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Castro-Torres RD, Olloquequi J, Parcerisas A, Ureña J, Ettcheto M, Beas-Zarate C, Camins A, Verdaguer E, Auladell C. JNK signaling and its impact on neural cell maturation and differentiation. Life Sci 2024; 350:122750. [PMID: 38801982 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
C-Jun-N-terminal-kinases (JNKs), members of the mitogen-activated-protein-kinase family, are significantly linked with neurological and neurodegenerative pathologies and cancer progression. However, JNKs serve key roles under physiological conditions, particularly within the central-nervous-system (CNS), where they are critical in governing neural proliferation and differentiation during both embryogenesis and adult stages. These processes control the development of CNS, avoiding neurodevelopment disorders. JNK are key to maintain the proper activity of neural-stem-cells (NSC) and neural-progenitors (NPC) that exist in adults, which keep the convenient brain plasticity and homeostasis. This review underscores how the interaction of JNK with upstream and downstream molecules acts as a regulatory mechanism to manage the self-renewal capacity and differentiation of NSC/NPC during CNS development and in adult neurogenic niches. Evidence suggests that JNK is reliant on non-canonical Wnt components, Fbw7-ubiquitin-ligase, and WDR62-scaffold-protein, regulating substrates such as transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins. Therefore, understanding which pathways and molecules interact with JNK will bring knowledge on how JNK activation orchestrates neuronal processes that occur in CNS development and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén D Castro-Torres
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neurobiotechnology, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Physiology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. 5 Poniente 1670, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institute of Research and Innovation of Life Sciences and Health, Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Engineering, University of Vic. Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ureña
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department de Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neurobiotechnology, C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department de Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 641, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Carme Auladell
- Department de Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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2
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Ma D, Lin KY, Suresh D, Lin J, Gujar MR, Aung HY, Tan YS, Gao Y, Vincent AS, Chen T, Wang H. Arl2 GTPase associates with the centrosomal protein Cdk5rap2 to regulate cortical development via microtubule organization. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002751. [PMID: 39137170 PMCID: PMC11321591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
ADP ribosylation factor-like GTPase 2 (Arl2) is crucial for controlling mitochondrial fusion and microtubule assembly in various organisms. Arl2 regulates the asymmetric division of neural stem cells in Drosophila via microtubule growth. However, the function of mammalian Arl2 during cortical development was unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mouse Arl2 plays a new role in corticogenesis via regulating microtubule growth, but not mitochondria functions. Arl2 knockdown (KD) leads to impaired proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neuronal migration. Arl2 KD in mouse NPCs significantly diminishes centrosomal microtubule growth and delocalization of centrosomal proteins Cdk5rap2 and γ-tubulin. Moreover, Arl2 physically associates with Cdk5rap2 by in silico prediction using AlphaFold multimer, which was validated by co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. Remarkably, Cdk5rap2 overexpression significantly rescues the neurogenesis defects caused by Arl2 KD. Therefore, Arl2 plays an important role in mouse cortical development through microtubule growth via the centrosomal protein Cdk5rap2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Ma
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kun-Yang Lin
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Divya Suresh
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jiaen Lin
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mahekta R Gujar
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Htet Yamin Aung
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ye Sing Tan
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yang Gao
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anselm S Vincent
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Teng Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Chmykhalo VK, Deev RV, Tokarev AT, Polunina YA, Xue L, Shidlovskii YV. SWI/SNF Complex Connects Signaling and Epigenetic State in Cells of Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04355-6. [PMID: 39002058 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
SWI/SNF protein complexes are evolutionarily conserved epigenetic regulators described in all eukaryotes. In metameric animals, the complexes are involved in all processes occurring in the nervous system, from neurogenesis to higher brain functions. On the one hand, the range of roles is wide because the SWI/SNF complexes act universally by mobilizing the nucleosomes in a chromatin template at multiple loci throughout the genome. On the other hand, the complexes mediate the action of multiple signaling pathways that control most aspects of neural tissue development and function. The issues are discussed to provide insight into the molecular basis of the multifaceted role of SWI/SNFs in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, activation of immediate-early genes, neurogenesis, and brain and connectome formation. An overview is additionally provided for the molecular basis of nervous system pathologies associated with the SWI/SNF complexes and their contribution to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss the idea that SWI/SNFs act as an integration platform to connect multiple signaling and genetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor K Chmykhalo
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova St, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Roman V Deev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova St, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Artemiy T Tokarev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova St, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Yulia A Polunina
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova St, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Lei Xue
- School of Life Science and Technology, The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulii V Shidlovskii
