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Dzidzishvili L, Fernández-Valle ME, Moreno Molera D, Calvo E, López-Torres II. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging can predict osteoarthritic progression after medial meniscus posterior root injury: randomized in vivo experimental study in a rabbit model. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:526-533. [PMID: 38583525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The field of meniscal root preservation has undergone significant advancement over the past decades; however, the challenge remains to fully understand whether meniscal root repair can ultimately arrest or delay osteoarthritic changes. OBJECTIVE To assess longitudinal changes in articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and progression to meniscal extrusion (ME) using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Medial meniscus posterior root tear was surgically induced in 39 New Zealand white rabbits. Animals were randomly assigned into three experimental groups: partial meniscectomy after root tear (PM, n = 13); root tear left in situ (CT, n = 13); and transtibial root repair (RR, n = 13). Contralateral limbs were used as healthy controls. High resolution 4.7 Tesla MRI of the knee joint was performed at baseline, after 2-, and 4-months of post-surgery. Cartilage thickness was calculated in medial and lateral compartments. In addition, the evaluation of ME, subchondral bone edema and healing potential after root repair were assessed too. RESULTS Progressive cartilage thinning, ME, and subchondral bone edema were evident in all 3 study groups after 4-months of follow-up. The mean cartilage thickness in the PM group was 0.53 mm (±0.050), 0.57 mm (±0.05) in the CT group, and 0.60 mm (±0.08) in the RR group. The PM group exhibited significantly higher cartilage loss when compared to the CT and RR groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, progressive ME and subchondral bone edema were associated with a more severe cartilage loss at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION Meniscal root repair did not halt but rather reduced the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Degenerative changes worsened at a rapid rate in the PM group compared to the RR and CT groups. Early cartilage swelling, persistent subchondral edema, and progressive ME predicted a more severe progression to knee OA in the CT and RR groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lika Dzidzishvili
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. De los Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - David Moreno Molera
- Bioimaging Research Support Center- Universidad Complutense Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Calvo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. De los Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Isabel López-Torres
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. De los Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Kupratis ME, Gonzalez U, Rahman A, Burris DL, Corbin EA, Price C. Exogenous Collagen Crosslinking is Highly Detrimental to Articular Cartilage Lubrication. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:071001. [PMID: 38323667 PMCID: PMC11005859 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Healthy articular cartilage is a remarkable bearing material optimized for near-frictionless joint articulation. Because its limited self-repair capacity renders it susceptible to osteoarthritis (OA), approaches to reinforce or rebuild degenerative cartilage are of significant interest. While exogenous collagen crosslinking (CXL) treatments improve cartilage's mechanical properties and increase its resistance to enzymatic degradation, their effects on cartilage lubrication remain less clear. Here, we examined how the collagen crosslinking agents genipin (GP) and glutaraldehyde (GTA) impact cartilage lubrication using the convergent stationary contact area (cSCA) configuration. Unlike classical configurations, the cSCA sustains biofidelic kinetic friction coefficients (μk) via superposition of interstitial and hydrodynamic pressurization (i.e., tribological rehydration). As expected, glutaraldehyde- and genipin-mediated CXL increased cartilage's tensile and compressive moduli. Although net tribological rehydration was retained after CXL, GP or GTA treatment drastically elevated μk. Both healthy and "OA-like" cartilage (generated via enzymatic digestion) sustained remarkably low μk in saline- (≤0.02) and synovial fluid-lubricated contacts (≤0.006). After CXL, μk increased up to 30-fold, reaching values associated with marked chondrocyte death in vitro. These results demonstrate that mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness) are necessary, but not sufficient, metrics of cartilage function. Furthermore, the marked impairment in lubrication suggests that CXL-mediated stiffening is ill-suited to cartilage preservation or joint resurfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Kupratis
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
- University of Delaware
| | - Uriel Gonzalez
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
- University of Delaware
| | - Atia Rahman
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713
- University of Delaware
| | - David L. Burris
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Elise A. Corbin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713; Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- University of Delaware
| | - Christopher Price
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713; Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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3
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Linus A, Tanska P, Nippolainen E, Tiitu V, Töyras J, Korhonen RK, Afara IO, Mononen ME. Site-specific elastic and viscoelastic biomechanical properties of healthy and osteoarthritic human knee joint articular cartilage. J Biomech 2024; 169:112135. [PMID: 38744145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Articular cartilage exhibits site-specific biomechanical properties. However, no study has comprehensively characterized site-specific cartilage properties from the same knee joints at different stages of osteoarthritis (OA). Cylindrical osteochondral explants (n = 381) were harvested from donor-matched lateral and medial tibia, lateral and medial femur, patella, and trochlea of cadaveric knees (N = 17). Indentation test was used to measure the elastic and viscoelastic mechanical properties of the samples, and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading system was used to categorize the samples into normal (OARSI 0-1), early OA (OARSI 2-3), and advanced OA (OARSI 4-5) groups. OA-related changes in cartilage mechanical properties were site-specific. In the lateral and medial tibia and trochlea sites, equilibrium, instantaneous and dynamic moduli were higher (p < 0.001) in normal tissue than in early and advanced OA tissue. In lateral and medial femur, equilibrium, instantaneous and dynamic moduli were smaller in advanced OA, but not in early OA, than in normal tissue. The phase difference (0.1-0.25 Hz) between stress and strain was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) in advanced OA than in normal tissue across all sites except medial tibia. Our results indicated that in contrast to femoral and patellar cartilage, equilibrium, instantaneous and dynamic moduli of the tibia and trochlear cartilage decreased in early OA. These may suggest that the tibia and trochlear cartilage degrades faster than the femoral and patellar cartilage. The information is relevant for developing site-specific computational models and engineered cartilage constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awuniji Linus
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyras
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isaac O Afara
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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4
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Huber S, Santschi MXT, Schadow J, Leunig M, Ferguson SJ. Structure, composition and anisotropic swelling of the bovine acetabular labrum. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106333. [PMID: 38134586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The fibro-cartilaginous labrum surrounds the acetabular rim and is important for hip joint stability and sealing. Sealing may be enhanced by swelling pressure within the normal labrum. Swelling of the degenerated or torn labrum might occur and potentially contribute to the development of osteoarthritis, through altered load transmission. This study aimed to characterize the three-dimensional swelling behaviour, the collagen fiber orientation and spatial proteoglycan distribution of the bovine acetabular labrum. Specimens were harvested from bovine donors (192-652 days, male, n = 6 donors). Structure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, histology, and dimethylmethylene blue assay. Specimen dimensions were measured before and after incubation in phosphate buffered saline to assess the swelling. Results showed that the articulating surface is composed of a collagen mesh network. Collagen fiber bundles showed a low degree of alignment close to the surface and were circumferentially aligned in the deep tissue. Proteoglycans were identified clustered between the collagen bundles. Glycosaminoglycan content was 10 x lower than that of cartilage (23.1 ± 6.4 compared to 299.5 ± 19.1 μg/mg dry weight) with minor regional differences. Specimens swelled significantly more in the orthogonal direction (swelling ratio 124.7 ± 10.2%) compared to the swelling parallel to the articulating surface (108.8 ± 6.1% and 102.8 ± 4.1%). In the deep tissue, swelling was also restricted in the main collagen fiber bundle direction (circumferentially), with a swelling ratio of 109.5 ± 4.0% in the main fiber bundle direction compared to 126.8 ± 7.3 % and 122.3 ± 5.8% radially. The findings demonstrate that the labrum shows anisotropic swelling properties, which reflect the anisotropy in the tissue structure and inter-fiber localisation of proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Huber
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Biomechanics, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Jemima Schadow
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Biomechanics, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Leunig
- Schulthess Klinik, Department of Hip Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Linus A, Tanska P, Sarin JK, Nippolainen E, Tiitu V, Mäkelä JTA, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK, Mononen ME, Afara IO. Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Enables Differentiation of Normal and Early Osteoarthritic Human Knee Joint Articular Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2245-2257. [PMID: 37332006 PMCID: PMC10518273 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis degenerates cartilage and impairs joint function. Early intervention opportunities are missed as current diagnostic methods are insensitive to early tissue degeneration. We investigated the capability of visible light-near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) to differentiate normal human cartilage from early osteoarthritic one. Vis-NIRS spectra, biomechanical properties and the state of osteoarthritis (OARSI grade) were quantified from osteochondral samples harvested from different anatomical sites of human cadaver knees. Two support vector machines (SVM) classifiers were developed based on the Vis-NIRS spectra and OARSI scores. The first classifier was designed to distinguish normal (OARSI: 0-1) from general osteoarthritic cartilage (OARSI: 2-5) to check the general suitability of the approach yielding an average accuracy of 75% (AUC = 0.77). Then, the second classifier was designed to distinguish normal from early osteoarthritic cartilage (OARSI: 2-3) yielding an average accuracy of 71% (AUC = 0.73). Important wavelength regions for differentiating normal from early osteoarthritic cartilage were related to collagen organization (wavelength region: 400-600 nm), collagen content (1000-1300 nm) and proteoglycan content (1600-1850 nm). The findings suggest that Vis-NIRS allows objective differentiation of normal and early osteoarthritic tissue, e.g., during arthroscopic repair surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awuniji Linus
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko K Sarin
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Imaging Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isaac O Afara
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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6
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Semenistaja S, Skuja S, Kadisa A, Groma V. Healthy and Osteoarthritis-Affected Joints Facing the Cellular Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044120. [PMID: 36835530 PMCID: PMC9964755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive, severely debilitating, and multifactorial joint disease that is recognized as the most common type of arthritis. During the last decade, it shows an incremental global rise in prevalence and incidence. The interaction between etiologic factors that mediate joint degradation has been explored in numerous studies. However, the underlying processes that induce OA remain obscure, largely due to the variety and complexity of these mechanisms. During synovial joint dysfunction, the osteochondral unit undergoes cellular phenotypic and functional alterations. At the cellular level, the synovial membrane is influenced by cartilage and subchondral bone cleavage fragments and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation products from apoptotic and necrotic cells. These "foreign bodies" serve as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger innate immunity, eliciting and sustaining low-grade inflammation in the synovium. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular communication networks established between the major joint compartments-the synovial membrane, cartilage, and subchondral bone of normal and OA-affected joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofija Semenistaja
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sandra Skuja
- Joint Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-673-20421
| | - Anda Kadisa
- Department of Internal Diseases, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Valerija Groma
- Joint Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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7
