which generates a stabilized cleavage intermediate in vitro. In yeast cells, overexpression of the top2-F1025Y,R1128G allele is associated with a mutation signature that is characterized by de novo duplications of DNA sequence that depend on the nonhomologous end-joining pathway of DSB repair. Top2-associated duplications are promoted by the clean removal of the enzyme from DNA ends and are suppressed when the protein is removed as part of an oligonucleotide. TOP2 cells treated with etoposide exhibit the same mutation signature, as do cells that overexpress the wild-type protein. These results have implications for genome evolution and are relevant to the clinical use of chemotherapeutic drugs that target Top2.
Collapse
|
25
|
A novel decatenation assay for DNA topoisomerases using a singly-linked catenated substrate. Biotechniques 2020; 69:356-362. [PMID: 33000631 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Decatenation is a crucial in vivo reaction of DNA topoisomerases in DNA replication and is frequently used in in vitro drug screening. Usually this reaction is monitored using kinetoplast DNA as a substrate, although this assay has several limitations. Here we have engineered a substrate for Tn3 resolvase that generates a singly-linked catenane that can readily be purified from the DNA substrate after restriction enzyme digestion and centrifugation. We show that this catenated substrate can be used with high sensitivity in topoisomerase assays and drug-inhibition assays.
Collapse
|
26
|
Duprey A, Groisman EA. DNA supercoiling differences in bacteria result from disparate DNA gyrase activation by polyamines. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009085. [PMID: 33125364 PMCID: PMC7598504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA supercoiling is essential for all living cells because it controls all processes involving DNA. In bacteria, global DNA supercoiling results from the opposing activities of topoisomerase I, which relaxes DNA, and DNA gyrase, which compacts DNA. These enzymes are widely conserved, sharing >91% amino acid identity between the closely related species Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Why, then, do E. coli and Salmonella exhibit different DNA supercoiling when experiencing the same conditions? We now report that this surprising difference reflects disparate activation of their DNA gyrases by the polyamine spermidine and its precursor putrescine. In vitro, Salmonella DNA gyrase activity was sensitive to changes in putrescine concentration within the physiological range, whereas activity of the E. coli enzyme was not. In vivo, putrescine activated the Salmonella DNA gyrase and spermidine the E. coli enzyme. High extracellular Mg2+ decreased DNA supercoiling exclusively in Salmonella by reducing the putrescine concentration. Our results establish the basis for the differences in global DNA supercoiling between E. coli and Salmonella, define a signal transduction pathway regulating DNA supercoiling, and identify potential targets for antibacterial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Duprey
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Eduardo A. Groisman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Yale Microbial Sciences Institute, West Haven, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Kleinstreuer N, Borrel A, Cardenas A, Chiu WA, Felsher DW, Gibbons CF, Goodson WH, Houck KA, Kane AB, La Merrill MA, Lebrec H, Lowe L, McHale CM, Minocherhomji S, Rieswijk L, Sandy MS, Sone H, Wang A, Zhang L, Zeise L, Fielden M. The Key Characteristics of Carcinogens: Relationship to the Hallmarks of Cancer, Relevant Biomarkers, and Assays to Measure Them. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1887-1903. [PMID: 32152214 PMCID: PMC7483401 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the approach were requested by organizations and individuals applying the KCs. We assembled an expert committee with knowledge of carcinogenesis and experience in applying the KCs in cancer hazard identification. We leveraged this expertise and examined the literature to more clearly describe each KC, identify current and emerging assays and in vivo biomarkers that can be used to measure them, and make recommendations for future assay development. We found that the KCs are clearly distinct from the Hallmarks of Cancer, that interrelationships among the KCs can be leveraged to strengthen the KC approach (and an understanding of environmental carcinogenesis), and that the KC approach is applicable to the systematic evaluation of a broad range of potential cancer hazards in vivo and in vitro We identified gaps in coverage of the KCs by current assays. Future efforts should expand the breadth, specificity, and sensitivity of validated assays and biomarkers that can measure the 10 KCs. Refinement of the KC approach will enhance and accelerate carcinogen identification, a first step in cancer prevention.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Catherine F Gibbons
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
| | - William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Keith A Houck
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Hideko Sone
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy and National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amy Wang
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Mark Fielden
- Expansion Therapeutics Inc, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Methylated Xanthones from the Rootlets of Metaxya rostrata Display Cytotoxic Activity in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194449. [PMID: 32998226 PMCID: PMC7582535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree fern Metaxya rostrata (Kunth) C. Presl is common in the rainforests of Central and South America, where suspensions of the dried rhizome are traditionally used to treat intestinal diseases. Two compounds from this plant, 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B (XB) and 2-deprenyl-7-hydroxy-rheediaxanthone B (OH-XB), have been shown to be biologically highly active against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in previous studies. The current investigation resulted in the isolation of the previously undescribed methylated xanthones 2-deprenyl-6-O-methyl-7-hydroxy-rheediaxanthone B, 2-deprenyl-5-O-methyl-7-methoxy-rheediaxanthone B, 2-deprenyl-5-O-methyl- 7-hydroxy-rheediaxanthone B and 2-deprenyl-7-methoxy-rheediaxanthone B. All compounds were isolated by column chromatography, structures were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR-experiments and the identities of the compounds were confirmed by LC-HRMS. In logarithmically growing SW480 CRC cell cultures, cytotoxicity by neutral red uptake and MTT assays as well as caspase activation was analyzed. Cellular targets were examined by Western blot, and topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibition potential was tested. Comparing the structure-activity relationship with XB and OH-XB, the monomethylated derivatives showed qualitatively similar effects/mechanisms to their nonmethylated analogues, while dimethylation almost abolished the activity. Inhibition of topo I was dependent on the presence of an unmethylated 7-OH group.