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova St, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Kreutz A, Oyetade OB, Chang X, Hsieh JH, Behl M, Allen DG, Kleinstreuer NC, Hogberg HT. Integrated Approach for Testing and Assessment for Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) to Prioritize Aromatic Organophosphorus Flame Retardants. TOXICS 2024; 12:437. [PMID: 38922117 PMCID: PMC11209292 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are abundant and persistent in the environment but have limited toxicity information. Their similarity in structure to organophosphate pesticides presents great concern for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). However, current in vivo testing is not suitable to provide DNT information on the amount of OPFRs that lack data. Over the past decade, an in vitro battery was developed to enhance DNT assessment, consisting of assays that evaluate cellular processes in neurodevelopment and function. In this study, behavioral data of small model organisms were also included. To assess if these assays provide sufficient mechanistic coverage to prioritize chemicals for further testing and/or identify hazards, an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) was developed with additional information from the Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) and the literature. Human biomonitoring and exposure data were identified and physiologically-based toxicokinetic models were applied to relate in vitro toxicity data to human exposure based on maximum plasma concentration. Eight OPFRs were evaluated, including aromatic OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), tricresyl phosphate (TMPP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP)) and halogenated FRs ((Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)). Two representative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) with known DNT potential were selected for toxicity benchmarking. Data from the DNT battery indicate that the aromatic OPFRs have activity at similar concentrations as the BFRs and should therefore be evaluated further. However, these assays provide limited information on the mechanism of the compounds. By integrating information from ICE and the literature, endocrine disruption was identified as a potential mechanism. This IATA case study indicates that human exposure to some OPFRs could lead to a plasma concentration similar to those exerting in vitro activities, indicating potential concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kreutz
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Oluwakemi B. Oyetade
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- NIH/NIEHS/DTT/PTB, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA;
| | - Mamta Behl
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
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5
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Wang C, Fu R, Wang Y, Wei J, Yu Y, Hu L, Zhang C. miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway via ROR2 in medulloblastoma progression. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:941-954. [PMID: 38632356 PMCID: PMC11192632 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), a prevalent pediatric central nervous system tumor, is influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs) that impact tumor initiation and progression. However, the specific involvement of miRNAs in MB tumorigenesis remains unclear. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified ROR2 expression in normal human fetal cerebellum. Subsequent analyses, including immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot, assessed ROR2 expression in MB tissues and cell lines. We investigated miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p and their regulatory role in ROR2 expression through the dual-luciferase reporter, qRT-PCR, and western blot assays. Mechanistic insights were gained through functional assays exploring the impact of miR-124-3p, miR-194-5p, and ROR2 on MB growth in vitro and in vivo. We observed significantly reduced miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p expression and elevated ROR2 expression in MB tissues and cell lines. High ROR2 expression inversely correlated with overall survival in WNT and SHH subgroups of MB patients. Functionally, overexpressing miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p and inhibiting ROR2 suppressed in vitro malignant transformation and in vivo tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p synergistically regulated the ROR2/PI3K/Akt pathway, influencing MB progression. Our findings indicate that miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p function as tumor suppressors, inhibiting MB progression via the ROR2/PI3K/Akt axis, suggesting a key mechanism and therapeutic targets for MB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runxi Fu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunkun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chenran Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Sintakova K, Romanyuk N. The role of small extracellular vesicles and microRNA as their cargo in the spinal cord injury pathophysiology and therapy. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1400413. [PMID: 38774785 PMCID: PMC11106386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with a complex pathology that affects a significant portion of the population and causes long-term consequences. After primary injury, an inflammatory cascade of secondary injury occurs, followed by neuronal cell death and glial scar formation. Together with the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system, these are the main reasons for the poor prognosis after SCI. Despite recent advances, there is still no effective treatment. Promising therapeutic approaches include stem cells transplantation, which has demonstrated neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in SCI. This positive effect is thought to be mediated by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs); membrane-bound nanovesicles involved in intercellular communication through transport of functional proteins and RNA molecules. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about sEVs and microRNA as their cargo as one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SCI. We provide a comprehensive overview of their role in SCI pathophysiology, neuroprotective potential and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Sintakova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Buth JE, Dyevich CE, Rubin A, Wang C, Gao L, Marks T, Harrison MR, Kong JH, Ross ME, Novitch BG, Pearson CA. Foxp1 suppresses cortical angiogenesis and attenuates HIF-1alpha signaling to promote neural progenitor cell maintenance. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2202-2219. [PMID: 38600346 PMCID: PMC11094073 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells within the cerebral cortex undergo a characteristic switch between symmetric self-renewing cell divisions early in development and asymmetric neurogenic divisions later. Yet, the mechanisms controlling this transition remain unclear. Previous work has shown that early but not late neural progenitor cells (NPCs) endogenously express the autism-linked transcription factor Foxp1, and both loss and gain of Foxp1 function can alter NPC activity and fate choices. Here, we show that premature loss of Foxp1 upregulates transcriptional programs regulating angiogenesis, glycolysis, and cellular responses to hypoxia. These changes coincide with a premature destabilization of HIF-1α, an elevation in HIF-1α target genes, including Vegfa in NPCs, and precocious vascular network development. In vitro experiments demonstrate that stabilization of HIF-1α in Foxp1-deficient NPCs rescues the premature differentiation phenotype and restores NPC maintenance. Our data indicate that the endogenous decline in Foxp1 expression activates the HIF-1α transcriptional program leading to changes in the tissue environment adjacent to NPCs, which, in turn, might alter their self-renewal and neurogenic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie E Buth
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine E Dyevich
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Alexandra Rubin
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chengbing Wang
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tessa Marks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael Rm Harrison
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caroline Alayne Pearson
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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8