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Sundar S, Linardi R, Gaesser A, Guo T, Ortved K, Engiles J, Parreno J, Dhong C. Optics-Free, In Situ Swelling Monitoring of Articular Cartilage with Graphene Strain Sensors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1011-1019. [PMID: 36701648 PMCID: PMC10123914 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage derives its load-bearing strength from the mechanical and physiochemical coupling between the collagen network and negatively charged proteoglycans, respectively. Current disease modeling approaches and treatment strategies primarily focus on cartilage stiffness, partly because indentation tests are readily accessible. However, stiffness measurements via indentation alone cannot discriminate between proteoglycan degradation versus collagen degradation, and there is a lack of methods to monitor physiochemical contributors in full-stack tissue. To decouple these contributions, here, we developed a platform that measures tissue swelling in full-depth equine cartilage explants using piezoresistive graphene strain sensors. These piezoresistive strain sensors are embedded within an elastomer bulk and have sufficient sensitivity to resolve minute, real-time changes in swelling. By relying on simple DC resistance measurements over optical techniques, our platform can analyze multiple samples in parallel. Using these devices, we found that cartilage explants under enzymatic digestion showed distinctive swelling responses to a hypotonic challenge and established average equilibrium swelling strains in healthy cartilage (4.6%), cartilage with proteoglycan loss (0.5%), and in cartilage with both collagen and proteoglycan loss (-2.6%). Combined with histology, we decoupled the pathologic swelling responses as originating either from reduced fixed charge density or from loss of intrinsic stiffness of the collagen matrix in the superficial zone. By providing scalable and in situ monitoring of cartilage swelling, our platform could facilitate regenerative medicine approaches aimed at restoring osmotic function in osteoarthritic cartilage or could be used to validate physiologically relevant swelling behavior in synthetic hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sundar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Renata Linardi
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela Gaesser
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tianzheng Guo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Engiles
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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8
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McCreery KP, Luetkemeyer CM, Calve S, Neu CP. Hyperelastic characterization reveals proteoglycans drive the nanoscale strain-stiffening response in hyaline cartilage. J Biomech 2023; 146:111397. [PMID: 36469996 PMCID: PMC9922104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) result in deterioration of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, significantly compromising tissue function. For measurement of mechanical properties at micron resolution, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a leading technique in biomaterials research, including in the study of OA. It is common practice to determine material properties by applying classical Hertzian contact theory to AFM data. However, errors are consequential because the application of a linear elastic contact model to tissue ignores the fact that soft materials exhibit nonlinear properties even at small strains, influencing the biological conclusions of clinically-relevant studies. Additionally, nonlinear material properties are not well characterized, limiting physiological relevance of Young's modulus. Here, we probe the ECM of hyaline cartilage with AFM and explore the application of Hertzian theory in comparison to five hyperelastic models: NeoHookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Arruda-Boyce, Fung, and Ogden. The Fung and Ogden models achieved the best fits of the data, but the Fung model demonstrated robust sensitivity during model validation, demonstrating its ideal application to cartilage ECM and potentially other connective tissues. To develop a biological understanding of the Fung nonlinear parameter, we selectively degraded ECM components to target collagens (purified collagenase), hyaluronan (bacterial hyaluronidase), and glycosaminoglycans (chondroitinase ABC). We found significant differences in both Fung parameters in response to enzymatic treatment, indicating that proteoglycans drive the nonlinear response of cartilage ECM, and validating biological relevance of these phenomenological parameters. Our findings add value to the biomechanics community of using two-parameter material models for microindentation of soft biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P McCreery
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Schuiringa GH, Pastrama M, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Towards a load bearing hydrogel: A proof of principle in the use of osmotic pressure for biomimetic cartilage constructs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105552. [PMID: 36371992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage defects occur frequently and can lead to osteoarthritis. Hydrogels are a promising regenerative strategy for treating such defects, using their ability of mimicking the native extracellular matrix. However, commonly used hydrogels for tissue regeneration are too soft to resist load-bearing in the joint. To overcome this, an implant is being developed in which the mechanical loadbearing function originates from the osmotic pressure generated by the swelling potential of a charged hydrogel, which is restricted from swelling by a textile spacer fabric. This study aims to quantify the relationship between the swelling potential of the hydrogel and the compressive stiffness of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerke H Schuiringa
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Pastrama
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Dept. Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands.
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10
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Sekelova T, Danisovic L, Cehakova M. Rejuvenation of Senescent Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Prevent Age-Related Changes in Synovial Joints. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231200065. [PMID: 37766590 PMCID: PMC10540599 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal/medicinal stem/signaling cells (MSCs), well known for regenerative potential, have been involved in hundreds of clinical trials. Even if equipped with reparative properties, aging significantly decreases their biological activity, representing a major challenge for MSC-based therapies. Age-related joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, are associated with the accumulation of senescent cells, including synovial MSCs. An impaired ability of MSCs to self-renew and differentiate is one of the main contributors to the human aging process. Moreover, senescent MSCs (sMSCs) are characterized by the senescence-messaging secretome (SMS), which is typically manifested by the release of molecules with an adverse effect. Many factors, from genetic and metabolic pathways to environmental stressors, participate in the regulation of the senescent phenotype of MSCs. To better understand cellular senescence in MSCs, this review discusses the characteristics of sMSCs, their role in cartilage and synovial joint aging, and current rejuvenation approaches to delay/reverse age-related pathological changes, providing evidence from in vivo experiments as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sekelova
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piestany, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piestany, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Cehakova
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piestany, Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Pastrama M, van Hees R, Stavenuiter I, Petterson NJ, Ito K, Lopata R, van Donkelaar CC. Characterization of intra-tissue strain fields in articular cartilage explants during post-loading recovery using high frequency ultrasound. J Biomech 2022; 145:111370. [PMID: 36375264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the potential of ultrasound elastography as a research tool for non-destructive imaging of intra-tissue strain fields and tissue quality assessment in cartilage explants. Osteochondral plugs from bovine patellae were loaded up to 10, 40, or 70 N using a hemi-spherical indenter. The load was kept constant for 15 min, after which samples were unloaded and ultrasound imaging of strain recovery over time was performed in the indented area for 1 h. Tissue strains were determined using speckle tracking and accumulated to LaGrangian strains in the indentation direction. For all samples, strain maps showed a heterogeneous strain field, with the highest values in the superficial cartilage under the indenter tip at the bottom of the indent and decreasing values in the deeper cartilage. Strains were higher at higher load levels and tissue recovery over time was faster after indentation at 10 N than at 40 N and 70 N. At lower compression levels most displacement occurred near the surface with little deformation in the deep layers, while at higher levels strains increased more evenly in all cartilage zones. Ultrasound elastography is a promising method for high resolution imaging of intra-tissue strain fields and evaluation of cartilage quality in tissue explants in a laboratory setting. In the future, it may become a clinical diagnostic tool used to identify the extent of cartilage damage around visible defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pastrama
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Roy van Hees
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics, Photoacoustics & Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Stavenuiter
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Petterson
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics, Photoacoustics & Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Lopata
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics, Photoacoustics & Ultrasound Laboratory Eindhoven (PULS/e), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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12
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Evans LAE, Pitsillides AA. Structural clues to articular calcified cartilage function: A descriptive review of this crucial interface tissue. J Anat 2022; 241:875-895. [PMID: 35866709 PMCID: PMC9482704 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular calcified cartilage (ACC) has been dismissed, by some, as a remnant of endochondral ossification without functional relevance to joint articulation or weight-bearing. Recent research indicates that morphologic and metabolic ACC features may be important, reflecting knee joint osteoarthritis (OA) predisposition. ACC is less investigated than neighbouring joint tissues, with its component chondrocytes and mineralised matrix often being either ignored or integrated into analyses of hyaline articular cartilage and subchondral bone tissue respectively. Anatomical variation in ACC is recognised between species, individuals and age groups, but the selective pressures underlying this variation are unknown. Consequently, optimal ACC biomechanical features are also unknown as are any potential locomotory roles. This review collates descriptions of ACC anatomy and biology in health and disease, with a view to revealing its structure/function relationship and highlighting potential future research avenues. Mouse models of healthy and OA joint ageing have shown disparities in ACC load-induced deformations at the knee joint. This raises the hypothesis that ACC response to locomotor forces over time may influence, or even underlie, the bony and hyaline cartilage symptoms characteristic of OA. To effectively investigate the ACC, greater resolution of joint imaging and merging of hierarchical scale data will be required. An appreciation of OA as a 'whole joint disease' is expanding, as is the possibility that the ACC may be a key player in healthy ageing and in the transition to OA joint pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda A. E. Evans
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of LondonLondonUK
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13
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Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis in Rabbits Following Traumatic Injury and Surgical Reconstruction of the Knee. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:169-182. [PMID: 35028785 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) of the knee is often attributed to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus injury. The development of PTOA, however, does not seem to depend on whether or not the damaged ACL is reconstructed. There has been a need to develop animal models to study the mechanisms of PTOA following reconstruction of a traumatized knee. Eighteen rabbits underwent closed-joint trauma to produce ACL rupture and meniscus damage. Then, for the first time, the traumatized knee was surgically repaired in this animal model. Upon euthanasia at 1-, 3- or 6-month post-trauma, joint stability, cartilage morphology and mechanical properties, as well as histology of the cartilage and subchondral bone were evaluated. Trauma-induced knee injury involved 72% mid-substance ACL rupture, 28% partial ACL tear and 56% concurrent medial meniscal damage. ACL reconstruction effectively restored joint stability by reducing joint laxity to a level similar to that in the contralateral intact knee. Compared to their contralateral controls, reconstructed limbs showed osteoarthritic changes to the cartilage and subchondral bone as early as 1-month post-trauma. The degeneration progressed over time up to 6-month. Overall, the medial compartments had more tissue damage than their corresponding lateral counterparts. Damage patterns to the ACL, the frequency of observed concurrent meniscal injury, and reductions in cartilage integrity and health were consistent with clinical observations of human patients who undergo ACL injury and reconstruction. Thus, we believe the combined closed-joint injury and surgical repair lapine model of PTOA, being first-ever and clinically relevant, shows promise to evaluate well-targeted therapeutics and other interventions for this chronic disease.
