1
|
Salkar A, Wall RV, Basavarajappa D, Chitranshi N, Parilla GE, Mirzaei M, Yan P, Graham S, You Y. Glial Cell Activation and Immune Responses in Glaucoma: A Systematic Review of Human Postmortem Studies of the Retina and Optic Nerve. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2069-2083. [PMID: 38502591 PMCID: PMC11346413 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Although researched extensively the understanding regarding mechanisms underlying glaucoma pathogenesis remains limited. Further, the exact mechanism behind neuronal death remains elusive. The role of neuroinflammation in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death has been prominently theorised. This review provides a comprehensive summary of neuroinflammatory responses in glaucoma. A systematic search of Medline and Embase for articles published up to 8th March 2023 yielded 32 studies using post-mortem tissues from glaucoma patients. The raw data were extracted from tables and text to calculate the standardized mean differences (SMDs). These studies utilized post-mortem tissues from glaucoma patients, totalling 490 samples, compared with 380 control samples. Among the included studies, 27 reported glial cell activation based on changes to cellular morphology and molecular staining. Molecular changes were predominantly attributed to astrocytes (62.5%) and microglia (15.6%), with some involvement of Muller cells. These glial cell changes included amoeboid microglial cells with increased CD45 or HLA-DR intensity and hypertrophied astrocytes with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein labelling. Further, changes to extracellular matrix proteins like collagen, galectin, and tenascin-C suggested glial cells' influence on structural changes in the optic nerve head. The activation of DAMPs-driven immune response and the classical complement cascade was reported and found to be associated with activated glial cells in glaucomatous tissue. Increased pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were also linked to glial cells. Glial cell activation was also associated with mitochondrial, vascular, metabolic and antioxidant component disruptions. Association of the activated glial cells with pro-inflammatory responses, dysregulation of homeostatic components and antigen presentation indicates that glial cell responses influence glaucoma progression. However, the exact mechanism triggering these responses and underlying interactions remains unexplored. This necessitates further research using human samples for an increased understanding of the precise role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Salkar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriella E Parilla
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Kensington Eye Institute/UHN, Canada
| | - Stuart Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Macquarie University. Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paschalis EI, Zhou C, Sharma J, Dohlman TH, Kim S, Lei F, Chodosh J, Vavvas D, Urtti A, Papaliodis G, Dohlman CH. The prophylactic value of TNF-α inhibitors against retinal cell apoptosis and optic nerve axon loss after corneal surgery or trauma. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102:e381-e394. [PMID: 37803488 PMCID: PMC10997738 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Late secondary glaucoma is an often-severe complication after acute events like anterior segment surgery, trauma and infection. TNF-α is a major mediator that is rapidly upregulated, diffusing also to the retina and causes apoptosis of the ganglion cells and degeneration of their optic nerve axons (mediating steps to glaucomatous damage). Anti-TNF-α antibodies are in animals very effective in protecting the retinal cells and the optic nerve-and might therefore be useful prophylactically against secondary glaucoma in future such patients. Here we evaluate (1) toxicity and (2) efficacy of two TNF-α inhibitors (adalimumab and infliximab), in rabbits by subconjunctival administration. METHODS For drug toxicity, animals with normal, unburned corneas were injected with adalimumab (0.4, 4, or 40 mg), or infliximab (1, 10, or 100 mg). For drug efficacy, other animals were subjected to alkali burn before such injection, or steroids (for control). The rabbits were evaluated clinically with slit lamp and photography, electroretinography, optical coherence tomography, and intraocular pressure manometry. A sub-set of eyes were stained ex vivo after 3 days for retinal cell apoptosis (TUNEL). In other experiments the optic nerves were evaluated by paraphenylenediamine staining after 50 or 90 days. Loss of retinal cells and optic nerve degeneration were quantified. RESULTS Subconjunctival administration of 0.4 mg or 4.0 mg adalimumab were well tolerated, whereas 40.0 mg was toxic to the retina. 1, 10, or 100 mg infliximab were also well tolerated. Analysis of the optic nerve axons after 50 days confirmed the safety of 4.0 mg adalimumab and of 100 mg infliximab. For efficacy, 4.0 mg adalimumab subconjunctivally in 0.08 mL provided practically full protection against retinal cell apoptosis 3 days following alkali burn, and infliximab 100 mg only slightly less. At 90 days following burn injury, control optic nerves showed about 50% axon loss as compared to 8% in the adalimumab treatment group. CONCLUSIONS Subconjunctival injection of 4.0 mg adalimumab in rabbits shows no eye toxicity and provides excellent neuroprotection, both short (3 days) and long-term (90 days). Our total. accumulated data from several of our studies, combined with the present paper, suggest that corneal injuries, including surgery, might benefit from routine administration of anti-TNF-α biologics to reduce inflammation and future secondary glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios I. Paschalis
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chengxin Zhou
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas H. Dohlman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Kim
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Disruptive Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Demetrios Vavvas
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arto Urtti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland and School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - George Papaliodis
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claes H. Dohlman
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu W, Zhang W, Wang C, Song J, Li K, Zhang X, Wu X, Guo H. TRPV4 antagonist suppresses retinal ganglion cell apoptosis by regulating the activation of CaMKII and TNF-α expression in a chronic ocular hypertension rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111811. [PMID: 38457929 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible visual function impairment. Sustained increase in intraocular pressure represents a major risk factor for glaucoma, yet the underlying mechanisms of RGC apoptosis induced by intraocular pressure remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of TRPV4 in RGC apoptosis in a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension (COH) and the underlying molecular mechanism. In the COH rat models, we evaluated the visual function, retinal pathological changes and RGC apoptosis. TRPV4 expression and downstream signaling molecules were also detected. We found that RGC density decreased and RGC apoptosis was induced in COH eyes compared with control eyes. TRPV4 expression increased significantly in response to elevated IOP. TRPV4 inhibition by the TRPV4 antagonist HC-067047 (HC-067) suppressed RGC apoptosis and protected visual function. HC-067 treatment upregulated the phosphorylation of CaMKII in both control and COH eyes. Finally, HC-067 treatment suppressed the production of TNF-α induced by ocular hypertension. The TRPV4 antagonist HC-067 might suppress RGC apoptosis by regulating the activation of CaMKII and inhibiting the production of TNF-α in the COH model. This indicated that TRPV4 antagonists may be a potential and novel therapeutic strategy for glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiarun Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kaiyue Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoppe C, Gregory-Ksander M. The Role of Complement Dysregulation in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2307. [PMID: 38396986 PMCID: PMC10888626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve that results in irreversible vision loss. While the exact pathology of glaucoma is not well understood, emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the complement system, a key component of innate immunity, plays a crucial role. In glaucoma, dysregulation of the complement cascade and impaired regulation of complement factors contribute to chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Complement components such as C1Q, C3, and the membrane attack complex have been implicated in glaucomatous neuroinflammation and retinal ganglion cell death. This review will provide a summary of human and experimental studies that document the dysregulation of the complement system observed in glaucoma patients and animal models of glaucoma driving chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding how complement-mediated damage contributes to glaucoma will provide opportunities for new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Hoppe
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Animal Physiology/Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Teng M, Wang J, Su X, Tian Y, Ye X, Zhang Y. Causal associations between circulating inflammatory cytokines and blinding eye diseases: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1324651. [PMID: 38327497 PMCID: PMC10848324 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1324651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have explored the associations between circulating inflammatory cytokines and blinding eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataract and macular degeneration. However, the causality of these associations remains controversial. This study employs a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the causal relationships between 41 circulating inflammatory cytokines and these blinding eye diseases. Methods Summary data for glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration and 41 circulating inflammatory cytokines were publicly available. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the main analysis method. Additionally, various sensitivity tests, including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, weight mode, Cochran's Q test, MR pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier test, and leave-one-out test, were conducted to evaluate sensitivity and stability of results. Results The IVW analysis identified six circulating inflammatory cytokines causally associated with the risk of blinding eye diseases: Monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG) for glaucoma, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, IL-10, and platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGFbb) for cataract, and MIG and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) for macular degeneration. However, it is noteworthy that none of these associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0004). Reverse MR analyses indicated that cataract may lead to a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels (OR: 3.326 × 10-04, 95% CI: 5.198 × 10-07 - 2.129 × 10-01, p = 0.0151). Conclusion This study highlights the potential roles of specific inflammatory cytokines in the development of glaucoma, cataract and macular degeneration. Moreover, it suggests that VEGF is likely to be involved in cataract development downstream. These findings offer insights for early prevention and novel therapeutic strategies for these blinding eye diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Teng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaochen Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomin Ye
