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Giubilini A, Savulescu J, Pugh J, Wilkinson D. Vaccine mandates for healthcare workers beyond COVID-19. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2023; 49:211-220. [PMID: 35636917 PMCID: PMC9985724 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2022-108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide ethical criteria to establish when vaccine mandates for healthcare workers are ethically justifiable. The relevant criteria are the utility of the vaccine for healthcare workers, the utility for patients (both in terms of prevention of transmission of infection and reduction in staff shortage), and the existence of less restrictive alternatives that can achieve comparable benefits. Healthcare workers have professional obligations to promote the interests of patients that entail exposure to greater risks or infringement of autonomy than ordinary members of the public. Thus, we argue that when vaccine mandates are justified on the basis of these criteria, they are not unfairly discriminatory and the level of coercion they involve is ethically acceptable-and indeed comparable to that already accepted in healthcare employment contracts. Such mandates might be justified even when general population mandates are not. Our conclusion is that, given current evidence, those ethical criteria justify mandates for influenza vaccination, but not COVID-19 vaccination, for healthcare workers. We extend our arguments to other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Giubilini
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Pugh
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic Wilkinson
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Newborn Care, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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2
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Giese H, Neth H, Gaissmaier W. Determinants of information diffusion in online communication on vaccination: The benefits of visual displays. Vaccine 2021; 39:6407-6413. [PMID: 34561137 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social media are an increasingly important source of information on the benefits and risks of vaccinations, but the high prevalence of misinformation provides challenges for informed vaccination decisions. It is therefore important to understand which messages are likely to diffuse online and why, and how relevant aspects-such as scientific facts on vaccination effectiveness-can be made more comprehensible and more likely to be shared. In two studies, we (i) explore which characteristics of messages on flu vaccination facilitate their diffusion in online communication, and (ii) whether visual displays (i.e., icon arrays) facilitate the comprehension and diffusion of scientific effectiveness information. METHODS In Study 1, 208 participants each rated a random sample of 15 out of 63 messages on comprehensibility, trustworthiness, persuasiveness, familiarity, informativeness, valence, and arousal, and then reported which information they would share with subsequent study participants. In Study 2 (N = 758), we employed the same rating procedure for a selected set of 9 messages and experimentally manipulated how scientific effectiveness information was displayed. RESULTS Study 1 illustrated that scientific effectiveness information was difficult to understand and thus did not diffuse well. Study 2 demonstrated that visual displays improved the understanding of this information, which could, in turn, increase its social impact. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensibility of scientific information is an important prerequisite for its diffusion. Visual displays can facilitate informed vaccination decisions by rendering important information on vaccination effectiveness more transparent and increasing the willingness to share this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Giese
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Hansjörg Neth
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Liu Z, Geng X, Cui Z, Li W, Ou X, Liao G. Construction and identification of influenza plasmid pool imparting high yields to candidate vaccine viruses in Vero cell at low temperature. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11198-11210. [PMID: 32902192 PMCID: PMC7576294 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated plasmid pools for the rapid preparation of candidate vaccine strains, which could grow in the Vero cells at low temperature. Firstly, we cloned in the pHW2000 plasmid each of the eight gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, hemagglutinin [HA], neuraminidase [NA], NS, NP, M) of two master donor strains (MDS), respectively, A/Yunnan/1/2005Vca(H3N2) and B/Yunnan/2/2005Vca(By), which had Vca phenotype (cold‐adapted phenotype in Vero cells). Secondly, the similar operation was implemented with each of the HA, NA and NP segments of circulating strains with epidemic potential (parental strains). The virus rescue techniques were employed in this study, according to the homology rate of HA segments between MDS and parental strains. Then, we harvested amount of new Vca virus strains. By transmission electron microscope, it could observe new viruses' diameter and length were from 100 to 120 nm. Importantly, these reassortant viruses could get high‐yield production in Vero cells at 25℃ from the beginning to the fourth generation, which was significantly differ from their original parental viruses. Additional, these production 16 new Vca strains could maintain enough antibody binding capacity and attenuation phenotype, which consisted with their MDS. So these plasmid pools constructed by mount of different influenza A and B virus gene fragments could present desired working performance and provide convenience and realization for more Vca reassortant virus as candidate vaccine strain if needing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xingliang Geng
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhaohai Cui
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Weidong Li
- The Department of Production Administration, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xia Ou
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- The Fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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4
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Hollingsworth R, El Guerche-Séblain C, Tsai T, Vasiliev Y, Lee S, Bright H, Barbosa P. Assessment of the benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination: Elements of a framework to interpret estimates of vaccine effectiveness and support robust decision-making and communication. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:164-174. [PMID: 32885610 PMCID: PMC7767949 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic reviews and meta‐analyses confirm that influenza vaccination reduces the risk of influenza illness by between about 40% and 60% in seasons when circulating influenza stains are well matched to vaccine strains. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) estimates, however, are often discordant and a source of confusion for decision makers. IVE assessments are increasingly publicized and are often used by policy makers to make decisions about the value of seasonal influenza vaccination. But there is limited guidance on how IVE should be interpreted or used to inform policy. There are several limitations to the use of IVE for decision‐making: (a) IVE studies have methodological issues that often complicate the interpretation of their value; and (b) the full impact of vaccination will almost always be greater than the impact assessed by a point estimate of IVE in specific populations or settings. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of study methodologies and the fundamental limitations of IVE estimates is important for the accuracy of interpretations and support of policy makers’ decisions. Here, we review a comprehensive set of issues that need to be considered when interpreting IVE and determining the full benefits of influenza vaccination. We propose that published IVE values should be assessed using an evaluative framework that includes influenza‐specific outcomes, types of VE study design, and confounders, among other factors. Better interpretation of IVE will improve the broader assessment of the value of influenza vaccination and ultimately optimize the public health benefits in seasonal influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuri Vasiliev
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Krasnoe Selo, Russian Federation
| | - Sam Lee
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
| | | | - Paula Barbosa
- International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Abstract
Influenza spreads globally annually with significant paediatric and adult attack rates and considerable morbidity, mortality and the exacerbation of extant chronic disease. In the northern and southern hemispheres, outbreaks occur mainly in the respective winter seasons. Influenza vaccination is available but only partially effective. In the absence of a vaccine, in winter, novel coronavirus COVID-19 will also circulate in parallel with seasonal influenza. Thus far it appears that with the current strains of these two viruses, the clinical outcome of co-infection is not significantly worse than infection with COVID-19 alone. However, several strains of influenza circulate, including strains still to come. Similarly, COVID-19 has several strains, with probably more to come. This paper discusses these issues and estimates ideal minimum influenza vaccination coverage based on an estimated influenza Basic Reproduction Number (R0) of 0.9-2.1 so as to obtain herd immunity or approach it. There is a strong argument for attempting near universal population coverage with the annual influenza vaccine leading up to next winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Grech
- Paediatric and Pathology Depts, University of Malta, Malta.
| | - Michael Borg
- Paediatric and Pathology Depts, University of Malta, Malta.
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6
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Lai E, Tan HY, Kunasekaran M, Chughtai AA, Trent M, Poulos C, MacIntyre CR. Influenza vaccine coverage and predictors of vaccination among aged care workers in Sydney Australia. Vaccine 2020; 38:1968-1974. [PMID: 31983582 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aged care facilities (ACFs) are residential communities with a concentration of vulnerable individuals with increased risk of severe influenza infection and complications such as outbreaks, hospitalisations and deaths. Aged care workers (ACW) are potential sources of influenza introduction and transmission in ACFs. Little is known about vaccine uptake among ACW. This study aimed to measure the vaccine uptake rate among Australian ACW and evaluate the demographic determinants of uptake during the influenza season of 2018. 146 ACWs were recruited from 7 facilities of a multisite aged care provider in Sydney. ACWs completed a questionnaire regarding their demographic, occupational and vaccination status. Vaccine coverage was calculated and variables were examined against their 2018 influenza vaccination status in statistical analysis. ACWs in our study were predominantly from a non-health occupational background with a large proportion of migrant workers (56%, 75/134). Vaccine coverage in 2018 was 48% (65/135). The strongest determinants of vaccine uptake were previous year vaccination history (Odds Ratio [OR] 10.49, 95% CI 3.33-33.10), workplace immunisation programs for employees (OR 7.87, 95% CI 2.47-25.10), casual work as employment status (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02-0.77), and presence of comorbidities (OR 4.04, 95% CI 1.23-13.32). ACW are a unique and understudied group who are critical to infection control in ACFs. Few ACWs have formal health training, and many are migrants who may lack access to subsidised health care and face out of pocket costs for vaccination. Vaccine coverage among ACW were below recommended levels. Provision of influenza vaccine for staff in workplaces is highly effective in raising vaccine coverage amongst ACWs. More research on the aged care sector workforce is needed in order to evaluate the determinants of vaccine uptake among Australian ACWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lai
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Hao Yi Tan
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohana Kunasekaran
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abrar Ahmad Chughtai
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mallory Trent
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Poulos
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Research and Aged Care Clinical Services, HammondCare, Australia
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; College of Public Service and Community Solutions, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
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7
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Schmidt-Ott R, Molnar D, Anastassopoulou A, Yanni E, Krumm C, Bekkat-Berkani R, Dos Santos G, Henneke P, Knuf M, Schwehm M, Eichner M. Assessing direct and indirect effects of pediatric influenza vaccination in Germany by individual-based simulations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:836-845. [PMID: 31647348 PMCID: PMC7227695 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1682843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Children have a high burden of influenza and play a central role in spreading influenza. Routinely vaccinating children against influenza may, thus, not only reduce their disease burden, but also that of the general population, including the elderly who frequently suffer severe complications. Using the published individual-based tool 4Flu, we simulated how pediatric vaccination would change infection incidence in Germany. Transmission of four influenza strains was simulated in 100,000 individuals with German demography and contact structure. After initialization with the recorded trivalent influenza vaccination coverage for 20 years (1997-2016), all vaccinations were switched to quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV). Scenarios where vaccination coverage of children (0.5-17-year-old) was increased from the current value (4.3%) to a maximum of 10-60% were compared to baseline with unchanged coverage, averaging results of 1,000 pairs of simulations over a 20-year evaluation period (2017-2036). Pediatric vaccination coverage of 10-60% annually prevented 218-1,732 (6.3-50.5%) infections in children, 204-1,961 (2.9-28.2%) in young adults and 95-868 (3.1-28.9%) in the elderly in a population of 100,000 inhabitants; overall, 34.1% of infections in the total population (3.7 million infections per year in Germany) can be prevented if 60% of all children are vaccinated annually. 4.4-4.6 vaccinations were needed to prevent one infection among children; 1.7-1.8 were needed to prevent one in the population. Enhanced pediatric vaccination prevents many infections in children and even more in young adults and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency and Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Knuf
- Helios Dr Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | - Martin Eichner
- Epimos GmbH, Dusslingen, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Routine immunizations during pregnancy, doctors' compliance and patient hesitancy: A two stage study on vaccination uptake. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 243:36-40. [PMID: 31671289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the compliance of healthcare professionals with national guidelines and the hesitancy of pregnant women to be immunized against influenza and pertussis. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a two-stage study. The first stage of our study included all women (n = 197) who gave birth in Alexandra Maternity Hospital in Athens, Greece during a 3-month period (April-June) 2018. They completed a questionnaire regarding their immunization status against influenza and pertussis. If pertinent, they detailed their reasons for not getting immunized. During the second stage of our study, we actively recommended both vaccines to the outpatients of Alexandra Maternity Hospital (n = 195) between September 2018 and January 2019. RESULTS The majority of women (92.9%) were immunized during childhood according to Greek national immunization guidelines. Almost all the women (98%) stated that they will vaccinate their children. More than half (65.5%) responded that they would have been vaccinated during pregnancy if their doctor had recommended it, but in 73.6% of cases, their doctor did not do so. Only a small proportion of women (16.2%) were immunized against influenza during pregnancy while none of them (0%) received the Tdap vaccine. In most cases (65%), study participants stated they were not immunized because their doctor did not recommend vaccination. Additionally, 9.7% of participants feared possible side effects. During the second stage of our study 94.9% out of 195 women agreed to get vaccinated against influenza and 92.8% against pertussis. CONCLUSIONS It is apparent that the compliance with the immunization guidelines during pregnancy is surprisingly low. However, health professionals appear to be reluctant to recommend vaccination during pregnancy. Women appear to trust their doctors and usually agree with their recommendations.