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14
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Xu D, van der Voet J, Hansson NM, Klein S, Oei EHG, Wagner F, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Runhaar J. Association between meniscal volume and development of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:1392-1399. [PMID: 32974683 PMCID: PMC7937026 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between meniscal volume, its change over time and the development of knee OA after 30 months in overweight/obese women. METHODS Data from the PRevention of knee Osteoarthritis in Overweight Females study were used. This cohort included 407 women with a BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2, free of OA-related symptoms. The primary outcome measure was incident OA after 30 months, defined by one out of the following criteria: medial or lateral joint space narrowing (JSN) ≥ 1.0 mm, incident radiographic OA [Kellgren and Lawrence (K&L) ≥ 2], or incident clinical OA. The secondary outcomes were either of these items separately. Menisci at both baseline and follow-up were automatically segmented to obtain meniscal volume and delta-volumes. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate associations between the volume measures and the outcomes. RESULTS Medial and lateral baseline and delta-volumes were not significantly associated to the primary outcome. Lateral meniscal baseline volume was significantly associated to lateral JSN [odds ratio (OR) = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.99], while other measures were not. Medial and lateral baseline volume were positively associated to K&L incidence (OR = 1.32 and 1.22; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.50 and 1.03, 1.45, respectively), while medial and lateral delta-volume were negatively associated to K&L incidence (OR = 0.998 and 0.997; 95% CI: 0.997, 1.000 and 0.996, 0.999, respectively). None of the meniscal measures were significantly associated to incident clinical OA. CONCLUSION Larger baseline meniscal volume and the decrease of meniscal volume over time were associated to the development of structural OA after 30 months in overweight and obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Xu
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Voet
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nils M Hansson
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H G Oei
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Wagner
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastia M A Bierma-Zeinstra
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Runhaar
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Bourebaba L, Röcken M, Marycz K. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in Horses - Molecular Background of its Pathogenesis and Perspectives for Progenitor Stem Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:374-390. [PMID: 30796679 PMCID: PMC6534522 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (osteochondrosis dissecans; OCD) is a disease syndrome of growing cartilage related to different clinical entities such as epiphysitis, subchondral cysts and angular carpal deformities, which occurs in growing animals of all species, including horses. Nowadays, these disorders are affecting increasing numbers of young horses worldwide. As a complex multifactorial disease, OCD is initiated when failure in cartilage canals because of existing ischemia, chondrocyte biogenesis impairment as well as biochemical and genetic disruptions occur. Recently, particular attention have been accorded to the definition of possible relations between OCD and some metabolic disorders; in this way, implication of mitochondrial dysfunctions, endoplasmic reticulum disruptions, oxidative stress or endocrinological affections are among the most considered axes for future researches. As one of the most frequent cause of impaired orthopaedic potential, which may result in a sharp decrease in athletic performances of the affected animals, and lead to the occurrence of complications such as joint fragility and laminitis, OCD remains as one of the primary causes of considerable economic losses in all sections of the equine industry. It would therefore be important to provide more information on the exact pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying early OC(D) lesions, in order to implement innovative strategies involving the use of progenitor stem cells, which are considered nowadays as a promising approach to regenerative medicine, with the potential to treat numerous orthopaedic disorders, including osteo-degenerative diseases, for prevention and reduction of incidence of the disease, not only in horses, but also in human medicine, as the equine model is already widely accepted by the scientific community and approved by the FDA, for the research and application of cellular therapies in the treatment of human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michael Röcken
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
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16
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Mukherjee S, Nazemi M, Jonkers I, Geris L. Use of Computational Modeling to Study Joint Degeneration: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:93. [PMID: 32185167 PMCID: PMC7058554 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease, is the most common chronic condition of the joints, which cannot be prevented effectively. Computational modeling of joint degradation allows to estimate the patient-specific progression of OA, which can aid clinicians to estimate the most suitable time window for surgical intervention in osteoarthritic patients. This paper gives an overview of the different approaches used to model different aspects of joint degeneration, thereby focusing mostly on the knee joint. The paper starts by discussing how OA affects the different components of the joint and how these are accounted for in the models. Subsequently, it discusses the different modeling approaches that can be used to answer questions related to OA etiology, progression and treatment. These models are ordered based on their underlying assumptions and technologies: musculoskeletal models, Finite Element models, (gene) regulatory models, multiscale models and data-driven models (artificial intelligence/machine learning). Finally, it is concluded that in the future, efforts should be made to integrate the different modeling techniques into a more robust computational framework that should not only be efficient to predict OA progression but also easily allow a patient’s individualized risk assessment as screening tool for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satanik Mukherjee
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Majid Nazemi
- GIGA in silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,GIGA in silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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17
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The Protective Effect of New Carnosine-Hyaluronic Acid Conjugate on the Inflammation and Cartilage Degradation in the Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease that currently has no cure. There are numerous studies showing that carnosine and hyaluronic acid (HA) have a positive pharmacological action during joint inflammation. For this reason, the goal of this research was to discover the protective effect of a new carnosine conjugate with hyaluronic acid (FidHycarn) on the inflammatory response and on the cartilage degradation in an in vivo experimental model of OA. This model was induced by a single intra-articular (i.ar.) injection of 25 µL of normal saline with 1 mg of monosodium iodoacetate solution (MIA) in the knee joint of rats. MIA injection caused histological alterations and degradation of the cartilage, as well as behavioral changes. Oral treatment with FidHycarn ameliorated the macroscopic signs, improved thermal hyperalgesia and the weight distribution of the hind paw, and decreased histological and radiographic alterations. The oxidative damage was analyzed by evaluating the levels of nitrotyrosine and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that were significantly reduced in FidHycarn rats. Moreover, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were also significantly reduced by FidHycarn. Therefore, for the first time, the effectiveness of oral administration of FidHycarn has been demonstrated in an osteoarthritis model. In conclusion, the new FidHycarn could represent an interesting therapeutic strategy to combat osteoarthritis.