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Cibelli A, Mola MG, Saracino E, Barile B, Abbrescia P, Mogni G, Spray DC, Scemes E, Rossi A, Spennato D, Svelto M, Frigeri A, Benfenati V, Nicchia GP. Aquaporin-4 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 balance in early postnatal neurodevelopment. Glia 2024; 72:938-959. [PMID: 38362923 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In the adult brain, the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is expressed in astrocyte endfoot, in supramolecular assemblies, called "Orthogonal Arrays of Particles" (OAPs) together with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), finely regulating the cell volume. The present study aimed at investigating the contribution of AQP4 and TRPV4 to CNS early postnatal development using WT and AQP4 KO brain and retina and neuronal stem cells (NSCs), as an in vitro model of astrocyte differentiation. Western blot analysis showed that, differently from AQP4 and the glial cell markers, TRPV4 was downregulated during CNS development and NSC differentiation. Blue native/SDS-PAGE revealed that AQP4 progressively organized into OAPs throughout the entire differentiation process. Fluorescence quenching assay indicated that the speed of cell volume changes was time-related to NSC differentiation and functional to their migratory ability. Calcium imaging showed that the amplitude of TRPV4 Ca2+ transient is lower, and the dynamics are changed during differentiation and suppressed in AQP4 KO NSCs. Overall, these findings suggest that early postnatal neurodevelopment is subjected to temporally modulated water and Ca2+ dynamics likely to be those sustaining the biochemical and physiological mechanisms responsible for astrocyte differentiation during brain and retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqua Abbrescia
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro-Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Guido Mogni
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - David C Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, NY Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Genome Engineering and Model Development Lab (GEMD), IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Diletta Spennato
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro-Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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9
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Stepien BK, Wielockx B. From Vessels to Neurons-The Role of Hypoxia Pathway Proteins in Embryonic Neurogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:621. [PMID: 38607059 PMCID: PMC11012138 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neurogenesis can be defined as a period of prenatal development during which divisions of neural stem and progenitor cells give rise to neurons. In the central nervous system of most mammals, including humans, the majority of neocortical neurogenesis occurs before birth. It is a highly spatiotemporally organized process whose perturbations lead to cortical malformations and dysfunctions underlying neurological and psychiatric pathologies, and in which oxygen availability plays a critical role. In case of deprived oxygen conditions, known as hypoxia, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway is activated, resulting in the selective expression of a group of genes that regulate homeostatic adaptations, including cell differentiation and survival, metabolism and angiogenesis. While a physiological degree of hypoxia is essential for proper brain development, imbalanced oxygen levels can adversely affect this process, as observed in common obstetrical pathologies such as prematurity. This review comprehensively explores and discusses the current body of knowledge regarding the role of hypoxia and the HIF pathway in embryonic neurogenesis of the mammalian cortex. Additionally, it highlights existing gaps in our understanding, presents unanswered questions, and provides avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Stepien
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Experimental Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Zhao S, Wang C, Luo H, Li F, Wang Q, Xu J, Huang Z, Liu W, Zhang W. A role for Retinoblastoma 1 in hindbrain morphogenesis by regulating GBX family. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00061-4. [PMID: 38570112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The hindbrain, which develops from the anterior end of the neural tube expansion, can differentiate into the metencephalon and myelencephalon, with varying sizes and functions. The midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) and hindbrain myelencephalon/ventral midline (HMVM) are known to be the source of the progenitors for the anterior hindbrain and myelencephalon, respectively. However, the molecular networks regulating hindbrain morphogenesis in these structures remain unclear. In this study, we show that retinoblastoma 1 (rb1) is highly expressed at the MHB and HMVM in zebrafish. Knocking out rb1 in mice and zebrafish results in an enlarged hindbrain due to hindbrain neuronal hyperproliferation. Further study reveals that Rb1 controls the hindbrain morphogenesis by suppressing the expression of Gbx1/Gbx2, essential transcription factors for hindbrain development, through its binding to E2f3/Hdac1, respectively. Interestingly, we find that Gbx1 and Gbx2 are expressed in different types of hindbrain neurons, suggesting distinct roles in hindbrain morphogenesis. In summary, our study clarifies the specific role of RB1 in hindbrain neural cell proliferation and morphogenesis by regulating the E2f3-Gbx1 axis and the Hdac1-Gbx2 axis. These findings provide a research paradigm for exploring the differential proliferation of neurons in various brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chen Wang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Haiping Luo
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Feifei Li
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jin Xu
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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11
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Queiroz LY, Kageyama R, Cimarosti HI. SUMOylation effects on neural stem cells self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. Neurosci Res 2024; 199:1-11. [PMID: 37742800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) conjugation or SUMOylation, a post-translational modification, is a crucial regulator of protein function and cellular processes. In the context of neural stem cells (NSCs), SUMOylation has emerged as a key player, affecting their proliferation, differentiation, and survival. By modifying transcription factors, such as SOX1, SOX2, SOX3, SOX6, Bmi1, and Nanog, SUMOylation can either enhance or impair their transcriptional activity, thus impacting on NSCs self-renewal. Moreover, SUMOylation regulates neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation by modulating key proteins, such as Foxp1, Mecp2, MEF2A, and SOX10. SUMOylation is also crucial for the survival and proliferation of NSCs in both developing and adult brains. By regulating the activity of transcription factors, coactivators, and corepressors, SUMOylation acts as a molecular switch, inducing cofactor recruitment and function during development. Importantly, dysregulation of NSCs SUMOylation has been implicated in various disorders, including embryonic defects, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, glioma, and the harmful effects of benzophenone-3 exposure. Here we review the main findings on SUMOylation-mediated regulation of NSCs self-renewal, differentiation and survival. Better understanding NSCs SUMOylation mechanisms and its functional consequences might provide new strategies to promote neuronal differentiation that could contribute for the development of novel therapies targeting neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Yoshitome Queiroz
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Helena I Cimarosti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, UFSC, Florianopolis, Brazil.
