1
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Zhang E, Chen T, Chen Y, Long C, Tao L, Shen X, Dai F. The role of Immune cells in Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1433691. [PMID: 39076206 PMCID: PMC11284151 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1433691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. The role of the immune system in AD pathogenesis is increasingly recognized, prompting an exploration of the causal relationship between immune cells and AD by using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. Methods Utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from European cohorts, we conducted an MR study to investigate the causal links between immune cell phenotypes and AD. We selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with immune cell traits at a genome-wide significance threshold and applied various MR methods, including MR Egger, Weighted median, and inverse variance weighted analysis, to assess the causality between 731 immune phenotypes and AD. Results Our MR analysis identified 15 immune cell types with significant causal relationships to AD pathogenesis. Notably, the absolute count of CD28-CD4-CD8- T cells and the expression of HLA DR on B cells were linked to a protective effect against AD, while 13 other immune phenotypes were identified as contributing to the risk factors for the disease. The causal effects of AD on immunophenotypic traits are predominantly negative, implying that AD may impair the functionality of immune cells. Validation through independent datasets, such as FinnGen and GCST90027158, confirmed the causal association between six specific immune cells and AD. Conclusion This comprehensive MR study elucidates the intricate network of causal relationships between diverse immunophenotypic traits and AD, providing novel insights into the immunopathogenesis of AD. The findings suggest potential immunological targets that could be leveraged for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- The Pharmacy Department, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanqin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chenxiang Long
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fengqiu Dai
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Maecker HT. Multiparameter Flow Cytometry Monitoring of T Cell Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2807:325-342. [PMID: 38743238 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3862-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry is a common tool for assessing responses of T, B, and other cells to pathogens or vaccines. Such responses are likely to be important for predicting the efficacy of an HIV vaccine, despite the elusive findings in HIV vaccine trials to date. Fortunately, flow cytometry has evolved to be capable of readily measuring 30-40 parameters, providing the ability to dissect detailed phenotypes and functions that may be correlated with disease protection. Nevertheless, technical hurdles remain, and standardization of assays is still largely lacking. Here an optimized protocol for antigen-specific T cell monitoring is presented, with specific variations for particular markers. It covers the analysis of multiple cytokines, cell surface proteins, and other functional markers such as CD107, CD154, CD137, etc. References are given to published panels of 8-28 colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden T Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Xie L, Fang J, Yu J, Zhang W, He Z, Ye L, Wang H. The role of CD4 + T cells in tumor and chronic viral immune responses. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e390. [PMID: 37829505 PMCID: PMC10565399 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are mainly aimed to promote a CD8+ T cell response rather than a CD4+ T cell response as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can directly kill target cells. Recently, CD4+ T cells have received more attention due to their diverse roles in tumors and chronic viral infections. In antitumor and antichronic viral responses, CD4+ T cells relay help signals through dendritic cells to indirectly regulate CD8+ T cell response, interact with B cells or macrophages to indirectly modulate humoral immunity or macrophage polarization, and inhibit tumor blood vessel formation. Additionally, CD4+ T cells can also exhibit direct cytotoxicity toward target cells. However, regulatory T cells exhibit immunosuppression and CD4+ T cells become exhausted, which promote tumor progression and chronic viral persistence. Finally, we also outline immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, including adoptive cell transfer, vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockade. Overall, this review summarizes diverse roles of CD4+ T cells in the antitumor or protumor and chronic viral responses, and also highlights the immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, giving a better understanding of their roles in tumors and chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyingzi Xie
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jingyi Fang
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Juncheng Yu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryXinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Weinan Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lilin Ye
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
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4
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Tian L, Zhou W, Wu X, Hu Z, Qiu L, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhang S, Lu Z. CTLs: Killers of intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:967679. [PMID: 36389159 PMCID: PMC9645434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.967679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbial pathogens have evolved a range of capabilities to evade host immune defense mechanisms and to survive and multiply in host cells. The presence of host intracellular bacteria makes it difficult for specific antibodies to function. After the intracellular bacteria escape the attack of the innate immune system, such as phagocytes, they survive in cells, and then adaptive immunity comes into play. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in eliminating intracellular bacteria. The regulation of key transcription factors could promote CD4+/CD8+ T cells to acquire cytolytic ability. The TCR-CD3 complex transduces activation signals generated by TCR recognition of antigen and promotes CTLs to generate multiple pathways to kill intracellular bacteria. In this review, the mechanism of CD4/CD8 CTLs differentiation and how CD4/CD8 CTLs kill intracellular bacteria are introduced. In addition, their application and prospects in the treatment of bacterial infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwei Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuannan Hu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Tanemoto S, Sujino T, Miyamoto K, Moody J, Yoshimatsu Y, Ando Y, Koya I, Harada Y, Tojo AO, Ono K, Hayashi Y, Takabayashi K, Okabayashi K, Teratani T, Mikami Y, Nakamoto N, Hosoe N, Ogata H, Hon CC, Shin JW, Kanai T. Single-cell transcriptomics of human gut T cells identifies cytotoxic CD4 +CD8A + T cells related to mouse CD4 cytotoxic T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977117. [PMID: 36353619 PMCID: PMC9639511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4-CTLs) show the presence of cytolytic granules, which include the enzymes granzyme and perforin. The cells have a pathogenic and protective role in various diseases, including cancer, viral infection, and autoimmune disease. In mice, cytotoxic CD4+ T cells express CD8αα+ and reside in the intestine (mouse CD4+CTLs; mCD4-CTLs). The population of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in the human intestine is currently unknown. Moreover, it is unclear how cytotoxic CD4 T cells change in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we aimed to identify cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in the human intestine and analyze the characteristics of the population in patients with IBD using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). In CD4+ T cells, granzyme and perforin expression was high in humanMAIT (hMAIT) cells and hCD4+CD8A+ T cell cluster. Both CD4 and CD8A were expressed in hTreg, hMAIT, and hCD4+CD8A+ T cell clusters. Next we performed fast gene set enrichment analysis to identify cell populations that showed homology to mCD4CTLs. The analysis identified the hCD4+CD8A+ T cell cluster (hCTL-like population; hCD4-CTL) similar to mouse CTLs. The percentage of CD4+CD8A+ T cells among the total CD4+ T cells in the inflamed intestine of the patients with Crohn's disease was significantly reduced compared with that in the noninflamed intestine of the patients. In summary, we identified cytotoxic CD4+CD8+ T cells in the small intestine of humans. The integration of the mouse and human sc-RNA-seq data analysis highlight an approach to identify human cell populations related to mouse cell populations, which may help determine the functional properties of several human cell populations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tanemoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sujino
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy , Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Laboratory, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan Moody
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Genomic Information Analysis, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshimatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Ando
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Genomic Information Analysis, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Koya
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Genomic Information Analysis, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Harada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Okuzawa Tojo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ono
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Hayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takabayashi
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy , Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Okabayashi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Teratani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoe
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy , Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ogata
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy , Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Genomic Information Analysis, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jay W. Shin
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Genomic Information Analysis, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Wang B, Hu S, Fu X, Li L. CD4
+
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 7:e2200169. [PMID: 36193961 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have the ability to differentiate into relatively specialized effector subsets after exposure to innate immune signals. The remarkable plasticity of CD4+ T cells is required to achieve immune responses in different tissues and against various pathogens. Numerous studies have shown that CD4+ T cells can play direct and indispensable roles in protective immunity by killing infected or transformed cells. Although the lineage decision of commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ cell lineage is once thought to be inflexible, the identification of antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activity suggests the existence of unexpected plasticity for these cells. The recognition of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the mechanisms driving the differentiation of this particular cell subset create opportunities to explore the roles of these effector cells in protective immunity and immune-related pathology. CD4+ CTLs are proven to play a protective role in antiviral immunity. Here, the latest investigations on the phenotypic and functional features of CD4+ CTLs and their roles in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Hu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Lequn Li
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
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7
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La Manna MP, Shekarkar Azgomi M, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Mohammadnezhad L, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Phenotypic and Immunometabolic Aspects on Stem Cell Memory and Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884148. [PMID: 35784300 PMCID: PMC9247337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system, smartly and surprisingly, saves the exposure of a particular pathogen in its memory and reacts to the pathogen very rapidly, preventing serious diseases.Immunologists have long been fascinated by understanding the ability to recall and respond faster and more vigorously to a pathogen, known as “memory”.T-cell populations can be better described by using more sophisticated techniques to define phenotype, transcriptional and epigenetic signatures and metabolic pathways (single-cell resolution), which uncovered the heterogeneity of the memory T-compartment. Phenotype, effector functions, maintenance, and metabolic pathways help identify these different subsets. Here, we examine recent developments in the characterization of the heterogeneity of the memory T cell compartment. In particular, we focus on the emerging role of CD8+ TRM and TSCM cells, providing evidence on how their immunometabolism or modulation can play a vital role in their generation and maintenance in chronic conditions such as infections or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pio La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leila Mohammadnezhad
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nadia Caccamo,
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8
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Preglej T, Ellmeier W. CD4 + Cytotoxic T cells - Phenotype, Function and Transcriptional Networks Controlling Their Differentiation Pathways. Immunol Lett 2022; 247:27-42. [PMID: 35568324 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The two major subsets of peripheral T cells are classically divided into the CD4+ T helper cells and the cytotoxic CD8+ T cell lineage. However, the appearance of some effector CD4+ T cell populations displaying cytotoxic activity, in particular during viral infections, has been observed, thus breaking the functional dichotomy of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. The strong association of the appearance of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4 CTLs) with viral infections suggests an important role of this subset in antiviral immunity by controlling viral replication and infection. Moreover, CD4 CTLs have been linked with anti-tumor activity and might also cause immunopathology in autoimmune diseases. This raises interest into the molecular mechanisms regulating CD4 CTL differentiation, which are poorly understood in comparison to differentiation pathways of other Th subsets. In this review, we provide a brief overview about key features of CD4 CTLs, including their role in viral infections and cancer immunity, and about the link between CD4 CTLs and immune-mediated diseases. Subsequently, we will discuss the current knowledge about transcriptional and epigenetic networks controlling CD4 CTL differentiation and highlight recent data suggesting a role for histone deacetylases in the generation of CD4 CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Preglej
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna.