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9
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Kimura N, Obara K, Akibayashi N, Miyamoto T. [Association between health literacy and behavior regarding health checkups and health counseling in Japanese employees: A comprehensive health literacy survey of a Japanese railway company]. SANGYŌ EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 61:123-132. [PMID: 31155543 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.2018-039-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, health literacy is considered important for healthy ageing. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated comprehensive health literacy in Japanese employees. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine comprehensive health literacy in employees of company A, a Japanese railway company, and to determine the association between health literacy and behavior regarding health checkups and health counseling in the employees. METHODS A representative sample of company A with 541 employees was selected through random sampling. We divided the sample into 20 groups based on gender, age, night shift work, and administrative position. These groups were compared with the employee distribution of company A. The self-administered Japanese version of the 47-item European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire was distributed to the participants via mail from May 1, 2017, to May 30, 2017. This questionnaire consists of three domains, each with its own index: health care health literacy (health care health literacy index [HC-HL]), disease prevention health literacy (disease prevention health literacy index [DP-HL]), and health promotion health literacy (health promotion health literacy index [HP-HL]). Additionally, general health literacy (general health literacy index [GEN-HL]) was also assessed. Statistical analyses were performed to identify the association between health literacy and behavior regarding health checkups and health counseling in the employees in company A. Furthermore, we compared the health literacy of the present sample with that of samples in past studies by Nakayama et al. (2015) and Goto et al. (2018). RESULTS A total of 417 questionnaires were returned. The health literacy scores were calculated based on the valid responses of 381 participants. The mean health literacy scores in company A for GEN-HL, HC-HL, DP-HL, and HP-HL were 25.1, 24.6, 27.9, and 22.8, respectively. The mean health literacy scores in the survey by Nakayama et al. for GEN-HL, HC-HL, DP-HL, and HP-HL were 25.3, 25.7, 22.7, and 25.5, respectively, and those in the survey by Goto et al. were 29.79, 29.23, 32.52, and 27.60, respectively. There was no significant difference between participant characteristics and GEN-HL scores. In contrast, there was a significant difference in the association between GEN-HL and health counseling in terms of the number of times health counseling was provided in the workplace. However, there was no significant difference between those who did not wish to receive health counseling and GEN -HL scores. CONCLUSION The health literacy in railway company A was low. The results of this study and those of past studies did not demonstrate similar trends for health literacy. Additionally, GEN-HL scores were likely to increase if the number of people who wished to receive health counseling increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Kimura
- Faculty of Dairy Science, Department of Food Science, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Kentaro Obara
- Department of Health Management, JR Sapporo Hospital, Hokkaido Railway Company
| | - Naoko Akibayashi
- Department of Health Management, JR Sapporo Hospital, Hokkaido Railway Company
| | - Takako Miyamoto
- Department of Health Management, JR Sapporo Hospital, Hokkaido Railway Company
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10
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Intranodal administration of mRNA encoding nucleoprotein provides cross-strain immunity against influenza in mice. J Transl Med 2019; 17:242. [PMID: 31345237 PMCID: PMC6659201 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current human influenza vaccines lack the adaptability to match the mutational rate of the virus and therefore require annual revisions. Because of extensive manufacturing times and the possibility that antigenic alterations occur during viral vaccine strain production, an inherent risk exists for antigenic mismatch between the new influenza vaccine and circulating viruses. Targeting more conserved antigens such as nucleoprotein (NP) could provide a more sustainable vaccination strategy by inducing long term and heterosubtypic protection against influenza. We previously demonstrated that intranodal mRNA injection can induce potent antigen-specific T-cell responses. In this study, we investigated whether intranodal administration of mRNA encoding NP can induce T-cell responses capable of protecting against a heterologous influenza virus challenge. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized in the inguinal lymph nodes with different vaccination regimens of mRNA encoding NP. Immune responses were compared with NP DNA vaccination via IFN-γ ELISPOT and in vivo cytotoxicity. For survival experiments, mice were prime-boost vaccinated with 17 µg NP mRNA and infected with 1LD50 of H1N1 influenza virus 8 weeks after boost. Weight was monitored and viral titers, cytokines and immune cell populations in the bronchoalveolar lavage, and IFN-γ responses in the spleen were analyzed. Results Our results demonstrate that NP mRNA induces superior systemic T-cell responses against NP compared to classical DNA vaccination. These responses were sustained for several weeks even at low vaccine doses. Upon challenge infection, vaccination with NP mRNA resulted in reduced lung viral titers and improved recovery from infection. Finally, we show that vaccination with NP mRNA affects the immune response in infected lungs by lowering immune cell infiltration while increasing the fraction of T cells, monocytes and MHC II+ alveolar macrophages within immune infiltrates. This change was associated with altered levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions These findings suggest that intranodal vaccination with NP mRNA induces cross-strain immunity against influenza, but also highlight a paradox of influenza immunity, whereby robust immune responses can provide protection, but can also transiently exacerbate symptoms during infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1991-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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11
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Gianchecchi E, Manenti A, Kistner O, Trombetta C, Manini I, Montomoli E. How to assess the effectiveness of nasal influenza vaccines? Role and measurement of sIgA in mucosal secretions. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:429-437. [PMID: 31225704 PMCID: PMC6692539 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgAs (sIgA) constitute the principal isotype of antibodies present in nasal and mucosal secretions. They are secreted by plasma cells adjacent to the mucosal epithelial cells, the site where infection occurs, and are the main humoral mediator of mucosal immunity. Mucosally delivered vaccines, such as live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), are able to mimic natural infection without causing disease or virus transmission and mainly elicit a local immune response. The measurement of sIgA concentrations in nasal swab/wash and saliva samples is therefore a valuable tool for evaluating their role in the effectiveness of such vaccines. Here, we describe two standardized assays (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and microneutralization) available for the quantification of sIgA and discuss the advantages and limitations of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi Research Srl, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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12
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Huhtinen E, Quinn E, Hess I, Najjar Z, Gupta L. Understanding barriers to effective management of influenza outbreaks by residential aged care facilities. Australas J Ageing 2018; 38:60-63. [PMID: 30537166 PMCID: PMC6590128 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the perceived barriers to the implementation of the Australian national guidelines on influenza outbreak management with Sydney Local Health District (SLHD) residential aged care facility (RACF) staff. METHODS All SLHD RACFs were invited to participate in a telephone interview. The questionnaire collected information about demographic characteristics and participants' level of agreement with statements regarding perceived barriers to implementing the national guidelines for influenza outbreak management. RESULTS Twenty-eight of 61 RACFs (46%) participated in the study. The three most common barriers identified were as follows: scepticism towards staff influenza vaccination (n = 13, 46%); the effort required to read the national guidelines (n = 11, 39%); and lack of infrastructure to physically separate residents during an outbreak (n = 10, 36%). CONCLUSIONS We recommend implementing and evaluating programmes which address misconceptions about influenza vaccination amongst RACF staff. Further, all RACF staff, including care staff, should receive targeted education on the role of infection control in influenza outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Huhtinen
- Sydney Local Health District, Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Quinn
- Sydney Local Health District, Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabel Hess
- Sydney Local Health District, Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zeina Najjar
- Sydney Local Health District, Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leena Gupta
- Sydney Local Health District, Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Kim YK, Song JY, Jang H, Kim TH, Koo H, Varghese L, Han E. Cost Effectiveness of Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines Compared with Trivalent Influenza Vaccines in Young Children and Older Adults in Korea. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2018; 36:1475-1490. [PMID: 30251078 PMCID: PMC6244612 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-018-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs) are currently reimbursed for subjects aged ≥ 65 years and children between 6 and 59 months of age under a national immunization program in South Korea. Quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIVs) are expected to address the potential problem of influenza B-lineage mismatch for TIVs. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to compare the cost effectiveness of QIV versus TIV in children aged 6-59 months and older adults ≥ 65 years of age in South Korea. METHODS A 1-year static population model was employed to compare the costs and outcomes of a QIV vaccination program compared with TIV in children aged 6-59 months and older adults ≥ 65 years of age in South Korea. Influenza-related parameters (probabilities, health resource use, and costs) were derived from an analysis of the National Health Insurance System claims database between 2010 and 2013 under a broad and narrow set of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes used to identify influenza. Other inputs were extracted from published literature. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (2016 South Korean Won [KRW] per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained) were estimated using a 'limited' societal perspective as per the Korean pharmacoeconomic guidelines. QALYs lost due to premature mortality were discounted at 5% annually. RESULTS For both age groups combined, under the narrow definition of influenza, QIV is expected to prevent nearly 16,000 (2923 in children and 13,011 in older adults) medically attended influenza cases, nearly 8000 (672 in children, 7048 in older adults) cases of complications, and over 230 (0 in children, 238 in older adults) deaths annually compared with TIV. The impact of using QIV versus TIV in this setting translates into savings of KRW 24 billion (KRW 0.6 billion in children, KRW 23.4 billion in older adults) in annual medical costs, and over 2100 (18 in children, 2084 in older adults) QALYs. Under the broad definition, the corresponding results are over 190,000 (50,697 in children, 140,644 in older adults) influenza cases, over 37,000 (12,623 in children, 24,526 in older adults) complications, 270 deaths (0 in children, 270 in older adults), KRW 94.22 billion (KRW 16 billion in children, KRW 78.2 billion in older adults), and over 3500 QALYs saved (316 in children, 3260 in older adults). CONCLUSION The use of QIV over TIV was estimated to not be cost effective in children 6-59 months of age, but cost saving in older adults, using the narrow definition of influenza; however, QIV use was cost saving in both age groups using the broad definition. QIV is expected to yield more benefits in older adults ≥ 65 years of age than in children aged 6-59 months due to higher influenza-related mortality and costs among the older adults. Further analyses considering the indirect effects of influenza vaccination in children are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyung Kim
- Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejo Koo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Euna Han
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 162-1 Songdo-Dong, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Corrêa RDA, Costa AN, Lundgren F, Michelin L, Figueiredo MR, Holanda M, Gomes M, Teixeira PJZ, Martins R, Silva R, Athanazio RA, da Silva RM, Pereira MC. 2018 recommendations for the management of community acquired pneumonia. J Bras Pneumol 2018; 44:405-423. [PMID: 30517341 PMCID: PMC6467584 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37562018000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the vast diversity of respiratory microbiota, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most prevalent pathogen among etiologic agents. Despite the significant decrease in the mortality rates for lower respiratory tract infections in recent decades, CAP ranks third as a cause of death in Brazil. Since the latest Guidelines on CAP from the Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT, Brazilian Thoracic Association) were published (2009), there have been major advances in the application of imaging tests, in etiologic investigation, in risk stratification at admission and prognostic score stratification, in the use of biomarkers, and in the recommendations for antibiotic therapy (and its duration) and prevention through vaccination. To review these topics, the SBPT Committee on Respiratory Infections summoned 13 members with recognized experience in CAP in Brazil who identified issues relevant to clinical practice that require updates given the publication of new epidemiological and scientific evidence. Twelve topics concerning diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive issues were developed. The topics were divided among the authors, who conducted a nonsystematic review of the literature, but giving priority to major publications in the specific areas, including original articles, review articles, and systematic reviews. All authors had the opportunity to review and comment on all questions, producing a single final document that was approved by consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Amorim Corrêa
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte (MG) Brasil
| | - Andre Nathan Costa
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - USP - São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | | | - Lessandra Michelin
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul (RS) Brasil
| | | | - Marcelo Holanda
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC - Fortaleza (CE) Brasil
| | - Mauro Gomes
- . Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Martins
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília - UnB - Brasília (DF) Brasil
| | - Rodney Silva
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR - Curitiba (PR) Brasil
| | | | | | - Mônica Corso Pereira
- . Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp - Campinas (SP) Brasil
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15