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12
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Lederer AR, Leonardi M, Talamanca L, Herrera A, Droin C, Khven I, Carvalho HJF, Valente A, Mantes AD, Arabí PM, Pinello L, Naef F, Manno GL. Statistical inference with a manifold-constrained RNA velocity model uncovers cell cycle speed modulations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576093. [PMID: 38328127 PMCID: PMC10849531 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Across a range of biological processes, cells undergo coordinated changes in gene expression, resulting in transcriptome dynamics that unfold within a low-dimensional manifold. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) only measures temporal snapshots of gene expression. However, information on the underlying low-dimensional dynamics can be extracted using RNA velocity, which models unspliced and spliced RNA abundances to estimate the rate of change of gene expression. Available RNA velocity algorithms can be fragile and rely on heuristics that lack statistical control. Moreover, the estimated vector field is not dynamically consistent with the traversed gene expression manifold. Here, we develop a generative model of RNA velocity and a Bayesian inference approach that solves these problems. Our model couples velocity field and manifold estimation in a reformulated, unified framework, so as to coherently identify the parameters of an autonomous dynamical system. Focusing on the cell cycle, we implemented VeloCycle to study gene regulation dynamics on one-dimensional periodic manifolds and validated using live-imaging its ability to infer actual cell cycle periods. We benchmarked RNA velocity inference with sensitivity analyses and demonstrated one- and multiple-sample testing. We also conducted Markov chain Monte Carlo inference on the model, uncovering key relationships between gene-specific kinetics and our gene-independent velocity estimate. Finally, we applied VeloCycle to in vivo samples and in vitro genome-wide Perturb-seq, revealing regionally-defined proliferation modes in neural progenitors and the effect of gene knockdowns on cell cycle speed. Ultimately, VeloCycle expands the scRNA-seq analysis toolkit with a modular and statistically rigorous RNA velocity inference framework.
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13
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Gargas J, Janowska J, Gebala P, Maksymiuk W, Sypecka J. Reactive Gliosis in Neonatal Disorders: Friend or Foe for Neuroregeneration? Cells 2024; 13:131. [PMID: 38247822 PMCID: PMC10813898 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A developing nervous system is particularly vulnerable to the influence of pathophysiological clues and injuries in the perinatal period. Astrocytes are among the first cells that react to insults against the nervous tissue, the presence of pathogens, misbalance of local tissue homeostasis, and a lack of oxygen and trophic support. Under this background, it remains uncertain if induced astrocyte activation, recognized as astrogliosis, is a friend or foe for progressing neonatal neurodevelopment. Likewise, the state of astrocyte reactivity is considered one of the key factors discriminating between either the initiation of endogenous reparative mechanisms compensating for aberrations in the structures and functions of nervous tissue or the triggering of neurodegeneration. The responses of activated cells are modulated by neighboring neural cells, which exhibit broad immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative properties by secreting a plethora of active compounds (including interleukins and chemokines, neurotrophins, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide synthase and complement components), which are engaged in cell crosstalk in a paracrine manner. As the developing nervous system is extremely sensitive to the influence of signaling molecules, even subtle changes in the composition or concentration of the cellular secretome can have significant effects on the developing neonatal brain. Thus, modulating the activity of other types of cells and their interactions with overreactive astrocytes might be a promising strategy for controlling neonatal astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Sypecka
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.G.); (J.J.)
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14
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Andrews MG, Pearson CA. Toward an understanding of glucose metabolism in radial glial biology and brain development. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302193. [PMID: 37798120 PMCID: PMC10556723 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have sought to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underpinning the regulation of neural progenitor maintenance and differentiation. A series of precise temporal transitions within progenitor cell populations generates all the appropriate neural cell types while maintaining a pool of self-renewing progenitors throughout embryogenesis. Recent technological advances have enabled us to gain new insights at the single-cell level, revealing an interplay between metabolic state and developmental progression that impacts the timing of proliferation and neurogenesis. This can have long-term consequences for the developing brain's neuronal specification, maturation state, and organization. Furthermore, these studies have highlighted the need to reassess the instructive role of glucose metabolism in determining progenitor cell division, differentiation, and fate. This review focuses on glucose metabolism (glycolysis) in cortical progenitor cells and the emerging focus on glycolysis during neurogenic transitions. Furthermore, we discuss how the field can learn from other biological systems to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in glycolysis in progenitors and evaluate functional neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Andrews
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Qu Y, Lim JJY, An O, Yang H, Toh YC, Chua JJE. FEZ1 participates in human embryonic brain development by modulating neuronal progenitor subpopulation specification and migrations. iScience 2023; 26:108497. [PMID: 38213789 PMCID: PMC10783620 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 (FEZ1) gene are found in schizophrenia and Jacobsen syndrome patients. Here, using human cerebral organoids (hCOs), we show that FEZ1 expression is turned on early during brain development and is detectable in both neuroprogenitor subtypes and immature neurons. FEZ1 deletion disrupts expression of neuronal and synaptic development genes. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we detected abnormal expansion of homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX)- outer radial glia (oRG), concurrent with a reduction of HOPX+ oRG, in FEZ1-null hCOs. HOPX- oRGs show higher cell mobility as compared to HOPX+ oRGs. Ectopic localization of neuroprogenitors to the outer layer is seen in FEZ1-null hCOs. Anomalous encroachment of TBR2+ intermediate progenitors into CTIP2+ deep layer neurons further indicated abnormalities in cortical layer formation these hCOs. Collectively, our findings highlight the involvement of FEZ1 in early cortical brain development and how it contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Qu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Jun-Yong Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Omer An
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore 138473, Singapore
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16