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9
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Chentoufi AA, Dhanushkodi NR, Srivastava R, Prakash S, Coulon PGA, Zayou L, Vahed H, Chentoufi HA, Hormi-Carver KK, BenMohamed L. Combinatorial Herpes Simplex Vaccine Strategies: From Bedside to Bench and Back. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849515. [PMID: 35547736 PMCID: PMC9082490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV1 and HSV-2) is an important goal for global health. In this review we reexamined (i) the status of ocular herpes vaccines in clinical trials; and (ii) discusses the recent scientific advances in the understanding of differential immune response between HSV infected asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals that form the basis for the new combinatorial vaccine strategies targeting HSV; and (iii) shed light on our novel "asymptomatic" herpes approach based on protective immune mechanisms in seropositive asymptomatic individuals who are "naturally" protected from recurrent herpetic diseases. We previously reported that phenotypically and functionally distinct HSV-specific memory CD8+ T cell subsets in asymptomatic and symptomatic HSV-infected individuals. Moreover, a better protection induced following a prime/pull vaccine approach that consists of first priming anti-viral effector memory T cells systemically and then pulling them to the sites of virus reactivation (e.g., sensory ganglia) and replication (e.g., eyes and vaginal mucosa), following mucosal administration of vectors expressing T cell-attracting chemokines. In addition, we reported that a combination of prime/pull vaccine approach with approaches to reverse T cell exhaustion led to even better protection against herpes infection and disease. Blocking PD-1, LAG-3, TIGIT and/or TIM-3 immune checkpoint pathways helped in restoring the function of antiviral HSV-specific CD8+ T cells in latently infected ganglia and increased efficacy and longevity of the prime/pull herpes vaccine. We discussed that a prime/pull vaccine strategy that use of asymptomatic epitopes, combined with immune checkpoint blockade would prove to be a successful herpes vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz A. Chentoufi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R. Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Pierre-Gregoire A. Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, Limited Liability Company (LLC), University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Kathy K. Hormi-Carver
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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10
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Blunck BN, Angelo LS, Henke D, Avadhanula V, Cusick M, Ferlic-Stark L, Zechiedrich L, Gilbert BE, Piedra PA. Adult Memory T Cell Responses to the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein During a Single RSV Season (2018-2019). Front Immunol 2022; 13:823652. [PMID: 35422803 PMCID: PMC9002099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is ubiquitous and re-infection with both subtypes (RSV/A and RSV/B) is common. The fusion (F) protein of RSV is antigenically conserved, induces neutralizing antibodies, and is a primary target of vaccine development. Insight into the breadth and durability of RSV-specific adaptive immune response, particularly to the F protein, may shed light on susceptibility to re-infection. We prospectively enrolled healthy adult subjects (n = 19) and collected serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during the 2018–2019 RSV season. Previously, we described their RSV-specific antibody responses and identified three distinct antibody kinetic profiles associated with infection status: uninfected (n = 12), acutely infected (n = 4), and recently infected (n = 3). In this study, we measured the longevity of RSV-specific memory T cell responses to the F protein following natural RSV infection. We stimulated PBMCs with overlapping 15-mer peptide libraries spanning the F protein derived from either RSV/A or RSV/B and found that memory T cell responses mimic the antibody responses for all three groups. The uninfected group had stable, robust memory T cell responses and polyfunctionality. The acutely infected group had reduced polyfunctionality of memory T cell response at enrollment compared to the uninfected group, but these returned to comparable levels by end-of-season. The recently infected group, who were unable to maintain high levels of RSV-specific antibody following infection, similarly had decreased memory T cell responses and polyfunctionality during the RSV season. We observed subtype-specific differences in memory T cell responses and polyfunctionality, with RSV/A stimulating stronger memory T cell responses with higher polyfunctionality even though RSV/B was the dominant subtype in circulation. A subset of individuals demonstrated an overall deficiency in the generation of a durable RSV-specific adaptive immune response. Because memory T cell polyfunctionality may be associated with protection against re-infection, this latter group would likely be at greater risk of re-infection. Overall, these results expand our understanding of the longevity of the adaptive immune response to the RSV fusion protein and should be considered in future vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani N Blunck
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David Henke
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Laura Ferlic-Stark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lynn Zechiedrich
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Wang X, Shen X, Chen S, Liu H, Hong N, Zhong H, Chen X, Jin W. Reinvestigation of Classic T Cell Subsets and Identification of Novel Cell Subpopulations by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:396-406. [PMID: 34911770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Classic T cell subsets are defined by a small set of cell surface markers, while single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) clusters cells using genome-wide gene expression profiles. The relationship between scRNA-seq clustered populations (scCPops) and cell surface marker-defined classic T cell subsets remains unclear. In this article, we integrated six bead-enriched T cell subsets with 62,235 single-cell transcriptomes from human PBMCs and clustered them into nine scCPops. Bead-enriched CD4+/CD45RA+/CD25- naive T and CD8+/CD45RA+ naive T cells were mainly clustered into their scCPop counterparts, while cells from the other T cell subsets were assigned to multiple scCPops, including mucosal-associated invariant T cells and NKT cells. The multiple T cell subsets forming one scCPop exhibit similar expression patterns, but not vice versa, indicating scCPop is a more homogeneous cell population with similar cell states. Interestingly, we discovered and named IFN signaling-associated gene (ISAG) high T (ISAGhi T) cells, a T cell subpopulation that highly expressed ISAGs. We further enriched ISAGhi T cells from human PBMCs by FACS of BST2 for scRNA-seq analyses. The ISAGhi T cell cluster disappeared on t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding plot after removing ISAGs, whereas the ISAGhi T cell cluster showed up by analysis of ISAGs alone, indicating ISAGs are the major contributor of the ISAGhi T cell cluster. BST2+ and BST2- T cells showing different efficiencies of T cell activation indicate that a high level of ISAGs may contribute to quick immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangru Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ni Hong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanbing Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenfei Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Oh DY, Fong L. Cytotoxic CD4 + T cells in cancer: Expanding the immune effector toolbox. Immunity 2021; 54:2701-2711. [PMID: 34910940 PMCID: PMC8809482 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells are important effectors of anti-tumor immunity. While tumor killing is ascribed to CD8+ T cell function, pre-clinical and clinical studies have identified intra-tumoral CD4+ T cells that possess cytotoxic programs and can directly kill cancer cells. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells are found in other disease settings including infection and autoimmunity. Here, we review the phenotypic and functional characteristics of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in non-cancer and cancer contexts. We conduct a comparative examination of cytolytic mechanisms of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells across disease states and synthesize features that define these cells independent of context. We discuss regulatory mechanisms driving ontogeny and effector function and evidence for the clinical relevance of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in cancer. In this context, we highlight important gaps in understanding in the biology of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells as well as the potential use of these cells in immunotherapies for specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Oh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Schreiber S, Honz M, Mamozai W, Kurktschiev P, Schiemann M, Witter K, Moore E, Zielinski C, Sette A, Protzer U, Wisskirchen K. Characterization of a library of 20 HBV-specific MHC class II-restricted T cell receptors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:476-489. [PMID: 34853796 PMCID: PMC8605085 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play an important role in the immune response against cancer and infectious diseases. However, mechanistic details of their helper function in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in particular, or their advantage for adoptive T cell therapy remain poorly understood as experimental and therapeutic tools are missing. Therefore, we identified, cloned, and characterized a comprehensive library of 20 MHC class II-restricted HBV-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) from donors with acute or resolved HBV infection. The TCRs were restricted by nine different MHC II molecules and specific for eight different epitopes derived from intracellularly processed HBV envelope, core, and polymerase proteins. Retroviral transduction resulted in a robust expression of all TCRs on primary T cells. A high functional avidity was measured for all TCRs specific for epitopes S17, S21, S36, and P774 (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50] <10 nM), or C61 and preS9 (EC50 <100 nM). Eight TCRs recognized peptide variants of HBV genotypes A to D. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transduced with the MHC II-restricted TCRs were polyfunctional, producing interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, and granzyme B (GrzB), and killed peptide-loaded target cells. Our set of MHC class II-restricted TCRs represents an important tool for elucidating CD4+ T cell help in viral infection with potential benefit for T cell therapy.