- School of Electronic Information and Artiffcial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mravec Bencurova D, Vyborny P, Dankova P. Comparative analysis of tear cytokines in patients with glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and healthy controls. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3559-3568. [PMID: 37318666 PMCID: PMC10504217 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the ocular surface inflammation in patients with primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension by analyzing tears and to compare findings with healthy controls. METHODS Observational case-control study. Tear samples were collected by 5 µl microcapillary tube from 24 patients with glaucoma treated by antiglaucoma drops, 9 non-treated patients with ocular hypertension and 45 healthy controls. Tears were analyzed from right eye by multiplex Bio-Plex system for the presence of 6 cytokines: IL1β, IL10, IL4, IFNγ, MIF and VEGF. RESULTS Significantly higher concentrations of IL1β and IL10 (glaucoma or ocular hypertension vs. healthy controls, p < 0.0001), VEGF (glaucoma vs. ocular hypertension, p < 0.05; ocular hypertension vs. healthy controls, p < 0.02) and MIF (glaucoma vs. healthy controls, p < 0.03) were detected in patients' tears. Both patient groups have activated to a significantly lower extent the Th1 pathway represented by IFNγ than Th2 pathway represented by IL10 (p < 0.001) and, at the same time, the IFNγ/IL4 ratio was significantly increased in healthy controls (p < 0.001) and patients with ocular hypertension (p < 0.02) compared to glaucoma individuals. CONCLUSION This study shows that secretion of inflammation-related cytokines by conjunctival cells is increased in both, glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients and can be detected in their tears. Nevertheless, data indicates stronger ocular surface inflammation in non-treated follow-up patients diagnosed with ocular hypertension than in glaucoma subjects treated by antiglaucoma drops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Mravec Bencurova
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vyborny
- Eye Department, 1-St Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Central Military Hospital Prague, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Dankova
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miao Y, Zhao GL, Cheng S, Wang Z, Yang XL. Activation of retinal glial cells contributes to the degeneration of ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101169. [PMID: 36736070 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Glial cells, which play an important role in normal functioning of retinal neurons, are well involved into retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in experimental glaucoma animal models generated by elevated IOP. In response to elevated IOP, mGluR I is first activated and Kir4.1 channels are subsequently inhibited, which leads to the activation of Müller cells. Müller cell activation is followed by a complex process, including proliferation, release of inflammatory and growth factors (gliosis). Gliosis is further regulated by several factors. Activated Müller cells contribute to RGC degeneration through generating glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, releasing cytotoxic factors and inducing microglia activation. Elevated IOP activates microglia, and following morphological and functional changes, these cells, as resident immune cells in the retina, show adaptive immune responses, including an enhanced release of pro-inflammatory factors (tumor neurosis factor-α, interleukins, etc.). These ATP and Toll-like receptor-mediated responses are further regulated by heat shock proteins, CD200R, chemokine receptors, and metabotropic purinergic receptors, may aggravate RGC loss. In the optic nerve head, astrogliosis is initiated and regulated by a complex reaction process, including purines, transmitters, chemokines, growth factors and cytokines, which contributes to RGC axon injury through releasing pro-inflammatory factors and changing extracellular matrix in glaucoma. The effects of activated glial cells on RGCs are further modified by the interplay among different types of glial cells. This review is concluded by presenting an in-depth discussion of possible research directions in this field in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Erythropoietin in Glaucoma: From Mechanism to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032985. [PMID: 36769310 PMCID: PMC9917746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma can cause irreversible vision loss and is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. The disease mechanism is complex and various factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis, including ischemia, excessive oxidative stress, neurotropic factor deprivation, and neuron excitotoxicity. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that induces erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia. However, studies have shown that EPO also has neuroprotective effects and may be useful for rescuing apoptotic retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. This article explores the relationship between EPO and glaucoma and summarizes preclinical experiments that have used EPO to treat glaucoma, with an aim to provide a different perspective from the current view that glaucoma is incurable.
Collapse
|
10
|
Astrocyte Immune Functions and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032747. [PMID: 36769067 PMCID: PMC9916878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, a non-neuronal glial cell type in the nervous system, are essential for regulating physiological functions of the central nervous system. In various injuries and diseases of the central nervous system, astrocytes often change their phenotypes into neurotoxic ones that participate in pro-inflammatory responses (hereafter referred to as "immune functions"). Such astrocytic immune functions are not only limited to brain diseases but are also found in ocular neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma, a retinal neurodegenerative disease that is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. The eye has two astrocyte-lineage cells: astrocytes and Müller cells. They maintain the physiological environment of the retina and optic nerve, thereby controlling visual function. Dysfunction of astrocyte-lineage cells may be involved in the onset and progression of glaucoma. These cells become reactive in glaucoma patients, and animal studies have suggested that their immune responses may be linked to glaucoma-related events: tissue remodeling, neuronal death, and infiltration of peripheral immune cells. In this review, we discuss the role of the immune functions of astrocyte-lineage cells in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Collapse
|
11
|
Prokosch V, Li P, Shi X. Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative and Inflammatory Disease. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2023; 240:125-129. [PMID: 36265500 DOI: 10.1055/a-1965-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to irreversible loss of vision through degeneration of the retinal ganglia cells (RGCs). Glaucoma is one of the most frequent causes of blindness in the world. Intraocular pressure is the main risk factor for the occurrence and development of this disease. Treatment is largely based on reducing internal optical pressure. However, some patients may deteriorate or become blind, despite normal or reduced internal optical pressure. The pathophysiological details are still unclear. Neuroinflammatory processes are also apparently an additional cause. In principle, innate or local responses of the adaptive immune system can be distinguished. The reaction of the innate immune system, particularly the local microglial cells, has long been studied. The macroglia with the astrocytes and Müller cells and their homeostatic effects have also long been known. On the other hand, it has long been thought that the retina with its RGZs was inert to adaptive immunological reactions - due to the function of the blood brain barrier. However, this system may be disturbed by antigen presentation, leading to a reaction of the adaptive immune system, with B cell and T cell responses. In this context, the key proteins are presumably heat shock proteins. We now know that neuroinflammation is important in glaucoma, as in other neurodegenerative diseases. It is important to increase our understanding of these phenomena. In this review article, we present our current knowledge of the role of the micro- and macroglia, the adaptive immune system, and the heat shock proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sheng S, Ma Y, Zou Y, Hu F, Chen L. Protective effects of blocking PD-1 pathway on retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1094132. [PMID: 36741384 PMCID: PMC9889850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1094132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L1/PD-L2) double knockout (dKO) has a protective effect on RGCs in a mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension (COHT). Methods We used superparamagnetic iron oxide to induce COHT in mice. Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and activation of microglia were evaluated using western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence staining of the mouse retina. In addition, we also conducted transcriptome sequencing and further gene expression analyses using the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) database. Results In the mouse model of COHT, PD-L1/PD-L2 prevented the apoptosis of RGCs to some extent. Blocking the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway also increased the number of anti-inflammatory M2-activated microglia and enhanced the phosphorylation of its related pathway signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6. Sequencing results showed that this protective effect may have been achieved by regulating the NF-B, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), PI3K/Akt and toll-like receptor signaling pathway etc. Conclusion Blocking the PD-1 pathway has a protective effect on RGCs in the mouse model of COHT induced by superparamagnetic iron oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key National Health Coucil (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixian Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key National Health Coucil (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key National Health Coucil (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key National Health Coucil (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key National Health Coucil (NHC) Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye & Ears, Nose and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ling Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pezzino S, Sofia M, Greco LP, Litrico G, Filippello G, Sarvà I, La Greca G, Latteri S. Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021166. [PMID: 36674680 PMCID: PMC9862076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate at which obesity is becoming an epidemic in many countries is alarming. Obese individuals have a high risk of developing elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Additionally, glaucoma is a disease of epidemic proportions. It is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation with optic neuropathy and the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). On the other hand, there is growing interest in microbiome dysbiosis, particularly in the gut, which has been widely acknowledged to play a prominent role in the etiology of metabolic illnesses such as obesity. Recently, studies have begun to highlight the fact that microbiome dysbiosis could play a critical role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in the development and progression of several ocular disorders. In obese individuals, gut microbiome dysbiosis can induce endotoxemia and systemic inflammation by causing intestinal barrier malfunction. As a result, bacteria and their metabolites could be delivered via the bloodstream or mesenteric lymphatic vessels to ocular regions at the level of the retina and optic nerve, causing tissue degeneration and neuroinflammation. Nowadays, there is preliminary evidence for the existence of brain and intraocular microbiomes. The altered microbiome of the gut could perturb the resident brain-ocular microbiome ecosystem which, in turn, could exacerbate the local inflammation. All these processes, finally, could lead to the death of RGC and neurodegeneration. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the recent evidence on the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis and related inflammation as common mechanisms underlying obesity and glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pezzino