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Hansen S, Zimmerman PA, van de Mortel TF. Infectious illness prevention and control methods and their effectiveness in non-health workplaces: an integrated literature review. J Infect Prev 2018; 19:212-218. [PMID: 30159039 PMCID: PMC6109877 DOI: 10.1177/1757177418772184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious illness in the workplace places a substantial cost burden on employers due to productivity losses from employee absenteeism and presenteeism. AIM Given the clear impacts of infectious illness on workplaces, this review aimed to investigate the international literature on the effectiveness and cost-benefit of the strategies non-healthcare workplaces use to prevent and control infectious illnesses in these workplaces. METHODS MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus with Fulltext and Business Source Complete were searched concurrently using EBSCO Host 1995-2016. FINDINGS Infection prevention and control strategies to reduce workplace infectious illness and absenteeism evaluated in the literature include influenza vaccination programs, use of alcohol-based hand sanitiser and paid sick days. While the reported studies have various methodological flaws, there is good evidence of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing workplace infectious illness and absences and moderate evidence to support hand hygiene programs. DISCUSSION Some studies used more than one intervention concurrently, making it difficult to determine the relative benefit of each individual strategy. Workplace strategies to prevent and control infectious illness transmission may reduce costs and productivity losses experienced by businesses and organisations related to infectious illness absenteeism and presenteeism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hansen
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
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16
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Tai X, Smith AM, McGeer AJ, Dubé E, Holness DL, Katz K, McGillis Hall L, McNeil SA, Powis J, Coleman BL. Comparison of response rates on invitation mode of a web-based survey on influenza vaccine adverse events among healthcare workers: a pilot study. BMC Med Res Methodol 2018; 18:59. [PMID: 29925324 PMCID: PMC6011252 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-018-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Web-based surveys have become increasingly popular but response rates are low and may be prone to selection bias. How people are invited to participate may impact response rates and needs further study as previous evidence is contradictory. The purpose of this study was to determine whether response to a web-based survey of healthcare workers would be higher with a posted or an emailed invitation. We also report results of the pilot study, which aims to estimate the percentage of adults vaccinated against influenza who report recurrent systemic adverse events (the same systemic adverse event occurring successively following receipt of influenza vaccines). METHODS The pilot study was conducted in November 2016 in Toronto, Canada. Members of a registry of adults (18 years and older and predominantly healthcare workers) who volunteered to receive information regarding future studies about influenza were randomly assigned to receive either an email or postal invitation to complete a web-based survey regarding influenza vaccinations. Non-respondents received one reminder using the same mode of contact as their original invitation. RESULTS The overall response rate was higher for those sent the invitation by email (34.8%) than by post (25.8%; p < 0.001) and for older versus younger participants (ptrend < 0.001). Of those who responded, 387/401 had been vaccinated against influenza at least once since adulthood. Of those responding to the question, 70/386 (18.1%) reported a systemic adverse event after their most recent influenza vaccine including 22 (5.7%) who reported a recurring systemic event. Systemic adverse events were reported more often by males 18-49 years old than by other groups (p = 0.01). Recurrent systemic adverse events were similar by age and sex with muscle ache being the most commonly reported recurrent reaction. More respondents who reported only a local adverse event (93.1%) planned to be vaccinated again next year than those with a systemic adverse event (69.7%; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In this convenience sample of registry volunteers, response rates were generally low, but were higher for the emailed than posted invitations and for older than younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tai
- Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Alanna M. Smith
- Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Allison J. McGeer
- Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Eve Dubé
- National Public Health Institute of Quebec, Quebec City, QC Canada
- Laval University, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | - Dorothy Linn Holness
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Kevin Katz
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | - Shelly A. McNeil
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Jeff Powis
- Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Brenda L. Coleman
- Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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17
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Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL. Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 5:CD005188. [PMID: 29845606 PMCID: PMC6494593 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005188.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of interventions to increase influenza vaccination uptake in people aged 60 years and older varies by country and participant characteristics. This review updates versions published in 2010 and 2014. OBJECTIVES To assess access, provider, system, and societal interventions to increase the uptake of influenza vaccination in people aged 60 years and older in the community. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, which includes the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and ERIC for this update, as well as WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing studies to 7 December 2017. We also searched the reference lists of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-randomised trials of interventions to increase influenza vaccination in people aged 60 years or older in the community. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures as specified by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We included three new RCTs for this update (total 61 RCTs; 1,055,337 participants). Trials involved people aged 60 years and older living in the community in high-income countries. Heterogeneity limited some meta-analyses. We assessed studies as at low risk of bias for randomisation (38%), allocation concealment (11%), blinding (44%), and selective reporting (100%). Half (51%) had missing data. We assessed the evidence as low-quality. We identified three levels of intervention intensity: low (e.g. postcards), medium (e.g. personalised phone calls), and high (e.g. home visits, facilitators).Increasing community demand (12 strategies, 41 trials, 53 study arms, 767,460 participants)One successful intervention that could be meta-analysed was client reminders or recalls by letter plus leaflet or postcard compared to reminder (odds ratio (OR) 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 1.15; 3 studies; 64,200 participants). Successful interventions tested by single studies were patient outreach by retired teachers (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.79 to 6.22); invitations by clinic receptionists (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.55 to 4.76); nurses or pharmacists educating and nurses vaccinating patients (OR 152.95, 95% CI 9.39 to 2490.67); medical students counselling patients (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.35); and multiple recall questionnaires (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.24).Some interventions could not be meta-analysed due to significant heterogeneity: 17 studies tested simple reminders (11 with 95% CI entirely above unity); 16 tested personalised reminders (12 with 95% CI entirely above unity); two investigated customised compared to form letters (both 95% CI above unity); and four studies examined the impact of health risk appraisals (all had 95% CI above unity). One study of a lottery for free groceries was not effective.Enhancing vaccination access (6 strategies, 8 trials, 10 arms, 9353 participants)We meta-analysed results from two studies of home visits (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.61) and two studies that tested free vaccine compared to patient payment for vaccine (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.98 to 2.82). We were unable to conduct meta-analyses of two studies of home visits by nurses plus a physician care plan (both with 95% CI above unity) and two studies of free vaccine compared to no intervention (both with 95% CI above unity). One study of group visits (OR 27.2, 95% CI 1.60 to 463.3) was effective, and one study of home visits compared to safety interventions was not.Provider- or system-based interventions (11 strategies, 15 trials, 17 arms, 278,524 participants)One successful intervention that could be meta-analysed focused on payments to physicians (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.77 to 2.77). Successful interventions tested by individual studies were: reminding physicians to vaccinate all patients (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.53 to 3.99); posters in clinics presenting vaccination rates and encouraging competition between doctors (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.86 to 2.22); and chart reviews and benchmarking to the rates achieved by the top 10% of physicians (OR 3.43, 95% CI 2.37 to 4.97).We were unable to meta-analyse four studies that looked at physician reminders (three studies with 95% CI above unity) and three studies of facilitator encouragement of vaccination (two studies with 95% CI above unity). Interventions that were not effective were: comparing letters on discharge from hospital to letters to general practitioners; posters plus postcards versus posters alone; educational reminders, academic detailing, and peer comparisons compared to mailed educational materials; educational outreach plus feedback to teams versus written feedback; and an intervention to increase staff vaccination rates.Interventions at the societal levelNo studies reported on societal-level interventions.Study funding sourcesStudies were funded by government health organisations (n = 33), foundations (n = 9), organisations that provided healthcare services in the studies (n = 3), and a pharmaceutical company offering free vaccines (n = 1). Fifteen studies did not report study funding sources. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We identified interventions that demonstrated significant positive effects of low (postcards), medium (personalised phone calls), and high (home visits, facilitators) intensity that increase community demand for vaccination, enhance access, and improve provider/system response. The overall GRADE assessment of the evidence was moderate quality. Conclusions are unchanged from the 2014 review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Thomas
- University of CalgaryDepartment of Family Medicine, Faculty of MedicineHealth Sciences Centre3330 Hospital Drive NWCalgaryABCanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartment of Community Health Sciences3rd Floor TRW3280 Hospital Drive NWCalgaryABCanadaT2N 4Z6
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Meşe S, Uyanik A, Özakay A, Öztürk S, Badur S. Influenza surveillance in Western Turkey in the era of quadrivalent vaccines: A 2003-2016 retrospective analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1899-1908. [PMID: 29543569 PMCID: PMC6149844 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1452577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza is predominantly caused by influenza A virus (IAV) - A/H1N1 and/or A/H3N2 - and influenza B virus (IBV) - B/Victoria and/or B/Yamagata, which co-circulate each season. Influenza surveillance provides important information on seasonal disease burden and circulation, and vaccine content for the following season. To study the circulating influenza subtypes/lineages in western Turkey. Community-based sentinel surveillance results during 2003-2016 (weeks 40-20 each season; but week 21, 2009 through week 20, 2010 during the pandemic) were analyzed. Nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with influenza-like illness were tested for influenza virus and characterized as A/H1N1, A/H3N2, or IBV. A subset of IBV samples was further characterized as B/Victoria or B/Yamagata. Among 14,429 specimens (9,766 collected during interpandemic influenza seasons; 4,663 during the 2009-2010 pandemic), 3,927 (27.2%) were positive. Excluding the pandemic year (2009-2010), 645 (27.4%) samples were characterized as A/H1N1 or A/H1N1/pdm09, 958 (40.7%) as A/H3N2, and 752 (31.9%) as IBV, but the dominant subtype/lineage varied widely each season. During the pandemic year (2009-2010), 98.3% of cases were A/H1N1/pdm09. IBV accounted for 0-60.2% of positive samples each season. The IBV lineages in circulation matched the vaccine IBV lineage >50% in six seasons and <50% in four seasons; with an overall mismatch of 49.7%. IBV cases tended to peak later than IAV cases within seasons. These results have important implications for vaccine composition and optimal vaccination timing. Quadrivalent vaccines containing both IBV lineages can reduce B-lineage mismatch, thus reducing the burden of IBV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Meşe
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Uyanik
- National Influenza Reference Laboratory, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Champredon D, Laskowski M, Charland N, Moghadas SM. Assessing the benefits of early pandemic influenza vaccine availability: a case study for Ontario, Canada. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6492. [PMID: 29691450 PMCID: PMC5915538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
New vaccine production technologies can significantly shorten the timelines for availability of a strain-specific vaccine in the event of an influenza pandemic. We sought to evaluate the potential benefits of early vaccination in reducing the clinical attack rate (CAR), taking into account the timing and speed of vaccination roll-out. Various scenarios corresponding to the transmissibility of a pandemic strain and vaccine prioritization strategies were simulated using an agent-based model of disease spread in Ontario, the largest Canadian province. We found that the relative reduction of the CAR reached 60% (90%CI: 44-100%) in a best-case scenario, in which the pandemic strain was moderately transmissible, vaccination started 4 weeks before the first imported case, the vaccine administration rate was 4 times higher than its average for seasonal influenza, and the vaccine efficacy was up to 90%. But the relative reductions in the CAR decreased significantly when the vaccination campaign was delayed or the administration rate reduced. In urban settings with similar characteristics to our population study, early availability and high rates of vaccine administration has the potential to substantially reduce the number of influenza cases. Low rates of vaccine administration or uptake can potentially offset the benefits of early vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Champredon
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Marek Laskowski
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathalie Charland
- Medicago Inc., 1020 Route de l'Eglise, Quebec, G1V 3V9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Seyed M Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada
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Dos Santos G, Tahrat H, Bekkat-Berkani R. Immunogenicity, safety, and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018. [PMID: 29517396 PMCID: PMC6149986 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1446719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is associated with an increased risk of complications, especially in diabetic mellitus patients who are more susceptible to influenza infection. Despite recommendations of the WHO and public health authorities, vaccination uptake in this population remains suboptimal. This systematic review identified 15 studies published between January 2000-March 2017 in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, which provided data on immunogenicity, safety, effectiveness, and/or cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in diabetic patients. Immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccination in diabetic patients was generally comparable to that of healthy participants. One month after vaccination of diabetic patients, seroconversion rates and seroprotection ranged from 24.0-58.0% and 29.0-99.0%, respectively. Seasonal influenza vaccination reduced the risk of hospitalization and mortality in diabetic patients, particularly those aged ≥65 years. These review results demonstrate and reinforce the need and value of annual influenza vaccination in diabetic patients, particularly in alleviating severe complications such as hospitalization or death.