Collapse
|
29
|
Olmedo-Pelayo J, Rubio-Contreras D, Gómez-Herreros F. Canonical non-homologous end-joining promotes genome mutagenesis and translocations induced by transcription-associated DNA topoisomerase 2 activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9147-9160. [PMID: 32749454 PMCID: PMC7498328 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) is a major DNA metabolic enzyme, with important roles in replication, transcription, chromosome segregation and spatial organisation of the genome. TOP2 is the target of a class of anticancer drugs that poison the DNA-TOP2 transient complex to generate TOP2-linked DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The accumulation of DSBs kills tumour cells but can also result in genome instability. The way in which topoisomerase activity contributes to transcription remains unclear. In this work we have investigated how transcription contributes to TOP2-dependent DSB formation, genome instability and cell death. Our results demonstrate that gene transcription is an important source of abortive TOP2 activity. However, transcription does not contribute significantly to apoptosis or cell death promoted by TOP2-induced DSBs. On the contrary: transcription-dependent breaks greatly contribute to deleterious mutations and translocations, and can promote oncogenic rearrangements. Importantly, we show that TOP2-induced genome instability is mediated by mutagenic canonical non-homologous end joining whereas homologous recombination protects cells against these insults. Collectively, these results uncover mechanisms behind deleterious effects of TOP2 abortive activity during transcription, with relevant implications for chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Olmedo-Pelayo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Diana Rubio-Contreras
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Gómez-Herreros
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marzi L, Sun Y, Huang SYN, James A, Difilippantonio S, Pommier Y. The Indenoisoquinoline LMP517: A Novel Antitumor Agent Targeting both TOP1 and TOP2. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1589-1597. [PMID: 32430490 PMCID: PMC7415565 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The camptothecin derivatives topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors, irinotecan and topotecan, are FDA approved for the treatment of colorectal, ovarian, lung and breast cancers. Because of the chemical instability of camptothecins, short plasma half-life, drug efflux by the multidrug-resistance ABC transporters, and the severe diarrhea produced by irinotecan, indenoisoquinoline TOP1 inhibitors (LMP400, LMP776, and LMP744), which overcome these limitations, have been developed and are in clinical development. Further modifications of the indenoisoquinolines led to the fluoroindenoisoquinolines, one of which, LMP517, is the focus of this study. LMP517 showed better antitumor activity than its parent compound LMP744 against H82 (small cell lung cancer) xenografts. Genetic analyses in DT40 cells showed a dual TOP1 and TOP2 signature with selectivity of LMP517 for DNA repair-deficient tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2)- and Ku70-knockout cells. RADAR assays revealed that LMP517, and to a lesser extent LMP744, induce TOP2 cleavage complexes (TOP2cc) in addition to TOP1ccs. Histone γH2AX detection showed that, unlike classical TOP1 inhibitors, LMP517 targets cells independently of their position in the cell cycle. Our study establishes LMP517 as a dual TOP1 and TOP2 inhibitor with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Marzi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shar-Yin N Huang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amy James
- Laboratory of Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Laboratory of Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lu H, Liu M, Lu W, Wang C, Wang G, Dong W, Wang X, Chen H, Tan C. Repurposing Ellipticine Hydrochloride to Combat Colistin-Resistant Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:806. [PMID: 32528422 PMCID: PMC7262907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains are the cause of a majority of human extraintestinal infections globally, resulting in enormous direct economic and medical costs. The plasmid-mediated, colistin-resistant gene mcr-1 has broken through the ultimate defense line against MDR Gram-negative pathogens. There is an urgent need to discover the new compound intended for colistin-resistant E. coli. In this study, antibacterial targets of ellipticine hydrochloride (EH) were confirmed by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and decatenation assay. The LSPR analysis exhibited good binding between EH and E. coli topoisomerase IV. In this study, a synergistic effect is obvious in the combination of EH and colistin, to which eight of ten strains showed synergy, while two isolates (20%) showed no difference. The bacteria enumeration analysis of EH treatment group suggested that the decreased bacterial titer can be observed in various tissues of infected mice. EH treatment significantly decreased the levels of a variety of pro-inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, other related lesions, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar interstitial congestion, and edema were observed to be relieved to different extents. This study reveals the anti-E. coli potential activities and molecular mechanism of EH and the therapeutical effectiveness of EH application to animals. It provides us with a new option for fighting against multidrug-resistant ExPEC infections in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Liu
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aichinger G, Lichtenberger FB, Steinhauer TN, Flörkemeier I, Del Favero G, Clement B, Marko D. The Aza-Analogous Benzo[ c]phenanthridine P8-D6 Acts as a Dual Topoisomerase I and II Poison, thus Exhibiting Potent Genotoxic Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071524. [PMID: 32230817 PMCID: PMC7180443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzo[c]phenanthridine P8-D6 was recently found to suppress the catalytic activity of both human topoisomerase (Topo) I and II. Concomitantly, potent cytotoxic activity was observed in different human tumor cell lines, raising questions about the underlying mechanisms in vitro. In the present study, we addressed the question of whether P8-D6 acts as a so-called Topo poison, stabilizing the covalent Topo-DNA intermediate, thus inducing fatal DNA strand breaks in proliferating cells. In HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, fluorescence imaging revealed P8-D6 to be taken up by the cells and to accumulate in the perinuclear region. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that the compound is partially located inside the nuclei, thus reaching the potential target. In the "in vivo complex of enzyme" (ICE) bioassay, treatment of HT-29 cells with P8-D6 for 1 h significantly enhanced the proportion of Topo I and II covalently linked to the DNA in concentrations ≥1 µM, indicating effective dual Topo poisoning. Potentially resulting DNA damage was analyzed by single-cell gel electrophoresis ("comet assay"). Already at 1 h of incubation, significant genotoxic effects were observed in the comet assay in concentrations as low as 1 nM. Taken together, the present study demonstrates the high Topo-poisoning and genotoxic potential of P8-D6 in human tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Aichinger