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Piero Greco
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgia Litrico
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Filippello
- Complex Operative Unit of Ophtalmology, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Iacopo Sarvà
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Greca
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957263584
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun TT, Li XM, Zhu JY, Yao W, Yang TJ, Meng XR, Yao J, Jiang Q. Regulatory effect of long-stranded non-coding RNA-CRNDE on neurodegeneration during retinal ischemia-reperfusion. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10994. [PMID: 36276743 PMCID: PMC9579004 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological mechanism involved in many ocular diseases. I/R is characterized by microvascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms of neurodegeneration induced by I/R remain largely unknown. This study showed that the expression of long non-coding RNA-CRNDE was significantly upregulated after retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR). LncRNA-CRNDE knockdown alleviated retinal neurodegeneration induced by RIR injury, as shown by decreased reactive gliosis and reduced retinal cells loss. Furthermore, lncRNA-CRNDE knockdown directly regulated Müller cell function and indirectly affected RGC function in vitro. In addition, lncRNA-CRNDE knockdown led to a significant reduction in the release of several cytokines after RIR. This study suggests that lncRNA-CRNDE is a promising therapeutic target for RIR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Sun
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiu-Miao Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Ya Zhu
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Jing Yang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Rui Meng
- Faculty of Art and Science, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharif NA. Degeneration of retina-brain components and connections in glaucoma: Disease causation and treatment options for eyesight preservation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100037. [PMID: 36685768 PMCID: PMC9846481 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eyesight is the most important of our sensory systems for optimal daily activities and overall survival. Patients who experience visual impairment due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are often those afflicted with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) which slowly robs them of their vision unless treatment is administered soon after diagnosis. The hallmark features of POAG and other forms of glaucoma are damaged optic nerve, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and atrophied RGC axons connecting to various brain regions associated with receipt of visual input from the eyes and eventual decoding and perception of images in the visual cortex. Even though increased IOP is the major risk factor for POAG, the disease is caused by many injurious chemicals and events that progress slowly within all components of the eye-brain visual axis. Lowering of IOP mitigates the damage to some extent with existing drugs, surgical and device implantation therapeutic interventions. However, since multifactorial degenerative processes occur during aging and with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, different forms of neuroprotective, nutraceutical and electroceutical regenerative and revitalizing agents and processes are being considered to combat these eye-brain disorders. These aspects form the basis of this short review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najam A. Sharif
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK,Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA,Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Incorporated, 6401 Hollis Street (Suite #125), Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA,Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Incorporated, 6401 Hollis Street (Suite #125), Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lambuk L, Ahmad S, Sadikan MZ, Nordin NA, Kadir R, Nasir NAA, Chen X, Boer J, Plebanski M, Mohamud R. Targeting Differential Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors as a Therapeutic Strategy for Glaucoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857812. [PMID: 35651608 PMCID: PMC9149562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible sight-threatening disorder primarily due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death by apoptosis with subsequent loss of optic nerve fibers. A considerable amount of empirical evidence has shown the significant association between tumor necrosis factor cytokine (TNF; TNFα) and glaucoma; however, the exact role of TNF in glaucoma progression remains unclear. Total inhibition of TNF against its receptors can cause side effects, although this is not the case when using selective inhibitors. In addition, TNF exerts its antithetic roles via stimulation of two receptors, TNF receptor I (TNFR1) and TNF receptor II (TNFR2). The pro-inflammatory responses and proapoptotic signaling pathways predominantly mediated through TNFR1, while neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic signals induced by TNFR2. In this review, we attempt to discuss the involvement of TNF receptors (TNFRs) and their signaling pathway in ocular tissues with focus on RGC and glial cells in glaucoma. This review also outlines the potential application TNFRs agonist and/or antagonists as neuroprotective strategy from a therapeutic standpoint. Taken together, a better understanding of the function of TNFRs may lead to the development of a treatment for glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidawani Lambuk
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Nor Asyikin Nordin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jennifer Boer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Statins Inhibit the Gliosis of MIO-M1, a Müller Glial Cell Line Induced by TRPV4 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095190. [PMID: 35563594 PMCID: PMC9100994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized Müller cell gliosis induced by the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (TRPV4) and assessed whether statins could modulate the gliosis. The human Müller cell line, MIO-M1, was used to analyze the gliosis caused by glaucomatous stimulation. To induce Müller gliosis in MIO-M1 cells, GSK101 was used to activate TRPV4, and Müller gliosis was evaluated by analyzing vimentin, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. The expression level of TNF-α was determined by ELISA. To evaluate the GSK101 activation of the NF-κB pathway, p65 phosphorylation was measured by Western blotting, and the nuclear translocation of p65 and IκBα phosphorylation were assessed by immunostaining. To assess the effect of statins on MIO-M1 gliosis, cells were pretreated for 24 h with statins before GSK101 treatment. Vimentin, nestin, and GFAP expression were upregulated by GSK101, while statins effectively inhibited them. The expression of TNF-α was increased by GSK101. The phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 and IκBα phosphorylation, which occurs prior to p65 activation, were induced. Statins suppressed the GSK101-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 translocation. Statins can mitigate gliosis in the human Müller cell line. Because TRPV4 activation in Müller cells reflects glaucoma pathophysiology, statins may have the potential to prevent RGC death.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu MX, Zhao GL, Hu X, Zhou H, Li SY, Li F, Miao Y, Lei B, Wang Z. P2X7/P2X4 Receptors Mediate Proliferation and Migration of Retinal Microglia in Experimental Glaucoma in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:901-915. [PMID: 35254644 PMCID: PMC9352844 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in the inflammatory response and retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma. Here, we investigated how microglia proliferate and migrate in a mouse model of chronic ocular hypertension (COH). In COH retinas, the microglial proliferation that occurred was inhibited by the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) blocker BBG or P2X7R knockout, but not by the P2X4R blocker 5-BDBD. Treatment of primary cultured microglia with BzATP, a P2X7R agonist, mimicked the effects of cell proliferation and migration in COH retinas through the intracellular MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Transwell migration assays showed that the P2X4R agonist CTP induced microglial migration, which was completely blocked by 5-BDBD. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that ATP, released from activated Müller cells through connexin43 hemichannels, acted on P2X7R to induce microglial proliferation, and acted on P2X4R/P2X7R (mainly P2X4R) to induce microglial migration. Our results suggest that inhibiting the interaction of Müller cells and microglia may attenuate microglial proliferation and migration in glaucoma.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cáceres-Vélez PR, Hui F, Hercus J, Bui B, Jusuf PR. Restoring the oxidative balance in age-related diseases - An approach in glaucoma. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101572. [PMID: 35065274 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, age-related health issues including neurodegenerative diseases continue to rise. Regardless of genetic or environmental factors, many neurodegenerative conditions share common pathological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, a hallmark of many age-related health burdens. In this review, we describe oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma, an age-related neurodegenerative eye disease affecting 80 million people worldwide. We consider therapeutic approaches used to counteract oxidative stress in glaucoma, including untapped treatment options such as novel plant-derived antioxidant compounds that can reduce oxidative stress and prevent neuronal loss. We summarize the current pre-clinical models and clinical work exploring the therapeutic potential of a range of candidate plant-derived antioxidant compounds. Finally, we explore advances in drug delivery systems, particular those employing nanotechnology-based carriers which hold significant promise as a carrier for antioxidants to treat age-related disease, thus reviewing the key current state of all of the aspects required towards translation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Proteome alterations in the aqueous humor reflect structural and functional phenotypes in patients with advanced normal-tension glaucoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1221. [PMID: 35075201 PMCID: PMC8786875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown possible association between altered protein levels in aqueous humor (AH) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), but the underlying pathogenetic mechanism as well as specific molecular biomarkers for NTG remains still elusive. Here, we aimed to identify novel biomarkers for advanced NTG by analyzing the proteome of patient-derived AH and their correlation with various functional and structural parameters from the visual field test (VF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA). We determined differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of the AH of patients with advanced NTG (n = 20) using label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics with pooled samples and data-independent acquisition (DIA) analysis with individual samples, and the roles of AH DEPs in biological pathways were evaluated using bioinformatics. We identified 603 proteins in the AH of patients with advanced NTG, and 61 of them were selected as DEPs via global proteome LFQ profiling. Individual DIA analyses identified a total of 12 DEPs as biomarker candidates, seven of which were upregulated, and five were downregulated. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that those DEPs were mainly involved in the immune response. Moreover, IGFBP2, ENO1, C7, B2M, AMBP, DSP, and DCD showed a significant correlation with the mean deviation of VF and with peripapillary and macular parameters from OCT and OCTA. The present study provides possible molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis of advanced NTG.