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14
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Perišić Nanut M, Pawelec G, Kos J. Human CD4+ T-Cell Clone Expansion Leads to the Expression of the Cysteine Peptidase Inhibitor Cystatin F. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8408. [PMID: 34445118 PMCID: PMC8395124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) at relatively high levels under different pathological conditions in vivo suggests their role in protective and/or pathogenic immune functions. CD4+ CTLs utilize the fundamental cytotoxic effector mechanisms also utilized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. During long-term cultivation, CD4+ T cells were also shown to acquire cytotoxic functions. In this study, CD4+ human T-cell clones derived from activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy young adults were examined for the expression of cytotoxic machinery components. Cystatin F is a protein inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, synthesized by CD8+ CTLs and natural killer cells. Cystatin F affects the cytotoxic efficacy of these cells by inhibiting the major progranzyme convertases cathepsins C and H as well as cathepsin L, which is involved in perforin activation. Here, we show that human CD4+ T-cell clones express the cysteine cathepsins that are involved in the activation of granzymes and perforin. CD4+ T-cell clones contained both the inactive, dimeric form as well as the active, monomeric form of cystatin F. As in CD8+ CTLs, cysteine cathepsins C and H were the major targets of cystatin F in CD4+ T-cell clones. Furthermore, CD4+ T-cell clones expressed the active forms of perforin and granzymes A and B. The levels of the cystatin F decreased with time in culture concomitantly with an increase in the activities of granzymes A and B. Therefore, our results suggest that cystatin F plays a role in regulating CD4+ T cell cytotoxicity. Since cystatin F can be secreted and taken up by bystander cells, our results suggest that CD4+ CTLs may also be involved in regulating immune responses through cystatin F secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15/3.008, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Kritikou JS, Oliveira MM, Record J, Saeed MB, Nigam SM, He M, Keszei M, Wagner AK, Brauner H, Sendel A, Sedimbi SK, Rentouli S, Lane DP, Snapper SB, Kärre K, Vandenberghe P, Orange JS, Westerberg LS. Constitutive activation of WASp leads to abnormal cytotoxic cells with increased granzyme B and degranulation response to target cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:140273. [PMID: 33621210 PMCID: PMC8026198 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked neutropenia (XLN) is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the actin regulator Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp). XLN patients have reduced numbers of cytotoxic cells in peripheral blood; however, their capacity to kill tumor cells remains to be determined. Here, we examined NK and T cells from 2 patients with XLN harboring the activating WASpL270P mutation. XLN patient NK and T cells had increased granzyme B content and elevated degranulation and IFN-γ production when compared with healthy control cells. Murine WASpL272P NK and T cells formed stable synapses with YAC-1 tumor cells and anti-CD3/CD28-coated beads, respectively. WASpL272P mouse T cells had normal degranulation and cytokine response whereas WASpL272P NK cells showed an enhanced response. Imaging experiments revealed that while WASpL272P CD8+ T cells had increased accumulation of actin upon TCR activation, WASpL272P NK cells had normal actin accumulation at lytic synapses triggered through NKp46 signaling but had impaired response to lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 engagement. When compared with WT mice, WASpL272P mice showed reduced growth of B16 melanoma and increased capacity to reject MHC class I-deficient cells. Together, our data suggest that cytotoxic cells with constitutively active WASp have an increased capacity to respond to and kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julien Record
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Mezida B. Saeed
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Saket M. Nigam
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Minghui He
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Marton Keszei
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Arnika K. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Hanna Brauner
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Sendel
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | | | | | - David P. Lane
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Gastroenterology Division, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum C7, and
| | | | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Alhaj Hussen K, Michonneau D, Biajoux V, Keita S, Dubouchet L, Nelson E, Setterblad N, Le Buanec H, Bouaziz JD, Guimiot F, Socié G, Canque B. CD4 +CD8 + T-Lymphocytes in Xenogeneic and Human Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579776. [PMID: 33329550 PMCID: PMC7732609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms driving acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) onset in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are still poorly understood. To provide a detailed characterization of tissue-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TL) and search for eventual site-specific specificities, we developed a xenogeneic model of aGVHD in immunodeficient mice. Phenotypic characterization of xenoreactive T lymphocytes (TL) in diseased mice disclosed a massive infiltration of GVHD target organs by an original CD4+CD8+ TL subset. Immunophenotypic and transcriptional profiling shows that CD4+CD8+ TL comprise a major PD1+CD62L−/+ transitional memory subset (>60%) characterized by low level expression of cytotoxicity-related transcripts. CD4+CD8+ TL produce high IL-10 and IL-13 levels, and low IL-2 and IFN-γ, suggestive of regulatory function. In vivo tracking of genetically labeled CD4+ or CD8+ TL subsequently found that CD4+CD8+ TL mainly originate from chronically activated cytotoxic TL (CTL). On the other hand, phenotypic profiling of CD3+ TL from blood, duodenum or rectal mucosa in a cohort of allo-HSCT patients failed to disclose abnormal expansion of CD4+CD8+ TL independent of aGVHD development. Collectively, our results show that acquisition of surface CD4 by xenoreactive CD8+ CTL is associated with functional diversion toward a regulatory phenotype, but rule out a central role of this subset in the pathogenesis of aGVHD in allo-HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutaiba Alhaj Hussen
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Michonneau
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris; Service d'hématologie-greffe, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Biajoux
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Seydou Keita
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Dubouchet
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris; Service d'hématologie-greffe, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Nelson
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Niclas Setterblad
- Plateforme d'Imagerie et de Tri Cellulaire, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Helene Le Buanec
- INSERM U976, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-David Bouaziz
- INSERM U976, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- INSERM UMR 1141, Service de Biologie du Développement, Université de Paris, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Socié
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris; Service d'hématologie-greffe, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Canque
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
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17
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Price LS, Adamow M, Attig S, Fecci P, Norberg P, Reap E, Janetzki S, McNeil LK. Gating Harmonization Guidelines for Intracellular Cytokine Staining Validated in Second International Multiconsortia Proficiency Panel Conducted by Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CIC/CRI). Cytometry A 2020; 99:107-116. [PMID: 33090656 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Results from the first gating proficiency panel of intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) highlighted the value of using a consensus gating approach to reduce the variability across laboratories in reported %CD8+ or %CD4+ cytokine-positive cells. Based on the data analysis from the first proficiency panel, harmonization guidelines for a consensus gating protocol were proposed. To validate the recommendations from the first panel and to examine factors that were not included in the first panel, a second ICS gating proficiency panel was organized. All participants analyzed the same set of Flow Cytometry Standard (FCS) files using their own gating protocol. An optional learning module was provided to demonstrate how to apply the previously established gating recommendations and harmonization guidelines to actual ICS data files. Eighty-three participants took part in this proficiency panel. The results from this proficiency panel confirmed the harmonization guidelines from the first panel. These recommendations addressed the (1) placement of the cytokine-positive gate, (2) identification of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T cells, (3) placement of lymphocyte gate, (4) inclusion of dim cells, (5) gate uniformity, and (6) proper adjustment of the biexponential scaling. In addition, based on the results of this proficiency gating panel, two new recommendations were added to expand the harmonization guidelines: (1) inclusion of dump channel marker to gate all live and dump negative cells and (2) backgating to confirm the correct placement of gates across all populations. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Price
- Bioforum, The Data Masters, CRO, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Matthew Adamow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Sebastian Attig
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department for Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Pamela Norberg
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa K McNeil
- Elicio Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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18
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Hühr J, Schäfer A, Schwaiger T, Zani L, Sehl J, Mettenleiter TC, Blome S, Blohm U. Impaired T-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with a highly virulent African swine fever virus strain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:3016-3032. [PMID: 32530090 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since African swine fever (ASF) first appeared in the Caucasus region in 2007, it has spread rapidly and is now present in numerous European and Asian countries. In Europe, mainly wild boar populations are affected and pose a risk for domestic pigs. In Asia, domestic pigs are almost exclusively affected. An effective and safe vaccine is not available, and correlates of protection are far from being understood. Therefore, research on immune responses, immune dysfunction and pathogenesis is mandatory. It is acknowledged that T cells play a pivotal role. Thus, we investigated T-cell responses of domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with the highly virulent ASF virus (ASFV) strain 'Armenia08'. For this purpose, we used a flow cytometry-based multicolour analysis to identify T-cell subtypes (cytotoxic T cells, T-helper cells, γδ T cells) and their functional impairment in ASFV-infected pigs. Domestic pigs showed lymphopaenia, and neither in the blood nor in the lymphoid organs was a proliferation of CD8+ effector cells observed. Furthermore, a T-bet-dependent activation of the remaining CD8 T cells did not occur. In contrast, a T-cell response could be observed in wild boar at 5 days post-inoculation in the blood and in tendency also in some organs. However, this cytotoxic response was not beneficial as all wild boars showed a severe acute lethal disease and a higher proportion died spontaneously or was euthanized at the humane endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hühr
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Laura Zani
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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19
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Almanzar G, Kienle F, Schmalzing M, Maas A, Tony HP, Prelog M. Tofacitinib modulates the VZV-specific CD4+ T cell immune response in vitro in lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:2051-2060. [PMID: 31106368 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RA is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration and release of inflammatory cytokines. Previous studies have shown that treatment with Janus kinase inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, increased the incidence rate of herpes zoster compared with conventional DMARDs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of tofacitinib on the varicella-zoster-virus (VZV)-specific T cell immune response. METHODS The effect of tofacitinib on the VZV-specific T cell immune response was determined by evaluating the IFNγ production, the proliferative capacity, the VZV-induced differentiation into effector and memory T cells, the expression of activation marker CD69 and helper T cell type 1 (Th1)-characteristic chemokine receptors, such as CXCR3 and CCR5, as well as cytotoxic activity (perforin and granzyme B expression) of CD4+ T cells of patients with RA compared with healthy donors upon stimulation with VZV antigen in vitro. RESULTS Tofacitinib significantly reduced the IFNγ production, proliferation, activation, and CXCR3 expression of VZV-specific CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner in short- and long-term lymphocyte culture. No effect on the distribution of naive, effectors or memory, or on the expression of perforin or granzyme B by VZV-specific CD4+ T cells was observed. CONCLUSION This study showed that tofacitinib significantly modulated the Th1 response to VZV. The poor VZV-specific cellular immune response in patients with RA may be considered in recommendations regarding appropriate vaccination strategies for enhancing the VZV-specific Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Almanzar