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Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 2:CD004879. [PMID: 29388195 PMCID: PMC6491174 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004879.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of influenza in children and adults are mainly absenteeism from school and work. However, the risk of complications is greatest in children and people over 65 years of age. This is an update of a review published in 2011. Future updates of this review will be made only when new trials or vaccines become available. Observational data included in previous versions of the review have been retained for historical reasons but have not been updated because of their lack of influence on the review conclusions. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (efficacy, effectiveness, and harm) of vaccines against influenza in healthy children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2016, Issue 12), which includes the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1966 to 31 December 2016), Embase (1974 to 31 December 2016), WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; 1 July 2017), and ClinicalTrials.gov (1 July 2017). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing influenza vaccines with placebo or no intervention in naturally occurring influenza in healthy children under 16 years. Previous versions of this review included 19 cohort and 11 case-control studies. We are no longer updating the searches for these study designs but have retained the observational studies for historical purposes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We used GRADE to rate the certainty of evidence for the key outcomes of influenza, influenza-like illness (ILI), complications (hospitalisation, ear infection), and adverse events. Due to variation in control group risks for influenza and ILI, absolute effects are reported as the median control group risk, and numbers needed to vaccinate (NNVs) are reported accordingly. For other outcomes aggregate control group risks are used. MAIN RESULTS We included 41 clinical trials (> 200,000 children). Most of the studies were conducted in children over the age of two and compared live attenuated or inactivated vaccines with placebo or no vaccine. Studies were conducted over single influenza seasons in the USA, Western Europe, Russia, and Bangladesh between 1984 and 2013. Restricting analyses to studies at low risk of bias showed that influenza and otitis media were the only outcomes where the impact of bias was negligible. Variability in study design and reporting impeded meta-analysis of harms outcomes.Live attenuated vaccinesCompared with placebo or do nothing, live attenuated influenza vaccines probably reduce the risk of influenza infection in children aged 3 to 16 years from 18% to 4% (risk ratio (RR) 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11 to 0.41; 7718 children; moderate-certainty evidence), and they may reduce ILI by a smaller degree, from 17% to 12% (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.80; 124,606 children; low-certainty evidence). Seven children would need to be vaccinated to prevent one case of influenza, and 20 children would need to be vaccinated to prevent one child experiencing an ILI. Acute otitis media is probably similar following vaccine or placebo during seasonal influenza, but this result comes from a single study with particularly high rates of acute otitis media (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.01; moderate-certainty evidence). There was insufficient information available to determine the effect of vaccines on school absenteeism due to very low-certainty evidence from one study. Vaccinating children may lead to fewer parents taking time off work, although the CI includes no effect (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.03; low-certainty evidence). Data on the most serious consequences of influenza complications leading to hospitalisation were not available. Data from four studies measuring fever following vaccination varied considerably, from 0.16% to 15% in children who had live vaccines, while in the placebo groups the proportions ranged from 0.71% to 22% (very low-certainty evidence). Data on nausea were not reported.Inactivated vaccinesCompared with placebo or no vaccination, inactivated vaccines reduce the risk of influenza in children aged 2 to 16 years from 30% to 11% (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.48; 1628 children; high-certainty evidence), and they probably reduce ILI from 28% to 20% (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.79; 19,044 children; moderate-certainty evidence). Five children would need to be vaccinated to prevent one case of influenza, and 12 children would need to be vaccinated to avoid one case of ILI. The risk of otitis media is probably similar between vaccinated children and unvaccinated children (31% versus 27%), although the CI does not exclude a meaningful increase in otitis media following vaccination (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.40; 884 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There was insufficient information available to determine the effect of vaccines on school absenteeism due to very low-certainty evidence from one study. We identified no data on parental working time lost, hospitalisation, fever, or nausea.We found limited evidence on secondary cases, requirement for treatment of lower respiratory tract disease, and drug prescriptions. One brand of monovalent pandemic vaccine was associated with a sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by the experience of an intense emotion (cataplexy) and a sleep disorder (narcolepsy) in children. Evidence of serious harms (such as febrile fits) was sparse. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In children aged between 3 and 16 years, live influenza vaccines probably reduce influenza (moderate-certainty evidence) and may reduce ILI (low-certainty evidence) over a single influenza season. In this population inactivated vaccines also reduce influenza (high-certainty evidence) and may reduce ILI (low-certainty evidence). For both vaccine types, the absolute reduction in influenza and ILI varied considerably across the study populations, making it difficult to predict how these findings translate to different settings. We found very few randomised controlled trials in children under two years of age. Adverse event data were not well described in the available studies. Standardised approaches to the definition, ascertainment, and reporting of adverse events are needed. Identification of all global cases of potential harms is beyond the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Jefferson
- University of OxfordCentre for Evidence Based MedicineOxfordUKOX2 6GG
| | - Alessandro Rivetti
- ASL CN2 Alba BraDipartimento di Prevenzione ‐ S.Pre.S.A.LVia Vida 10AlbaPiemonteItaly12051
| | - Carlo Di Pietrantonj
- Local Health Unit Alessandria‐ ASL ALRegional Epidemiology Unit SeREMIVia Venezia 6AlessandriaAlessandriaItaly15121
| | - Vittorio Demicheli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASL ALServizio Regionale di Riferimento per l'Epidemiologia, SSEpi‐SeREMIVia Venezia 6AlessandriaPiemonteItaly15121
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Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Ferroni E, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 2:CD001269. [PMID: 29388196 PMCID: PMC6491184 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001269.pub6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of influenza in adults are mainly time off work. Vaccination of pregnant women is recommended internationally. This is an update of a review published in 2014. Future updates of this review will be made only when new trials or vaccines become available. Observational data included in previous versions of the review have been retained for historical reasons but have not been updated due to their lack of influence on the review conclusions. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (efficacy, effectiveness, and harm) of vaccines against influenza in healthy adults, including pregnant women. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 12), MEDLINE (January 1966 to 31 December 2016), Embase (1990 to 31 December 2016), the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; 1 July 2017), and ClinicalTrials.gov (1 July 2017), as well as checking the bibliographies of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing influenza vaccines with placebo or no intervention in naturally occurring influenza in healthy individuals aged 16 to 65 years. Previous versions of this review included observational comparative studies assessing serious and rare harms cohort and case-control studies. Due to the uncertain quality of observational (i.e. non-randomised) studies and their lack of influence on the review conclusions, we decided to update only randomised evidence. The searches for observational comparative studies are no longer updated. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We rated certainty of evidence for key outcomes (influenza, influenza-like illness (ILI), hospitalisation, and adverse effects) using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included 52 clinical trials of over 80,000 people assessing the safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccines. We have presented findings from 25 studies comparing inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine against placebo or do-nothing control groups as the most relevant to decision-making. The studies were conducted over single influenza seasons in North America, South America, and Europe between 1969 and 2009. We did not consider studies at high risk of bias to influence the results of our outcomes except for hospitalisation.Inactivated influenza vaccines probably reduce influenza in healthy adults from 2.3% without vaccination to 0.9% (risk ratio (RR) 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36 to 0.47; 71,221 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), and they probably reduce ILI from 21.5% to 18.1% (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.95; 25,795 participants; moderate-certainty evidence; 71 healthy adults need to be vaccinated to prevent one of them experiencing influenza, and 29 healthy adults need to be vaccinated to prevent one of them experiencing an ILI). The difference between the two number needed to vaccinate (NNV) values depends on the different incidence of ILI and confirmed influenza among the study populations. Vaccination may lead to a small reduction in the risk of hospitalisation in healthy adults, from 14.7% to 14.1%, but the CI is wide and does not rule out a large benefit (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.08; 11,924 participants; low-certainty evidence). Vaccines may lead to little or no small reduction in days off work (-0.04 days, 95% CI -0.14 days to 0.06; low-certainty evidence). Inactivated vaccines cause an increase in fever from 1.5% to 2.3%.We identified one RCT and one controlled clinical trial assessing the effects of vaccination in pregnant women. The efficacy of inactivated vaccine containing pH1N1 against influenza was 50% (95% CI 14% to 71%) in mothers (NNV 55), and 49% (95% CI 12% to 70%) in infants up to 24 weeks (NNV 56). No data were available on efficacy against seasonal influenza during pregnancy. Evidence from observational studies showed effectiveness of influenza vaccines against ILI in pregnant women to be 24% (95% CI 11% to 36%, NNV 94), and against influenza in newborns from vaccinated women to be 41% (95% CI 6% to 63%, NNV 27).Live aerosol vaccines have an overall effectiveness corresponding to an NNV of 46. The performance of one- or two-dose whole-virion 1968 to 1969 pandemic vaccines was higher (NNV 16) against ILI and (NNV 35) against influenza. There was limited impact on hospitalisations in the 1968 to 1969 pandemic (NNV 94). The administration of both seasonal and 2009 pandemic vaccines during pregnancy had no significant effect on abortion or neonatal death, but this was based on observational data sets. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Healthy adults who receive inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine rather than no vaccine probably experience less influenza, from just over 2% to just under 1% (moderate-certainty evidence). They also probably experience less ILI following vaccination, but the degree of benefit when expressed in absolute terms varied across different settings. Variation in protection against ILI may be due in part to inconsistent symptom classification. Certainty of evidence for the small reductions in hospitalisations and time off work is low. Protection against influenza and ILI in mothers and newborns was smaller than the effects seen in other populations considered in this review.Vaccines increase the risk of a number of adverse events, including a small increase in fever, but rates of nausea and vomiting are uncertain. The protective effect of vaccination in pregnant women and newborns is also very modest. We did not find any evidence of an association between influenza vaccination and serious adverse events in the comparative studies considered in this review. Fifteen included RCTs were industry funded (29%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Demicheli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASL ALServizio Regionale di Riferimento per l'Epidemiologia, SSEpi‐SeREMIVia Venezia 6AlessandriaPiemonteItaly15121
| | - Tom Jefferson
- University of OxfordCentre for Evidence Based MedicineOxfordUKOX2 6GG
| | - Eliana Ferroni
- Regional Center for Epidemiology, Veneto RegionEpidemiological System of the Veneto RegionPassaggio Gaudenzio 1PadovaItaly35131
| | - Alessandro Rivetti
- ASL CN2 Alba BraDipartimento di Prevenzione ‐ S.Pre.S.A.LVia Vida 10AlbaPiemonteItaly12051
| | - Carlo Di Pietrantonj
- Local Health Unit Alessandria‐ ASL ALRegional Epidemiology Unit SeREMIVia Venezia 6AlessandriaAlessandriaItaly15121
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Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Ferroni E, Thorning S, Thomas RE, Rivetti A. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 2:CD004876. [PMID: 29388197 PMCID: PMC6491101 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd004876.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of influenza in the elderly (those age 65 years or older) are complications, hospitalisations, and death. The primary goal of influenza vaccination in the elderly is to reduce the risk of death among people who are most vulnerable. This is an update of a review published in 2010. Future updates of this review will be made only when new trials or vaccines become available. Observational data included in previous versions of the review have been retained for historical reasons but have not been updated because of their lack of influence on the review conclusions. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (efficacy, effectiveness, and harm) of vaccines against influenza in the elderly. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2016, Issue 11), which includes the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialised Register; MEDLINE (1966 to 31 December 2016); Embase (1974 to 31 December 2016); Web of Science (1974 to 31 December 2016); CINAHL (1981 to 31 December 2016); LILACS (1982 to 31 December 2016); WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP; 1 July 2017); and ClinicalTrials.gov (1 July 2017). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs assessing efficacy against influenza (laboratory-confirmed cases) or effectiveness against influenza-like illness (ILI) or safety. We considered any influenza vaccine given independently, in any dose, preparation, or time schedule, compared with placebo or with no intervention. Previous versions of this review included 67 cohort and case-control studies. The searches for these trial designs are no longer updated. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We rated the certainty of evidence with GRADE for the key outcomes of influenza, ILI, complications (hospitalisation, pneumonia), and adverse events. We have presented aggregate control group risks to illustrate the effect in absolute terms. We used them as the basis for calculating the number needed to vaccinate to prevent one case of each event for influenza and ILI outcomes. MAIN RESULTS We identified eight RCTs (over 5000 participants), of which four assessed harms. The studies were conducted in community and residential care settings in Europe and the USA between 1965 and 2000. Risk of bias reduced our certainty in the findings for influenza and ILI, but not for other outcomes.Older adults receiving the influenza vaccine may experience less influenza over a single season compared with placebo, from 6% to 2.4% (risk ratio (RR) 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 0.66; low-certainty evidence). We rated the evidence as low certainty due to uncertainty over how influenza was diagnosed. Older adults probably experience less ILI compared with those who do not receive a vaccination over the course of a single influenza season (3.5% versus 6%; RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.73; moderate-certainty evidence). These results indicate that 30 people would need to be vaccinated to prevent one person experiencing influenza, and 42 would need to be vaccinated to prevent one person having an ILI.The study providing data for mortality and pneumonia was underpowered to detect differences in these outcomes. There were 3 deaths from 522 participants in the vaccination arm and 1 death from 177 participants in the placebo arm, providing very low-certainty evidence for the effect on mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.11 to 9.72). No cases of pneumonia occurred in one study that reported this outcome (very low-certainty evidence). No data on hospitalisations were reported. Confidence intervaIs around the effect of vaccines on fever and nausea were wide, and we do not have enough information about these harms in older people (fever: 1.6% with placebo compared with 2.5% after vaccination (RR 1.57, 0.92 to 2.71; moderate-certainty evidence)); nausea (2.4% with placebo compared with 4.2% after vaccination (RR 1.75, 95% CI 0.74 to 4.12; low-certainty evidence)). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Older adults receiving the influenza vaccine may have a lower risk of influenza (from 6% to 2.4%), and probably have a lower risk of ILI compared with those who do not receive a vaccination over the course of a single influenza season (from 6% to 3.5%). We are uncertain how big a difference these vaccines will make across different seasons. Very few deaths occurred, and no data on hospitalisation were reported. No cases of pneumonia occurred in one study that reported this outcome. We do not have enough information to assess harms relating to fever and nausea in this population.The evidence for a lower risk of influenza and ILI with vaccination is limited by biases in the design or conduct of the studies. Lack of detail regarding the methods used to confirm the diagnosis of influenza limits the applicability of this result. The available evidence relating to complications is of poor quality, insufficient, or old and provides no clear guidance for public health regarding the safety, efficacy, or effectiveness of influenza vaccines for people aged 65 years or older. Society should invest in research on a new generation of influenza vaccines for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Demicheli
- Servizio Regionale di Riferimento per l'Epidemiologia, SSEpi-SeREMI, Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASL AL, Via Venezia 6, Alessandria, Piemonte, Italy, 15121
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Shobugawa Y, Fujiwara T, Tashiro A, Saito R, Kondo K. Social participation and risk of influenza infection in older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e016876. [PMID: 29371265 PMCID: PMC5786077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Influenza infection can cause severe pneumonia, which is sometimes fatal, particularly in older adults. Influenza results in 3-5 million cases of severe illness and about 250 000 to 500 000 deaths annually worldwide. Social participation in the context of influenza infection is controversial because, although social participation is beneficial in maintaining physical function and mental health, it also increases the risk of contact with infected people. This study examined the association between social participation and influenza infection in Japanese adults aged 65 years or older. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Japanese functionally independent adults aged 65 years or older. PARTICIPANTS Among the respondents to the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) 2013 survey, which took place during the period from October to December 2013, 12 231 men and 14 091 women responded to questions on influenza vaccination and influenza infection. OUTCOME MEASURES Using JAGES data for 12 231 men and 14 091 women aged ≥65 years, we examined the association between social participation and influenza infection. The association between influenza infection and number of groups in which respondents participated was investigated among adults aged≥65 years, stratified by vaccination status and sex. RESULTS Unvaccinated women who participated in two or more social activities were 2.20 times (95% CI 1.47 to 3.29) as likely to report an influenza infection as those who reported no social participation. In contrast, vaccinated women who participated in two or more social groups had no additional risk of influenza infection as compared with female elders with no social participation. Among men, participation in social activities was not significantly associated with influenza infection, regardless of vaccination status. CONCLUSIONS Social participation was associated with a higher risk of influenza infection among unvaccinated older women, which suggests a need for further efforts to promote influenza vaccination, particularly among socially active elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Shobugawa
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Gerontology and Evaluation Study, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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Marshall H, McMillan M, Andrews RM, Macartney K, Edwards K. Vaccines in pregnancy: The dual benefit for pregnant women and infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:848-56. [PMID: 26857450 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1127485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunization has the potential to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in the pregnant woman and her infant. Many countries now recommend immunization against influenza at any stage of pregnancy and against pertussis in the third trimester. Despite evidence of the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines when administered during pregnancy, uptake generally remains low for influenza and moderate for pertussis vaccine. Enhancing confidence in both immunization providers and pregnant women by increasing the evidence-base for the safety and effectiveness of vaccines during pregnancy, improving communication and access by incorporating immunization into standard models of antenatal care are likely to improve uptake. Developing a framework for implementation of vaccines for pregnant women which is cognizant of local and national cultural, epidemiological, behavioral and societal factors will enable a smooth transition and high uptake for new vaccines currently in development for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Marshall
- a Paediatrics, Women's and Children's Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia and Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - M McMillan
- a Paediatrics, Women's and Children's Health Network , Adelaide, South Australia and Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - R M Andrews
- b Menzies School of Health Research , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - K Macartney
- c Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology , The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Centre for Immunization Research and Surveillance , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
| | - K Edwards
- d Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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Norhayati MN, Ho JJ, Azman MY. Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 10:CD010089. [PMID: 29039160 PMCID: PMC6485791 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010089.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases in children. It has been reported that 64% of infants have an episode of AOM by the age of six months and 86% by one year. Although most cases of AOM are due to bacterial infection, it is commonly triggered by a viral infection. In most children AOM is self limiting, but it does carry a risk of complications. Since antibiotic treatment increases the risk of antibiotic resistance, influenza vaccines might be an effective way of reducing this risk by preventing the development of AOM. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing the occurrence of acute otitis media in infants and children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov (15 February 2017). We also searched the reference lists of included studies to identify any additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing influenza vaccine with placebo or no treatment in infants and children aged younger than six years. We included children of either sex and of any ethnicity, with or without a history of recurrent AOM. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened studies, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. We performed statistical analyses using the random-effects and fixed-effect models and expressed the results as risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD), and number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) for dichotomous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included 11 trials (6 trials in high-income countries and 5 multicentre trials in high-, middle-, and low-income countries) involving 17,123 children aged 6 months to 6 years. Eight trials recruited participants from a healthcare setting. Ten trials (and all four trials that contributed to the primary outcome) declared funding from vaccine manufacturers. Four trials reported adequate allocation concealment, and 10 trials reported adequate blinding of participants and personnel. Attrition was low for eight trials included in the analysis.The primary outcome showed a small reduction in at least one episode of AOM over at least six months of follow-up (4 trials, 3134 children; RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.02; RD -0.04, 95% CI -0.08 to -0.00; NNTB 25, 95% CI 12.5 to 100; low-quality evidence).The subgroup analyses (i.e. number of courses and types of vaccine administered) showed no differences.There was a reduction in the use of antibiotics in vaccinated children (2 trials, 1223 children; RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.83; RD -0.11, 95% CI -0.16 to -0.06; moderate-quality evidence).We were unable to demonstrate whether there was any difference in the utilisation of health care. The use of influenza vaccine resulted in a significant increase in fever (7 trials, 10,615 children; RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.24; RD 0.02, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.04; low-quality evidence), rhinorrhoea (6 trials, 10,563 children; RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.29; RD 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.16; low-quality evidence), but no difference in pharyngitis. No major adverse events were reported.Differing from the protocol, the original publication of the review included a subgroup analysis of AOM episodes by season, and the secondary outcome 'types of influenza vaccine' was changed to a subgroup analysis. For this update, we removed the subgroup analyses for trial setting, season, and utilisation of health care due to the small number of trials involved. We removed Belshe 2000 from primary and secondary outcomes (courses of vaccine and types of vaccine) because it reported episodes of AOM per person. We did not perform a subgroup analysis by type of adverse event. We have reported each type of adverse event as a separate analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccine results in a small reduction in AOM. The observed reduction in the use of antibiotics needs to be considered in light of current recommended practices aimed at avoiding antibiotic overuse. Safety data from these trials were limited. The benefits may not justify the use of influenza vaccine without taking into account the vaccine efficacy in reducing influenza and safety data. We judged the quality of the evidence to be low to moderate. Additional research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd N Norhayati
- Universiti Sains MalaysiaDepartment of Family MedicineSchool of Medical SciencesHealth CampusKubang KerianKelantanMalaysia16150
| | - Jacqueline J Ho
- Penang Medical CollegeDepartment of Paediatrics4 Sepoy LinesPenangMalaysia10450
| | - Mohd Y Azman
- Raja Perempuan Zainab II HospitalKota BharuKelantanMalaysia15586
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Alfelali M, Khandaker G, Booy R, Rashid H. Mismatching between circulating strains and vaccine strains of influenza: Effect on Hajj pilgrims from both hemispheres. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:709-15. [PMID: 26317639 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1085144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine is expected to provide optimum protection if the vaccine strains match the circulating strains. The effect of worldwide mismatch between the vaccine strains and extant strains on travelers attending Hajj pilgrimage is not known. Annually 2-3 million Muslims coming from north and south hemispheres congregate at Hajj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, where intense congestion amplifies the risk of respiratory infection up to eight fold. In order to estimate, to what extent mismatching increases the risk of vaccine failure in Hajj pilgrims, we have examined the global data on influenza epidemiology since 2003, in light of the available data from Hajj. These data demonstrate that globally mismatching between circulating and vaccine strains has occurred frequently over the last 12 years, and the mismatch seems to have affected the Hajj pilgrims, however, influenza virus characteristics were studied only in a limited number of Hajj seasons. When the vaccines are different, dual vaccination of travelers by vaccines for southern and northern hemispheres should be considered for Hajj pilgrims whenever logistically feasible. Consideration should also be given to the use of vaccines with broader coverage, i.e., quadrivalent, or higher immunogenicity. Continuous surveillance of influenza at Hajj is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alfelali
- a National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia.,b Department of Family and Community Medicine ; Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University ; Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulam Khandaker
- a National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia.,c Centre for Perinatal Infection Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia.,d Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- a National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia.,d Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- a National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia.,d Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney ; Sydney , NSW , Australia
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Cao B, Huang Y, She DY, Cheng QJ, Fan H, Tian XL, Xu JF, Zhang J, Chen Y, Shen N, Wang H, Jiang M, Zhang XY, Shi Y, He B, He LX, Liu YN, Qu JM. Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2017; 12:1320-1360. [PMID: 28756639 PMCID: PMC7162259 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults is an infectious disease with high morbidity in China and the rest of the world. With the changing pattern in the etiological profile of CAP and advances in medical techniques in diagnosis and treatment over time, Chinese Thoracic Society of Chinese Medical Association updated its CAP guideline in 2016 to address the standard management of CAP in Chinese adults. Extensive and comprehensive literature search was made to collect the data and evidence for experts to review and evaluate the level of evidence. Corresponding recommendations are provided appropriately based on the level of evidence. This updated guideline covers comprehensive topics on CAP, including aetiology, antimicrobial resistance profile, diagnosis, empirical and targeted treatments, adjunctive and supportive therapies, as well as prophylaxis. The recommendations may help clinicians manage CAP patients more effectively and efficiently. CAP in pediatric patients and immunocompromised adults is beyond the scope of this guideline. This guideline is only applicable for the immunocompetent CAP patients aged 18 years and older. The recommendations on selection of antimicrobial agents and the dosing regimens are not mandatory. The clinicians are recommended to prescribe and adjust antimicrobial therapies primarily based on their local etiological profile and results of susceptibility testing, with reference to this guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Diseases, Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan-Yang She