Collapse
|
21
|
Burgos-Blasco B, Vidal-Villegas B, Saenz-Frances F, Fernandez-Vigo JI, Andres-Guerrero V, Espino L, Garcia-Feijoo J, Martinez-de-la-Casa JM. Cytokine profile in tear and aqueous humor of primary open-angle patients as a prognostic factor for trabeculectomy outcome. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021; 32:2994-3004. [PMID: 34812085 DOI: 10.1177/11206721211055965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cytokine profile in tear and aqueous humor in primary open-angle glaucoma before trabeculectomy and correlate preoperative cytokine levels with the surgical outcome. METHODS Prospective study. Twenty-nine patients with primary open-angle glaucoma undergoing primary trabeculectomy were included. Levels of 27 cytokines were measured in tear an aqueous humor using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-Plex Immunoassay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). RESULTS 29 patients who underwent trabeculectomy were included and their first-year follow-up visits were recorded. Mean age was 76.0 ± 7.0 years (range 56-84), mean intraocular pressure was 18.2 ± 3.6 mmHg and mean number of topical medications was 2.3 ± 0.9. At the one-year visit, 5 patients were classified as surgical failure. In aqueous humor, preoperative cytokine levels of regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) were significantly higher in those patients with surgical failure at one year. IL-8 in tear and interferon gamma-induced protein (IP-10) in aqueous humor correlated positively with one-year IOP reduction. No statistically significant correlations were found with changes in visual field mean defect or global peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (all, p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative RANTES levels in aqueous humor as well as other cytokines could serve as useful biomarkers for trabeculectomy outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Burgos-Blasco
- Servicio de Oftalmología, 16267Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vidal-Villegas
- Servicio de Oftalmología, 16267Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Saenz-Frances
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose I Fernandez-Vigo
- Servicio de Oftalmología, 16267Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Andres-Guerrero
- Servicio de Oftalmología, 16267Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Espino
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Garcia-Feijoo
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Martinez-de-la-Casa
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Di Pierdomenico J, Henderson DCM, Giammaria S, Smith VL, Jamet AJ, Smith CA, Hooper ML, Chauhan BC. Age and intraocular pressure in murine experimental glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 88:101021. [PMID: 34801667 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age and intraocular pressure (IOP) are the two most important risk factors for the development and progression of open-angle glaucoma. While IOP is commonly considered in models of experimental glaucoma (EG), most studies use juvenile or adult animals and seldom older animals which are representative of the human disease. This paper provides a concise review of how retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, the hallmark of glaucoma, can be evaluated in EG with a special emphasis on serial in vivo imaging, a parallel approach used in clinical practice. It appraises the suitability of EG models for the purpose of in vivo imaging and argues for the use of models that provide a sustained elevation of IOP, without compromise of the ocular media. In a study with parallel cohorts of adult (3-month-old, equivalent to 20 human years) and old (2-year-old, equivalent to 70 human years) mice, we compare the effects of elevated IOP on serial ganglion cell complex thickness and individual RGC dendritic morphology changes obtained in vivo. We also evaluate how age modulates the impact of elevated IOP on RGC somal and axonal density in histological analysis as well the density of melanopsin RGCs. We discuss the challenges of using old animals and emphasize the potential of single RGC imaging for understanding the pathobiology of RGC loss and evaluating new therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Delaney C M Henderson
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sara Giammaria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Victoria L Smith
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aliénor J Jamet
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Corey A Smith
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michele L Hooper
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Balwantray C Chauhan
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trost A, Motloch K, Koller A, Bruckner D, Runge C, Schroedl F, Bogner B, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Ladek AM, Preishuber-Pfluegl J, Brunner SM, Aigner L, Reitsamer HA. Inhibition of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathways increases survival of RGCs and reduces microglial activation in ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108806. [PMID: 34715090 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. This multifactorial, neurodegenerative group of diseases is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, leading to irreversible visual impairment and blindness. There is a huge unmet and urging need for the development of new and translatable strategies and treatment options to prevent this progressive loss of RGC. Accumulating evidence points towards a critical role of neuroinflammation, in particular microglial cells, in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Leukotrienes are mediators of neuroinflammation and are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we tested the leukotriene receptors CysLT1R/GPR17-selective antagonist Montelukast (MTK) for its efficacy to modulate the reactive state of microglia in order to ameliorate RGCs loss in experimental glaucoma. Ocular hypertension (OHT) was induced unilaterally by injection of 8 μm magnetic microbead (MB) into the anterior chamber of female Brown Norway rats. The contralateral, untreated eye served as control. Successful induction of OHT was verified by daily IOP measurement using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Simultaneously to OHT induction, one group received daily MTK treatment and the control group vehicle solution by oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed 13-15 days after MB injection. Retina and optic nerves (ON) of OHT and contralateral eyes were analyzed by immunofluorescence with specific markers for RGCs (Brn3a), microglial cells/macrophages (Iba1 and CD68), and cysteinyl leukotriene pathway receptors (CysLT1R and GPR17). Protein labeling was documented by confocal microscopy and analyzed with ImageJ plugins. Further, mRNA expression of genes of the inflammatory and leukotriene pathway was analyzed in retinal tissue. MTK treatment resulted in a short-term IOP reduction at day 2, which dissipated by day 5 of OHT induction in MTK treated animals. Furthermore, MTK treatment resulted in a decreased activation of Iba1+ microglial cells in the retina and ON, and in a significantly increased RGC survival in OHT eyes. Within the retina, GPR17 and CysLT1R expression was demonstrated in single RCGs and in microglial cells respectively. Further, increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes was detected in OHT induced retinas. In the ON, OHT induction increased the number of GPR17+ cells, showing a trend of reduction following MTK treatment. This study shows for the first time a significantly increased RGC survival in an acute OHT model following treatment with the leukotriene receptor antagonist MTK. These results strongly suggest a neuroprotective effect of MTK and a potential new therapeutic strategy for glaucoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Koller
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Anja-Maria Ladek
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pfluegl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Maria Brunner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Anton Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sharif NA. Therapeutic Drugs and Devices for Tackling Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma, and Need for Neuroprotection and Cytoprotective Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:729249. [PMID: 34603044 PMCID: PMC8484316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.729249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the optic nerve and the death of associated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), also known as glaucoma, is responsible for visual impairment and blindness in millions of people worldwide. The ocular hypertension (OHT) and the deleterious mechanical forces it exerts at the back of the eye, at the level of the optic nerve head/optic disc and lamina cribosa, is the only modifiable risk factor associated with glaucoma that can be treated. The elevated IOP occurs due to the inability of accumulated aqueous humor (AQH) to egress from the anterior chamber of the eye due to occlusion of the major outflow pathway, the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm’s canal (SC). Several different classes of pharmaceutical agents, surgical techniques and implantable devices have been developed to lower and control IOP. First-line drugs to promote AQH outflow via the uveoscleral outflow pathway include FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG) agonists (e.g., latanoprost, travoprost and tafluprost) and a novel non-PG EP2-receptor agonist (omidenepag isopropyl, Eybelis®). TM/SC outflow enhancing drugs are also effective ocular hypotensive agents (e.g., rho kinase inhibitors like ripasudil and netarsudil; and latanoprostene bunod, a conjugate of a nitric oxide donor and latanoprost). One of the most effective anterior chamber AQH microshunt devices is the Preserflo® microshunt which can lower IOP down to 10–13 mmHg. Other IOP-lowering drugs and devices on the horizon will be also discussed. Additionally, since elevated IOP is only one of many risk factors for development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, a treatise of the role of inflammatory neurodegeneration of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells and appropriate neuroprotective strategies to mitigate this disease will also be reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fan J, Liu J, Liu J, Chen C, Koutalos Y, Crosson CE. Evidence for ceramide induced cytotoxicity in retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108762. [PMID: 34499916 PMCID: PMC8511283 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are bioactive compounds that play important roles in regulating cellular responses to extracellular stimuli and stress. Previous studies have shown that ceramides contribute to retinal degeneration associated with ischemic and ocular hypertensive stress. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) is one of the major enzymes responsible for the stress-induced generation of ceramides. The goals of this study are to investigate the effects of ceramides on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and of ASMase inhibition in ocular hypertensive mice. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived RGCs and primary cultures of human optic nerve head astrocytes were used to characterize the response to C2-ceramide. Microbead-induced ocular hypertension in the ASMase heterozygote mouse model was used to confirm the physiological relevance of in vitro studies. In mice, RGC function and morphology were assessed with pattern ERG (pERG) and immunofluorescence. The addition of C2-ceramide to iPSC-derived RGCs produced a significant concentration- and time-dependent reduction in cell numbers when compared to control cultures. While the addition of C2-ceramide to astrocytes did not affect viability, it resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in TNF-α secretion. The addition of TNF-α or conditioned media from C2-ceramide-treated astrocytes to RGC cultures significantly reduced cell numbers by 56.1 ± 8.4% and 24.7 ± 4.8%, respectively. This cytotoxic response to astrocyte-conditioned media was blocked by TNF-α antibody. In ASMase heterozygote mice, functional and morphological analyses of ocular hypertensive eyes reveal significantly less RGC degeneration when compared with hypertensive eyes from wild-type mice. These results provide evidence that ceramides can induce RGC cell death by acting directly, as well as indirectly via the secretion of TNF-α from optic nerve head astrocytes. In vivo studies in mice provide evidence that ceramides derived through the activity of ASMase contribute to ocular hypertensive injury. Together these results support the importance of ceramides in the pathogenesis of ocular hypertensive injury to the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, 167 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Jiali Liu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 274 Middle Zhijiang Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, 167 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Chunhe Chen