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Kienle
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmalzing
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Maas
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Tony
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Robins E, Zheng M, Ni Q, Liu S, Liang C, Zhang B, Guo J, Zhuang Y, He YW, Zhu P, Wan Y, Li QJ. Conversion of effector CD4 + T cells to a CD8 + MHC II-recognizing lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:150-161. [PMID: 32066854 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are dichotomous lineages in adaptive immunity. While conventionally viewed as distinct fates that are fixed after thymic development, accumulating evidence indicates that these two populations can exhibit significant lineage plasticity, particularly upon TCR-mediated activation. We define a novel CD4-CD8αβ+ MHC II-recognizing population generated by lineage conversion from effector CD4+ T cells. CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells downregulated the expression of T helper cell-associated costimulatory molecules and increased the expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated cytotoxic molecules. This shift in functional potential corresponded with a CD8+-lineage skewed transcriptional profile. TCRβ repertoire sequencing and in vivo genetic lineage tracing in acutely infected wild-type mice demonstrated that CD4-CD8αβ+ effector T cells arise from fundamental lineage reprogramming of bona fide effector CD4+ T cells. Impairing autophagy via functional deletion of the initiating kinase Vps34 or the downstream enzyme Atg7 enhanced the generation of this cell population. These findings suggest that effector CD4+ T cells can exhibit a previously unreported degree of skewing towards the CD8+ T cell lineage, which may point towards a novel direction for HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Robins
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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21
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Erin N, Dilmaç S, Curry A, Duymuş Ö, Tanriover G, Prodeus A, Gariepy J, Gorczynski RM. CD200 mimetic aptamer PEG-M49 markedly increases the therapeutic effects of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in a mouse model of metastatic breast carcinoma: an effect independent of CD200 receptor 1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 69:103-114. [PMID: 31811336 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that CD200 overexpression in the host decreases progression and metastasis of the highly aggressive metastatic 4THM breast carcinoma. We have explored a possible synergistic interaction between the CD200 mimetic PEG-M49 and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Peg-Dox) in wild-type CD200 knockout (CD200-/-) and CD200 Receptor 1 knockout (CD200R1-/-) mice for the first time. A 4THM breast carcinoma model and three groups of BALB/c mice (wild type, CD200-/- and CD200R1-/-) were used. Five days after injection of tumor cells, mice were injected with Peg-Dox (ip, once a week) and PEG-M49 or a control aptamer (iv, every 3 days). Necropsies were performed either 12 (mid-point) or 24 (endpoint) days after injection and the extent of tumor growth, visceral metastasis and changes in the tumor-directed immune response were evaluated. PEG-M49 and Peg-Dox co-treatment induced complete tumor regression and loss of macroscopic lung metastasis in four out of seven WT mice. This synergistic anti-tumoral effect is thought to be due to Peg-M49-induced inhibition of Gr1 + CD11b + cells and Peg-Dox-induced increases in tumor-infiltrating CD8 + and CD8CD4 double-positive cells. Similar changes were observed in CD200R1-/- mice indicating that the primary effects of Peg-M49 are mediated by non-CD200R1 receptors. We also demonstrated for the first time that tumor growth, metastasis, and tumor infiltrating GR1 + CD11b + cells were markedly increased in CD200R1-/- mice, indicating an anti-inflammatory and protective role of CD200. CD200 mimetics might be a safe and effective immunomodulatory treatment in conjunction with classical chemotherapeutics for therapy of aggressive metastatic breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Research unit, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, B-Blok Kat 1 Immunoloji, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Sayra Dilmaç
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Anna Curry
- University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Özlem Duymuş
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Immunopharmacology and Immunooncology Research unit, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, B-Blok Kat 1 Immunoloji, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tanriover
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aaron Prodeus
- Sunnybrook Cancer Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jean Gariepy
- Sunnybrook Cancer Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Ding ZD, Zheng JF, Song CB, Fu YJ, Xu JJ, Jiang YJ, Shang H, Zhang ZN. Decreased CD4 +CD8 low T cells in early HIV infection are associated with rapid disease progression. Cytokine 2019; 125:154801. [PMID: 31442680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV rapid progressors (RPs) present with a rapid decline of CD4+ T cells within a few years of infection. Determining the underlying mechanisms throughout this decline is important to identify prognostic biomarkers and intervention strategies. Determining the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is essential for monitoring the immune status of HIV infected patients. There are additional kinds of cell subtypes in T cells, but their relationship to the rapid progression of HIV disease is not well defined. METHODS Nineteen RPs and twenty-one chronic progressors (CPs) were enrolled in this study. Based on the intensity of CD4 and CD8 expression, different T cell subtypes were identified, including CD4+CD8+T cells, CD4-CD8- T cells, CD4+CD8low T cells and CD4-CD8low T cells. Alterations in these T cell subtypes in early HIV infection (within 120 days of infection) between RPs and CPs were measured, and the relationships between these subtypes and HIV disease progression were investigated. In addition, expression of IFN-γ in T cell subtypes after PMA stimulation was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that during early HIV infection, CD4+CD8low T cells both significantly decreased in numbers and percentages in RPs compared to CPs. Furthermore, baseline CD4+CD8low T cells positively correlated not only with baseline CD4+T cells but also with CD4+T cells 12 months after infection. Moreover, survival analysis indicated that low levels of baseline CD4+CD8low T cells significantly accelerated the decline in CD4+ T cells as well as increased viral loads. CD4+CD8low T cells secreted significantly more IFN-γ after PMA stimulation compared to CD4+CD8-T cells and CD4-CD8+T cells, which may be beneficial for the prevention of disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified that in early stage HIV-1 infection, a subtype of T cells, CD4+CD8low, are associated with subsequent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Dan Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie-Fu Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jun-Jie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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23
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Caraballo Cortés K, Osuch S, Perlejewski K, Pawełczyk A, Kaźmierczak J, Janiak M, Jabłońska J, Nazzal K, Stelmaszczyk‐Emmel A, Berak H, Bukowska‐Ośko I, Paciorek M, Laskus T, Radkowski M. Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 and T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 on peripheral blood CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and in subjects who spontaneously cleared the virus. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:942-950. [PMID: 30972915 PMCID: PMC6850126 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by increased proportion of CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) T cells, but their role in this infection is unclear. In chronic hepatitis C, immune responses to HCV become functionally exhausted, which manifests itself by increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) on T cells. The aim of our study was to determine PD-1 and Tim-3 phenotype of DP T cells in subjects with naturally resolved and chronic HCV infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 patients with chronic infection and 14 subjects who cleared HCV in the past were stained with anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-PD-1 and anti-Tim-3 antibodies and, in 12 HLA-A*02-positive subjects, MHC class I pentamer with HCV NS31406 epitope. In chronic and past HCV infection, proportions of total DP T cells and PD-1+ DP T cells were similar but significantly higher than in healthy controls. DP T cells were more likely to be PD-1+ than either CD4+ or CD8+ single positive (SP) T cells. HCV-specific cells were present in higher proportions among DP T cells than among CD8+ SP T cells in both patient groups. Furthermore, while the majority of HCV-specific DP T cells were PD-1+, the proportion of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells which were PD-1+ was 4.9 and 1.9 times lower (chronic and past infection, respectively). PD-1 and Tim-3 were predominantly expressed on CD4high CD8low and CD4low CD8high cells, respectively, and co-expression of both markers was uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Caraballo Cortés
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Sylwia Osuch
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Karol Perlejewski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Justyna Kaźmierczak
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Maciej Janiak
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Joanna Jabłońska
- Clinic for Infectious, Tropical Diseases and HepatologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Khalil Nazzal
- Clinic for Infectious, Tropical Diseases and HepatologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Anna Stelmaszczyk‐Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental AgeMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Hanna Berak
- Outpatient ClinicWarsaw Hospital for Infectious DiseasesWarsawPoland
| | - Iwona Bukowska‐Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Paciorek
- Department of Infectious DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
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24
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Christensen-Quick A, Massanella M, Frick A, Rawlings SA, Spina C, Vargas-Meneses M, Schrier R, Nakazawa M, Anderson C, Gianella S. Subclinical Cytomegalovirus DNA Is Associated with CD4 T Cell Activation and Impaired CD8 T Cell CD107a Expression in People Living with HIV despite Early Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2019; 93:e00179-19. [PMID: 31019052 PMCID: PMC6580967 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00179-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most people living with HIV (PLWH) are coinfected with cytomegalovirus (CMV). Subclinical CMV replication is associated with immune dysfunction and with increased HIV DNA in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and -suppressed PLWH. To identify immunological mechanisms by which CMV could favor HIV persistence, we analyzed 181 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from 64 PLWH starting ART during early HIV infection with subsequent virologic suppression up to 58 months. In each sample, we measured levels of CMV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). We also measured expression of immunological markers for activation (HLA-DR+ CD38+), cycling (Ki-67+), degranulation (CD107a+), and the immune checkpoint protein PD-1 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell memory subsets. Significant differences in percentages of lymphocyte markers by CMV/EBV shedding were identified using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Overall, CMV DNA was detected at 60/181 time points. At the time of ART initiation, the presence of detectable CMV DNA was associated with increased CD4+ T cell activation and CD107a expression and with increased CD8+ T cellular cycling and reduced CD107a expression on CD8+ T cells. While some effects disappeared during ART, greater CD4+ T cell activation and reduced CD107a expression on CD8+ T cells persisted when CMV was present (P < 0.01). In contrast, EBV was not associated with any immunological differences. Among the covariates, peak HIV RNA and CD4/CD8 ratio had the most significant effect on the immune system. In conclusion, our study identified immune differences in PLWH with detectable CMV starting early ART, which may represent an additional hurdle for HIV cure efforts.IMPORTANCE Chronic viral infections such as with HIV and CMV last a lifetime and can continually antagonize the immune system. Both viruses are associated with higher expression of inflammation markers, and recent evidence suggests that CMV may complicate efforts to deplete HIV reservoirs. Our group and others have shown that CMV shedding is associated with a larger HIV reservoir. Subclinical CMV replication could favor HIV persistence via bystander effects on our immune system. In this study, we collected longitudinal PBMC samples from people starting ART and measured immune changes associated with detectable CMV. We found that when CMV was detectable, CD4+ T cell activation was higher and CD8+ T cell degranulation was lower. Both results may contribute to the slower decay of the size of the reservoir during CMV replication, since activated CD4+ T cells are more vulnerable to HIV infection, while the loss of CD8+ T cell degranulation may impede the proper killing of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Massanella
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrew Frick
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Celsa Spina
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Rachel Schrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Masato Nakazawa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christy Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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25