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi-Jian Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin-Lun Tian
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Bei He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li-Xian He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - You-Ning Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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Wu S, Su J, Yang P, Zhang H, Li H, Chu Y, Hua W, Li C, Tang Y, Wang Q. Factors associated with the uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination in older and younger adults: a large, population-based survey in Beijing, China. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017459. [PMID: 28951412 PMCID: PMC5623477 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to estimate the influenza vaccination coverage rate in Beijing, China, and identify its determinants in older and younger adults. METHODS A survey was conducted among Chinese adults using a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire in May-June 2015. The main outcome was seasonal influenza vaccination uptake. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to identify factors associated with uptake. RESULTS A total of 7106 participants completed the questionnaire. The overall coverage rate was 20.6% (95% CI 19.7% to 21.5%) in the 2014/2015 influenza season. Lower education (older adults: OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.1; younger adults: OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.6), having a chronic illness (older adults: OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.5 to 2.4; younger adults: OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.7) and recommendations from healthcare workers (older adults: OR 5.4; 95% CI 3.9 to 7.4; younger adults: OR 4.5; 95% CI 3.7 to 5.4) were positively associated with uptake; perceived side effects of vaccination had a negative impact (older adults: OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.7; younger adults: OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.0). Perceived susceptibility to influenza (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.0) and awareness of the free influenza vaccine policy (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9) were only associated with vaccine uptake in older adults, while perceived effectiveness of vaccination (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.7 to 2.8) was only a predictor for younger adults. Older adults were more likely to receive recommendations from healthcare professionals and perceive the severity of seasonal influenza, and less likely to worry about side effects of vaccination. CONCLUSION The influenza vaccination coverage rate was relatively low in Beijing. Apart from free vaccinations for older adults, age disparity in the rate between older and younger adults (48.7% vs 16.0%) may be explained by differing professional recommendations and public perceptions. Vaccination campaigns targeting increasing professional recommendations and public perceptions should be implemented in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangsheng Wu
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianting Su
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Dongcheng District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Tongzhou District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Chu
- Xicheng District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Hua
- Haidian District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Haidian District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Tang
- Changping District Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
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30
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Jessop C, Scrutton J, Jinks A. Improving influenza vaccination uptake among frontline healthcare workers. J Infect Prev 2017; 18:248-251. [PMID: 29317902 PMCID: PMC5753938 DOI: 10.1177/1757177417693677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of healthcare workers against seasonal influenza is recommended to protect staff, their families and patients. This study reports the findings of a survey conducted to explore how to improve uptake of influenza vaccination among staff at a specialist NHS hospital Trust. Responses to the survey were received from 376 members of staff (a 38.6% response rate). Reasons reported by respondents for not being vaccinated included lack of access and beliefs about the efficacy of vaccination. The findings suggest that uptake could be improved by ensuring convenience and flexibility in vaccination provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Jessop
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust,
Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool. UK
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31
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Lansbury LE, Brown CS, Nguyen‐Van‐Tam JS. Influenza in long-term care facilities. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:356-366. [PMID: 28691237 PMCID: PMC5596516 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term care facility environments and the vulnerability of their residents provide a setting conducive to the rapid spread of influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens. Infections may be introduced by staff, visitors or new or transferred residents, and outbreaks of influenza in such settings can have devastating consequences for individuals, as well as placing extra strain on health services. As the population ages over the coming decades, increased provision of such facilities seems likely. The need for robust infection prevention and control practices will therefore remain of paramount importance if the impact of outbreaks is to be minimised. In this review, we discuss the nature of the problem of influenza in long-term care facilities, and approaches to preventive and control measures, including vaccination of residents and staff, and the use of antiviral drugs for treatment and prophylaxis, based on currently available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E. Lansbury
- Health Protection and Influenza Research GroupDivision of Epidemiology and Public HealthCity HospitalUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Caroline S. Brown
- Influenza & Other Respiratory Pathogens ProgrammeDivision of Communicable Diseases and Health SecurityWHO Regional Office for EuropeUN CityCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jonathan S. Nguyen‐Van‐Tam
- Health Protection and Influenza Research GroupDivision of Epidemiology and Public HealthCity HospitalUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Popkin DL, Zilka S, Dimaano M, Fujioka H, Rackley C, Salata R, Griffith A, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA, Esper F. Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) Exhibits Potent, Rapid Activity Against Influenza Viruses in vitro and in vivo. Pathog Immun 2017; 2:252-269. [PMID: 28936484 PMCID: PMC5605151 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v2i2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a continued need for strategies to prevent influenza. While cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has an extensive antimicrobial spectrum, its ability to affect respiratory viruses has not been studied in detail. Objectives: Here, we evaluate the ability of CPC to disrupt influenza viruses in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The virucidal activity of CPC was evaluated against susceptible and oseltamivir- resistant strains of influenza viruses. The effective virucidal concentration (EC) of CPC was determined using a hemagglutination assay and tissue culture infective dose assay. The effect of CPC on viral envelope morphology and ultrastructure was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ability of influenza virus to develop resistance was evaluated after multiple passaging in sub-inhibitory concentrations of CPC. Finally, the efficacy of CPC in formulation to prevent and treat influenza infection was evaluated using the PR8 murine influenza model. Results: The virucidal effect of CPC occurred within 10 minutes, with mean EC50 and EC2log ranging between 5 to 20 μg/mL, for most strains of influenza tested regardless of type and resistance to oseltamivir. Examinations using TEM showed that CPC disrupted the integrity of the viral envelope and its morphology. Influenza viruses demonstrated no resistance to CPC despite prolonged exposure. Treated mice exhibited significantly increased survival and maintained body weight compared to untreated mice. Conclusions: The antimicrobial agent CPC possesses virucidal activity against susceptible and resistant strains of influenza virus by targeting and disrupting the viral envelope. Substantial virucidal activity is seen even at very low concentrations of CPC without development of resistance. Moreover, CPC in formulation reduces influenza-associated mortality and morbidity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Popkin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sarah Zilka
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew Dimaano
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
| | - Cristina Rackley
- Hathaway Brown Science Research and Engineering Program, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert Salata
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alexis Griffith
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pranab K Mukherjee
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mahmoud A Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Frank Esper
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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A boosting skin vaccination with dissolving microneedle patch encapsulating M2e vaccine broadens the protective efficacy of conventional influenza vaccines. J Control Release 2017. [PMID: 28642154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradable microneedle patch (MNP) is a novel technology for vaccine delivery that could improve the immunogenicity of vaccines. To broaden the protective efficiency of conventional influenza vaccines, a new 4M2e-tFliC fusion protein construct containing M2e sequences from different subtypes was generated. Purified fusion protein was encapsulate into MNPs with a biocompatible polymer for use as a boosting vaccine. The results demonstrated that mice receiving a conventional inactivated vaccine followed by a skin-applied dissolving 4M2e-tFliC MNP boost could better maintain the humoral antibody response than that by the conventional vaccine-prime alone. Compared with an intramuscular injection boost, mice receiving the MNP boost showed significantly enhanced cellular immune responses, hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers, and neutralization titers. Increased frequency of antigen-specific plasma cells and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells was detected in the MNP boosted group as well, indicating that skin vaccination with 4M2e-tFliC facilitated a long-term antibody-mediated immunity. The 4M2e-tFliC MNP-boosted group also possessed enhanced protection against high lethal dose challenges against homologous A/PR/8/34 and A/Aichi/2/68 viruses and protection for a majority of immunized mice against a heterologous A/California/07/2009 H1N1 virus. High levels of M2e specific immune responses were observed in the 4M2e-tFliC MNP-boosted group as well. These results demonstrate that a skin-applied 4M2e-tFliC MNP boosting immunization to seasonal vaccine recipients may be a rapid approach for increasing the protective efficacy of seasonal vaccines in response to a significant drift seen in circulating viruses. The results also provide a new perspective for future exploration of universal influenza vaccines.
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van Doorn E, Darvishian M, Dijkstra F, Donker GA, Overduin P, Meijer A, Hak E. Influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates in the Dutch population from 2003 to 2014: The test-negative design case-control study with different control groups. Vaccine 2017; 35:2831-2839. [PMID: 28412077 PMCID: PMC7126814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information about influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) is important for vaccine strain selection and immunization policy decisions. The test-negative design (TND) case-control study is commonly used to obtain IVE estimates. However, the definition of the control patients may influence IVE estimates. We have conducted a TND study using the Dutch Sentinel Practices of NIVEL Primary Care Database which includes data from patients who consulted the General Practitioner (GP) for an episode of acute influenza-like illness (ILI) or acute respiratory infection (ARI) with known influenza vaccination status. Cases were patients tested positive for influenza virus. Controls were grouped into those who tested (1) negative for influenza virus (all influenza negative), (2) negative for influenza virus, but positive for respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus or enterovirus (non-influenza virus positive), and (3) negative for these four viruses (pan-negative). We estimated the IVE over all epidemic seasons from 2003/2004 through 2013/2014, pooled IVE for influenza vaccine partial/full matched and mismatched seasons and the individual seasons using generalized linear mixed-effect and multiple logistic regression models. The overall IVE adjusted for age, GP ILI/ARI diagnosis, chronic disease and respiratory allergy was 35% (95% CI: 15-48), 64% (95% CI: 49-75) and 21% (95% CI: -1 to 39) for all influenza negative, non-influenza virus positive and pan-negative controls, respectively. In both the main and subgroup analyses IVE estimates were the highest using non-influenza virus positive controls, likely due to limiting inclusion of controls without laboratory-confirmation of a virus causing the respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva van Doorn
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics (PTE(2)), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maryam Darvishian
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics (PTE(2)), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederika Dijkstra
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gé A Donker
- Sentinel Practices, NIVEL Primary Care Database, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Overduin
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Meijer
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eelko Hak
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics (PTE(2)), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Saunders-Hastings P, Crispo JAG, Sikora L, Krewski D. Effectiveness of personal protective measures in reducing pandemic influenza transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemics 2017; 20:1-20. [PMID: 28487207 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review was to examine the effectiveness of personal protective measures in preventing pandemic influenza transmission in human populations. We collected primary studies from Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and grey literature. Where appropriate, random effects meta-analyses were conducted using inverse variance statistical calculations. Meta-analyses suggest that regular hand hygiene provided a significant protective effect (OR=0.62; 95% CI 0.52-0.73; I2=0%), and facemask use provided a non-significant protective effect (OR=0.53; 95% CI 0.16-1.71; I2=48%) against 2009 pandemic influenza infection. These interventions may therefore be effective at limiting transmission during future pandemics. PROSPERO Registration: 42016039896.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Saunders-Hastings
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada.