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, 167 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yiannis Koutalos
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, 167 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Craig E Crosson
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, 167 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Immune responses to injury and their links to eye disease. Transl Res 2021; 236:52-71. [PMID: 34051364 PMCID: PMC8380715 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The eye is regarded as an immune privileged site. Since the presence of a vasculature would impair vision, the vasculature of the eye is located outside of the central light path. As a result, many regions of the eye evolved mechanisms to deliver immune cells to sites of dysgenesis, injury, or in response to the many age-related pathologies. While the purpose of these immune responses is reparative or protective, cytokines released by immune cells compromise visual acuity by inducing inflammation and fibrosis. The response to traumatic or pathological injury is distinct in different regions of the eye. Age-related diseases impact both the anterior and posterior segment and lead to reduced quality of life and blindness. Here we focus attention on the role that inflammation and fibrosis play in the progression of age-related pathologies of the cornea and the lens as well as in glaucoma, the formation of epiretinal membranes, and in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2ryERM
- A T-helper cell that expresses high levels of IL-17 which can suppress T-regulatory cell function
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils
- A cytokine expressed early during inflammation that attracts neutrophils, sometimes referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1))
- A mouse model that lacks functional T and B cells and used to study the immune response
- A pigmented mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th1 response to infection
- A protein encoded by the ADGRE1 gene that, in mice, is expressed primarily on macrophages
- A strain of pigmented mice used in glaucoma research
- ACAID
- APCs
- ASC
- An albino mouse strain used for research and known to mount a primarily Th2 response to infection
- Antigen Presenting Cells, this class includes dendritic cells and monocytes
- BALB/c
- BM
- C57BL6
- CCL2
- CD45
- CNS
- CXCL1
- Central Nervous System
- Cluster of differentiation 45 antigen
- DAMPs
- DBA/2J
- EBM
- ECM
- EMT
- ERM
- Epithelial Basement Membrane
- F4/80
- FGF2
- HA =hyaluronic acid
- HSK
- HSP
- HSPGs
- HSV
- ICN
- IL-20
- IL6
- ILM
- IOP
- Inner (or internal) limiting membrane
- Interleukin 6
- Interleukin-20
- MAGP1
- MHC-II
- Major histocompatibility complex type II, a class of MHC proteins typically found only on APCs
- Microfibril-associated glycoprotein 1
- N-cad
- N-cadherin
- NEI
- NK
- National Eye Institute
- Natural killer T cells
- PCO
- PDGF
- PDR
- PVD
- PVR
- Platelet derived growth factor
- Posterior capsular opacification
- RGC
- RPE
- RRD
- Rag1-/-
- Retinal ganglion cells
- Retinal pigment epithelial cells
- SMAD
- Sons of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic, SMADs are a class of molecules that mediate TGF and bone morphogenetic protein signaling
- T-helper cell 1 response, proinflammatory adaptive response involving interferon gamma and associated with autoimmunity
- T-helper cell 2 response involving IgE and interleukins 4,5, and 13, also induces the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 family cytokines
- T-regulatory cell
- TG
- TGF1
- TM
- TNF
- Th1
- Th17
- Th2
- Transforming growth factor 1
- Treg
- Tumor necrosis factor a cytokine produced during inflammation
- VEGF
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WHO
- World Health Organization
- anterior chamber immune deviation
- anterior subcapsular cataracts
- basement membrane
- damage-associated molecular patterns
- epiretinal membrane
- epiretinal membrane secondary to disease pathology
- epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- extracellular matrix
- fibroblast growth factor 2, also referred to as basic FGF
- heat shock protein
- heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- herpes simplex virus
- herpes stromal keratitis
- iERM
- idiopathic epiretinal membrane
- intraepithelial corneal nerves
- intraocular pressure
- mTOR
- mechanistic target of rapamycin, a protein kinase encoded by the MTOR genes that regulates a variety of signal transduction events including cell growth, autophagy and actin cytoskeleton
- posterior vitreous detachment
- proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- proliferative vitreoretinopathy
- rhegmatogenous (rupture, tear) retinal detachment
- trabecular meshwork
- trigeminal ganglion
- αSMA
- α−Smooth muscle actin, a class of actin expressed in mesenchymal cells
Collapse
|
27
|
Cueto AFV, Álvarez L, García M, Álvarez-Barrios A, Artime E, Cueto LFV, Coca-Prados M, González-Iglesias H. Candidate Glaucoma Biomarkers: From Proteins to Metabolites, and the Pitfalls to Clinical Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:763. [PMID: 34439995 PMCID: PMC8389649 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an insidious group of eye diseases causing degeneration of the optic nerve, progressive loss of vision, and irreversible blindness. The number of people affected by glaucoma is estimated at 80 million in 2021, with 3.5% prevalence in people aged 40-80. The main biomarker and risk factor for the onset and progression of glaucoma is the elevation of intraocular pressure. However, when glaucoma is diagnosed, the level of retinal ganglion cell death usually amounts to 30-40%; hence, the urgent need for its early diagnosis. Molecular biomarkers of glaucoma, from proteins to metabolites, may be helpful as indicators of pathogenic processes observed during the disease's onset. The discovery of human glaucoma biomarkers is hampered by major limitations, including whether medications are influencing the expression of molecules in bodily fluids, or whether tests to validate glaucoma biomarker candidates should include human subjects with different types and stages of the disease, as well as patients with other ocular and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the proper selection of the biofluid or tissue, as well as the analytical platform, should be mandatory. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge concerning proteomics- and metabolomics-based glaucoma biomarkers, with specificity to human eye tissue and fluid, as well the analytical approach and the main results obtained. The complex data published to date, which include at least 458 different molecules altered in human glaucoma, merit a new, integrative approach allowing for future diagnostic tests based on the absolute quantification of local and/or systemic biomarkers of glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Luis Fernández-Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| | - Miguel Coca-Prados
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.F.-V.C.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (L.Á.); (A.Á.-B.); (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Retinal Molecular Changes Are Associated with Neuroinflammation and Loss of RGCs in an Experimental Model of Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042066. [PMID: 33669765 PMCID: PMC7922243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling mediated by cytokines and chemokines is involved in glaucoma-associated neuroinflammation and in the damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Using multiplexed immunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques in a glaucoma mouse model at different time points after ocular hypertension (OHT), we analyzed (i) the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, BDNF, VEGF, and fractalkine; and (ii) the number of Brn3a+ RGCs. In OHT eyes, there was an upregulation of (i) IFN-γ at days 3, 5, and 15; (ii) IL-4 at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and IL-10 at days 3 and 5 (coinciding with downregulation of IL1-β at days 1, 5, and 7); (iii) IL-6 at days 1, 3, and 5; (iv) fractalkine and VEGF at day 1; and (v) BDNF at days 1, 3, 7, and 15. In contralateral eyes, there were (i) an upregulation of IL-1β at days 1 and 3 and a downregulation at day 7, coinciding with the downregulation of IL4 at days 3 and 5 and the upregulation at day 7; (ii) an upregulation of IL-6 at days 1, 5, and 7 and a downregulation at 15 days; (iii) an upregulation of IL-10 at days 3 and 7; and (iv) an upregulation of IL-17 at day 15. In OHT eyes, there was a reduction in the Brn3a+ RGCs number at days 3, 5, 7, and 15. OHT changes cytokine levels in both OHT and contralateral eyes at different time points after OHT induction, confirming the immune system involvement in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
29
|
Eskandarpour M, Nunn MA, Weston-Davies W, Calder VL. Immune-Mediated Retinal Vasculitis in Posterior Uveitis and Experimental Models: The Leukotriene (LT)B4-VEGF Axis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020396. [PMID: 33671954 PMCID: PMC7919050 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular diseases have distinct, complex and multifactorial pathogeneses yet share several key pathophysiological aspects including inflammation, vascular permeability and neovascularisation. In non-infectious posterior uveitis (NIU), retinal vasculitis involves vessel leakage leading to retinal enlargement, exudation, and macular oedema. Neovascularisation is not a common feature in NIU, however, detection of the major angiogenic factor—vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)—in intraocular fluids in animal models of uveitis may be an indication for a role for this cytokine in a highly inflammatory condition. Suppression of VEGF-A by directly targeting the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor (BLT1) pathway indicates a connection between leukotrienes (LTs), which have prominent roles in initiating and propagating inflammatory responses, and VEGF-A in retinal inflammatory diseases. Further research is needed to understand how LTs interact with intraocular cytokines in retinal inflammatory diseases to guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting both inflammatory mediator pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Eskandarpour
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Miles A. Nunn
- Akari Therapeutics Plc, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (M.A.N.); (W.W.-D.)