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Holmes TH, Subrahmanyam PB, Wang W, Maecker HT. Penalized Supervised Star Plots: Example Application in Influenza-Specific CD4+ T Cells. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:102-109. [PMID: 30698511 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An immune cell's phenotype expresses through its high-dimensional marker signature. Cluster analyses of data from high-throughput mass and flow cytometry marker panels permit discovery of previously undescribed immune cell phenotypes. Impactful reporting of new phenotypes demands low-dimensional visualization tools that preserve with integrity phenotypes' original high-dimensional structure. For this purpose, we introduce penalized supervised star plots. As designed and as we demonstrate, penalized supervised star plots are two-dimensional projections that tend to preserve separation of clusters as well as information on the relative contributions of various markers in differentiating phenotypes. The new method is robust to markers that do not differentiate phenotypes at all, as shown in a challenge data set. Results include comparison with other popular procedures. Penalized supervised star plots incorporate cross-validation to permit portability of estimated optimal projections to new samples. Supervised star plots are further illustrated with a featured influenza-specific T cell data set as well as a peripheral blood mononuclear cell phenotyping data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson H Holmes
- 1 Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,2 Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Priyanka B Subrahmanyam
- 2 Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Weiqi Wang
- 2 Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Holden T Maecker
- 2 Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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26
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Carlin AF, Wen J, Vizcarra EA, McCauley M, Chaillon A, Akrami K, Kim C, Ngono AE, Lara-Marquez ML, Smith DM, Glass CK, Schooley RT, Benner C, Shresta S. A longitudinal systems immunologic investigation of acute Zika virus infection in an individual infected while traveling to Caracas, Venezuela. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007053. [PMID: 30596671 PMCID: PMC6329527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus linked to devastating neurologic diseases. Immune responses to flaviviruses may be pathogenic or protective. Our understanding of human immune responses to ZIKV in vivo remains limited. Therefore, we performed a longitudinal molecular and phenotypic characterization of innate and adaptive immune responses during an acute ZIKV infection. We found that innate immune transcriptional and genomic responses were both cell type- and time-dependent. While interferon stimulated gene induction was common to all innate immune cells, the upregulation of important inflammatory cytokine genes was primarily limited to monocyte subsets. Additionally, genomic analysis revealed substantial chromatin remodeling at sites containing cell-type specific transcription factor binding motifs that may explain the observed changes in gene expression. In this dengue virus-experienced individual, adaptive immune responses were rapidly mobilized with T cell transcriptional activity and ZIKV neutralizing antibody responses peaking 6 days after the onset of symptoms. Collectively this study characterizes the development and resolution of an in vivo human immune response to acute ZIKV infection in an individual with pre-existing flavivirus immunity. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flaviviral infection that causes significant clinical disease. It is estimated that approximately one half of the world’s population is at risk for ZIKV infection. There are only a limited number of studies describing the human immune response to ZIKV infection. Carlin et al. combined conventional and genomic approaches to longitudinally analyze the innate and adaptive immune responses to acute ZIKV infection and its resolution in a person who was infected while traveling in Venezuela during the 2016 ZIKV epidemic year. Genome-wide sequencing in individual cell types revealed that although many populations respond to interferon stimulation, only specific cell populations within peripheral blood mononuclear cells upregulate important inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Additionally, analysis of open chromatin using ATAC-seq suggests that chromatin remodeling at sites containing cell-type specific transcription factor binding motifs may help us understand changes in gene expression. Consistent with previous reports, this individual with prior exposure to dengue virus (DENV), rapidly developed neutralizing anti-ZIKV responses that were cross-reactive with multiple DENV serotypes. Collectively this study combines traditional and genomic approaches to characterize the cell-type specific development of an in vivo human immune response to acute ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFC); (SS)
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Vizcarra
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie McCauley
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Antoine Chaillon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kevan Akrami
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Kim
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Annie Elong Ngono
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Luz Lara-Marquez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Schooley
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFC); (SS)
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27
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Godefroy E, Alameddine J, Montassier E, Mathé J, Desfrançois-Noël J, Marec N, Bossard C, Jarry A, Bridonneau C, Le Roy A, Sarrabayrouse G, Kerdreux E, Bourreille A, Sokol H, Jotereau F, Altare F. Expression of CCR6 and CXCR6 by Gut-Derived CD4 +/CD8α + T-Regulatory Cells, Which Are Decreased in Blood Samples From Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1205-1217. [PMID: 29981781 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a member of the Clostridium IV group of the Firmicutes phylum that is abundant in the intestinal microbiota, has anti-inflammatory effects. The relative level of F prausnitzii is decreased in fecal samples from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) compared with healthy individuals. Reduced F prausnitzii was correlated with relapse of Crohn's disease after surgery. We identified, in human colonic mucosa and blood, a population of T regulatory type 1-like T regulatory (TREG) cells that express CD4 and CD8α (DP8α T cells) and are specific for F prausnitzii. We aimed to determine whether they are altered in patients with IBD. METHODS We isolated DP8α T cells from human colon lamina propria and blood samples and used flow cytometry to detect markers of cells that are of colon origin. We quantified DP8α cells that express colon-specific markers in blood samples from 106 patients with IBD, 12 patients with infectious colitis, and 35 healthy donors (controls). We identified cells that respond to F prausnitzii. Cells were stimulated with anti-CD3, and their production of interleukin 10 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared the frequency and reactivity of cells from patients vs controls using the 2-sided Student t test or 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Circulating DP8α T cells that proliferate in response to F prausnitzii express the C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6). These cells also have features of TREG cells, including production of IL-10 and inhibition of T-cell proliferation via CD39 activity. The proportion of circulating CCR6+/CXCR6+ DP8α T cells was significantly reduced (P < .0001) within the total population of CD3+ T cells from patients with IBD compared with patients with infectious colitis or controls. A threshold of <7.875 CCR6+/CXCR6+ DP8α T cells/10,000 CD3+ cells discriminated patients with IBD from those with infectious colitis with 100% specificity and 72.2% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS We identified a population of gut-derived TREG cells that are reduced in blood samples from patients with IBD compared with patients with infectious colitis or controls. These cells should be studied further to determine the mechanisms of this reduction and how it might contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD and their prognostic or diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joudy Alameddine
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Nantes, University of Angers, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Montassier
- MiHAR Lab, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Emergency Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Justine Mathé
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Nantes, University of Angers, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Céline Bossard
- INSERM U1232, IRS-UN, Nantes, France; Pathology Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Chantal Bridonneau
- Commensal and Probiotic-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amandine Le Roy
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Nantes, University of Angers, Nantes, France
| | | | - Elise Kerdreux
- CIC, INSERM 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Bourreille
- CIC, INSERM 1413, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR1235, Nantes, France; Université Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Commensal and Probiotic-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Sorbonne University-UPMC Université Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, AP-HP, Laboratoires des Biomolécules, Paris, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Francine Jotereau
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Nantes, University of Angers, Nantes, France.
| | - Frédéric Altare
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Nantes, University of Angers, Nantes, France.
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Mazur P, Mielimonka A, Natorska J, Wypasek E, Gawęda B, Sobczyk D, Kapusta P, Malinowski KP, Kapelak B. Lymphocyte and monocyte subpopulations in severe aortic stenosis at the time of surgical intervention. Cardiovasc Pathol 2018; 35:1-7. [PMID: 29727769 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common acquired valvular heart disease in adults. Immune system involvement becomes evident during AS development. We sought to investigate the role of different circulating lymphocyte and monocyte subpopulations, with focus on CD4+CD8+ and natural killer T (NKT) cells, in AS. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples and aortic valves were obtained from patients undergoing elective aortic valve surgery. Valves were dissected and underwent genetic analyses and calcium content assessment. Lymphocytes and monocytes subsets were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Thirty-eight AS patients were studied. Maximal transvalvular pressure gradient (PGmax) as well as mean transvalvular pressure gradient (PGmean) correlated with the CD4+CD8+ lymphocyte count (r=0.35, P=.03 and r=0.43, P=.006, respectively) and fraction (r=0.43, P=.007 and r=0.48, P=.002, respectively). PGmax and PGmean correlated with CD16+CD56+CD3+ NKT cell count (r=0.39, P=.01 and r=0.43, P=.007, respectively) and fraction (r=0.49, P=.002 and r=0.47, P=.003, respectively). The classical monocyte subpopulation increased after the surgery by 68% (P<.0001). Patients after mini-sternotomy surgery had 47% lower nonclassical monocyte counts than those with full-sternotomy (P=.03). Patients treated with statins had significantly lower postoperative levels of both classical (-25%, P=.04) and nonclassical monocytes (-37%, P=.004) than nontreated individuals. CONCLUSIONS In patients with severe isolated AS, CD4+CD8+ T cells and CD16+CD56+CD3+ NKT cells are associated with AV pressure gradients. Postoperative monocyte levels are affected by procedure invasiveness and use of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mazur
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Joanna Natorska
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Wypasek
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Bogusław Kapelak
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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Martínez-Bravo MJ, Sánchez B, Acevedo MJ, Pérez-Simón JA, Núñez-Roldán A, Aguilera I. De novo recipient-specific Glutathione S-transferase T1 antibody development after HLA-identical hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2017; 46:36-41. [PMID: 29246878 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Donor-specific antibodies against Glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) have been associated with de novo immune hepatitis after liver transplantation. These antibodies have also been found very early in allo-HCT associated with acute hepatic GvHD but in all the cases the donor cells had experienced previous priming through pregnancies. It remained to be explored whether or not primary recognition of the antigen occurs after HCT and what could be the consequences in the long term outcome. We genotyped a cohort of 68 HCT patients and found 11 with the GSTT1 null donor/positive recipient mismatch. After testing 114 serum samples, we found a unique case of a 33-year-old patient transplanted from his HLA-identical sibling donor in which IgG GSTT1 antibodies were detected for the first time on day +178. After stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with GSTT1 peptides we could demonstrate that this patient also had GSTT1-specific T lymphocytes that became activated upon exposure to the GSTT1 antigen. In this report, we describe the first case in which simultaneous T and B cell response against GSTT1 is developed in HCT although the clinical consequences in GvHD are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Martínez-Bravo
- Immunology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Berta Sánchez
- Immunology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Seville 41013, Spain.