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18
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Lü G, Li L, Wang B, Kuang L. LINC00623/miR-101/HRAS axis modulates IL-1β-mediated ECM degradation, apoptosis and senescence of osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3218-3237. [PMID: 32062610 PMCID: PMC7066905 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Based on previously reported microarray analysis, HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog), a member of the RAS protein family, was chosen as a potential regulator of OA chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation. HRAS expression was downregulated in OA tissues, particularly in mild-OA tissues. HRAS overexpression partially attenuated IL-1β-induced OA chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation. Similar to HRAS, the long non-coding RNA LINC00623 was downregulated in OA tissues. LINC00623 knockdown enhanced IL-1β-induced OA chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation, which could be partially reversed by HRAS overexpression. It has been reported that lncRNAs act as ceRNAs of miRNAs to exert their function. Herein, miR-101 was predicted to bind to both LINC00623 and HRAS, which was further confirmed by luciferase reporter and RIP assays. LINC00623 competed with HRAS for miR-101 binding, therefore reducing the inhibitory effect of miR-101 on HRAS expression. More importantly, the effect of LINC00623 was partially eliminated by miR-101 inhibition. Overall, the LINC00623/miR-101/HRAS axis modulates OA chondrocyte apoptosis, senescence and ECM degradation through MAPK signaling, which might play a critical role in OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Lü
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Kuang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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19
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WANG MONAN, JI YUANXIN, MA YUZHENG, JING JUNTONG. MODELING AND INJURY REPAIR ANALYSIS OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE BASED ON FIBER CONTENT. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519419400505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has great guiding significance for the prevention of osteoarthritis and the mechanical state of cartilage after tissue engineering repair to study the relationship between the mechanical properties of cartilage and its structure. This paper considered both the consideration of the solid phase, liquid phase, fiber-reinforced phase in the cartilage and the influence of the contents of major fibers and minor fibers near the cartilage surface. Based on these, a tangential zone of cartilage was established, and a certain improvement and optimization of the fiber-reinforced porous elastic model was performed. The Abaqus software and the Fortran language were used to complete simulation. Simulation results were compared with experiment’s results to verify the validity of the model. Finally, the model was used to perform finite element analysis of different degrees of repairable depth under sliding conditions. Several results were obtained. When the indenter is farther from the interface at the repair site, the mechanical changes in the cartilage are relatively stable. The contact stress of the tangential layer repair and the full-layer repair is small. The volume fraction of the liquid phase in the tangential layer and the full layer repair is lower than that in the other layer regions. The liquid flow rate and the Von Mises stress at the junction of the tangential layer repair are very high. Simulation results were used to explore differences in cartilage mechanical properties of different repairable depths, so as to select the best repairable depth for cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- MONAN WANG
- Digital Medicine Institute, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - YUANXIN JI
- Digital Medicine Institute, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - YUZHENG MA
- Digital Medicine Institute, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - JUNTONG JING
- College of Letter and Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93107, USA
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20
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Meloni GR, Farran A, Mohanraj B, Guehring H, Cocca R, Rabut E, Mauck RL, Dodge GR. Recombinant human FGF18 preserves depth-dependent mechanical inhomogeneity in articular cartilage. Eur Cell Mater 2019; 38:23-34. [PMID: 31393594 PMCID: PMC7273689 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v038a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a specialised tissue that has a relatively homogenous endogenous cell population but a diverse extracellular matrix (ECM), with depth-dependent mechanical properties. Repair of this tissue remains an elusive clinical goal, with biological interventions preferred to arthroplasty in younger patients. Osteochondral transplantation (OCT) has emerged for the treatment of cartilage defects and osteoarthritis. Fresh allografts stored at 4 °C have been utilised, though matrix and cell viability loss remains an issue. To address this, several studies have developed media formulations to maintain cartilage explants in vitro. One promising factor for these applications is sprifermin, a human-recombinant fibroblast growth factor-18, which stimulates chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis and is in clinical trials for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The study hypothesis was that addition of sprifermin during storage would maintain the unique depth-dependent mechanical profile of articular cartilage explants, a feature not often evaluated. Explants were maintained for up to 6 weeks with or without a weekly 24 h exposure to sprifermin (100 ng/mL) and the compressive modulus was assessed. Results showed that sprifermin-treated samples maintained their depth-dependent mechanical profile through 3 weeks, whereas untreated samples lost their mechanical integrity over 1 week of culture. Sprifermin also affected ECM balance by maintaining the levels of extracellular collagen and suppressing matrix metalloproteinase production. These findings support the use of sprifermin as a medium additive for OCT allografts during in vitro storage and present a potential mechanism where sprifermin may impact a functional characteristic of articular cartilage in repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Meloni
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra Farran
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bhavana Mohanraj
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ryan Cocca
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emilie Rabut
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George R. Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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Gao LL, Lin XL, Liu DD, Chen L, Zhang CQ, Gao H. Depth-dependent ratcheting strains of young and adult articular cartilages by experiments and predictions. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:85. [PMID: 31362738 PMCID: PMC6668180 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ratcheting strain is produced due to the repeated accumulation of compressive strain in cartilage and may be a precursor to osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the ratcheting behaviors of young and adult articular cartilages under cyclic compression by experiments and theoretical predictions. Methods A series of uniaxial cyclic compression tests were conducted for young and adult cartilage, and the effects of different loading conditions on their ratcheting behaviors were probed. A theoretical ratcheting model was constructed and applied to predict the ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages with different loading conditions. Results Ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages rapidly increased at the initial stage, followed by a slower increase in subsequent stages. The strain accumulation value and its rate for young cartilage were greater than them for adult cartilage. The ratcheting strains of the two groups of cartilage samples decreased with increasing stress rate, while they increased with increasing stress amplitude. As the stress amplitude increased, the gap between the ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages increased gradually. The ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages decreased along the cartilage depth from the surface to the deep layer. The ratcheting strains of different layers increased with the compressive cycle, and the difference among the three layers was noticeable. Additionally, the theoretical predictions agreed with the experimental data. Conclusions Overall, the ratcheting behavior of articular cartilage is affected by the degree of articular cartilage maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China. .,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiang-Long Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, China
| | - Dong-Dong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China. .,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, China.
| | - Chun-Qiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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22
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Pastrama MI, Ortiz AC, Zevenbergen L, Famaey N, Gsell W, Neu CP, Himmelreich U, Jonkers I. Combined enzymatic degradation of proteoglycans and collagen significantly alters intratissue strains in articular cartilage during cyclic compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:383-394. [PMID: 31349141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) progress, the matrix constituents, particularly collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, become damaged, therefore deteriorating the tissue's mechanical properties. This study aims to further the understanding of the effect of degradation of the different cartilage constituents on the mechanical loading environment in early stage OA. To this end, intact, collagen- and proteoglycan-depleted cartilage plugs were cyclically loaded in axial compression using an experimental model simulating in vivo cartilage-on-cartilage contact conditions in a micro-MRI scanner. Depletion of collagen and proteoglycans was achieved through enzymatic degradation with collagenase and chondroitinase ABC, respectively. Using a displacement-encoded imaging sequence (DENSE), strains were computed and compared in intact and degraded samples. The results revealed that, while degradation with one or the other enzyme had little effect on the contact strains, degradation with a combination of both enzymes caused an increase in the means and variance of the transverse, axial and shear strains, particularly in the superficial zone of the cartilage. This effect indicates that the balance between cartilage matrix constituents plays an essential role in maintaining the mechanical properties of the tissue, and a disturbance in this balance leads to a decrease of the load bearing capacity associated with degenerative joint diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Ioana Pastrama
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ana Caxaido Ortiz
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lianne Zevenbergen
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Famaey
- KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Tissue Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Gsell
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corey P Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- University Hospital Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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A multiscale synthesis: characterizing acute cartilage failure under an aggregate tibiofemoral joint loading. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1563-1575. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Targeting of chondrocyte plasticity via connexin43 modulation attenuates cellular senescence and fosters a pro-regenerative environment in osteoarthritis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1166. [PMID: 30518918 PMCID: PMC6281585 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, is a leading cause of disability and pain worldwide. In OA, chondrocytes in cartilage undergo phenotypic changes and senescence, restricting cartilage regeneration and favouring disease progression. Similar to other wound-healing disorders, chondrocytes from OA patients show a chronic increase in the gap junction channel protein connexin43 (Cx43), which regulates signal transduction through the exchange of elements or recruitment/release of signalling factors. Although immature or stem-like cells are present in cartilage from OA patients, their origin and role in disease progression are unknown. In this study, we found that Cx43 acts as a positive regulator of chondrocyte-mesenchymal transition. Overactive Cx43 largely maintains the immature phenotype by increasing nuclear translocation of Twist-1 and tissue remodelling and proinflammatory agents, such as MMPs and IL-1β, which in turn cause cellular senescence through upregulation of p53, p16INK4a and NF-κB, contributing to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Downregulation of either Cx43 by CRISPR/Cas9 or Cx43-mediated gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) by carbenoxolone treatment triggered rediferentiation of osteoarthritic chondrocytes into a more differentiated state, associated with decreased synthesis of MMPs and proinflammatory factors, and reduced senescence. We have identified causal Cx43-sensitive circuit in chondrocytes that regulates dedifferentiation, redifferentiation and senescence. We propose that chondrocytes undergo chondrocyte-mesenchymal transition where increased Cx43-mediated GJIC during OA facilitates Twist-1 nuclear translocation as a novel mechanism involved in OA progression. These findings support the use of Cx43 as an appropriate therapeutic target to halt OA progression and to promote cartilage regeneration.