| | | | - Virginia L. Calder
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Intravitreal Injection of Liposomes Loaded with a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival in a Mouse Model of Optic Nerve Crush. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239297. [PMID: 33291226 PMCID: PMC7730870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neuroprotective agents have been studied for the treatment of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) diseases, but issues concerning the side effects of systemically administered drugs and the short retention time of intravitreally injected drugs limit their clinical applications. The current study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of intravitreally injected trichostatin A (TSA)-loaded liposomes in a mouse model of optic nerve crush (ONC) and determine whether TSA-loaded liposomes have therapeutic potential in RGC diseases. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, TSA, was incorporated into polyethylene glycolylated liposomes. C57BL/6J mice were treated with an intravitreal injection of TSA-loaded liposomes and liposomes loaded with a lipophilic fluorescent dye for tracking, immediately after ONC injury. The expression of macroglial and microglial cell markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1), RGC survival, and apoptosis were assessed. We found that the liposomes reached the inner retina. Their fluorescence was detected for up to 10 days after the intravitreal injection, with peak intensity at 3 days postinjection. Intravitreally administered TSA-loaded liposomes significantly decreased reactive gliosis and RGC apoptosis and increased RGC survival in a mouse model of ONC. Our results suggest that TSA-loaded liposomes may help in the treatment of various RGC diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vernazza S, Tirendi S, Bassi AM, Traverso CE, Saccà SC. Neuroinflammation in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3172. [PMID: 33007927 PMCID: PMC7601106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests oxidative damage and immune response defects are key factors contributing to glaucoma onset. Indeed, both the failure of the trabecular meshwork tissue in the conventional outflow pathway and the neuroinflammation process, which drives the neurodegeneration, seem to be linked to the age-related over-production of free radicals (i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction) and to oxidative stress-linked immunostimulatory signaling. Several previous studies have described a wide range of oxidative stress-related makers which are found in glaucomatous patients, including low levels of antioxidant defences, dysfunction/activation of glial cells, the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and so on. However, the intraocular pressure is still currently the only risk factor modifiable by medication or glaucoma surgery. This present review aims to summarize the multiple cellular processes, which promote different risk factors in glaucoma including aging, oxidative stress, trabecular meshwork defects, glial activation response, neurodegenerative insults, and the altered regulation of immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Carlo Enrico Traverso
- Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS-Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen J, Wang L, Wang T, Li C, Han W, Chai Y, Liu Z, Ou L, Li W. Functionalized Carbon Nanotube-Embedded Poly(vinyl alcohol) Microspheres for Efficient Removal of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4722-4730. [PMID: 33455171 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α has an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid and septic arthritis. Removal of excess tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a promising treatment. In this study, a series of functionalized carbon nanotube-embedded poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite adsorbents were prepared for TNF-α removal for the first time. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, which demonstrated that carbon nanotubes were well-dispersed on the surface of PVA macroporous microspheres. Adsorption tests showed that the carboxylated carbon nanotube-embedded composite microspheres (PVA/MWCNTs-COOH) possessed much better adsorption capacity for TNF-α in both simulated serum solution and rat plasma compared to the aminated (PVA/MWCNTs-NH2) and raw carbon nanotube-embedded microspheres (PVA/MWCNTs-raw). In addition, the effects on hemolytic activity, the anticoagulant property, and the components of blood were negligible, indicating the excellent blood compatibility of composite beads. Our findings suggest that the carboxylated carbon nanotube-embedded composite microspheres may be potentially useful for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by removing TNF-α from the blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P. R. China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Chunran Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yamin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lailiang Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhong Li
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P. R. China.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tang J, Tang Y, Yi I, Chen DF. The role of commensal microflora-induced T cell responses in glaucoma neurodegeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:79-97. [PMID: 32958216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, new evidence has become increasingly more compelling that commensal microflora profoundly influences the maturation and function of resident immune cells in host physiology. The concept of gut-retina axis is actively being explored. Studies have revealed a critical role of commensal microbes linked with neuronal stress, immune responses, and neurodegeneration in the retina. Microbial dysbiosis changes the blood-retina barrier permeability and modulates T cell-mediated autoimmunity to contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal diseases, such as glaucoma. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are evolutionarily conserved, are thought to function both as neuroprotectant and pathogenic antigens of T cells contributing to cell protection and tissue damage, respectively. Activated microglia recruit and interact with T cells during this process. Glaucoma, characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. With nearly 70 million people suffering glaucoma worldwide, which doubles the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease, it represents the most frequent neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, understanding the mechanism of neurodegeneration in glaucoma and its association with the function of commensal microflora may help unveil the secrets of many neurodegenerative disorders in the CNS and develop novel therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China; Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yizhen Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Irvin Yi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Neuroprotective Strategies for Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration: Current Status and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072262. [PMID: 32218163 PMCID: PMC7177277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output cells of the retina into the brain. In mammals, these cells are not able to regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, leaving the patients with optic neuropathies with permanent visual loss. An effective RGCs-directed therapy could provide a beneficial effect to prevent the progression of the disease. Axonal injury leads to the functional loss of RGCs and subsequently induces neuronal death, and axonal regeneration would be essential to restore the neuronal connectivity, and to reestablish the function of the visual system. The manipulation of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors has been proposed in order to stimulate axonal regeneration and functional repairing of axonal connections in the visual pathway. However, there is a missing point in the process since, until now, there is no therapeutic strategy directed to promote axonal regeneration of RGCs as a therapeutic approach for optic neuropathies.
Collapse
|
36
|
Nor Arfuzir NN, Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Ismail NM. Magnesium acetyltaurate protects against endothelin-1 induced RGC loss by reducing neuroinflammation in Sprague dawley rats. Exp Eye Res 2020; 194:107996. [PMID: 32156652 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of ocular conditions like glaucoma. Glaucoma is characterized by apoptotic loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and loss of visual fields and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. In glaucomatous eyes, retinal ischemia causes release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and promotes activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) and c-Jun. Magnesium acetyltaurate (MgAT) has previously been shown to protect against ET-1 induced retinal and optic nerve damage. Current study investigated the mechanisms underlying these effects of MgAT, which so far remain unknown. Sprague dawley rats were intravitreally injected with ET-1 with or without pretreatment with MgAT. Seven days post-injection, retinal expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NFKB and c-Jun protein and genes was determined using multiplex assay, Western blot and PCR. Animals were subjected to retrograde labeling of RGCs to determine the extent of RGC survival. RGC survival was also examined using Brn3A staining. Furthermore, visual functions of rats were determined using Morris water maze. It was observed that pre-treatment with MgAT protects against ET-1 induced increase in the retinal expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α proteins and genes. It also protected against ET-1 induced activation of NFKB and c-Jun. These effects of MgAT were associated with greater RGC survival and preservation of visual functions in rats. In conclusion, MgAT prevents ET-1 induced RGC loss and loss of visual functions by suppressing neuroinflammatory reaction in rat retinas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Najwa Nor Arfuzir
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia; Volgograd State Medical University, Research Centre for Innovative Medicines, Volgograd, Russian Federation; Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pang IH, Clark AF. Inducible rodent models of glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 75:100799. [PMID: 31557521 PMCID: PMC7085984 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide. In order to further understand the molecular pathobiology of this disease and to develop better therapies, clinically relevant animal models are necessary. In recent years, both the rat and mouse have become popular models in glaucoma research. Key reasons are: many important biological similarities shared among rodent eyes and the human eye; development of improved methods to induce glaucoma and to evaluate glaucomatous damage; availability of genetic tools in the mouse; as well as the relatively low cost of rodent studies. Commonly studied rat and mouse glaucoma models include intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent and pressure-independent models. The pressure-dependent models address the most important risk factor of elevated IOP, whereas the pressure-independent models assess "normal tension" glaucoma and other "non-IOP" related factors associated with glaucomatous damage. The current article provides descriptions of these models, their characterizations, specific techniques to induce glaucoma, mechanisms of injury, advantages, and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iok-Hou Pang
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Santiago AR, Madeira MH, Boia R, Aires ID, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Santos PF, Ambrósio AF. Keep an eye on adenosine: Its role in retinal inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107513. [PMID: 32109489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside ubiquitously distributed throughout the body that interacts with G protein-coupled receptors, classified in four subtypes: A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R. Among the plethora of functions of adenosine, it has been increasingly recognized as a key mediator of the immune response. Neuroinflammation is a feature of chronic neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the pathophysiology of several retinal degenerative diseases. Animal models of retinal diseases are helping to elucidate the regulatory roles of adenosine receptors in the development and progression of those diseases. Mounting evidence demonstrates that the adenosinergic system is altered in the retina during pathological conditions, compromising retinal physiology. This review focuses on the roles played by adenosine and the elements of the adenosinergic system (receptors, enzymes, transporters) in the neuroinflammatory processes occurring in the retina. An improved understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the signalling pathways mediated by adenosine underlying the onset and progression of retinal diseases will pave the way towards the identification of new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria H Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Dinis Aires
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Fernando Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Glaucoma: A Degenerative Optic Neuropathy Related to Neuroinflammation? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030535. [PMID: 32106630 PMCID: PMC7140467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and remains a major public health problem. To date, incomplete knowledge of this disease’s pathophysiology has resulted in current therapies (pharmaceutical or surgical) unfortunately having only a slowing effect on disease progression. Recent research suggests that glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a disease that shares common neuroinflammatory mechanisms with “classical” neurodegenerative pathologies. In addition to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neuroinflammation appears to be a key element in the progression and spread of this disease. Indeed, early reactivity of glial cells has been observed in the retina, but also in the central visual pathways of glaucoma patients and in preclinical models of ocular hypertension. Moreover, neuronal lesions are not limited to retinal structure, but also occur in central visual pathways. This review summarizes and puts into perspective the experimental and clinical data obtained to date to highlight the need to develop neuroprotective and immunomodulatory therapies to prevent blindness in glaucoma patients.