| | - María José Acevedo
- Immunology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Seville 41013, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Haematology Laboratories, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Antonio Núñez-Roldán
- Immunology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Seville 41013, Spain.
| | - Isabel Aguilera
- Immunology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, Seville 41013, Spain.
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Christensen-Quick A, Vanpouille C, Lisco A, Gianella S. Cytomegalovirus and HIV Persistence: Pouring Gas on the Fire. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S23-S30. [PMID: 29140108 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent stability of a small population of T cells that are latently infected with HIV despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a stubborn obstacle to an HIV cure. By exploiting the memory compartment of our immune system, HIV maintains persistence in a small subset of quiescent cells with varying phenotypes, thus evading immune surveillance and clinical detection. Understanding the molecular and immunological mechanisms that maintain the latent reservoir will be critical to the success of HIV eradication strategies. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another chronic viral infection, frequently co-occurs with HIV and occupies an oversized proportion of memory T cell responses. CMV and HIV have both evolved complex strategies to manipulate our immune system for their own advantage. Given the increasingly clear links between CMV replication, chronic immune activation, and increased HIV reservoirs, we present a closer examination of the interplay between these two chronic coinfections. Here we review the effects of CMV on the immune system and show how they may affect persistence of the latent HIV reservoir during ART. The studies described herein suggest that hijacking of cytokine and chemokine signaling, manipulation of cell development pathways, and transactivation of HIV expression by CMV might be pouring gas on the fire of HIV persistence. Future interventional studies are required to formally determine the extent to which CMV is causally associated with inflammation and HIV reservoir expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Vanpouille
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrea Lisco
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sara Gianella
- University of California San Diego, Center for AIDS Research, La Jolla, California
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Clénet ML, Gagnon F, Moratalla AC, Viel EC, Arbour N. Peripheral human CD4 +CD8 + T lymphocytes exhibit a memory phenotype and enhanced responses to IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11612. [PMID: 28912605 PMCID: PMC5599513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes account for 1–2% of circulating human T lymphocytes, but their frequency is augmented in several diseases. The phenotypic and functional properties of these T lymphocytes are still ill-defined. We performed an ex vivo characterization of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes from the blood of healthy individuals. We observed that CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibit several characteristics associated with memory T lymphocytes including the expression of chemokine receptors (e.g. CCR7, CXCR3, CCR6) and activation markers (e.g. CD57, CD95). Moreover, we showed that a greater proportion of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes have an enhanced capacity to produce cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17A) and lytic enzymes (perforin, granzyme B) compared to CD4+ and/or CD8+ T lymphocytes. Finally, we assessed the impact of three key cytokines in T cell biology on these cells. We observed that IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 triggered STAT5 phosphorylation in a greater proportion of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to CD4 and CD8 counterparts. We demonstrate that CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors exhibit a phenotypic profile associated with memory T lymphocytes, an increased capacity to produce cytokines and lytic enzymes, and a higher proportion of cells responding to key cytokines implicated in T cell survival, homeostasis and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Clénet
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - François Gagnon
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Emilie C Viel
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal and CRCHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Meng F, Zhen S, Song B. HBV-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma are less cytolytic toward tumor cells and suppress CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. APMIS 2017; 125:743-751. [PMID: 28493520 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, chronic infection is the main cause of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, an aggressive cancer with low survival rate. Cytotoxic T cell-based immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy. Here, we investigated the possibility of using HBV-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cells to eliminate tumor cells. The naturally occurring HBV-specific cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were identified by HBV peptide pool stimulation. We found that in HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma patients, the HBV-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were present at similar numbers. But compared to the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, the CD4+ cytotoxic T cells secreted less cytolytic factors granzyme A (GzmA) and granzyme B (GzmB), and were less effective at eliminating tumor cells. In addition, despite being able to secrete cytolytic factors, CD4+ T cells suppressed the cytotoxicity mediated by CD8+ T cells, even when CD4+ CD25+ regulator T cells were absent. Interestingly, we found that interleukin 10 (IL-10)-secreting Tr1 cells were enriched in the cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. Neutralization of IL-10 abrogated the suppression of CD8+ T cells by CD4+ CD25- T cells. Neither the frequency nor the absolute number of HBV-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cells were correlated with the clinical outcome of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Together, this study demonstrated that in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma, CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was present naturally in the host and had the potential to exert antitumor immunity, but its capacity was limited and was associated with immunoregulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhi Meng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Shoumei Zhen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults who take stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at risk for early onset of age-related diseases. This is likely due to a complex interaction between traditional risk factors, HIV infection itself, and other factors, such as underlying immune dysfunction and persistent inflammation. HIV disrupts the balance between the host and coinfecting microbes, worsening control of these potential pathogens. For example, HIV-infected adults are more likely than the general population to have subclinical bursts of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication at mucosal sites. Production of antigens can activate the immune system and stimulate HIV replication, and it could contribute to the pathogenesis of adverse outcomes of aging, like cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive impairment. Further investigation of the relationships between CMV, immune dysfunction, and unsuccessful aging during chronic HIV infection is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla
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Criado I, Muñoz-Criado S, Rodríguez-Caballero A, Nieto WG, Romero A, Fernández-Navarro P, Alcoceba M, Contreras T, González M, Orfao A, Almeida J. Host virus and pneumococcus-specific immune responses in high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implications for disease progression. Haematologica 2017; 102:1238-1246. [PMID: 28385786 PMCID: PMC5566034 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.159012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) display a high incidence of infections due to an associated immunodeficiency that includes hypogammaglobulinemia. A higher risk of infections has also been recently reported for high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, while no information is available in low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Here, we evaluated the status of the humoral immune system in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n=58), as well as in low- (n=71) and high- (n=29) count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis versus healthy donors (n=91). Total free plasma immunoglobulin titers and specific levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza and S.pneumoniae were measured by nephelometry and ELISA-based techniques, respectively. Overall, our results show that both CLL and high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis patients, but not low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis subjects, present with relatively high levels of antibodies specific for the latent viruses investigated, associated with progressively lower levels of S.pneumoniae-specific immunoglobulins. These findings probably reflect asymptomatic chronic reactivation of humoral immune responses against host viruses associated with expanded virus-specific antibody levels and progressively decreased protection against other micro-organisms, denoting a severe humoral immunodeficiency state not reflected by the overall plasma immunoglobulin levels. Alternatively, these results could reflect a potential role of ubiquitous viruses in the pathogenesis of the disease. Further analyses are necessary to establish the relevance of such asymptomatic humoral immune responses against host viruses in the expansion of the tumor B-cell clone and progression from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis to CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Criado
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Arancha Rodríguez-Caballero
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Wendy G Nieto
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Romero
- Gerencia de Atención Primaria de Salud, Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud Miguel Armijo, Salamanca, Sanidad de Castilla y León (SACYL), Spain
| | - Paulino Fernández-Navarro
- Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud de Ledesma, Salamanca, Sanidad de Castilla y León (SACYL), Spain
| | - Miguel Alcoceba
- Hematology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, IBMCC, IBSAL and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Marcos González
- Hematology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, IBMCC, IBSAL and Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Julia Almeida
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca and IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
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Cytotoxic effector functions of T cells are not required for protective immunity against fatal Rickettsia typhi infection in a murine model of infection: Role of TH1 and TH17 cytokines in protection and pathology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005404. [PMID: 28222146 PMCID: PMC5336310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia (R.) typhi is an emerging febrile disease that can be fatal due to multiple organ pathology. Here we analyzed the requirements for protection against R. typhi by T cells in the CB17 SCID model of infection. BALB/c wild-type mice generate CD4+ TH1 and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells both of which are sporadically reactivated in persistent infection. Either adoptively transferred CD8+ or CD4+ T cells protected R. typhi-infected CB17 SCID mice from death and provided long-term control. CD8+ T cells lacking either IFNγ or Perforin were still protective, demonstrating that the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells is not essential for protection. Immune wild-type CD4+ T cells produced high amounts of IFNγ, induced the release of nitric oxide in R. typhi-infected macrophages and inhibited bacterial growth in vitro via IFNγ and TNFα. However, adoptive transfer of CD4+IFNγ-/- T cells still protected 30-90% of R. typhi-infected CB17 SCID mice. These cells acquired a TH17 phenotype, producing high amounts of IL-17A and IL-22 in addition to TNFα, and inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. Surprisingly, the neutralization of either TNFα or IL-17A in CD4+IFNγ-/- T cell recipient mice did not alter bacterial elimination by these cells in vivo, led to faster recovery and enhanced survival compared to isotype-treated animals. Thus, collectively these data show that although CD4+ TH1 cells are clearly efficient in protection against R. typhi, CD4+ TH17 cells are similarly protective if the harmful effects of combined production of TNFα and IL-17A can be inhibited.