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Kang SC, Sarn NB, Venegas J, Tan Z, Hitomi M, Eng C. Germline PTEN genotype-dependent phenotypic divergence during the early neural developmental process of forebrain organoids. Mol Psychiatry 2023:10.1038/s41380-023-02325-3. [PMID: 38030818 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PTEN germline mutations account for ~0.2-1% of all autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases, as well as ~17% of ASD patients with macrocephaly, making it one of the top ASD-associated risk genes. Individuals with germline PTEN mutations receive the molecular diagnosis of PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS), an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome, about 20-23% of whom are diagnosed with ASD. We generated forebrain organoid cultures from gene-edited isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) harboring a PTENG132D (ASD) or PTENM134R (cancer) mutant allele to model how these mutations interrupt neurodevelopmental processes. Here, we show that the PTENG132D allele disrupts early neuroectoderm formation during the first several days of organoid generation, and results in deficient electrophysiology. While organoids generated from PTENM134R hiPSCs remained morphologically similar to wild-type organoids during this early stage in development, we observed disrupted neuronal differentiation, radial glia positioning, and cortical layering in both PTEN-mutant organoids at the later stage of 72+ days of development. Perifosine, an AKT inhibitor, reduced over-activated AKT and partially corrected the abnormalities in cellular organization observed in PTENG132D organoids. Single cell RNAseq analyses on early-stage organoids revealed that genes related to neural cell fate were decreased in PTENG132D mutant organoids, and AKT inhibition was capable of upregulating gene signatures related to neuronal cell fate and CNS maturation pathways. These findings demonstrate that different PTEN missense mutations can have a profound impact on neurodevelopment at diverse stages which in turn may predispose PHTS individuals to ASD. Further study will shed light on ways to mitigate pathological impact of PTEN mutants on neurodevelopment by stage-specific manipulation of downstream PTEN signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Chung Kang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Nicholas B Sarn
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Juan Venegas
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Zhibing Tan
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Masahiro Hitomi
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Medical Specialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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17
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Chameh HM, Falby M, Movahed M, Arbabi K, Rich S, Zhang L, Lefebvre J, Tripathy SJ, De Pittà M, Valiante TA. Distinctive biophysical features of human cell-types: insights from studies of neurosurgically resected brain tissue. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1250834. [PMID: 37860223 PMCID: PMC10584155 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1250834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological characterization of live human tissue from epilepsy patients has been performed for many decades. Although initially these studies sought to understand the biophysical and synaptic changes associated with human epilepsy, recently, it has become the mainstay for exploring the distinctive biophysical and synaptic features of human cell-types. Both epochs of these human cellular electrophysiological explorations have faced criticism. Early studies revealed that cortical pyramidal neurons obtained from individuals with epilepsy appeared to function "normally" in comparison to neurons from non-epilepsy controls or neurons from other species and thus there was little to gain from the study of human neurons from epilepsy patients. On the other hand, contemporary studies are often questioned for the "normalcy" of the recorded neurons since they are derived from epilepsy patients. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the distinct biophysical features of human cortical neurons and glia obtained from tissue removed from patients with epilepsy and tumors. We then explore the concept of within cell-type diversity and its loss (i.e., "neural homogenization"). We introduce neural homogenization to help reconcile the epileptogenicity of seemingly "normal" human cortical cells and circuits. We propose that there should be continued efforts to study cortical tissue from epilepsy patients in the quest to understand what makes human cell-types "human".
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Moradi Chameh
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Falby
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mandana Movahed
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keon Arbabi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Rich
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jérémie Lefebvre
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shreejoy J. Tripathy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurizio De Pittà
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Taufik A. Valiante
- Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Max Planck-University of Toronto Center for Neural Science and Technology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Wang J, Chen H, Hou W, Han Q, Wang Z. Hippo Pathway in Schwann Cells and Regeneration of Peripheral Nervous System. Dev Neurosci 2023; 45:276-289. [PMID: 37080186 DOI: 10.1159/000530621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway comprising a series of MST/LATS kinase complexes. Its key transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ regulate transcription factors such as TEAD family to direct gene expression. The regulation of Hippo pathway, especially the nuclear level change of YAP and TAZ, significantly influences the cell fate switching from proliferation to differentiation, regeneration, and postinjury repair. This review outlines the main findings of Hippo pathway in peripheral nerve development, regeneration, and tumorigenesis, especially the studies in Schwann cells. We also summarize other roles of Hippo pathway in damage repair of the peripheral nerve system and discuss the potential future research which probably contributes to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haofeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wulei Hou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjian Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Hippenmeyer S. Principles of neural stem cell lineage progression: Insights from developing cerebral cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102695. [PMID: 36842274 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
How to generate a brain of correct size and with appropriate cell-type diversity during development is a major question in Neuroscience. In the developing neocortex, radial glial progenitor (RGP) cells are the main neural stem cells that produce cortical excitatory projection neurons, glial cells, and establish the prospective postnatal stem cell niche in the lateral ventricles. RGPs follow a tightly orchestrated developmental program that when disrupted can result in severe cortical malformations such as microcephaly and megalencephaly. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms instructing faithful RGP lineage progression are however not well understood. This review will summarize recent conceptual advances that contribute to our understanding of the general principles of RGP lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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20
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Como CN, Kim S, Siegenthaler J. Stuck on you: Meninges cellular crosstalk in development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102676. [PMID: 36773497 PMCID: PMC10023464 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal development of the brain, overlying meninges (fibroblasts, vasculature and immune cells) and calvarium are highly coordinated. In particular, the timing of meningeal fibroblasts into molecularly distinct pia, arachnoid and dura subtypes coincides with key developmental events in the brain and calvarium. Further, the meninges are positioned to influence development of adjacent structures and do so via depositing basement membrane and producing molecular cues to regulate brain and calvarial development. Here, we review the current knowledge of how meninges development aligns with events in the brain and calvarium and meningeal fibroblast "crosstalk" with these structures. We summarize outstanding questions and how the use of non-mammalian models to study the meninges will substantially advance the field of meninges biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Como