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang S, Kametani M, Chen DF. Adaptive Immunity: New Aspects of Pathogenesis Underlying Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma and Optic Neuropathy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:65. [PMID: 32117239 PMCID: PMC7031201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a globally unmet medical challenge and the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, which permanently damages the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible blindness. Present therapies target solely at lowering intraocular ocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor of the disease; however, elevated IOP is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause glaucoma. Glaucomatous RGC and nerve fiber loss also occur in individuals with normal IOP. Recent studies have provided evidence indicating a link between elevated IOP and T cell-mediated autoimmune responses, particularly that are specific to heat shock proteins (HSPs), underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Reactive glial responses and low-grade inflammation may initially represent an adaptive reaction of the retina to primary stress stimuli; whereas, sustained and excessive glial reactions lead to expanded immune responses, including adaptive immunity, that contribute to progressive neural damage in glaucoma. Emerging data suggest a similar mechanism in play in causing neurodegeneration of other forms of optic neuropathy, such as that resulted from acute ischemia and traumatic injuries. These studies may lead to the paradigm shift and offer a new basis for the development of novel mechanism-based diagnosis, therapy, and preventive interventions for glaucoma. As HSPs are induced under various conditions of neural stress and damage in the brain and spinal cord, these findings may have broader implications for our elucidating of the etiology of other neurodegenerative disorders in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Jiang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marie Kametani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Peng C, Wu Y, Ding X, Chen D, Zeng C, Xu L, Guo W. Characteristic Cytokine Profiles of Aqueous Humor in Glaucoma Secondary to Sturge-Weber Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:4. [PMID: 32117217 PMCID: PMC7008723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) are susceptible to ocular complications, and among them, glaucoma is one of the most frequent forms. In current study, we utilized multiplex human cytokine antibody array to simultaneously measure the concentration of 40 cytokines in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with SWS-induced glaucoma (SG), or from patients with senile cataract as controls. Compared with the control group, levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1d, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), IL-5, IL-7, interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), and B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) in AH were significantly higher in SG group. Samples from SG patients displayed significantly lower levels of MIP-1b, IL-6, MIP-1a, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 than controls. Further analysis showed that IL-7, MIP-1a, TNF-a were positively correlated with intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with early-onset SG. Moreover, IL-12p40 was negatively correlated with age in patients with SG. These cytokines may make contributions to the immunopathogenesis or progression of glaucoma in patients with SWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuming Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjuan Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee EJ, Han JC, Park DY, Kee C. A neuroglia-based interpretation of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim thinning in the optic nerve head. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 77:100840. [PMID: 31982595 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroretinal rim thinning (NRR) is a characteristic glaucomatous optic disc change. However, the precise mechanism of the rim thinning has not been completely elucidated. This review focuses on the structural role of the glioarchitecture in the formation of the glaucomatous NRR thinning. The NRR is a glia-framed structure, with honeycomb geometry and mechanically reinforced astrocyte processes along the transverse plane. When neural damage selectively involves the neuron and spares the glia, the gross structure of the tissue is preserved. The disorganization and loss of the glioarchitecture are the two hallmarks of optic nerve head (ONH) remodeling in glaucoma that leads to the thinning of NRR tissue upon axonal loss. This is in contrast to most non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies with optic disc pallor where hypertrophy of the glioarchitecture is associated with the seemingly absent optic disc cupping. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is an exception where pan-necrosis of ONH tissue leads to NRR thinning. Milder ischemia indicates selective neuronal loss that spares glia in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The biological reason is the heterogeneous glial response determined by the site, type, and severity of the injury. The neuroglial interpretation explains how the cellular changes underlie the clinical findings. Updated understandings on glial responses illustrate the mechanical, microenvironmental, and microglial modulation of activated astrocytes in glaucoma. Findings relevant to the possible mechanism of the astrocyte death in advanced glaucoma are also emerging. Ultimately, a better understanding of glaucomatous glial response may lead to glia-targeting neuroprotection in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Jong Chul Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Do Young Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Changwon Kee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sborgia G, Niro A, Coassin M, Sborgia L, D'Oria F, Pastore V, Albano V, Tritto T, Sborgia A, Boscia F, Alessio G. Inverted internal limiting membrane-flap technique to treat a full-thickness macular hole complicating idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2. Eur J Ophthalmol 2019; 31:NP81-NP85. [PMID: 31690102 DOI: 10.1177/1120672119886177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Full-thickness macular hole is a complication of idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2 with a low surgical closure rate and a poor functional recovery. We analyze morphologic and functional outcomes after an inverted internal limiting membrane-flap technique for full-thickness macular hole complicating idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2 using optical coherence tomography and microperimetry. CASE REPORT A 77-year-old man presented us complaining visual impairment in the left eye (20/40) due to a full-thickness macular hole complicating idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2. The patient underwent vitrectomy with an inverted internal limiting membrane-flap technique and injection of 22% SF6 gas. Optical coherence tomography and functional analysis, including visual acuity test and microperimetry, were performed before surgery and over 3 months. Optical coherence tomography scans revealed macular hole closure at 1-month follow-up. Visual acuity and retinal sensitivity improved from 20/40 to 20/20 and from 13.1 to 14.9 dB, respectively. Fixation stability (bivariate contour ellipse area) improved from 2.02 to 1.58 deg2, from 5.44 to 4.24 deg2 and from 9.72 to 7.58 deg2, at 68%, 95%, and 99% of fixation points, respectively. CONCLUSION Inverted internal limiting membrane-flap technique may be an alternative approach in patients with full-thickness macular hole complicating diopathic macular telangiectasia type 2, and microperimetry may be a useful tool to analyze related functional changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Sborgia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Niro
- Eye Clinic, Hospital "S. G. MOSCATI," ASL TA, Statte, Italy
| | - Marco Coassin
- Ophthalmology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Sborgia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Oria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Pastore
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Albano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tritto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sborgia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Eye Clinic, Hospital "S. G. MOSCATI," ASL TA, Statte, Italy
| | - Francesco Boscia
- Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Krishnan A, Kocab AJ, Zacks DN, Marshak-Rothstein A, Gregory-Ksander M. A small peptide antagonist of the Fas receptor inhibits neuroinflammation and prevents axon degeneration and retinal ganglion cell death in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:184. [PMID: 31570110 PMCID: PMC6767653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a complex, multifactorial disease where apoptosis, microglia activation, and inflammation have been linked to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axon degeneration. We demonstrated previously that FasL-Fas signaling was required for axon degeneration and death of RGCs in chronic and inducible mouse models of glaucoma and that Fas activation triggered RGC apoptosis, glial activation, and inflammation. Here, we investigated whether targeting the Fas receptor with a small peptide antagonist, ONL1204, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a microbead-induced mouse model of glaucoma. METHODS Intracameral injection of microbeads was used to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP) in Fas-deficient (Faslpr) mice and WT C57BL/6J mice that received an intravitreal injection of the Fas inhibitor, ONL1204 (2 μg/1 μl) (or vehicle only), on day 0 or day 7 after microbead injection. The IOP was monitored by rebound tonometry, and at 28 days post-microbead injection, Brn3a-stained RGCs and paraphenylenediamine (PPD)-stained axons were analyzed. The effects of ONL1204 on retinal microglia activation and the expression of inflammatory genes were analyzed by immunostaining of retinal flatmounts and quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Rebound tonometry showed equivalent elevation of IOP in all groups of microbead-injected mice. At 28 days post-microbead injection, the RGC and axon counts from microbead-injected Faslpr mice were equivalent to saline-injected (no IOP elevation) controls. Treatment with ONL1204 also significantly reduced RGC death and loss of axons in microbead-injected WT mice when compared to vehicle-treated controls, even when administered after IOP elevation. Confocal analysis of Iba1-stained retinal flatmounts and qPCR demonstrated that ONL1204 also abrogated microglia activation and inhibited the induction of multiple genes implicated in glaucoma, including cytokines and chemokines (GFAP, Caspase-8, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, MCPI, and IP10), components of the complement cascade (C3, C1Q), Toll-like receptor pathway (TLR4), and inflammasome pathway (NLRP3). CONCLUSIONS These results serve as proof-of-principal that the small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, ONL1204, can provide robust neuroprotection in an inducible mouse model of glaucoma, even when administered after IOP elevation. Moreover, Fas signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of glaucoma through activation of both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Krishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Gregory-Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kurysheva NI. [Selective α2 agonists in the treatment of glaucoma: neuroprotective properties and impact on ocular blood flow]. Vestn Oftalmol 2019; 135:113-120. [PMID: 31393455 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2019135031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist brimonidine holds an important place among the hypotensive eye drops. The second part of this review focuses on some important effects of brimonidine that characterizes it as a medication with direct neuroprotective multifactorial action, discusses its influence on ocular blood flow and highlights its capability to maintain normal autoregulation of ocular blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Ophthalmological Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, State Research Center Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency, Academy of postgraduate education under FSBU FSCC of FMBA of Russia, Department of Ophthalmology, 15 Gamalei St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 123098