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Apoil PA, Puissant-Lubrano B, Congy-Jolivet N, Peres M, Tkaczuk J, Roubinet F, Blancher A. Influence of age, sex and HCMV-serostatus on blood lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy adults. Cell Immunol 2017; 314:42-53. [PMID: 28219652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using a standardized immunophenotyping procedure we studied thirty-eight distinct subpopulations of T, B and NK lymphocytes in 253 healthy blood donors aged from 19 to 67. We analysed the influence of age, sex and HCMV seropositivity on each lymphocyte subpopulations and established reference ranges. We observed that aging influences the largest number of lymphocyte subpopulations with a slow increase of CD8+ EMRA T lymphocytes and of the numbers of circulating Tregs. The proportion of HLA-DR+ cells among Tregs increased with age and was correlated to the proportion of HLA-DR+ cells among effector T CD4+ lymphocytes. Sex had a major impact on absolute counts of CD4+ T cells which were higher in females. HCMV-seropositivity was associated with higher frequencies of CD8+ EMRA memory T lymphocytes while a high frequency of terminally differentiated EMRA CD4+ T cells was observed in 80% of HCMV-positive individuals and in none of the HCMV seronegative individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Apoil
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, EA 3034, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, France
| | - B Puissant-Lubrano
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, EA 3034, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, France
| | - N Congy-Jolivet
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, EA 3034, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, France
| | - M Peres
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, France
| | - J Tkaczuk
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, France
| | - F Roubinet
- EFS Pyrénées-Méditerranée, Toulouse, France
| | - A Blancher
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, EA 3034, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, France.
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Juno JA, van Bockel D, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Munier CML. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection? Front Immunol 2017; 8:19. [PMID: 28167943 PMCID: PMC5253382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Partners in Crime: The Role of CMV in Immune Dysregulation and Clinical Outcome During HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 13:10-9. [PMID: 26810437 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-016-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the current era of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are living longer and healthier lives. Nevertheless, HIV-infected persons are at greater risk for age-related disorders, which have been linked to residual immune dysfunction and inflammation. HIV-infected individuals are almost universally co-infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and both viruses are associated with inflammation-related morbidities. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the relationship between CMV and aging-related morbidities emerging during chronic HIV infection is warranted. Here, we review the literature on how CMV co-infection affects HIV infection and host immunity and we discuss the gaps in our knowledge that need elucidation.
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Tian Y, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells: Differentiation, Function, and Application to Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:531. [PMID: 28003809 PMCID: PMC5141332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) has spread through most tropical and subtropical areas of the world and represents a serious public health problem. The control of DENV infection has not yet been fully successful due to lack of effective therapeutics or vaccines. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the immune responses against DENV infection may reveal new strategies for eliciting and improving antiviral immunity. T cells provide protective immunity against various viral infections by generating effector cells that cooperate to eliminate antigens and memory cells that can survive for long periods with enhanced abilities to control recurring pathogens. Following activation, CD8 T cells can migrate to sites of infection and kill infected cells, whereas CD4 T cells contribute to the elimination of pathogens by trafficking to infected tissues and providing help to innate immune responses, B cells, as well as CD8 T cells. However, it is now evident that CD4 T cells can also perform cytotoxic functions and induce the apoptosis of target cells. Importantly, accumulating studies demonstrate that cytotoxic CD4 T cells develop following DENV infections and may play a crucial role in protecting the host from severe dengue disease. We review our current understanding of the differentiation and function of cytotoxic CD4 T cells, with a focus on DENV infection, and discuss the potential of harnessing these cells for the prevention and treatment of DENV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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40
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Munier CML, van Bockel D, Bailey M, Ip S, Xu Y, Alcantara S, Liu SM, Denyer G, Kaplan W, Suzuki K, Croft N, Purcell A, Tscharke D, Cooper DA, Kent SJ, Zaunders JJ, Kelleher AD. The primary immune response to Vaccinia virus vaccination includes cells with a distinct cytotoxic effector CD4 T-cell phenotype. Vaccine 2016; 34:5251-5261. [PMID: 27639281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smallpox was eradicated by a global program of inoculation with Vaccinia virus (VV). Robust VV-specific CD4 T-cell responses during primary infection are likely essential to controlling VV replication. Although there is increasing interest in cytolytic CD4 T-cells across many viral infections, the importance of these cells during acute VV infection is unclear. METHODS We undertook a detailed functional and genetic characterization of CD4 T-cells during acute VV-infection of humans. VV-specific T-cells were identified by up-regulation of activation markers directly ex vivo and through cytokine and co-stimulatory molecule expression. At day-13-post primary inoculation with VV, CD38highCD45RO+ CD4 T-cells were purified by cell sorting, RNA isolated and analysed by microarray. Differential expression of up-regulated genes in activated CD4 T-cells was confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels. We compared analyses of VV-specific CD4 T-cells to studies on 12 subjects with primary HIV infection (PHI). VV-specific T-cells lines were established from PBMCs collected post vaccination and checked for cytotoxicity potential. RESULTS A median 11.9% CD4 T-cells were CD38highCD45RO+ at day-13 post-VV inoculation, compared to 3.0% prior and 10.4% during PHI. Activated CD4 T-cells had an up-regulation of genes related to cytolytic function, including granzymes K and A, perforin, granulysin, TIA-1, and Rab27a. No difference was seen between CD4 T-cell expression of perforin or TIA-1 to VV and PHI, however granzyme k was more dominant in the VV response. At 25:1 effector to target ratio, two VV-specific T-cell lines exhibited 62% and 30% cytotoxicity respectively and CD107a degranulation. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that CD4 CTL are prominent in the early response to VV. Understanding the role of CD4 CTL in the generation of an effective anti-viral memory may help develop more effective vaccines for diseases such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mee Ling Munier
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - David van Bockel
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Bailey
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susanna Ip
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue Min Liu
- The Garvan Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Kazuo Suzuki
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan Croft
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David A Cooper
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Parrot T, Allard M, Oger R, Benlalam H, Raingeard de la Blétière D, Coutolleau A, Preisser L, Desfrançois J, Khammari A, Dréno B, Labarrière N, Delneste Y, Guardiola P, Gervois N. IL-9 promotes the survival and function of human melanoma-infiltrating CD4+CD8+double-positive T cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1770-82. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Parrot
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Mathilde Allard
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Romain Oger
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Houssem Benlalam
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Diane Raingeard de la Blétière
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université d'Angers; Angers France
- SNP Transcriptome & Epigenomics Facility; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Angers France
| | - Anne Coutolleau
- SNP Transcriptome & Epigenomics Facility; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Angers France
| | - Laurence Preisser
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université d'Angers; Angers France
| | | | - Amir Khammari
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
- Unit of Skin Cancer; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes France
- GMP Unit of Cellular Therapy; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes France
| | - Brigitte Dréno
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
- Unit of Skin Cancer; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes France
- GMP Unit of Cellular Therapy; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes France
| | - Nathalie Labarrière
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Yves Delneste
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université d'Angers; Angers France
| | - Philippe Guardiola
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université d'Angers; Angers France
- SNP Transcriptome & Epigenomics Facility; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Angers France
| | - Nadine Gervois
- INSERM; U892 Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6299 Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
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Abstract
Ectromelia virus is a mouse-specific orthopoxvirus that, following footpad infection or natural transmission, causes mousepox in most strains of mice, while a few strains, such as C57BL/6, are resistant to the disease but not to the infection. Mousepox is an acute, systemic, highly lethal disease of remarkable semblance to smallpox, caused by the human-specific variola virus. Starting in 1929 with its discovery by Marchal, work with ECTV has provided essential information for our current understanding on how viruses spread lympho-hematogenously, the genetic control of antiviral resistance, the role of different components of the innate and adaptive immune system in the control of primary and secondary infections with acute viruses, and how the mechanisms of immune evasion deployed by the virus affect virulence in vivo. Here, I review the literature on the pathogenesis and immunobiology of ECTV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Sigal
- Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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43
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Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4 T Cells Are Cytolytic and Mediate Vaccine Protection. J Virol 2015; 90:650-8. [PMID: 26491148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02123-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4 T cells provide protection against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other persistent viruses, and the ability to quantify and characterize epitope-specific responses is essential to gain a more precise understanding of their effector roles in this regard. Here, we report the first two I-A(d)-restricted CD4 T cell responses specific for mouse CMV (MCMV) epitopes and use a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) tetramer to characterize their phenotypes and functions. We demonstrate that MCMV-specific CD4 T cells can express high levels of granzyme B and kill target cells in an epitope- and organ-specific manner. In addition, CD4 T cell epitope vaccination of immunocompetent mice reduced MCMV replication in the same organs where CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was observed. Together, our studies show that MCMV epitope-specific CD4 T cells have the potential to mediate antiviral defense by multiple effector mechanisms in vivo. IMPORTANCE CD4 T cells mediate immune protection by using their T cell receptors to recognize specific portions of viral proteins, called epitopes, that are presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules on the surfaces of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we discovered the first two epitopes derived from mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that are recognized by CD4 T cells in BALB/c mice, a mouse strain commonly used to study the pathogenesis of this virus infection. Here, we report the sequences of these epitopes, characterize the CD4 T cells that recognize them to fight off MCMV infection, and show that we can use the epitopes to vaccinate mice and protect against MCMV.