| | - James A G Crispo
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada; University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lindsey Sikora
- University of Ottawa, Health Sciences Library,451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada
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Hussain M, Galvin HD, Haw TY, Nutsford AN, Husain M. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect Drug Resist 2017; 10:121-134. [PMID: 28458567 PMCID: PMC5404498 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the sole cause of the unpredictable influenza pandemics and deadly zoonotic outbreaks and constitutes at least half of the cause of regular annual influenza epidemics in humans. Two classes of anti-IAV drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) targeting the viral components M2 ion channel and NA, respectively, have been approved to treat IAV infections. However, IAV rapidly acquired resistance against both classes of drugs by mutating these viral components. The adamantane-resistant IAV has established itself in nature, and a majority of the IAV subtypes, especially the most common H1N1 and H3N2, circulating globally are resistant to adamantanes. Consequently, adamantanes have become practically obsolete as anti-IAV drugs. Similarly, up to 100% of the globally circulating IAV H1N1 subtypes were resistant to oseltamivir, the most commonly used NAI, until 2009. However, the 2009 pandemic IAV H1N1 subtype, which was sensitive to NAIs and has now become one of the dominant seasonal influenza virus strains, has replaced the pre-2009 oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 variants. This review traces the epidemiology of both adamantane- and NAI-resistant IAV subtypes since the approval of these drugs and highlights the susceptibility status of currently circulating IAV subtypes to NAIs. Further, it provides an overview of currently and soon to be available control measures to manage current and emerging drug-resistant IAV. Finally, this review outlines the research directions that should be undertaken to manage the circulation of IAV in intermediate hosts and develop effective and alternative anti-IAV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Henry D Galvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tatt Y Haw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ashley N Nutsford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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37
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Sambala EZ, Manderson L. Policy perspectives on post pandemic influenza vaccination in Ghana and Malawi. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:227. [PMID: 28245803 PMCID: PMC5331702 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the late 1990s, in the context of renewed concerns of an influenza pandemic, countries such as Ghana and Malawi established plans for the deployment of vaccines and vaccination strategies. A new pandemic was declared in mid-June 2009, and by April 2011, Ghana and Malawi vaccinated 10% of the population. We examine the public health policy perspectives on vaccination as a means to prevent the spread of infection under post pandemic conditions. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with 46 policymakers (Ghana, n = 24; Malawi, n = 22), identified through snowballing sampling. Interviews were supplemented by field notes and the analysis of policy documents. RESULTS The use of vaccination to interrupt the pandemic influenza was affected by delays in the procurement, delivery and administration of vaccines, suboptimal vaccination coverage, refusals to be vaccinated, and the politics behind vaccination strategies. More generally, rolling-out of vaccination after the transmission of the influenza virus had abated was influenced by policymakers' own financial incentives, and government and foreign policy conditionality on vaccination. This led to confusion about targeting and coverage, with many policymakers justifying that the vaccination of 10% of the population would establish herd immunity and so reduce future risk. Ghana succeeded in vaccinating 2.3 million of the select groups (100% coverage), while Malawi, despite recourse to force, succeeded only in vaccinating 1.15 million (74% coverage of select groups). For most policymakers, vaccination coverage was perceived as successful, despite that vaccination delays and coverage would not have prevented infection when influenza was at its peak. CONCLUSIONS While the vaccination strategy was problematic and implemented too late to reduce the effects of the 2009 epidemic, policy makers supported the overall goal of pandemic influenza vaccination to interrupt infection. In this context, there was strong support for governments engaging in contracts with pharmaceutical companies to ensure the timely supply of vaccines, and developing well-defined guidelines to address vaccination delays, refusals and coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanson Z. Sambala
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrew’s Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193 South Africa
| | - Lenore Manderson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrew’s Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193 South Africa
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical research affecting how doctors practice medicine is increasingly sponsored by companies that make drugs and medical devices. Previous systematic reviews have found that pharmaceutical-industry sponsored studies are more often favorable to the sponsor's product compared with studies with other sources of sponsorship. A similar association between sponsorship and outcomes have been found for device studies, but the body of evidence is not as strong as for sponsorship of drug studies. This review is an update of a previous Cochrane review and includes empirical studies on the association between sponsorship and research outcome. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether industry sponsored drug and device studies have more favorable outcomes and differ in risk of bias, compared with studies having other sources of sponsorship. SEARCH METHODS In this update we searched MEDLINE (2010 to February 2015), Embase (2010 to February 2015), the Cochrane Methodology Register (2015, Issue 2) and Web of Science (June 2015). In addition, we searched reference lists of included papers, previous systematic reviews and author files. SELECTION CRITERIA Cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses that quantitatively compared primary research studies of drugs or medical devices sponsored by industry with studies with other sources of sponsorship. We had no language restrictions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two assessors screened abstracts and identified and included relevant papers. Two assessors extracted data, and we contacted authors of included papers for additional unpublished data. Outcomes included favorable results, favorable conclusions, effect size, risk of bias and whether the conclusions agreed with the study results. Two assessors assessed risk of bias of included papers. We calculated pooled risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous data (with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)). MAIN RESULTS Twenty-seven new papers were included in this update and in total the review contains 75 included papers. Industry sponsored studies more often had favorable efficacy results, RR: 1.27 (95% CI: 1.17 to 1.37) (25 papers) (moderate quality evidence), similar harms results RR: 1.37 (95% CI: 0.64 to 2.93) (four papers) (very low quality evidence) and more often favorable conclusions RR: 1.34 (95% CI: 1.19 to 1.51) (29 papers) (low quality evidence) compared with non-industry sponsored studies. Nineteen papers reported on sponsorship and efficacy effect size, but could not be pooled due to differences in their reporting of data and the results were heterogeneous. We did not find a difference between drug and device studies in the association between sponsorship and conclusions (test for interaction, P = 0.98) (four papers). Comparing industry and non-industry sponsored studies, we did not find a difference in risk of bias from sequence generation, allocation concealment, follow-up and selective outcome reporting. However, industry sponsored studies more often had low risk of bias from blinding, RR: 1.25 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.50) (13 papers), compared with non-industry sponsored studies. In industry sponsored studies, there was less agreement between the results and the conclusions than in non-industry sponsored studies, RR: 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70 to 0.98) (six papers). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sponsorship of drug and device studies by the manufacturing company leads to more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than sponsorship by other sources. Our analyses suggest the existence of an industry bias that cannot be explained by standard 'Risk of bias' assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lundh
- Odense University Hospital and University of Southern DenmarkCenter for Evidence‐Based MedicineSdr. Boulevard 29, Entrance 50 (Videncentret)OdenseDenmark5000
| | - Joel Lexchin
- York UniversitySchool of Health Policy and Management121 Walmer RdTorontoONCanadaM5R 2X8
| | - Barbara Mintzes
- The University of SydneyCharles Perkins Centre and Faculty of PharmacyRoom 6W75, 6th FloorThe Hub, Charles Perkins Centre D17SydneyNSWAustralia2006
| | - Jeppe B Schroll
- Herlev HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyHerlev Ringvej 75HerlevDenmark2730
| | - Lisa Bero
- Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney6th Floor (6W76)The University of SydneySydneyNew South Wales 2006Australia
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Huang L, Zhang L, Liu Y, Luo R, Zeng L, Telegina I, Vlassov VV. Arbidol for preventing and treating influenza in adults and children. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011489.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Pharmacy; Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center; Chengdu China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Pharmacy; Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
| | - Yantao Liu
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Pharmacy; Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center; Chengdu China
| | - Rong Luo
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Pediatrics; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Linan Zeng
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Department of Pharmacy; Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan China 610041
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center; Chengdu China
| | - Irina Telegina
- Stavropol State Medical Academy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Post-Graduate Education; Marshala Zhukova street 42, flat 40 Stavropol Russian Federation 355035
| | - Vasiliy V Vlassov
- State Research University Higher School of Economics; Health Policy Institute; PO Box 13 Moscow Russian Federation 109451
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40
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Mukherjee PK, Esper F, Buchheit K, Arters K, Adkins I, Ghannoum MA, Salata RA. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the safety and effectiveness of a novel dual-action oral topical formulation against upper respiratory infections. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:74. [PMID: 28088167 PMCID: PMC5237564 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current prevention options for upper respiratory infections (URIs) are not optimal. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ARMS-I™ (currently marketed as Halo™) in the prevention of URIs. Methods ARMS-I is patented novel formulation for the prevention and treatment of influenza, comprising a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent (cetylpyridinium chloride, CPC) and components (glycerin and xanthan gum) that form a barrier on the host mucosa, thus preventing viral contact and invasion. Healthy adults (18–45 years of age) were randomized into ARMS-I or placebo group (50 subjects each). The drug was sprayed intra-orally (3× daily) for 75 days. The primary objectives were to establish whether ARMS-I decreased the frequency, severity or duration of URIs. Secondary objectives were to evaluate safety, tolerability, rate of virus detection, acceptability and adherence; effect on URI-associated absenteeism and medical visits; and effect of prior influenza vaccination on study outcomes. Results Of the 94 individuals who completed the study (placebo: n = 44, ARMS-I: n = 50), six presented with confirmed URI (placebo: 4, ARMS-I: 2), representing a 55% relative reduction, albeit this was statistically not significant). Influenza, coronavirus or rhinovirus were detected in three participants; all in the placebo group. Moreover, frequency of post-treatment exit visits was reduced by 55% in ARMS-I compared to the placebo group (N = 4 and 2, respectively). Fever was reported only in the placebo group. ARMS-I significantly reduced the frequency and severity of cough and sore throat, and duration of cough (P ≤ .019 for all comparisons). ARMS-I was safe, well tolerated, had high acceptability and high adherence to medication use. Medical visits occurred only in the placebo group while absenteeism did not differ between the two arms. Prior influenza vaccination had no effect on study outcome. Conclusions This randomized proof-of-concept clinical trial demonstrated that ARMS-I tended to provide protection against URIs in the enrolled study participants, while reducing severity and duration of cough and sore throat. A clinical trial with a larger number of study participants is warranted. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02644135 (retrospectively registered). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2177-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab K Mukherjee
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Frank Esper
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Ken Buchheit
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Karen Arters
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ina Adkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mahmoud A Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert A Salata
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Abstract
Pneumonia is of great global public health importance. Viral infections play both direct and indirect parts in its cause across the globe. Influenza is a leading cause of viral pneumonia in both children and adults, and respiratory syncytial virus is increasingly recognized as causing disease at both extremes of age. Vaccination offers the best prospect for prevention but current influenza vaccines do not provide universal and durable protection, and require yearly reformulation. In the future, it is hoped that influenza vaccines will give better and universal protection, and that new vaccines can be found for other causes of viral pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine S Fraser
- Respiratory Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Akhilesh Jha
- Respiratory Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter J M Openshaw
- Respiratory Sciences, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (St Mary's Campus), Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK.