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25
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DiDomenico CD, Kaghazchi A, Bonassar LJ. Measurement of local diffusion and composition in degraded articular cartilage reveals the unique role of surface structure in controlling macromolecular transport. J Biomech 2018; 82:38-45. [PMID: 30385000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing effective therapeutics for osteoarthritis (OA) necessitates that such molecules can reach and target chondrocytes within articular cartilage. However, predicting how well very large therapeutic molecules diffuse through cartilage is often difficult, and the relationship between local transport mechanics for these molecules and tissue heterogeneities in the tissue is still unclear. In this study, a 150 kDa antibody diffused through the articular surface of healthy and enzymatically degraded cartilage, which enabled the calculation of local diffusion mechanics in tissue with large compositional variations. Local cartilage composition and structure was quantified with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging techniques. Overall, both local concentrations of aggrecan and collagen were correlated to local diffusivities for both healthy and surface-degraded samples (0.3 > R2 < 0.9). However, samples that underwent surface degradation by collagenase exhibited stronger correlations (R2 > 0.75) compared to healthy samples (R2 < 0.46), suggesting that the highly aligned collagen at the surface of cartilage acts as a barrier to macromolecular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D DiDomenico
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Aydin Kaghazchi
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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Cooke ME, Lawless BM, Jones SW, Grover LM. Matrix degradation in osteoarthritis primes the superficial region of cartilage for mechanical damage. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:320-328. [PMID: 30059801 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that affects 25% of the world's population over fifty years of age. It is a chronic disease of the synovial joints, primarily the hip and knee. The main pathologies are degradation of the articular cartilage and changes to the subchondral bone, as a result of both mechanical wear and a locally elevated inflammatory state. This study compares the viscoelastic properties of cartilage that represents the biochemical changes in OA and age-matched healthy tissue. Further, the mechanical damage induced by this compressive loading cycle was characterised and the mechanism for it was investigated. The storage modulus of OA cartilage was shown to be significantly lower than that of healthy cartilage whilst having a higher capacity to hold water. Following mechanical testing, there was a significant increase in the surface roughness of OA cartilage. This change in surface structure occurred following a reduction in sulphated glycosaminoglycan content of the superficial region in OA, as seen by alcian blue staining and quantified by micro X-ray fluorescence. These findings are important in understanding how the chemical changes to cartilage matrix in OA influence its dynamic mechanical properties and structural integrity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cartilage has a very specialised tissue structure which acts to resist compressive loading. In osteoarthritis (OA), there is both mechanically- and chemically-induced damage to cartilage, resulting in severe degradation of the tissue. In this study we have undertaken a detailed mechanical and chemical analysis of macroscopically undamaged OA and healthy cartilage tissue. We have demonstrated, for the first time in human tissue, that the mechanical degradation of the tissue is attributed to a chemical change across the structure. In macroscopically undamaged OA tissue, there is a reduction in the elastic response of cartilage tissue and an associated destabilisation of the matrix that leaves it susceptible to damage. Understanding this allows us to better understand the progression of OA to design better therapeutic interventions.
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27
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Potential enhancement of articular cartilage histological grading with collagen integrity. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2018; 56:1-10. [PMID: 29730264 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histological evaluation of articular cartilage, such as using the Mankin scoring system, is the gold standard for characterization of tissue integrity. This scoring system takes into account several parameters indicative of the tissue's health; however, the collagen integrity, which is a primary indicator of cartilage health is not taken into consideration. Thus, there is need to enhance histological grading of articular cartilage by incorporating explicit scoring of collagen degeneration into the Modified Mankin grading system. This paper explores a new histological grading parameter for collagen network degradation and how this information can be used to augment a widely used grading scheme like the Modified Mankin grading system. METHODS Intact and degenerated human cartilage were examined histologically and then subjected to second harmonic generation imaging, leading to qualitative and quantitative description of collagen disruption emanating from the surface to subsurface layers of the tissue. This data was then incorporated into the Modified Mankin grading system. FINDINGS Second harmonic generation image analysis reveals a relationship between changes in collagen architecture and histologically observed tissue disruption in degenerated articular cartilage. INTERPRETATION Histological tissue disruption in degenerated human articular cartilage is directly related to the reorganization of collagen fibrils in the form of intense fibril aggregation, either as a result of degeneration or aging. This method of mapping disrupted tissue regions to quantitative collagen fibril damage can be coded into cartilage grading systems and could inform clinical practice and scientific research.
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28
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Nickien M, Heuijerjans A, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Comparison between in vitro and in vivo cartilage overloading studies based on a systematic literature review. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2076-2086. [PMID: 29644716 PMCID: PMC6120482 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methodological differences between in vitro and in vivo studies on cartilage overloading complicate the comparison of outcomes. The rationale of the current review was to (i) identify consistencies and inconsistencies between in vitro and in vivo studies on mechanically-induced structural damage in articular cartilage, such that variables worth interesting to further explore using either one of these approaches can be identified; and (ii) suggest how the methodologies of both approaches may be adjusted to facilitate easier comparison and therewith stimulate translation of results between in vivo and in vitro studies. This study is anticipated to enhance our understanding of the development of osteoarthritis, and to reduce the number of in vivo studies. Generally, results of in vitro and in vivo studies are not contradicting. Both show subchondral bone damage and intact cartilage above a threshold value of impact energy. At lower loading rates, excessive loads may cause cartilage fissuring, decreased cell viability, collagen network de-structuring, decreased GAG content, an overall damage increase over time, and low ability to recover. This encourages further improvement of in vitro systems, to replace, reduce, and/or refine in vivo studies. However, differences in experimental set up and analyses complicate comparison of results. Ways to bridge the gap include (i) bringing in vitro set-ups closer to in vivo, for example, by aligning loading protocols and overlapping experimental timeframes; (ii) synchronizing analytical methods; and (iii) using computational models to translate conclusions from in vitro results to the in vivo environment and vice versa. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-11, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Nickien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ashley Heuijerjans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Corrinus C. van Donkelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic BiomechanicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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29
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Thulborn KR. Quantitative sodium MR imaging: A review of its evolving role in medicine. Neuroimage 2018; 168:250-268. [PMID: 27890804 PMCID: PMC5443706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in humans has promised metabolic information that can improve medical management in important diseases. This technology has yet to find a role in clinical practice, lagging proton MR imaging by decades. This review covers the literature that demonstrates that this delay is explained by initial challenges of low sensitivity at low magnetic fields and the limited performance of gradients and electronics available in the 1980s. These constraints were removed by the introduction of 3T and now ultrahigh (≥7T) magnetic field scanners with superior gradients and electronics for proton MR imaging. New projection pulse sequence designs have greatly improved sodium acquisition efficiency. The increased field strength has provided the expected increased sensitivity to achieve resolutions acceptable for metabolic interpretation even in small target tissues. Consistency of quantification of the sodium MR image to provide metabolic parametric maps has been demonstrated by several different pulse sequences and calibration procedures. The vital roles of sodium ion in membrane transport and the extracellular matrix will be reviewed to indicate the broad opportunities that now exist for clinical sodium MR imaging. The final challenge is for the technology to be supplied on clinical ≥3T scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Thulborn
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1801 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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30
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Varela-Eirin M, Loureiro J, Fonseca E, Corrochano S, Caeiro JR, Collado M, Mayan MD. Cartilage regeneration and ageing: Targeting cellular plasticity in osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 42:56-71. [PMID: 29258883 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ageing processes play a major contributing role for the development of Osteoarthritis (OA). This prototypic degenerative condition of ageing is the most common form of arthritis and is accompanied by a general decline, chronic pain and mobility deficits. The disease is primarily characterized by articular cartilage degradation, followed by subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation, synovial inflammation and joint degeneration. In the early stages, osteoarthritic chondrocytes undergo phenotypic changes that increase cell proliferation and cluster formation and enhance the production of matrix-remodelling enzymes. In fact, chondrocytes exhibit differentiation plasticity and undergo phenotypic changes during the healing process. Current studies are focusing on unravelling whether OA is a consequence of an abnormal wound healing response. Recent investigations suggest that alterations in different proteins, such as TGF-ß/BMPs, NF-Kß, Wnt, and Cx43, or SASP factors involved in signalling pathways in wound healing response, could be directly implicated in the initiation of OA. Several findings suggest that osteoarthritic chondrocytes remain in an immature state expressing stemness-associated cell surface markers. In fact, the efficacy of new disease-modifying OA drugs that promote chondrogenic differentiation in animal models indicates that this may be a drug-sensible state. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding cellular plasticity in chondrocytes and OA. A better comprehension of the mechanisms involved in these processes may enable us to understand the molecular pathways that promote abnormal repair and cartilage degradation in OA. This understanding would be advantageous in identifying novel targets and designing therapies to promote effective cartilage repair and successful joint ageing by preventing functional limitations and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Varela-Eirin
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesus Loureiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Jose R Caeiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria D Mayan
- CellCOM research group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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31
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Han SK, Ronkainen AP, Saarakkala S, Rieppo L, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Alterations in structural macromolecules and chondrocyte deformations in lapine retropatellar cartilage 9 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:342-350. [PMID: 28688215 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The structural integrity and mechanical environment of the articular cartilage matrix directly affect chondrocyte deformations. Rabbit models of early osteoarthritis at 9 weeks following anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) have been shown to alter the deformation behavior of superficial zone chondrocytes in mechanically loaded articular cartilage. However, it is not fully understood whether these changes in cell mechanics are caused by changes in structural macromolecules in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the proteoglycan content, collagen content, and collagen orientation at 9 weeks post ACLT using microscopic techniques, and relate these changes to the altered cell mechanics observed upon mechanical loading of cartilage. At 9 weeks following ACLT, collagen orientation was significantly (p < 0.05) altered and proteoglycan content was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the superficial zone cartilage matrix. These structural changes either in the extracellular or pericellular matrix (ECM and PCM) were also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with chondrocyte width and height changes, thereby suggesting that chondrocyte deformation response to mechanical compression in early OA changes primarily because of alterations in matrix structure. However, compared to the normal group, proteoglycan content in the PCM from the ACLT group decreased less than that in the surrounding ECM. Therefore, PCM could play a key role to protect excessive chondrocyte deformations in the ACLT group. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:342-350, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kuy Han
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Advanced Biomedical and Welfare Technology R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan-si, Korea
| | - Ari P Ronkainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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How a decreased fibrillar interconnectivity influences stiffness and swelling properties during early cartilage degeneration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:390-398. [PMID: 28803113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The functional coupling between the fibrillar network and the high-swelling proteoglycans largely determines the mechanical properties of the articular cartilage matrix. The objective of this new study was to show specifically how changes in fibrillar interconnectivity arising from early cartilage degeneration influence transverse stiffness and swelling properties at the tissue level. DESIGN Radial zone transverse layers of cartilage matrix were obtained from intact and mildly degenerate bovine patellae. Each layer was then subdivided to assess tensile stiffness, free-swelling response, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and micro- and ultra-structural features. RESULTS The tensile modulus was significantly lower and the degree of swelling significantly higher for the degenerate matrix compared to the intact. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a homogeneous response to transverse strain in the intact cartilage, whereas large non-fibrillar spaces between fibril aggregates were visible in the degenerate matrix. Although there were no significant differences in GAG content it did correlate significantly with stiffness and swelling in the intact samples but not in the degenerate. CONCLUSIONS The lower degree of fibril network interconnectivity in the degenerate matrix led to both a decreased transverse stiffness and reduced resistance to osmotic swelling. This network 'de-structuring' also resulted in a reduced functional interaction between the fibrillar network and the proteoglycans. The study provides new insights into the role of the fibrillar network and how changes in the network arising from the degenerative cascade will influence tissue level behaviour.