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von Buttlar H, Bismarck D, Alber G. Peripheral canine CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive T cells - unique amongst others. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:169-75. [PMID: 26460086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes co-expressing CD4 and CD8 ("double-positive T cells") are commonly associated with a thymic developmental stage of T cells. Their first description in humans and pigs as extrathymic T cells with a memory phenotype almost 30 years ago came as a surprise. Meanwhile peripheral double-positive T cells have been described in a growing number of different species. In this review we highlight novel data from our very recent studies on canine peripheral double-positive T cells which point to unique features of double-positive T cells in the dog. In contrast to porcine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells forming a homogenous cellular population based on their expression of CD4 and CD8α, canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells can be divided into three different cellular subsets with distinct expression levels of CD4 and CD8α. Double-positive T cells expressing CD8β are present in humans and dogs but absent in swine. Moreover, canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells can not only develop from CD4(+) single-positive T cells but also from CD8(+) single-positive T cells. Together, this places canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells closer to their human than porcine counterparts since human double-positive T cells also appear to be heterogeneous in their CD4 and CD8α expression and have both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as progenitor cells. However, CD4(+) single-positive T cells are the more potent progenitors for canine double-positive T cells, whereas CD8(+) single-positive T cells are more potent progenitors for human double-positive T cells. Canine double-positive T cells have an activated phenotype and may have as yet unrecognized roles in vivo in immunity to infection or in inflammatory diseases such as chronic infection, autoimmunity, allergy, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Doris Bismarck
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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45
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Ugarte-Gil MF, Sánchez-Zúñiga C, Gamboa-Cárdenas RV, Aliaga-Zamudio M, Zevallos F, Tineo-Pozo G, Cucho-Venegas JM, Mosqueira-Riveros A, Medina M, Perich-Campos RA, Alfaro-Lozano JL, Rodriguez-Bellido Z, Alarcón GS, Pastor-Asurza CA. Circulating CD4+CD28null and extra-thymic CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells are independently associated with disease damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 2015; 25:233-40. [PMID: 26385221 DOI: 10.1177/0961203315604910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether circulating CD4+CD28null and extra-thymic CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) T cells are independently associated with damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2013 and April 2014 in consecutive SLE patients from our Rheumatology Department. CD4+CD28null and CD4+CD8+ DP T-cell frequencies were analyzed by flow-cytometry. The association of damage (SLICC/ACR Damage Index, SDI) and CD4+CD28null and CD4+CD8+ DP T cells was examined by univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models, adjusting for possible confounders. All analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0. RESULTS Patients' (n = 133) mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 35.5 (16.8) years, 124 (93.2%) were female; all were mestizo (mixed Caucasian and Amerindian ancestry). Disease duration was 7.4 (6.8) years. The SLE Disease Activity Index was 5.5 (4.2), and the SDI 0.9 (1.2). The percentages of CD4+CD28null and CD4+CD8+ DP T cells were 17.1 (14.4) and 0.4 (1.4), respectively. The percentage of CD4+CD28null and CD4+CD8+ DP T cells were positively associated with a higher SDI in both univariable (rate ratio (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.03 and 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07-1.27, respectively; p < 0.001 for both) and multivariable analyses RR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03, p = 0.001 for CD4+CD28null T cells and 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13-1.44, p < 0.001 for CD4+CD8+ DP T cells). Only the renal domain remained associated with CD4+CD28null in multivariable analyses (RR 1.023 (1.002-1.045); p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS In SLE patients, CD4+CD28null and CD4+CD8+ DP T cells are independently associated with disease damage. Longitudinal studies are warranted to determine the predictive value of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ugarte-Gil
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - C Sánchez-Zúñiga
- Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - R V Gamboa-Cárdenas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - M Aliaga-Zamudio
- Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - F Zevallos
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - G Tineo-Pozo
- Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - J M Cucho-Venegas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - A Mosqueira-Riveros
- Molecular Biology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - M Medina
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - R A Perich-Campos
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - J L Alfaro-Lozano
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Z Rodriguez-Bellido
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - G S Alarcón
- School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - C A Pastor-Asurza
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Gianella S, Massanella M, Wertheim JO, Smith DM. The Sordid Affair Between Human Herpesvirus and HIV. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:845-52. [PMID: 25748324 PMCID: PMC4548466 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human herpesvirus (HHV) infections persist lifelong, and almost all individuals infected with HIV are also infected with ≥1 HHV. These coinfections are not independent processes or benign. In this review, we discuss how HHVs, and cytomegalovirus in particular, interact with concurrent HIV infection, and we describe the next steps necessary to understand and address these connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Davey M. Smith
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, California
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47
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Dengue virus infection elicits highly polarized CX3CR1+ cytotoxic CD4+ T cells associated with protective immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505956112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a rapidly spreading pathogen with unusual pathogenesis, and correlates of protection from severe dengue disease and vaccine efficacy have not yet been established. Although DENV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses have been extensively studied, the breadth and specificity of CD4(+) T-cell responses remains to be defined. Here we define HLA-restricted CD4(+) T-cell epitopes resulting from natural infection with dengue virus in a hyperepidemic setting. Ex vivo flow-cytometric analysis of DENV-specific CD4(+) T cells revealed that the virus-specific cells were highly polarized, with a strong bias toward a CX3CR1(+) Eomesodermin(+) perforin(+) granzyme B(+) CD45RA(+) CD4 CTL phenotype. Importantly, these cells correlated with a protective HLA DR allele, and we demonstrate that these cells have direct ex vivo DENV-specific cytolytic activity. We speculate that cytotoxic dengue-specific CD4(+) T cells may play a role in the control of dengue infection in vivo, and this immune correlate may be a key target for dengue virus vaccine development.
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48
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Almehmadi M, Hammad A, Heyworth S, Moberly J, Middleton D, Hopkins MJ, Hart IJ, Christmas SE. CD56+ T cells are increased in kidney transplant patients following cytomegalovirus infection. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:518-26. [PMID: 26039898 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD56+ T cells previously have been identified as potentially cytotoxic lymphocytes, and relative numbers are increased in some infectious diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS Relative proportions of CD56+ T cells were measured by flow cytometry in groups of renal transplant patients differing in cytomegalovirus (CMV) status of donor (D) and recipient (R). These measurements were related to episodes of CMV viremia. RESULTS Patient groups in which recipients (R+) or donors (D+/R-) were CMV+ had significantly higher proportions of CD56+ T cells (5.11 ± 0.69% and 5.42 ± 1.01%, respectively) than the D-/R- group (1.9 ± 0.35%; P = 0.0018 and 0.017, respectively). In the high-risk D+/R- group, it was found that patients who had post-transplant CMV viremia had higher levels than those who remained CMV negative (9.09 ± 2.34% vs. 3.16 ± 1.22%; P = 0.01). CD56+ T cells from R+ and D+/R- groups had higher proportions of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells than the D-/R- group. When activation markers were examined, some CD56+ T cells from both CMV+ groups had a TEM phenotype, with significantly more expressing CD45RO and NKG2C, and less expressing CD28, CD62L, CD127, and CD161 compared to the D-/R- group. Some CD56+ T cells showed specificity for CMV antigens and similar proportions of CD8+ cells were positive for class I HLA-CMV tetramers containing immunodominant CMV peptides compared to the majority CD56- T cells. CONCLUSION The results show significant increases in proportions of CD56+ T cells in relation to CMV infection in renal transplant patients and suggest that these cells have a cytotoxic function against CMV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Applied Medical Sciences College Al-hada, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A Hammad
- Transplant Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Heyworth
- Transplant Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Moberly
- Transplant Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Middleton
- Transplant Immunology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - M J Hopkins
- Liverpool Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - I J Hart
- Liverpool Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - S E Christmas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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49
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Abstract
Despite the growing number of preclinical and clinical trials focused on immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas, the prognosis for this disease remains grim. Cancer immunotherapy seeks to recruit an effective immune response to eliminate tumor cells. To date, cancer vaccines have shown only limited effectiveness because of our incomplete understanding of the necessary effector cells and mechanisms that yield efficient tumor clearance. CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity has long been proposed as the primary effector function necessary for tumor regression. However, there is increasing evidence that indicates that components of the immune system other than CD8+ T cells play important roles in tumor eradication and control. The following review should provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in an effective antitumor response to guide future therapeutic designs. The information provided suggests an alternate means of effective tumor clearance in malignant glioma to the canonical CD8+ cytotoxic T cell mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Elizabeth Pluhar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 55108
| | - Christopher A. Pennell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 55445
| | - Michael R. Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 55445
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Overgaard NH, Jung JW, Steptoe RJ, Wells JW. CD4+/CD8+ double-positive T cells: more than just a developmental stage? J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:31-8. [PMID: 25360000 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ru0814-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)/CD8(+) DP thymocytes are a well-described T cell developmental stage within the thymus. However, once differentiated, the CD4(+) lineage or the CD8(+) lineage is generally considered to be fixed. Nevertheless, mature CD4(+)/CD8(+) DP T cells have been described in the blood and peripheral lymphoid tissues of numerous species, as well as in numerous disease settings, including cancer. The expression of CD4 and CD8 is regulated by a very strict transcriptional program involving the transcription factors Runx3 and ThPOK. Initially thought to be mutually exclusive within CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell populations, outside of the thymus, have recently been described to express concurrently ThPOK and Runx3. Considerable heterogeneity exists within the CD4(+)/CD8(+) DP T cell pool, and the function of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell populations remains controversial, with conflicting reports describing cytotoxic or suppressive roles for these cells. In this review, we describe how transcriptional regulation, lineage of origin, heterogeneity of CD4 and CD8 expression, age, species, and specific disease settings influence the functionality of this rarely studied T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana H Overgaard
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - James W Wells
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
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