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.A.); (F.-B.L.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Falk-Bach Lichtenberger
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.A.); (F.-B.L.); (G.D.F.)
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.N.S.); (I.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Tamara N. Steinhauer
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.N.S.); (I.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Inken Flörkemeier
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.N.S.); (I.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.A.); (F.-B.L.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Bernd Clement
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany; (T.N.S.); (I.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstr. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.A.); (F.-B.L.); (G.D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bruno PM, Lu M, Dennis KA, Inam H, Moore CJ, Sheehe J, Elledge SJ, Hemann MT, Pritchard JR. The primary mechanism of cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent CX-5461 is topoisomerase II poisoning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4053-4060. [PMID: 32041867 PMCID: PMC7049172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921649117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules can affect many cellular processes. The disambiguation of these effects to identify the causative mechanisms of cell death is extremely challenging. This challenge impacts both clinical development and the interpretation of chemical genetic experiments. CX-5461 was developed as a selective RNA polymerase I inhibitor, but recent evidence suggests that it may cause DNA damage and induce G-quadraplex formation. Here we use three complimentary data mining modalities alongside biochemical and cell biological assays to show that CX-5461 exerts its primary cytotoxic activity through topoisomerase II poisoning. We then show that acquired resistance to CX-5461 in previously sensitive lymphoma cells confers collateral resistance to the topoisomerase II poison doxorubicin. Doxorubicin is already a frontline chemotherapy in a variety of hematopoietic malignancies, and CX-5461 is being tested in relapse/refractory hematopoietic tumors. Our data suggest that the mechanism of cell death induced by CX-5461 is critical for rational clinical development in these patients. Moreover, CX-5461 usage as a specific chemical genetic probe of RNA polymerase I function is challenging to interpret. Our multimodal data-driven approach is a useful way to detangle the intended and unintended mechanisms of drug action across diverse essential cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bruno
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mengrou Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kady A Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Haider Inam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Connor J Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - John Sheehe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142;
| | - Justin R Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
- Huck Institute for the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Expression and Purification of Vaccinia Virus DNA Topoisomerase IB Produced in the Silkworm-Baculovirus Expression System. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:622-630. [PMID: 31165966 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type IB DNA topoisomerases are enzymes to change the topological state of DNA molecules and are essential in studying replication, transcription, and recombination of nucleic acids in vitro. DNA topoisomerase IB from Vaccinia virus (vTopIB) is a 32 kDa, type I eukaryotic topoisomerase, which relaxed positively and negatively supercoiled DNAs without Mg2+ and ATP. Although vTopIB has been effectively produced in E. coli expression system, no studies remain available to explore an alternative platform to express recombinant vTopIB (rvTopIB) in a higher eukaryote, where the one can expect post-translational modifications that affect the activity of rvTopIB. Here in this study, rvTopIB with N-terminal tags was constructed and expressed in a silkworm-baculovirus expression vector system (silkworm-BEVS). We developed a simple two consecutive chromatography purification to obtain highly pure rvTopIB. The final yield of rvTopIB obtained from a baculovirus-infected silkworm larva was 83.25 μg. We also evaluated the activity and function of rvTopIB by the DNA relaxation activity assays using a negatively supercoiled pUC19 plasmid DNA as a substrate. With carefully assessing optimized conditions for the reaction buffer, we found that divalent ions, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, as well as ATP stimulate the DNA relaxation activity by rvTopIB. The functional and active form of rvTopIB, together with the yields of the protein we obtained, suggests that silkworm-BEVS would be a potential alternative platform to produce eukaryotic topoisomerases on an industrial scale.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cowell IG, Ling EM, Swan RL, Brooks MLW, Austin CA. The Deubiquitinating Enzyme Inhibitor PR-619 is a Potent DNA Topoisomerase II Poison. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:562-572. [PMID: 31515282 PMCID: PMC6776009 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2,6-Diaminopyridine-3,5-bis(thiocyanate) (PR-619) is a broad-spectrum deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) inhibitor that has been employed in cell-based studies as a tool to investigate the role of ubiquitination in various cellular processes. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to its action as a DUB inhibitor, PR-619 is a potent DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) poison, inducing both DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) and DNA topoisomerase IIβ (TOP2B) covalent DNA complexes with similar efficiency to the archetypal TOP2 poison etoposide. However, in contrast to etoposide, which induces TOP2-DNA complexes with a pan-nuclear distribution, PR-619 treatment results in nucleolar concentration of TOP2A and TOP2B. Notably, neither the induction of TOP2-DNA covalent complexes nor their nucleolar concentration are due to TOP2 hyperubiquitination since both occur even under conditions of depleted ubiquitin. Like etoposide, since PR-619 affected TOP2 enzyme activity in in vitro enzyme assays as well as in live cells, we conclude that PR-619 interacts directly with TOP2A and TOP2B. The concentration at which PR-619 exhibits robust cellular DUB inhibitor activity (5-20 μM) is similar to the lowest concentration at which TOP2 poison activity was detected (above 20 μM), which suggests that caution should be exercised when employing this DUB inhibitor in cell-based studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Cowell