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33
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Whitney GA, Kean TJ, Fernandes RJ, Waldman S, Tse MY, Pang SC, Mansour JM, Dennis JE. Thyroxine Increases Collagen Type II Expression and Accumulation in Scaffold-Free Tissue-Engineered Articular Cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:369-381. [PMID: 28548569 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low collagen accumulation in the extracellular matrix is a pressing problem in cartilage tissue engineering, leading to a low collagen-to-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) ratio and poor mechanical properties in neocartilage. Soluble factors have been shown to increase collagen content, but may result in a more pronounced increase in GAG content. Thyroid hormones have been reported to stimulate collagen and GAG production, but reported outcomes, including which specific collagen types are affected, are variable throughout the literature. Here we investigated the ability of thyroxine (T4) to preferentially stimulate collagen production, as compared with GAG, in articular chondrocyte-derived scaffold-free engineered cartilage. Dose response curves for T4 in pellet cultures showed that 25 ng/mL T4 increased the total collagen content without increasing the GAG content, resulting in a statistically significant increase in the collagen-to-GAG ratio, a fold change of 2.3 ± 1.2, p < 0.05. In contrast, another growth factor, TGFβ1, increased the GAG content in excess of threefold more than the increase in collagen. In large scaffold-free neocartilage, T4 also increased the total collagen/DNA at 1 month and at 2 months (fold increases of 2.1 ± 0.8, p < 0.01 and 2.1 ± 0.4, p < 0.001, respectively). Increases in GAG content were not statistically significant. The effect on collagen was largely specific to collagen type II, which showed a 2.8 ± 1.6-fold increase of COL2A1 mRNA expression (p < 0.01). Western blots confirmed a statistically significant increase in type II collagen protein at 1 month (fold increase of 2.2 ± 1.8); at 2 months, the fold increase of 3.7 ± 3.3 approached significance (p = 0.059). Collagen type X protein was less than the 0.1 μg limit of detection. T4 did not affect COL10A1 and COL1A2 gene expression in a statistically significant manner. Biglycan mRNA expression increased 2.6 ± 1.6-fold, p < 0.05. Results of this study show that an optimized dosage of T4 is able to increase collagen type II content, and do so preferential to GAG. Moreover, the upregulation of COL2A1 gene expression and type II collagen protein accumulation, without a concomitant increase in collagens type I or type X, signifies a direct enhancement of chondrogenesis of hyaline articular cartilage without the induction of terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adam Whitney
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas J Kean
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- 4 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen Waldman
- 5 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University , Toronto, Canada
| | - M Yat Tse
- 6 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Stephen C Pang
- 6 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
| | - Joseph M Mansour
- 7 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James E Dennis
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, Washington.,3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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Nims RJ, Cigan AD, Durney KM, Jones BK, O'Neill JD, Law WSA, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. * Constrained Cage Culture Improves Engineered Cartilage Functional Properties by Enhancing Collagen Network Stability. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:847-858. [PMID: 28193145 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When cultured with sufficient nutrient supply, engineered cartilage synthesizes proteoglycans rapidly, producing an osmotic swelling pressure that destabilizes immature collagen and prevents the development of a robust collagen framework, a hallmark of native cartilage. We hypothesized that mechanically constraining the proteoglycan-induced tissue swelling would enhance construct functional properties through the development of a more stable collagen framework. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel "cage" growth system to mechanically prevent tissue constructs from swelling while ensuring adequate nutrient supply to the growing construct. The effectiveness of constrained culture was examined by testing constructs embedded within two different scaffolds: agarose and cartilage-derived matrix hydrogel (CDMH). Constructs were seeded with immature bovine chondrocytes and cultured under free swelling (FS) conditions for 14 days with transforming growth factor-β before being placed into a constraining cage for the remainder of culture. Controls were cultured under FS conditions throughout. Agarose constructs cultured in cages did not expand after the day 14 caging while FS constructs expanded to 8 × their day 0 weight after 112 days of culture. In addition to the physical differences in growth, by day 56, caged constructs had higher equilibrium (agarose: 639 ± 179 kPa and CDMH: 608 ± 257 kPa) and dynamic compressive moduli (agarose: 3.4 ± 1.0 MPa and CDMH 2.8 ± 1.0 MPa) than FS constructs (agarose: 193 ± 74 kPa and 1.1 ± 0.5 MPa and CDMH: 317 ± 93 kPa and 1.8 ± 1.0 MPa for equilibrium and dynamic properties, respectively). Interestingly, when normalized to final day wet weight, cage and FS constructs did not exhibit differences in proteoglycan or collagen content. However, caged culture enhanced collagen maturation through the increased formation of pyridinoline crosslinks and improved collagen matrix stability as measured by α-chymotrypsin solubility. These findings demonstrate that physically constrained culture of engineered cartilage constructs improves functional properties through improved collagen network maturity and stability. We anticipate that constrained culture may benefit other reported engineered cartilage systems that exhibit a mismatch in proteoglycan and collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Nims
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Alexander D Cigan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Krista M Durney
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Brian K Jones
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - John D O'Neill
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Wing-Sum A Law
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York.,3 Department of Medicine, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Clark T Hung
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York.,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
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35
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Karhula SS, Finnilä MA, Lammi MJ, Ylärinne JH, Kauppinen S, Rieppo L, Pritzker KPH, Nieminen HJ, Saarakkala S. Effects of Articular Cartilage Constituents on Phosphotungstic Acid Enhanced Micro-Computed Tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171075. [PMID: 28135331 PMCID: PMC5279764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (CEμCT) with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) has shown potential for detecting collagen distribution of articular cartilage. However, the selectivity of the PTA staining to articular cartilage constituents remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the dependence of PTA for the collagen content in bovine articular cartilage. Adjacent bovine articular cartilage samples were treated with chondroitinase ABC and collagenase to degrade the proteoglycan and the collagen constituents in articular cartilage, respectively. Enzymatically degraded samples were compared to the untreated samples using CEμCT and reference methods, such as Fourier-transform infrared imaging. Decrease in the X-ray attenuation of PTA in articular cartilage and collagen content was observed in cartilage depth of 0–13% and deeper in tissue after collagen degradation. Increase in the X-ray attenuation of PTA was observed in the cartilage depth of 13–39% after proteoglycan degradation. The X-ray attenuation of PTA-labelled articular cartilage in CEμCT is associated mainly with collagen content but the proteoglycans have a minor effect on the X-ray attenuation of the PTA-labelled articular cartilage. In conclusion, the PTA labeling provides a feasible CEμCT method for 3D characterization of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari S. Karhula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Infotech Doctoral Program, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikko A. Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikko J. Lammi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Janne H. Ylärinne
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sami Kauppinen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kenneth P. H. Pritzker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heikki J. Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Xia Y, Momot KI, Chen Z, Chen CT, Kahn D, Badar F. Introduction to Cartilage. BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF CARTILAGE BY NMR AND MRI 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623663-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is a supporting connective tissue that, together with the bone, forms the framework supporting the body as a whole. There are many distinct types of cartilage, which exhibit numerous similarities as well as differences. Among them, articular cartilage is the best known and the most studied type. Articular cartilage is the thin layer of connective tissue that covers the articulating ends of bones in synovial (diarthrodial) joints. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement and acts as a load-bearing medium that protects the bone and distributes stress. The intense interest in articular cartilage is motivated by the critical role its degradation plays in arthritis and related joint diseases, which are the number one cause of disability in humans. This chapter discusses the physical, chemical and cellular properties of cartilage that give the tissue its extraordinary load-bearing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Konstantin I. Momot
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Christopher T. Chen
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research / Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - David Kahn
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Farid Badar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
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The effect of loading rate on the development of early damage in articular cartilage. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:263-273. [PMID: 27514541 PMCID: PMC5285418 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental reports suggest that cartilage damage depends on strain magnitude. Additionally, because of its poro-viscoelastic nature, strain magnitude in cartilage can depend on strain rate. The present study explores whether cartilage damage may develop dependent on strain rate, even when the presented damage numerical model is strain-dependent but not strain-rate-dependent. So far no experiments have been distinguished whether rate-dependent cartilage damage occurs in the collagen or in the non-fibrillar network. Thus, this research presents a finite element analysis model where, among others, collagen and non-fibrillar matrix are incorporated as well as a strain-dependent damage mechanism for these components. Collagen and non-fibrillar matrix stiffness decrease when a given strain is reached until complete failure upon reaching a maximum strain. With such model, indentation experiments at increasing strain rates were simulated on cartilage plugs and damage development was monitored over time. Collagen damage increased with increasing strain rate from 21 to 42 %. In contrast, damage in the non-fibrillar matrix decreased with increasing strain rates from 72 to 34 %. Damage started to develop at a depth of approximately 20 % of the sample height, and this was more pronounced for the slow and modest loading rates. However, the most severe damage at the end of the compression step occurred at the surface for the plugs subjected to 120 mm/min strain rate. In conclusion, the present study confirms that the location and magnitude of damage in cartilage may be strongly dependent on strain rate, even when damage occurs solely through a strain-dependent damage mechanism.