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. https://twitter.com/ChristinaComo
| | - Sol Kim
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado, School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics 12800 East 19th Ave MS-8313 Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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21
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Zoabi S, Andreyanov M, Heinrich R, Ron S, Carmi I, Gutfreund Y, Berlin S. A custom-made AAV1 variant (AAV1-T593K) enables efficient transduction of Japanese quail neurons in vitro and in vivo. Commun Biol 2023; 6:337. [PMID: 36977781 PMCID: PMC10050006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of rodents in neuroscience has prompted the development of optimized viral variants for transduction of brain cells, in vivo. However, many of the viruses developed are less efficient in other model organisms, with birds being among the most resistant to transduction by current viral tools. Resultantly, the use of genetically-encoded tools and methods in avian species is markedly lower than in rodents; likely holding the field back. We sought to bridge this gap by developing custom viruses towards the transduction of brain cells of the Japanese quail. We first develop a protocol for culturing primary neurons and glia from quail embryos, followed by characterization of cultures via immunostaining, single cell mRNA sequencing, patch clamp electrophysiology and calcium imaging. We then leveraged the cultures for the rapid screening of various viruses, only to find that all yielded poor to no infection of cells in vitro. However, few infected neurons were obtained by AAV1 and AAV2. Scrutiny of the sequence of the AAV receptor found in quails led us to rationally design a custom-made AAV variant (AAV1-T593K; AAV1*) that exhibits improved transduction efficiencies in vitro and in vivo (14- and five-fold, respectively). Together, we present unique culturing method, transcriptomic profiles of quail's brain cells and a custom-tailored AAV1 for transduction of quail neurons in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaden Zoabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Andreyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronit Heinrich
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shaked Ron
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Carmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Gutfreund
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shai Berlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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22
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Radoszkiewicz K, Jezierska-Woźniak K, Waśniewski T, Sarnowska A. Understanding Intra- and Inter-Species Variability in Neural Stem Cells' Biology Is Key to Their Successful Cryopreservation, Culture, and Propagation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030488. [PMID: 36766833 PMCID: PMC9914787 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although clinical trials on human neural stem cells (hNSCs) have already been implemented in the treatment of neurological diseases and they have demonstrated their therapeutic effects, many questions remain in the field of preclinical research regarding the biology of these cells, their therapeutic properties, and their neurorestorative potential. Unfortunately, scientific reports are inconsistent and much of the NSCs research has been conducted on rodents rather than human cells for ethical reasons or due to insufficient cell material. Therefore, a question arises as to whether or which conclusions drawn on the isolation, cell survival, proliferation, or cell fate observed in vitro in rodent NSCs can be introduced into clinical applications. This paper presents the effects of different spatial, nutritional, and dissociation conditions on NSCs' functional properties, which are highly species-dependent. Our study confirmed that the discrepancies in the available literature on NSCs survival, proliferation, and fate did not only depend on intra-species factors and applied environmental conditions, but they were also affected by significant inter-species variability. Human and rodent NSCs share one feature, i.e., the necessity to be cultured immediately after isolation, which significantly maintains their survival. Additionally, in the absence of experiments on human cells, rat NSCs biology (neurosphere formation potential and neural differentiation stage) seems closer to that of humans rather than mice in response to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jezierska-Woźniak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells Bank, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Waśniewski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-608-6598
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23
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McEwan F, Glazier JD, Hager R. The impact of maternal immune activation on embryonic brain development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1146710. [PMID: 36950133 PMCID: PMC10025352 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1146710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult brain is a complex structure with distinct functional sub-regions, which are generated from an initial pool of neural epithelial cells within the embryo. This transition requires a number of highly coordinated processes, including neurogenesis, i.e., the generation of neurons, and neuronal migration. These take place during a critical period of development, during which the brain is particularly susceptible to environmental insults. Neurogenesis defects have been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, these disorders have highly complex multifactorial etiologies, and hence the underlying mechanisms leading to aberrant neurogenesis continue to be the focus of a significant research effort and have yet to be established. Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that exposure to maternal infection in utero is a critical risk factor for NDDs. To establish the biological mechanisms linking maternal immune activation (MIA) and altered neurodevelopment, animal models have been developed that allow experimental manipulation and investigation of different developmental stages of brain development following exposure to MIA. Here, we review the changes to embryonic brain development focusing on neurogenesis, neuronal migration and cortical lamination, following MIA. Across published studies, we found evidence for an acute proliferation defect in the embryonic MIA brain, which, in most cases, is linked to an acceleration in neurogenesis, demonstrated by an increased proportion of neurogenic to proliferative divisions. This is accompanied by disrupted cortical lamination, particularly in the density of deep layer neurons, which may be a consequence of the premature neurogenic shift. Although many aspects of the underlying pathways remain unclear, an altered epigenome and mitochondrial dysfunction are likely mechanisms underpinning disrupted neurogenesis in the MIA model. Further research is necessary to delineate the causative pathways responsible for the variation in neurogenesis phenotype following MIA, which are likely due to differences in timing of MIA induction as well as sex-dependent variation. This will help to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of NDDs, and establish therapeutic targets.