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elise M Ling
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Swan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matilda L W Brooks
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A Austin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Atwal M, Swan RL, Rowe C, Lee KC, Lee DC, Armstrong L, Cowell IG, Austin CA. Intercalating TOP2 Poisons Attenuate Topoisomerase Action at Higher Concentrations. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:475-484. [PMID: 31399497 PMCID: PMC6744389 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (TOP2) poisons are effective cytotoxic anticancer agents that stabilize the normally transient TOP2-DNA covalent complexes formed during the enzyme reaction cycle. These drugs include etoposide, mitoxantrone, and the anthracyclines doxorubicin and epirubicin. Anthracyclines also exert cell-killing activity via TOP2-independent mechanisms, including DNA adduct formation, redox activity, and lipid peroxidation. Here, we show that anthracyclines and another intercalating TOP2 poison, mitoxantrone, stabilize TOP2-DNA covalent complexes less efficiently than etoposide, and at higher concentrations they suppress the formation of TOP2-DNA covalent complexes, thus behaving as TOP2 poisons at low concentration and inhibitors at high concentration. We used induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human cardiomyocytes as a model to study anthracycline-induced damage in cardiac cells. Using immunofluorescence, our study is the first to demonstrate the presence of topoisomerase IIβ (TOP2B) as the only TOP2 isoform in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. In these cells, etoposide robustly induced TOP2B covalent complexes, but we could not detect doxorubicin-induced TOP2-DNA complexes, and doxorubicin suppressed etoposide-induced TOP2-DNA complexes. In vitro, etoposide-stabilized DNA cleavage was attenuated by doxorubicin, epirubicin, or mitoxantrone. Clinical use of anthracyclines is associated with cardiotoxicity. The observations in this study have potentially important clinical consequences regarding the effectiveness of anticancer treatment regimens when TOP2-targeting drugs are used in combination. These observations suggest that inhibition of TOP2B activity, rather than DNA damage resulting from TOP2 poisoning, may play a role in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We show that anthracyclines and mitoxantrone act as topoisomerase II (TOP2) poisons at low concentration but attenuate TOP2 activity at higher concentration, both in cells and in in vitro cleavage experiments. Inhibition of type II topoisomerases suppresses the action of other drugs that poison TOP2. Thus, combinations containing anthracyclines or mitoxantrone and etoposide may reduce the activity of etoposide as a TOP2 poison and thus reduce the efficacy of drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Atwal
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| | - Rebecca L Swan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| | - Chloe Rowe
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| | - Ka C Lee
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| | - David C Lee
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| | - Ian G Cowell
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| | - Caroline A Austin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (M.A., R.L.S., C.R., K.C.L., I.G.C., C.A.A.) and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom (D.C.L., L.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shearer JD, Saylor ML, Butler CM, Treston AM, Heine HS, Chirakul S, Schweizer HP, Louie A, Drusano GL, Zumbrun SD, Warfield KL. GC-072: A Novel Therapeutic Candidate for Oral Treatment of Melioidosis and Infections Caused by Select Biothreat Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00834-19. [PMID: 31548183 PMCID: PMC6879241 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00834-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), the etiological agent of melioidosis, is a Gram-negative bacterium with additional concern as a biothreat pathogen. The mortality rate from B. pseudomallei varies depending on the type of infection and extent of available health care, but in the case of septicemia left untreated it can range from 50 - 90%. Current therapy for melioidosis is biphasic, consisting of parenteral acute-phase treatment for two weeks or longer, followed by oral eradication-phase treatment lasting several months. An effective oral therapeutic for outpatient treatment of acute-phase melioidosis is needed. GC-072 is a potent, 4-oxoquinolizine antibiotic with selective inhibitory activity against bacterial topoisomerases. GC-072 has demonstrated in vitro potency against susceptible and drug-resistant strains of B. pseudomallei and is also active against Burkholderia mallei, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis GC-072 is bactericidal both extra- and intracellularly, with rapid killing noted within a few hours and reduced development of resistance compared to ceftazidime. GC-072, delivered intragastrically to mimic oral administration, promoted dose-dependent survival in mice using lethal inhalational models of B. pseudomallei infection following exposure to a 24 or 339 LD50 challenge with B. pseudomallei strain 1026b. Overall, GC-072 appears to be a strong candidate for first-line, oral treatment of melioidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Henry S Heine
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
| | - Sunisa Chirakul
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Arnold Louie
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
| | - George L Drusano