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42
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Saunders-Hastings P, Reisman J, Krewski D. Assessing the State of Knowledge Regarding the Effectiveness of Interventions to Contain Pandemic Influenza Transmission: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168262. [PMID: 27977760 PMCID: PMC5158032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza pandemics occur when a novel influenza strain, to which humans are immunologically naïve, emerges to cause infection and illness on a global scale. Differences in the viral properties of pandemic strains, relative to seasonal ones, can alter the effectiveness of interventions typically implemented to control seasonal influenza burden. As a result, annual control activities may not be sufficient to contain an influenza pandemic. PURPOSE This study seeks to inform pandemic policy and planning initiatives by reviewing the effectiveness of previous interventions to reduce pandemic influenza transmission and infection. Results will inform the planning and design of more focused in-depth systematic reviews for specific types of interventions, thus providing the most comprehensive and current understanding of the potential for alternative interventions to mitigate the burden of pandemic influenza. METHODS A systematic review and narrative synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining intervention effectiveness in containing pandemic influenza transmission was conducted using information collected from five databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Cinahl/EBSCO). Two independent reviewers conducted study screening and quality assessment, extracting data related to intervention impact and effectiveness. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Most included reviews were of moderate to high quality. Although the degree of statistical heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis, the present systematic review examines the wide variety of interventions that can impact influenza transmission in different ways. While it appears that pandemic influenza vaccination provides significant protection against infection, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that antiviral prophylaxis, seasonal influenza cross-protection, or a range of non-pharmaceutical strategies would provide appreciable protection when implemented in isolation. It is likely that an optimal intervention strategy will employ a combination of interventions in a layered approach, though more research is needed to substantiate this proposition. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO 42016039803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Saunders-Hastings
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Reisman
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- University of Ottawa, McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Ghebrehewet
- Cheshire and Merseyside Health Protection Team, Public Health England North West, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter MacPherson
- Cheshire and Merseyside Health Protection Team, Public Health England North West, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Public Health and Policy, The Farr Institute@HeRC, University of Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Research, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Antonia Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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DeSilva M, Munoz FM, Mcmillan M, Kawai AT, Marshall H, Macartney KK, Joshi J, Oneko M, Rose AE, Dolk H, Trotta F, Spiegel H, Tomczyk S, Shrestha A, Kochhar S, Kharbanda EO. Congenital anomalies: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 2016; 34:6015-6026. [PMID: 27435386 PMCID: PMC5139892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flor M Munoz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark Mcmillan
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison Tse Kawai
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Harvard Pilgrim Health, United States
| | - Helen Marshall
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kristine K Macartney
- National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (NCIRS), Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Immunization Technical Support Unit, Public Health Foundation of India, India
| | | | | | - Helen Dolk
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Ufficio di Farmacovigilanza, Agenxia Italiana del Farmaco, Italy
| | | | - Sylvie Tomczyk
- Novartis influenza vaccines, Cambridge, MA, United States
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45
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Tavares Da Silva F, Gonik B, McMillan M, Keech C, Dellicour S, Bhange S, Tila M, Harper DM, Woods C, Kawai AT, Kochhar S, Munoz FM. Stillbirth: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data. Vaccine 2016; 34:6057-6068. [PMID: 27431422 PMCID: PMC5139804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Gonik
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark McMillan
- The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Diana M Harper
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Charles Woods
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alison Tse Kawai
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, MA, USA
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46
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Schmidt-Ott R, Schwehm M, Eichner M. Influence of social contact patterns and demographic factors on influenza simulation results. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:646. [PMID: 27821137 PMCID: PMC5100331 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The demographic composition and the frequency and nature of social contacts may affect the spread of influenza virus in a population, resulting in distinct age-dependent immunity patterns. As demography and social contact rates differ strongly between European countries, this may impact infection incidence and vaccine effectiveness and thus limit the extent to which conclusions derived from observations in one country can be generalized to others. In the current study, we aimed to decipher the impact of social contact patterns and demographic factors on simulation results and, thus, to determine to what extent vaccination results can be generalized. Methods We simulated the transmission of four influenza strains (A(H1N1), A(H3N2), B/Victoria, B/Yamagata) in Belgium, Finland, Germany, GB, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Poland, using the simulation tool 4Flu. Individuals were connected in a dynamically evolving age-dependent contact network based on the POLYMOD study. Results When averaged over 20 years, simulation results without vaccination ranged from annually 20,984 (Germany) to 31,322 infections (Italy) per 100,000 individuals. QIV annually prevented 1758 (Poland) to 7720 infections (Germany) per 100,000. Variability of prevented cases remained high when the country-specific vaccination was replaced by unified coverage, but was reduced considerably if the same demography was used for all countries, or even more so when the same contact matrix was used. Conclusions Contact matrix and demography strongly influence the age-dependent incidence of influenza and the success of vaccination. Projecting simulation results from one country to another can, therefore, lead to erroneous results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1981-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Schwehm
- ExploSYS GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Weg 6, 70771, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Martin Eichner
- Department for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Silcherstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Epimos GmbH, Uhlandstr. 3, 72144, Dusslingen, Germany.
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47
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Harder T, Remschmidt C, Haller S, Eckmanns T, Wichmann O. Use of existing systematic reviews for evidence assessments in infectious disease prevention: a comparative case study. Syst Rev 2016; 5:171. [PMID: 27724950 PMCID: PMC5057474 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given limited resources and time constraints, the use of existing systematic reviews (SR) for the development of evidence-based public health recommendations has become increasingly important. Recently, a five-step approach for identifying, analyzing, appraising and using existing SRs based on recent guidance by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) was proposed within the Project on a Framework for Rating Evidence in Public Health (PRECEPT). However, case studies are needed to test whether this approach is useful, what challenges arise and how problems can be solved. METHODS In two case studies, the five-step approach was applied to integrate existing SRs in the development of evidence-based public health recommendations. Case study A focused on the role of neonatal sepsis as a risk factor for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Case study B examined the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. For each step, we report the approach of the review team, discuss challenges and describe solutions. RESULTS For case study A, one existing SR was identified, while in case study B four SRs were eligible for analysis. We found that comparison of inclusion criteria alone was sufficient to judge on relevance of SRs in case study A, but not B. Although methodological quality of all identified SRs was acceptable, risk of bias assessments of individual studies included in the SRs had to be repeated in both case studies. Particular challenges appeared in case study B where multiple SRs addressed the same research question. With the help of spreadsheets comparing the characteristics of the existing SR we decided to use the most comprehensive one for our evidence synthesis and supplemented the results with those from the other SRs. CONCLUSIONS In both case studies using the complete SR was not possible. The five-step approach provided useful and structured guidance and should be routinely applied when using existing SRs as a basis for evidence-based recommendations in public health. In situations where more than one SR has to be considered, the development of spreadsheets comparing characteristics, inclusion criteria, risk of bias, included studies and outcomes seems useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harder
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Haller
- Unit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Eckmanns
- Unit for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Wichmann
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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48
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Jackson-Lee A, Barr NG, Randall GE. Mandating influenza vaccinations for health care workers: analysing opportunities for policy change using Kingdon's agenda setting framework. BMC Health Serv Res 2016; 16:522. [PMID: 27682853 PMCID: PMC5041441 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consequences of annual influenza outbreaks are often underestimated by the general public. Influenza poses a serious public health threat around the world, particularly for the most vulnerable populations. Fortunately, vaccination can mitigate the negative effects of this common infectious disease. Although inoculating frontline health care workers (HCWs) helps minimize disease transmission, some HCWs continue to resist participating in voluntary immunization programs. A potential solution to this problem is government-mandated vaccination for HCWs; however, in practice, there are substantial barriers to the adoption of such policies. The purpose of this paper is to identify the likelihood of adopting a policy for mandatory immunization of HCWs in Ontario based on a historical review of barriers to the agenda setting process. Methods Documents from secondary data sources were analysed using Kingdon’s agenda setting framework of three converging streams leading to windows of opportunity for possible policy adoption. Results The problems, politics, and policies streams of Kingdon’s framework have converged and diverged repeatedly over an extended period (policy windows have opened and closed several times). In each instance, a technically feasible solution was available. However, despite the evidence supporting the value of HCW immunization, alignment of the three agenda setting streams occurred for very short periods of time, during which, opposition lobby groups reacted, making the proposed solution less politically acceptable. Conclusions Prior to the adoption of any new policies, issues must reach a government’s decision agenda. Based on Kingdon’s agenda setting framework, this only occurs when there is alignment of the problems, politics, and policies streams. Understanding this process makes it easier to predict the likelihood of a policy being adopted, and ultimately implemented. Such learning may be applied to policy issues in other jurisdictions. In the case of mandatory influenza vaccinations for HCWs in Ontario, it seems highly unlikely that a new policy will be adopted until perception of the problem’s importance is sufficient to overcome the political opposition to implementing a solution and thus, create a window of opportunity that is open long enough to support change.
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49
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Huai Y, Guan X, Liu S, Uyeki TM, Jiang H, Klena J, Huang J, Chen M, Peng Y, Yang H, Luo J, Zheng J, Peng Z, Huo X, Xiao L, Chen H, Zhang Y, Xing X, Feng L, Hu DJ, Yu H, Zhan F, Varma JK. Clinical characteristics and factors associated with severe acute respiratory infection and influenza among children in Jingzhou, China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 11:148-156. [PMID: 27465959 PMCID: PMC5304575 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is an important cause of respiratory illness in children, but data are limited on hospitalized children with laboratory-confirmed influenza in China. METHODS We conducted active surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI; fever and at least one sign or symptom of acute respiratory illness) among hospitalized pediatric patients in Jingzhou, Hubei Province, from April 2010 to April 2012. Data were collected from enrolled SARI patients on demographics, underlying health conditions, clinical course of illness, and outcomes. Nasal swabs were collected and tested for influenza viruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with influenza and analyzed the association between potential risk factors and SARI patients with influenza. RESULTS During the study period, 15 354 children aged <15 years with signs and symptoms of SARI were enrolled at hospital admission. severe acute respiratory infection patients aged 5-15 years with confirmed influenza (H3N2) infection were more likely than children without influenza to have radiographic diagnosis of pneumonia (11/31, 36% vs 15/105, 14%. P<.05). Only 16% (1116/7145) of enrolled patients had received seasonal trivalent influenza vaccination within 12 months of hospital admission. Non-vaccinated influenza cases were more likely than vaccinated influenza cases to have pneumonia (31/133, 23% vs 37/256, 15%, P<.05). severe acute respiratory infection cases aged 5-15 years diagnosed with influenza were also more likely to have a household member who smoked cigarettes compared with SARI cases without a smoking household member (54/208, 26% vs 158/960, 16%, P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Influenza A (H3N2) virus infection was an important contributor to pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Our results highlight the importance of surveillance in identifying factors for influenza hospitalization, monitoring adherence to influenza prevention and treatment strategies, and evaluating the disease burden among hospitalized pediatric SARI patients. Influenza vaccination promotion should target children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huai
- China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Disease, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhua Guan
- Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Shali Liu
- Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - John Klena
- China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Disease, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Maoyi Chen
- Jingzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingzhou, China
| | - Youxing Peng
- Jingzhou First People's Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Jingzhou Second People's Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Jingzhou Maternal and Children's Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiandong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xixiang Huo
- Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhi Zhang
- China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Disease, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesen Xing
- Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dale J Hu
- China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Disease, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Vaccine Clinical Research Branch Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Faxian Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jay K Varma
- China-US Collaborative Program on Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Disease, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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50
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Kliner M, Keenan A, Sinclair D, Ghebrehewet S, Garner P. Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers in the UK: appraisal of systematic reviews and policy options. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012149. [PMID: 27625062 PMCID: PMC5030547 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK Department of Health recommends annual influenza vaccination for healthcare workers, but uptake remains low. For staff, there is uncertainty about the rationale for vaccination and evidence underpinning the recommendation. OBJECTIVES To clarify the rationale, and evidence base, for influenza vaccination of healthcare workers from the occupational health, employer and patient safety perspectives. DESIGN Systematic appraisal of published systematic reviews. RESULTS The quality of the 11 included reviews was variable; some included exactly the same trials but made conflicting recommendations. 3 reviews assessed vaccine effects in healthcare workers and found 1 trial reporting a vaccine efficacy (VE) of 88%. 6 reviews assessed vaccine effects in healthy adults, and VE was consistent with a median of 62% (95% CI 56 to 67). 2 reviews assessed effects on working days lost in healthcare workers (3 trials), and 3 reported effects in healthy adults (4 trials). The meta-analyses presented by the most recent reviews do not reach standard levels of statistical significance, but may be misleading as individual trials suggest benefit with wide variation in size of effect. The 2013 Cochrane review reported absolute effects close to 0 for laboratory-confirmed influenza, and hospitalisation for patients, but excluded data on clinically suspected influenza and all-cause mortality, which had shown potentially important effects in previous editions. A more recent systematic review reports these effects as a 42% reduction in clinically suspected influenza (95% CI 27 to 54) and a 29% reduction in all-cause mortality (95% CI 15 to 41). CONCLUSIONS The evidence for employer and patient safety benefits of influenza vaccination is not straightforward and has been interpreted differently by different systematic review authors. Future uptake of influenza vaccination among healthcare workers may benefit from a fully transparent guideline process by a panel representing all relevant stakeholders, which clearly communicates the underlying rationale, evidence base and judgements made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Kliner
- Public Health England North West, Manchester, UK
| | - Alex Keenan
- Public Health England North West, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Sinclair
- Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Paul Garner
- Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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