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Quiroga JMP, Wilson W, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Relative contribution of articular cartilage's constitutive components to load support depending on strain rate. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:151-158. [PMID: 27416853 PMCID: PMC5285416 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is considered a biphasic material in which the solid is composed of proteoglycans and collagen. In biphasic tissue, the hydraulic pressure is believed to bear most of the load under higher strain rates and its dissipation due to fluid flow determines creep and relaxation behavior. In equilibrium, hydraulic pressure is zero and load bearing is transferred to the solid matrix. The viscoelasticity of the collagen network also contributes to its time-dependent behavior, and the osmotic pressure to load bearing in equilibrium. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative contributions of hydraulic pressure, viscoelastic collagen stress, solid matrix stiffness and osmotic pressure to load carriage in cartilage under transient and equilibrium conditions. Unconfined compression experiments were simulated using a fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic model of articular cartilage, including water, fibrillar viscoelastic collagen and non-fibrillar charged glycosaminoglycans. The relative contributions of hydraulic and osmotic pressures and stresses in the fibrillar and non-fibrillar network were evaluated in the superficial, middle and deep zone of cartilage under five different strain rates and after relaxation. Initially upon loading, the hydraulic pressure carried most of the load in all three zones. The osmotic swelling pressure carried most of the equilibrium load. In the surface zone, where the fibers were loaded in tension, the collagen network carried 20 % of the load for all strain rates. The importance of these fibers was illustrated by artificially modifying the fiber architecture, which reduced the overall stiffness of cartilage in all conditions. In conclusion, although hydraulic pressure dominates the transient behavior during cartilage loading, due to its viscoelastic nature the superficial zone collagen fibers carry a substantial part of the load under transient conditions. This becomes increasingly important with higher strain rates. The interesting and striking new insight from this study suggests that under equilibrium conditions, the swelling pressure generated by the combination of proteoglycans and collagen reinforcement accounts cartilage stiffness for more than 90 % of the loads carried by articular cartilage. This finding is different from the common thought that load is transferred from fluid to solid and is carried by the aggregate modulus of the solid. Rather, it is transformed from hydraulic to osmotic swelling pressure. These results show the importance of considering both (viscoelastic) collagen fibers as well as swelling pressure in studies of the (transient) mechanical behavior of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Párraga Quiroga
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - W Wilson
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C C van Donkelaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Association between quantitative MRI and ICRS arthroscopic grading of articular cartilage. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:2046-54. [PMID: 25209205 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) parameters with arthroscopic grading of cartilage degeneration. Arthroscopy of the knee is considered to be the gold standard of osteoarthritis diagnostics; however, it is operator-dependent and limited to the evaluation of the articular surface. qMRI provides information on the quality of articular cartilage and its changes even at early stages of a disease. METHODS qMRI techniques included T 1 relaxation time, T 2 relaxation time, and delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage mapping at 3 T in ten patients. Due to a lack of generally accepted semiquantitative scoring systems for evaluating severity of cartilage degeneration during arthroscopy, the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) classification system was used to grade the severity of cartilage lesions. qMRI parameters were statistically compared to arthroscopic grading conducted with the ICRS classification system. RESULTS qMRI parameters were not linearly related to arthroscopic grading. Spearman's correlation coefficients between qMRI and arthroscopic grading were not significant. The relative differences in qMRI parameters of superficial and deep cartilage varied with degeneration, suggesting different macromolecular alterations in different cartilage zones. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that loss of cartilage and the quality of remaining tissue in the lesion site may not be directly associated with each other. The severity of cartilage degeneration may not be revealed solely by diagnostic arthroscopy, and thus, qMRI can have a role in the investigation of cartilage degeneration.
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Paterson SI, Eltawil NM, Simpson AHRW, Amin AK, Hall AC. Drying of open animal joints in vivo subsequently causes cartilage degeneration. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:137-44. [PMID: 27114348 PMCID: PMC4921049 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.54.2000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives During open orthopaedic surgery, joints may be exposed to air, potentially leading to cartilage drying and chondrocyte death, however, the long-term effects of joint drying in vivo are poorly understood. We used an animal model to investigate the subsequent effects of joint drying on cartilage and chondrocytes. Methods The patellar groove of anaesthetised rats was exposed (sham-operated), or exposed and then subjected to laminar airflow (0.25m/s; 60 minutes) before wounds were sutured and animals recovered. Animals were monitored for up to eight weeks and then sacrificed. Cartilage and chondrocyte properties were studied by histology and confocal microscopy, respectively. Results Joint drying caused extensive chondrocyte death within the superficial regions of cartilage. Histology of dried cartilage demonstrated a loss of surface integrity at four weeks, fibrillations at eight weeks, and an increased modified Mankin score (p < 0.001). Cartilage thickness increased (p < 0.001), whereas chondrocyte density decreased at four weeks (p < 0.001), but then increased towards sham-operated levels (p < 0.01) at eight weeks. By week eight, chondrocyte pairing/clustering and cell volume increased (p < 0.05; p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions These in vivo results demonstrated for the first time that as a result of laminar airflow, cartilage degeneration occurred which has characteristics similar to those seen in early osteoarthritis. Maintenance of adequate cartilage hydration during open orthopaedic surgery is therefore of paramount importance. Cite this article: Dr A. Hall. Drying of open animal joints in vivo subsequently causes cartilage degeneration. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:137–144. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.54.2000594.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Paterson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - N M Eltawil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - A H R W Simpson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - A K Amin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - A C Hall
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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Arokoski MEA, Tiitu V, Jurvelin JS, Korhonen RK, Fick JM. Topographical investigation of changes in depth-wise proteoglycan distribution in rabbit femoral articular cartilage at 4 weeks after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1278-86. [PMID: 25820864 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explore topographical changes in proteoglycan distribution from femoral condylar cartilage in early osteoarthritis, acquired from both the lateral and medial condyles of anterior cruciate ligament transected (ACLT) and contralateral (CNTRL) rabbit knee joints, at 4 weeks post operation. Four sites across the cartilage surface in a parasagittal plane were defined across tissue sections taken from femoral condyles, and proteoglycan (PG) content was quantified using digital densitometry. The greatest depth-wise change in PG content due to an ACLT (compared to the CNTRL group) was observed anteriorly (site C) from the most weight-bearing location within the lateral compartment. In the medial compartment, the greatest change was observed in the most weight-bearing location (site B). The depth-wise changes in PG content were observed up to 48% and 28% depth from the tissue surface at these aforementioned sites, respectively (p < 0.05). The smallest depth-wise change in PG content was observed posteriorly (site A) from the most weight-bearing location within both femoral condyles (up to 20% and up to 5% depth from the tissue surface at lateral and medial compartments, respectively). This study gives further insight into how early cartilage deterioration progresses across the parasagittal plane of the femoral condyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko E A Arokoski
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jukka S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - James M Fick
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
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Ryd L, Brittberg M, Eriksson K, Jurvelin JS, Lindahl A, Marlovits S, Möller P, Richardson JB, Steinwachs M, Zenobi-Wong M. Pre-Osteoarthritis: Definition and Diagnosis of an Elusive Clinical Entity. Cartilage 2015; 6:156-65. [PMID: 26175861 PMCID: PMC4481392 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515586048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An attempt to define pre-osteoarthritis (OA) versus early OA and definitive osteoarthritis. METHODS A group of specialists in the field of cartilage science and treatment was formed to consider the nature of OA onset and its possible diagnosis. RESULTS Late-stage OA, necessitating total joint replacement, is the end stage of a biological process, with many previous earlier stages. Early-stage OA has been defined and involves structural changes identified by arthroscopy or radiography. The group argued that before the "early-stage OA" there must exist a stage where cellular processes, due to the presence of risk factors, have kicked into action but have not yet resulted in structural changes. The group suggested that this stage could be called "pre-osteoarthritis" (pre-OA). CONCLUSIONS The group suggests that defining points of initiation for OA in the knee could be defined, for example, by traumatic episodes or surgical meniscectomy. Such events may set in motion metabolic processes that could be diagnosed by modern MRI protocols or arthroscopy including probing techniques before structural changes of early OA have developed. Preventive measures should preferably be applied at this pre-OA stage in order to stop the projected OA "epidemic."