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
| | - Steven D Zumbrun
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Canela A, Maman Y, Huang SYN, Wutz G, Tang W, Zagnoli-Vieira G, Callen E, Wong N, Day A, Peters JM, Caldecott KW, Pommier Y, Nussenzweig A. Topoisomerase II-Induced Chromosome Breakage and Translocation Is Determined by Chromosome Architecture and Transcriptional Activity. Mol Cell 2019; 75:252-266.e8. [PMID: 31202577 PMCID: PMC8170508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (TOP2) relieves torsional stress by forming transient cleavage complex intermediates (TOP2ccs) that contain TOP2-linked DNA breaks (DSBs). While TOP2ccs are normally reversible, they can be "trapped" by chemotherapeutic drugs such as etoposide and subsequently converted into irreversible TOP2-linked DSBs. Here, we have quantified etoposide-induced trapping of TOP2ccs, their conversion into irreversible TOP2-linked DSBs, and their processing during DNA repair genome-wide, as a function of time. We find that while TOP2 chromatin localization and trapping is independent of transcription, it requires pre-existing binding of cohesin to DNA. In contrast, the conversion of trapped TOP2ccs to irreversible DSBs during DNA repair is accelerated 2-fold at transcribed loci relative to non-transcribed loci. This conversion is dependent on proteasomal degradation and TDP2 phosphodiesterase activity. Quantitative modeling shows that only two features of pre-existing chromatin structure-namely, cohesin binding and transcriptional activity-can be used to predict the kinetics of TOP2-induced DSBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Canela
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yaakov Maman
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shar-Yin N Huang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wen Tang
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Zagnoli-Vieira
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Wong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Day
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK; Department of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, 4, Czech Republic
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Swanston A, Zabrady K, Ferreira HC. The ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling enzyme Uls1 prevents Topoisomerase II poisoning. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:6172-6183. [PMID: 31106359 PMCID: PMC6614809 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (Top2) is an essential enzyme that decatenates DNA via a transient Top2-DNA covalent intermediate. This intermediate can be stabilized by a class of drugs termed Top2 poisons, resulting in massive DNA damage. Thus, Top2 activity is a double-edged sword that needs to be carefully controlled to maintain genome stability. We show that Uls1, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chromatin remodelling (Snf2) enzyme, can alter Top2 chromatin binding and prevent Top2 poisoning in yeast. Deletion mutants of ULS1 are hypersensitive to the Top2 poison acriflavine (ACF), activating the DNA damage checkpoint. We map Uls1's Top2 interaction domain and show that this, together with its ATPase activity, is essential for Uls1 function. By performing ChIP-seq, we show that ACF leads to a general increase in Top2 binding across the genome. We map Uls1 binding sites and identify tRNA genes as key regions where Uls1 associates after ACF treatment. Importantly, the presence of Uls1 at these sites prevents ACF-dependent Top2 accumulation. Our data reveal the effect of Top2 poisons on the global Top2 binding landscape and highlights the role of Uls1 in antagonizing Top2 function. Remodelling Top2 binding is thus an important new means by which Snf2 enzymes promote genome stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Swanston
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Katerina Zabrady
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Helder C Ferreira
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
A RADAR-Based Assay to Isolate Covalent DNA Complexes in Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8010017. [PMID: 30818799 PMCID: PMC6466838 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinolone antibacterials target the type II topoisomerases gyrase and topoisomerase IV and kill bacterial cells by converting these essential enzymes into cellular poisons. Although much is known regarding the interactions between these drugs and enzymes in purified systems, much less is known regarding their interactions in the cellular context due to the lack of a widely accessible assay that does not require expensive, specialized equipment. Thus, we developed an assay, based on the “rapid approach to DNA adduct recovery,” or RADAR, assay that is used with cultured human cells, to measure cleavage complex levels induced by treating bacterial cultures with the quinolone ciprofloxacin. Many chemical and mechanical lysis conditions and DNA precipitation conditions were tested, and the method involving sonication in denaturing conditions followed by precipitation of DNA via addition of a half volume of ethanol provided the most consistent results. This assay can be used to complement results obtained with purified enzymes to expand our understanding of quinolone mechanism of action and to test the activity of newly developed topoisomerase-targeted compounds. In addition, the bacterial RADAR assay can be used in other contexts, as any proteins covalently complexed to DNA should be trapped on and isolated with the DNA, allowing them to then be quantified.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bioactivity Profile of the Diterpene Isosteviol and its Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040678. [PMID: 30769819 PMCID: PMC6412665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steviosides, rebaudiosides and their analogues constitute a major class of naturally occurring biologically active diterpene compounds. The wide spectrum of pharmacological activity of this group of compounds has developed an interest among medicinal chemists to synthesize, purify, and analyze more selective and potent isosteviol derivatives. It has potential biological applications and improves the field of medicinal chemistry by designing novel drugs with the ability to cope against resistance developing diseases. The outstanding advancement in the design and synthesis of isosteviol and its derivative has proved its effectiveness and importance in the field of medicinal chemical research. The present review is an effort to integrate recently developed novel drugs syntheses from isosteviol and potentially active pharmacological importance of the isosteviol derivatives covering the recent advances.