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Luo H, Zhuang J, Hu P, Ye W, Chen S, Pang Y, Li N, Deng C, Zhang X. Resveratrol Delays Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss and Attenuates Gliosis-Related Inflammation From Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3879-3888. [PMID: 30073348 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Resveratrol has been shown to enhance the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury for glaucoma. However, the precise mechanisms for resveratrol's protective effects are still unclear. The aim of this study is to determine whether resveratrol can inhibit RGC apoptosis, retinal gliosis, and inflammation, all of which are critical events in retinal degeneration following I/R injury. Methods Right retinal ischemia was induced in adult male Sprague Dawley rats by increasing intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 60 minutes, and the left eyes maintained at normal pressure serve as the control. Intraperitoneal injection of resveratrol or control buffer was performed continuously for 3 days from pre- to post-I/R injury and the protective effects were evaluated and compared. RGCs were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Gold by injection into superior colliculi. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. Western blotting and immunostaining for Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were used to explore the Bax-associated apoptotic pathway. Gliosis was assessed by western blotting and immunostaining of retinal cross sections with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies. Results In this study, resveratrol treatment significantly reduced retinal damage and RGC loss as demonstrated by the relatively intact tissue structure in hematoxylin and eosin staining at day 7 and increased Fluoro-Gold labeling of RGCs at day 14, respectively. We found that resveratrol exhibited an anti-apoptotic effect as assessed by reduced TUNEL staining, inhibition of the early upregulated expression of the apoptosis-related protein Bax, and decreased subsequently cleaved caspase-3. However, it did not affect Bcl-2 levels. Moreover, in our I/R injury model, the combined response of reactive gliosis and related inflammation, which were demonstrated by an early induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and subsequently increased GFAP level, were significantly attenuated after resveratrol treatment. Conclusions These results demonstrate that resveratrol can prevent RGC death by blocking the Bax-caspase-3-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppressed gliosis-related inflammation in the retina after I/R injury. Together these results support the use of resveratrol as a possible therapeutic strategy for glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongdou Luo
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiejie Zhuang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Piaopiao Hu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yulian Pang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ningfeng Li
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tse BC, Dvoriantchikova G, Tao W, Gallo RA, Lee JY, Pappas S, Brambilla R, Ivanov D, Tse DT, Pelaez D. Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibition in the Acute Management of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2905-2912. [PMID: 30025145 PMCID: PMC5989875 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the effectiveness of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, in conferring neuroprotection to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and improving visual outcomes after optic nerve trauma with either optic nerve crush (ONC) or sonication-induced traumatic optic neuropathy (SI-TON) in mice. Methods Mouse optic nerves were unilaterally subjected to ONC (n = 20) or SI-TON (n = 20). TNF expression was evaluated by using immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) in optic nerves harvested 6 and 24 hours post ONC (n = 10) and SI-TON (n = 10). Mice in each injury group received daily subcutaneous injections of either etanercept (10 mg/kg of body weight; five mice) or vehicle (five mice) for 7 days. Pattern electroretinograms were performed on all mice at 1 and 2 weeks after injury. ONC mice were killed at 2 weeks after injury, while SI-TON mice were euthanized at 4 weeks after injury. Whole retina flat-mounts were used for RGC quantification. Results Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR showed upregulation of TNF protein and gene expression within 24 hours after injury. In both models, etanercept use immediately following optic nerve injury led to higher RGC survival when compared to controls, which was comparable between the two models (24.23% in ONC versus 20.42% in SI-TON). In both models, 1 and 2 weeks post injury, mice treated with etanercept had significantly higher a-wave amplitudes than untreated injured controls. Conclusions Treatment with etanercept significantly reduced retinal damage and improved visual function in both animal models of TON. These findings suggest that reducing TNF activity in injured optic nerves constitutes an effective therapeutic approach in an acute setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Tse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Wensi Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ryan A Gallo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - John Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Steven Pappas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Dmitry Ivanov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - David T Tse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
ten Berge JC, Fazil Z, Born LI, Wolfs RCW, Schreurs MWJ, Dik WA, Rothova A. Intraocular cytokine profile and autoimmune reactions in retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and cataract. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:185-192. [PMID: 30298670 PMCID: PMC6585720 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To analyse intraocular cytokine levels and prevalence of intraocular antiretinal antibodies (ARAs) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and cataract, and correlate the results to clinical manifestations. Methods We collected intraocular fluid samples from patients with RP (n = 25), AMD (n = 12), glaucoma (n = 28) and cataract (n = 22), and serum samples paired with the intraocular fluids from patients with RP (N = 7) and cataract (n = 10). Interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐1ra, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐6rα, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐17A, IL‐23, thymus‐ and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured using a multiplex assay. Antiretinal antibodies (ARA) detection was performed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results Increasing age was associated with increasing levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α and VEGF. All patient groups exhibited distinct profiles of intraocular cytokines. Intraocular levels of IL‐8 were highest in patients with AMD and glaucoma. Cataract patients exhibited high intraocular levels of IL‐23. Intraocular levels of IL‐2, IL‐6, MCP‐1 and PlGF in RP patients exceeded the levels of serum, indicating intraocular production. Intraocular ARAs were found in only one patient with AMD. Conclusion Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in intraocular fluid of patients with originally noninflammatory ocular diseases show that intraocular inflammation is involved in their pathogenesis of these entities. Moreover, we show that increasing age is associated with increasing levels of intraocular cytokines and conclude that future studies on intraocular mediators should be corrected for age of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zainab Fazil
- Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Roger C. W. Wolfs
- Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marco W. J. Schreurs
- Department of Immunology Laboratory Medical Immunology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Wim A. Dik
- Department of Immunology Laboratory Medical Immunology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Aires ID, Boia R, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Madeira MH, Marques C, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Blockade of microglial adenosine A 2A receptor suppresses elevated pressure-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in retinal cells. Glia 2019; 67:896-914. [PMID: 30667095 PMCID: PMC6590475 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a retinal degenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and damage of the optic nerve. Recently, we demonstrated that antagonists of adenosine A2A receptor (A2A R) control retinal inflammation and afford protection to rat retinal cells in glaucoma models. However, the precise contribution of microglia to retinal injury was not addressed, as well as the effect of A2A R blockade directly in microglia. Here we show that blocking microglial A2A R prevents microglial cell response to elevated pressure and it is sufficient to protect retinal cells from elevated pressure-induced death. The A2A R antagonist SCH 58261 or the knockdown of A2A R expression with siRNA in microglial cells prevented the increase in microglia response to elevated hydrostatic pressure. Furthermore, in retinal neural cell cultures, the A2A R antagonist decreased microglia proliferation, as well as the expression and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Microglia ablation prevented neural cell death triggered by elevated pressure. The A2A R blockade recapitulated the effects of microglia depletion, suggesting that blocking A2A R in microglia is able to control neurodegeneration in glaucoma-like conditions. Importantly, in human organotypic retinal cultures, A2A R blockade prevented the increase in reactive oxygen species and the morphological alterations in microglia triggered by elevated pressure. These findings place microglia as the main contributors for retinal cell death during elevated pressure and identify microglial A2A R as a therapeutic target to control retinal neuroinflammation and prevent neural apoptosis elicited by elevated pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Dinis Aires
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Madeira
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Marques
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ai L, Chung YC, Lin SY, Jeng KCG, Lai PFH, Xiong ZQ, Wang G. Carrageenan polysaccharides and oligosaccharides with distinct immunomodulatory activities in murine microglia BV-2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:633-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|