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Ryd
- Medical Management Centre, LIME, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Brittberg
- Cartilage Research Unit, University of Gothenburg. Department of Orthopaedics, Kungsbacka Hospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden
| | - Karl Eriksson
- Department of Orthopedics, Southern Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jukka S. Jurvelin
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anders Lindahl
- Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory, Zürich, Switzerland
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Scotece M, Mobasheri A. Leptin in osteoarthritis: Focus on articular cartilage and chondrocytes. Life Sci 2015; 140:75-8. [PMID: 26094910 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex joint disorder with a number of underlying physical, biochemical, biomechanical and genetic causes. Obesity is considered to be one of the major risk factors for the development and progression of OA. It actively contributes to the inflammatory status and to cartilage degradation in the OA joints. Recent data suggests that metabolic factors produced by white adipose tissue, such as leptin, may provide a mechanistic link between obesity and OA, providing an explanation for the high prevalence of OA among obese and over-weight individuals. The unbalanced production of catabolic and anabolic mediators by chondrocytes, the only cell type present in cartilage, determines cartilage degradation, which is the central pathological feature of OA. Evidence is accumulating to support a key role for leptin in the pathogenesis and/or progression of OA. The goal of this focused review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of leptin in OA with particular emphasis on the effects of this adipokine in cartilage and chondrocyte pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Scotece
- SERGAS, Research Laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Institute of Medical Research (IDIS), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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44
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Nimeskern L, Pleumeekers MM, Pawson DJ, Koevoet WLM, Lehtoviita I, Soyka MB, Röösli C, Holzmann D, van Osch GJVM, Müller R, Stok KS. Mechanical and biochemical mapping of human auricular cartilage for reliable assessment of tissue-engineered constructs. J Biomech 2015; 48:1721-9. [PMID: 26065333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is key for successful auricular (AUR) cartilage tissue-engineering (TE) to ensure that the engineered cartilage mimics the mechanics of the native tissue. This study provides a spatial map of the mechanical and biochemical properties of human auricular cartilage, thus establishing a benchmark for the evaluation of functional competency in AUR cartilage TE. Stress-relaxation indentation (instantaneous modulus, Ein; maximum stress, σmax; equilibrium modulus, Eeq; relaxation half-life time, t1/2; thickness, h) and biochemical parameters (content of DNA; sulfated-glycosaminoglycan, sGAG; hydroxyproline, HYP; elastin, ELN) of fresh human AUR cartilage were evaluated. Samples were categorized into age groups and according to their harvesting region in the human auricle (for AUR cartilage only). AUR cartilage displayed significantly lower Ein, σmax, Eeq, sGAG content; and significantly higher t1/2, and DNA content than NAS cartilage. Large amounts of ELN were measured in AUR cartilage (>15% ELN content per sample wet mass). No effect of gender was observed for either auricular or nasoseptal samples. For auricular samples, significant differences between age groups for h, sGAG and HYP, and significant regional variations for Ein, σmax, Eeq, t1/2, h, DNA and sGAG were measured. However, only low correlations between mechanical and biochemical parameters were seen (R<0.44). In conclusion, this study established the first comprehensive mechanical and biochemical map of human auricular cartilage. Regional variations in mechanical and biochemical properties were demonstrated in the auricle. This finding highlights the importance of focusing future research on efforts to produce cartilage grafts with spatially tunable mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Nimeskern
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mieke M Pleumeekers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wendy L M Koevoet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael B Soyka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christof Röösli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Holzmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn S Stok
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Párraga Quiroga JM, Ito K, van Donkelaar CC. Meniscus replacement: Influence of geometrical mismatches on chondroprotective capabilities. J Biomech 2015; 48:1371-6. [PMID: 25835788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The chondroprotective success of meniscal transplantation is variable. Poorly controlled factors such as a geometrical mismatch of the implant may be partly responsible. Clinical data, animal studies and cadaver experiments suggest that smaller transplants perform better than oversized, but clear evidence is lacking. The hypothesis of this study is that smaller menisci outperform larger ones because they distribute stresses more effectively at those particular locations that receive the highest loads. Consequently, collagen in the adjacent cartilage is protected from damage due to overstraining. Experimentally it is not possible to measure load distribution and collagen strain inside articular cartilage (AC). Therefore, a numerical model was used to determine the mechanical conditions throughout the depth of the AC. Meniscus implants with different sizes and mechanical properties were evaluated. These were compared with healthy and with meniscectomized joints. To account for the time-dependent behavior 600s of loading was simulated; results were visualized after 1s and 600s. Simulations showed that AC's strains strongly depended on implant size and loading duration. They depended less on the stiffness of the implant material. With an oversized implant, collagen strains were particularly large in the femoral AC initially and further increased upon sustained loading. The severest compressive strains occurred after sustained loading in the meniscectomized joint. Strains with an undersized meniscus were comparable to a perfectly sized implant. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that an undersized implant may outperform an oversized one because it distributes stresses better in the most intensely loaded joint area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Párraga Quiroga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C C van Donkelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Articular cartilage is a unique load-bearing connective tissue with a low intrinsic capacity for repair and regeneration. Its avascularity makes it relatively hypoxic and its unique extracellular matrix is enriched with cations, which increases the interstitial fluid osmolarity. Several physicochemical and biomechanical stimuli are reported to influence chondrocyte metabolism and may be utilized for regenerative medical approaches. In this review article, we summarize the most relevant stimuli and describe how ion channels may contribute to cartilage homeostasis, with special emphasis on intracellular signaling pathways. We specifically focus on the role of calcium signaling as an essential mechanotransduction component and highlight the role of phosphatase signaling in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Jahr
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
| | - Csaba Matta
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032 Hungary
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Surrey, UK
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH UK
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Yuan X, Serra RA, Yang S. Function and regulation of primary cilia and intraflagellar transport proteins in the skeleton. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1335:78-99. [PMID: 24961486 PMCID: PMC4334369 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the cell surface to enable transduction of various developmental signaling pathways. The process of intraflagellar transport (IFT) is crucial for the building and maintenance of primary cilia. Ciliary dysfunction has been found in a range of disorders called ciliopathies, some of which display severe skeletal dysplasias. In recent years, interest has grown in uncovering the function of primary cilia/IFT proteins in bone development, mechanotransduction, and cellular regulation. We summarize recent advances in understanding the function of cilia and IFT proteins in the regulation of cell differentiation in osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We also discuss the mechanosensory function of cilia and IFT proteins in bone cells, cilia orientation, and other functions of cilia in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Rosa A. Serra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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48
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New Evidence Implicating 4-Hydroxynonenal in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis In Vivo. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2461-71. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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49
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Bazigou E, Wilson JT, Moore JE. Primary and secondary lymphatic valve development: molecular, functional and mechanical insights. Microvasc Res 2014; 96:38-45. [PMID: 25086182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluid homeostasis in vertebrates critically relies on the lymphatic system forming a hierarchical network of lymphatic capillaries and collecting lymphatics, for the efficient drainage and transport of extravasated fluid back to the cardiovascular system. Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries employ specialized junctions and anchoring filaments to encourage a unidirectional flow of the interstitial fluid into the initial lymphatic vessels, whereas collecting lymphatics are responsible for the active propulsion of the lymph to the venous circulation via the combined action of lymphatic muscle cells and intraluminal valves. Here we describe recent findings on molecular and physical factors regulating the development and maturation of these two types of valves and examine their role in tissue-fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bazigou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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50
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Qin J, Chow SKH, Guo A, Wong WN, Leung KS, Cheung WH. Low magnitude high frequency vibration accelerated cartilage degeneration but improved epiphyseal bone formation in anterior cruciate ligament transect induced osteoarthritis rat model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1061-7. [PMID: 24852700 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) on degenerated articular cartilage and subchondral bone in anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model. METHODS 6 months old female Sprague-Dawley rats received ACLT on right knee and randomly divided into treatment and control groups. OA developed 12 weeks after surgery. LMHFV (35 Hz, 0.3 g) treatment was given 20 min/day and 5 days/week. After 6, 12 and 18 weeks, six rats of each group were sacrificed at each time point and the right knees were harvested. OA grading score, distal femur cartilage volume (CV), subchondral bone morphology, elastic modulus of cartilage and functional changes between groups were analyzed. RESULTS Increased cartilage degradation (higher OA grading score) and worse functional results (lower duty cycle, regular index and higher limb idleness index) were observed after LMHFV treatment (P = 0.011, 0.020, 0.012 and 0.005, respectively). CV increased after LMHFV treatment (P = 0.019). Subchondral bone density increased with OA progress (P < 0.01). Increased BV/TV, Tb.N and decreased Tb.Sp were observed in distal femur epiphysis in LMHFV treatment group (P = 0.006, 0.018 and 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSION LMHFV accelerated cartilage degeneration and caused further functional deterioration of OA affected limb in ACLT-induced OA rat model. In contrast, LMHFV promoted bone formation in OA affected distal femur epiphysis, but did not reverse OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - S K-H Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - A Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - W-N Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - K-S Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - W-H Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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