Collapse
|
42
|
Absence of RstA results in delayed initiation of DNA replication in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200688. [PMID: 30011323 PMCID: PMC6047807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RstB/RstA is an uncharacterized Escherichia coli two-component system, the regulatory effects of which on the E. coli cell cycle remain unclear. We found that the doubling time and average number of replication origins per cell in an ΔrstB mutant were the same as the wild-type, and the average number of replication origins in an ΔrstA mutant was 18.2% lower than in wild-type cells. The doubling times were 34 min, 35 min, and 40 min for the wild-type, ΔrstB, and ΔrstA strains, respectively. Ectopic expression of RstA from plasmid pACYC-rstA partly reversed the ΔrstA mutant phenotypes. The amount of initiator protein DnaA per cell was reduced by 40% in the ΔrstA mutant compared with the wild-type, but the concentration of DnaA did not change as the total amount of cellular protein was also reduced in these cells. Deletion or overproduction of RstA does not change the temperature sensitivity of dnaA46, dnaB252 and dnaC2. The expression of hupA was decreased by 0.53-fold in ΔrstA. RstA interacted with Topoisomerase I weakly in vivo and increased its activity of relaxing the negative supercoiled plasmid. Our data suggest that deletion of RstA leads to delayed initiation of DNA replication, and RstA may affect initiation of replication by controlling expression of dnaA or hupA. Furthermore, the delayed initiation may by caused by the decreased activity of topoisomerase I in RstA mutant.
Collapse
|
43
|
Yu LM, Hu Z, Chen Y, Ravji A, Lopez S, Plescia CB, Yu Q, Yang H, Abdelmalak M, Saha S, Agama K, Kiselev E, Marchand C, Pommier Y, An LK. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of furoquinolinediones as inhibitors of Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2). Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:777-796. [PMID: 29677635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) is a recently discovered enzyme specifically repairing topoisomerase II (TOP2)-mediated DNA damage. It has been shown that inhibition of TDP2 synergize with TOP2 inhibitors. Herein, we report the discovery of the furoquinolinedione chemotype as a suitable skeleton for the development of selective TDP2 inhibitors. Compound 1 was identified as a TDP2 inhibitor as a result of screening our in-house compound library for compounds selective for TDP2 vs. TDP1. Further SAR studies provide several selective TDP2 inhibitors at low-micromolar range. The most potent compound 74 shows inhibitory activity with IC50 of 1.9 and 2.1 μM against recombinant TDP2 and TDP2 in whole cell extracts (WCE), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Mao Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhu Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Azhar Ravji
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Sophia Lopez
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Caroline B Plescia
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Monica Abdelmalak
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Sourav Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Iijima K, Kobayashi J, Ishizaka Y. Structural alteration of DNA induced by viral protein R of HIV-1 triggers the DNA damage response. Retrovirology 2018; 15:8. [PMID: 29338752 PMCID: PMC5771197 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory protein of HIV-1, which is potentially involved in the infection of macrophages and the induction of the ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR)-mediated DNA damage response (DDR). It was recently proposed that the SLX4 complex of structure-specific endonuclease is involved in Vpr-induced DDR, which implies that aberrant DNA structures are responsible for this phenomenon. However, the mechanism by which Vpr alters the DNA structures remains unclear. Results We found that Vpr unwinds double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and invokes the loading of RPA70, which is a single-stranded DNA-binding subunit of RPA that activates the ATR-dependent DDR. We demonstrated that Vpr influenced RPA70 to accumulate in the corresponding region utilizing the LacO/LacR system, in which Vpr can be tethered to the LacO locus. Interestingly, RPA70 recruitment required chromatin remodelling via Vpr-mediated ubiquitination of histone H2B. On the contrary, Q65R mutant of Vpr, which lacks ubiquitination activity, was deficient in both chromatin remodelling and RPA70 loading on to the chromatin. Moreover, Vpr-induced unwinding of dsDNA coincidently resulted in the accumulation of negatively supercoiled DNA and covalent complexes of topoisomerase 1 and DNA, which caused DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and DSB-directed integration of proviral DNA. Lastly, we noted the dependence of Vpr-promoted HIV-1 infection in resting macrophages on topoisomerase 1. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that Vpr-induced structural alteration of DNA is a primary event that triggers both DDR and DSB, which ultimately contributes to HIV-1 infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-018-0391-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Iijima
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Singh J, Srivastva AK, Mandal P, Chandra S, Dubey D, Dwivedi A, Chopra D, Tripathi A, Ray RS. Under ambient UVA exposure, pefloxacin exhibits both immunomodulatory and genotoxic effects via multiple mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:593-605. [PMID: 29275239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pefloxacin (PFLX) is an antibiotic, which shows broad spectrum antimicrobial activities. It is an important derivative of fluoroquinolones (FLQs) group. Ultraviolet radiation (200-400nm) causes major problem for living being which comes at the earth surface naturally through sunlight and increasing regularly due to ozone depletion. PFLX was photodegraded in 5h and forms photoproduct under UVA exposure. At the non photocytotoxic dose PFLX, shows reduced phagocytosis activity, NO (nitric oxide) production, large vacuole formation and down regulated IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1 in BALB/c macrophages at both genes and proteins levels. At higher doses (photocytotoxic doses), PFLX induced a concentration dependent decrease in cell viability of human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. Our molecular docking suggests that PFLX binds only to the cleaved DNA in the DNA-human TOP2A complex. Topoisomerase assay confirmed that PFLX inhibits human topoisomerase by forming an adduct with DNA. Photosensitized PFLX also caused intracellular ROS mediated DNA damage and formation of micronuclei and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Increase intracellular ROS leads to apoptosis which was proved through lysosomal destabilization and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Our present study shows that ambient UVA exposure in the presence of PFLX caused immunomodulatory as well as photogenotoxic effects. Therefore, patients under PFLX drug treatment should avoid sunlight exposure, especially during peak hours for their photosafety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajeet K Srivastva