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24
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Pathogenesis of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From a Neuron-Glia Crosstalk Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314753. [PMID: 36499080 PMCID: PMC9739123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. Glia are more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect of neuronal development and function; glial dysregulation has been implicated in a series of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Importantly, amounting evidence has added glial activation and neuroinflammation as new features of PD onset and progression. Thus, gaining a better understanding of glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge of PD pathologies. This review addresses the current understanding of α-syn pathogenesis in PD, with a focus on neuron-glia crosstalk. Particularly, the transmission of α-syn between neurons and glia, α-syn-induced glial activation, and feedbacks of glial activation on DA neuron degeneration are thoroughly discussed. In addition, α-syn aggregation, iron deposition, and glial activation in regulating DA neuron ferroptosis in PD are covered. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical and clinical therapies, especially targeting glia, in PD treatments.
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25
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Amberg N, Pauler FM, Streicher C, Hippenmeyer S. Tissue-wide genetic and cellular landscape shapes the execution of sequential PRC2 functions in neural stem cell lineage progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq1263. [PMID: 36322669 PMCID: PMC9629739 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a correctly sized cerebral cortex with all-embracing neuronal and glial cell-type diversity critically depends on faithful radial glial progenitor (RGP) cell proliferation/differentiation programs. Temporal RGP lineage progression is regulated by Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and loss of PRC2 activity results in severe neurogenesis defects and microcephaly. How PRC2-dependent gene expression instructs RGP lineage progression is unknown. Here, we use mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM)-based single-cell technology and demonstrate that PRC2 is not cell-autonomously required in neurogenic RGPs but rather acts at the global tissue-wide level. Conversely, cortical astrocyte production and maturation is cell-autonomously controlled by PRC2-dependent transcriptional regulation. We thus reveal highly distinct and sequential PRC2 functions in RGP lineage progression that are dependent on complex interplays between intrinsic and tissue-wide properties. In a broader context, our results imply a critical role for the genetic and cellular niche environment in neural stem cell behavior.
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26
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Nutrition influences nervous system development by regulating neural stem cell homeostasis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Upadhyay TK, Trivedi R, Khan F, Pandey P, Sharangi AB, Goel H, Saeed M, Park MN, Kim B. Potential Therapeutic Role of Mesenchymal-Derived Stem Cells as an Alternative Therapy to Combat COVID-19 through Cytokines Storm. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172686. [PMID: 36078094 PMCID: PMC9455060 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical health systems continue to be challenged due to newly emerging COVID-19, and there is an urgent need for alternative approaches for treatment. An increasing number of clinical observations indicate cytokine storms to be associated with COVID-19 severity and also to be a significant cause of death among COVID-19 patients. Cytokine storm involves the extensive proliferative and hyperactive activity of T and macrophage cells and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Stem cells are the type of cell having self-renewal properties and giving rise to differentiated cells. Currently, stem cell therapy is an exciting and promising therapeutic approach that can treat several diseases that were considered incurable in the past. It may be possible to develop novel methods to treat various diseases by identifying stem cells’ growth and differentiation factors. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in medicine is anticipated to be highly effective. The present review article is organized to put forward the positive arguments and implications in support of mesenchymal stem cell therapy as an alternative therapy to cytokine storms, to combat COVID-19. Using the immunomodulatory potential of the MSCs, it is possible to fight against COVID-19 and counterbalance the cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Correspondence: (T.K.U.); (B.K.)
| | - Rashmi Trivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Amit Baran Sharangi
- Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal & Aromatic Crops, BCKV-Agricultural University, Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110023, India
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail 34464, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05254, Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.K.U.); (B.K.)
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28
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Hevia CF, Engel-Pizcueta C, Udina F, Pujades C. The neurogenic fate of the hindbrain boundaries relies on Notch3-dependent asymmetric cell divisions. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110915. [PMID: 35675784 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the balance between progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the construction of the embryonic brain demands the combination of cell lineage and functional approaches. Here, we generate the comprehensive lineage of hindbrain boundary cells by using a CRISPR-based knockin zebrafish transgenic line that specifically labels the boundaries. We unveil that boundary cells asynchronously engage in neurogenesis undergoing a functional transition from neuroepithelial progenitors to radial glia cells, coinciding with the onset of Notch3 signaling that triggers their asymmetrical cell division. Upon notch3 loss of function, boundary cells lose radial glia properties and symmetrically divide undergoing neuronal differentiation. Finally, we show that the fate of boundary cells is to become neurons, the subtype of which relies on their axial position, suggesting that boundary cells contribute to refine the number and proportion of the distinct neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederic Udina
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain; Data Science Center, Barcelona School of Economics, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Lehman NL, Spassky N, Sak M, Webb A, Zumbar CT, Usubalieva A, Alkhateeb KJ, McElroy JP, Maclean KH, Fadda P, Liu T, Gangalapudi V, Carver J, Abdullaev Z, Timmers C, Parker JR, Pierson CR, Mobley BC, Gokden M, Hattab EM, Parrett T, Cooke RX, Lehman TD, Costinean S, Parwani A, Williams BJ, Jensen RL, Aldape K, Mistry AM. Astroblastomas exhibit radial glia stem cell lineages and differential expression of imprinted and X-inactivation escape genes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2083. [PMID: 35440587 PMCID: PMC9018799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroblastomas (ABs) are rare brain tumors of unknown origin. We performed an integrative genetic and epigenetic analysis of AB-like tumors. Here, we show that tumors traceable to neural stem/progenitor cells (radial glia) that emerge during early to later brain development occur in children and young adults, respectively. Tumors with MN1-BEND2 fusion appear to present exclusively in females and exhibit overexpression of genes expressed prior to 25 post-conception weeks (pcw), including genes enriched in early ventricular zone radial glia and ependymal tumors. Other, histologically classic ABs overexpress or harbor mutations of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway genes, outer and truncated radial glia genes, and genes expressed after 25 pcw, including neuronal and astrocyte markers. Findings support that AB-like tumors arise in the context of epigenetic and genetic changes in neural progenitors. Selective gene fusion, variable imprinting and/or chromosome X-inactivation escape resulting in biallelic overexpression may contribute to female predominance of AB molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Lehman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- The Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Müge Sak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cory T Zumbar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Aisulu Usubalieva