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Payal Mandal
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonam Chandra
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Dubey
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Ashish Dwivedi
- Pineal Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Multi-targeted effects of G4-aptamers and their antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. Biochimie 2017; 145:163-173. [PMID: 29208488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We selected and investigated nine G-quadruplex (G4)-forming aptamers originally designed against different proteins involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation (STAT3, nucleolin, TOP1, SP1, VEGF, and SHP-2) and considered to be potential anticancer agents. We showed that under physiological conditions all the aptamers form stable G4s of different topology. G4 aptamers designed against STAT3, nucleolin and SP1 inhibit STAT3 transcriptional activity in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells, and all the studied aptamers inhibit TOP1-mediated relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA. STAT3 inhibition by G4 aptamer designed against SP1 protein provides a new explanation for the SP1 and STAT3 crosstalk described recently. We found some correlation between G4-mediated inhibition of the DNA replication and TOP1 activity. Four G4 aptamers from our dataset that appeared to be the strongest TOP1 inhibitors most efficiently decreased de novo DNA synthesis, by up to 79-87%. Seven G4 aptamers demonstrated significantly higher antiproliferative activity on human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells than on immortalized mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells. Pleiotropic properties of G4 aptamers and their high specificity against cancer cells observed for the majority of the studied G4 aptamers allowed us to present them as promising candidates for multi-targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
47
|
Misiak M, Heldt M, Szeligowska M, Mazzini S, Scaglioni L, Grabe GJ, Serocki M, Lica J, Switalska M, Wietrzyk J, Beretta GL, Perego P, Zietkowski D, Baginski M, Borowski E, Skladanowski A. Molecular basis for the DNA damage induction and anticancer activity of asymmetrically substituted anthrapyridazone PDZ-7. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105137-105154. [PMID: 29285240 PMCID: PMC5739627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrapyridazones, imino analogues of anthraquinone, constitute a family of compounds with remarkable anti-cancer activity. To date, over 20 derivatives were studied, of which most displayed nanomolar cytotoxicity towards broad spectrum of cancer cells, including breast, prostate and leukemic ones. BS-154, the most potent derivative, had IC50 values close to 1 nM, however, it was toxic in animal studies. Here, we characterize another anthrapyridazone, PDZ-7, which retains high cytotoxicity while being well tolerated in mice. PDZ-7 is also active in vivo against anthracycline-resistant tumor in a mouse xenograft model and induces DNA damage in proliferating cells, preferentially targeting cells in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Activation of Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex and phosphorylation of H2AX suggest double-stranded DNA breaks as a major consequence of PDZ-7 treatment. Consistent with this, PDZ-7 treatment blocked DNA synthesis and resulted in cell cycle arrest in late S and G2 phases. Analysis of topoisomerase IIα activity and isolation of the stabilized covalent topoisomerase IIα - DNA complex in the presence of PDZ-7 suggests that this compound is a topoisomerase IIα poison. Moreover, PDZ-7 interfered with actin polymerization, thereby implying its action as a dual inhibitor of processes critical for dividing cells. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy we show that PDZ-7 interacts with DNA double helix and quadruplex DNA structure. Taken together, our results suggest that PDZ-7 is a unique compound targeting actin cytoskeleton and DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majus Misiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Heldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Szeligowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefania Mazzini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Scaglioni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Grzegorz J Grabe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marcin Serocki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan Lica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Switalska
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni L Beretta
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maciej Baginski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edward Borowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.,BS-154 sp. z o.o., Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skladanowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schellenberg MJ, Lieberman JA, Herrero-Ruiz A, Butler LR, Williams JG, Muñoz-Cabello AM, Mueller GA, London RE, Cortés-Ledesma F, Williams RS. ZATT (ZNF451)-mediated resolution of topoisomerase 2 DNA-protein cross-links. Science 2017; 357:1412-1416. [PMID: 28912134 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) DNA transactions proceed via formation of the TOP2 cleavage complex (TOP2cc), a covalent enzyme-DNA reaction intermediate that is vulnerable to trapping by potent anticancer TOP2 drugs. How genotoxic TOP2 DNA-protein cross-links are resolved is unclear. We found that the SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) ligase ZATT (ZNF451) is a multifunctional DNA repair factor that controls cellular responses to TOP2 damage. ZATT binding to TOP2cc facilitates a proteasome-independent tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) hydrolase activity on stalled TOP2cc. The ZATT SUMO ligase activity further promotes TDP2 interactions with SUMOylated TOP2, regulating efficient TDP2 recruitment through a "split-SIM" SUMO2 engagement platform. These findings uncover a ZATT-TDP2-catalyzed and SUMO2-modulated pathway for direct resolution of TOP2cc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schellenberg
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenna Ariel Lieberman
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrés Herrero-Ruiz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Logan R Butler
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jason G Williams
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ana M Muñoz-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Robert E London
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - R Scott Williams
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sinha BK, Kumar A, Mason RP. Nitric oxide inhibits ATPase activity and induces resistance to topoisomerase II-poisons in human MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:252-259. [PMID: 28955753 PMCID: PMC5614683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Topoisomerase poisons are important drugs for the management of human malignancies. Nitric oxide (•NO), a physiological signaling molecule, induces nitrosylation (or nitrosation) of many cellular proteins containing cysteine thiol groups, altering their cellular functions. Topoisomerases contain several thiol groups which are important for their activity and are also targets for nitrosation by nitric oxide. Methods Here, we have evaluated the roles of •NO/•NO-derived species in the stability and activity of topo II (α and β) both in vitro and in human MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Furthermore, we have examined the effects of •NO on the ATPase activity of topo II. Results Treatment of purified topo IIα and β with propylamine propylamine nonoate (PPNO), an NO donor, resulted in inhibition of the catalytic activity of topo II. Furthermore, PPNO significantly inhibited topo II-dependent ATP hydrolysis. •NO-induced inhibition of these topo II (α and β) functions resulted in a decrease in cleavable complex formation in MCF-7 cells in the presence of m-AMSA and XK469 and induced significant resistance to both drugs in MCF-7 cells. Conclusion PPNO treatment resulted in the nitrosation of the topo II protein in MCF-7 cancer cells and inhibited both catalytic-, and ATPase activities of topo II. Furthermore, PPNO significantly affected the DNA damage and cytotoxicity of m-AMSA and XK469 in MCF-7 tumor cells. General significance As tumors express nitric oxide synthase and generate •NO, inhibition of topo II functions by •NO/•NO-derived species could render tumors resistant to certain topo II-poisons in the clinic. Nitric oxide (•NO) induces nitrosylation of many proteins, including topoisomerases. Nitrosation of topo II inhibited catalytic-, and ATPase activities of topo II. Inhibition of topo II activity resulted in resistance to topoisomerase II poisons.
Collapse
|
50
|
Feng W, Kawauchi D, Körkel-Qu H, Deng H, Serger E, Sieber L, Lieberman JA, Jimeno-González S, Lambo S, Hanna BS, Harim Y, Jansen M, Neuerburg A, Friesen O, Zuckermann M, Rajendran V, Gronych J, Ayrault O, Korshunov A, Jones DTW, Kool M, Northcott PA, Lichter P, Cortés-Ledesma F, Pfister SM, Liu HK. Chd7 is indispensable for mammalian brain development through activation of a neuronal differentiation programme. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14758. [PMID: 28317875 PMCID: PMC5364396 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in chromatin modifier genes are frequently associated with neurodevelopmental diseases. We herein demonstrate that the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 (Chd7), frequently associated with CHARGE syndrome, is indispensable for normal cerebellar development. Genetic inactivation of Chd7 in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors leads to cerebellar hypoplasia in mice, due to the impairment of granule neuron differentiation, induction of apoptosis and abnormal localization of Purkinje cells, which closely recapitulates known clinical features in the cerebella of CHARGE patients. Combinatory molecular analyses reveal that Chd7 is required for the maintenance of open chromatin and thus activation of genes essential for granule neuron differentiation. We further demonstrate that both Chd7 and Top2b are necessary for the transcription of a set of long neuronal genes in cerebellar granule neurons. Altogether, our comprehensive analyses reveal a mechanism with chromatin remodellers governing brain development via controlling a core transcriptional programme for cell-specific differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Feng
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Huiqin Körkel-Qu
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Huan Deng
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Serger
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Laura Sieber
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jenna Ariel Lieberman
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Silvia Jimeno-González
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Sander Lambo
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Bola S. Hanna
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Yassin Harim
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Malin Jansen
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Anna Neuerburg
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Olga Friesen
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marc Zuckermann
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Vijayanad Rajendran
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jan Gronych
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Bâtiment 110, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - David T. W. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Paul A. Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Peter Lichter
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hai-Kun Liu
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ–ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| |
Collapse
|