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Khaled J Alkhateeb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tom Liu
- Solid Tumor Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vineela Gangalapudi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jamie Carver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia Timmers
- Solid Tumor Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John R Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Bret C Mobley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Murat Gokden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Eyas M Hattab
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Timothy Parrett
- Department of Pathology and Anatomic Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Ralph X Cooke
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Trang D Lehman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Contra Costa County Health System, Martinez, CA, 94553, USA
| | - Stefan Costinean
- Department of Pathology, Banner Gateway Medical Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ, 85284, USA
| | - Anil Parwani
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Brian J Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Randy L Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Akshitkumar M Mistry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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30
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Ahmad S, Srivastava RK, Singh P, Naik UP, Srivastava AK. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Glia-Neuron Intercellular Communication. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:844194. [PMID: 35493327 PMCID: PMC9043804 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.844194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross talk between glia and neurons is crucial for a variety of biological functions, ranging from nervous system development, axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, neural circuit maturation, to homeostasis maintenance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which were initially described as cellular debris and were devoid of biological function, are now recognized as key components in cell-cell communication and play a critical role in glia-neuron communication. EVs transport the proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid cargo in intercellular communication, which alters target cells structurally and functionally. A better understanding of the roles of EVs in glia-neuron communication, both in physiological and pathological conditions, can aid in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and the development of new biomarkers. This review aims to demonstrate that different types of glia and neuronal cells secrete various types of EVs, resulting in specific functions in intercellular communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit K. Srivastava
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- M.E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biosciences Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ulhas P. Naik
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amit K. Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Amit K. Srivastava,
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31
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Suzuki H, Imajo Y, Funaba M, Nishida N, Sakamoto T, Sakai T. Current Concepts of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Therapy for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:794692. [PMID: 35185471 PMCID: PMC8850278 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.794692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in major neurological deficits and social burden. It continues to be managed symptomatically, and no real therapeutic strategies have been devised for its treatment. Neural stem/neural progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) being used for the treatment of chronic SCI in experimental SCI models can not only replace the lost cells and remyelinate axons in the injury site but also support their growth and provide neuroprotective factors. Currently, several clinical studies using NSCs/NPCs are underway worldwide. NSCs/NPCs also have the potential to differentiate into all three neuroglial lineages to regenerate neural circuits, demyelinate denuded axons, and provide trophic support to endogenous cells. This article explains the challenging pathophysiology of chronic SCI and discusses key NSC/NPC-based techniques having the greatest potential for translation over the next decade.
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32
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FASN-dependent de novo lipogenesis is required for brain development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112040119. [PMID: 34996870 PMCID: PMC8764667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fate and behavior of neural progenitor cells are tightly regulated during mammalian brain development. Metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, that are required for supplying energy and providing molecular building blocks to generate cells govern progenitor function. However, the role of de novo lipogenesis, which is the conversion of glucose into fatty acids through the multienzyme protein fatty acid synthase (FASN), for brain development remains unknown. Using Emx1Cre-mediated, tissue-specific deletion of Fasn in the mouse embryonic telencephalon, we show that loss of FASN causes severe microcephaly, largely due to altered polarity of apical, radial glia progenitors and reduced progenitor proliferation. Furthermore, genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of FASN in human embryonic stem cell-derived forebrain organoids identifies a conserved role of FASN-dependent lipogenesis for radial glia cell polarity in human brain organoids. Thus, our data establish a role of de novo lipogenesis for mouse and human brain development and identify a link between progenitor-cell polarity and lipid metabolism.
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33
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Belmonte-Mateos C, Pujades C. From Cell States to Cell Fates: How Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation Are Coordinated During Embryonic Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:781160. [PMID: 35046768 PMCID: PMC8761814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.781160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits an extraordinary diversity of neurons, with the right cell types and proportions at the appropriate sites. Thus, to produce brains with specific size and cell composition, the rates of proliferation and differentiation must be tightly coordinated and balanced during development. Early on, proliferation dominates; later on, the growth rate almost ceases as more cells differentiate and exit the cell cycle. Generation of cell diversity and morphogenesis takes place concomitantly. In the vertebrate brain, this results in dramatic changes in the position of progenitor cells and their neuronal derivatives, whereas in the spinal cord morphogenetic changes are not so important because the structure mainly grows by increasing its volume. Morphogenesis is under control of specific genetic programs that coordinately unfold over time; however, little is known about how they operate and impact in the pools of progenitor cells in the CNS. Thus, the spatiotemporal coordination of these processes is fundamental for generating functional neuronal networks. Some key aims in developmental neurobiology are to determine how cell diversity arises from pluripotent progenitor cells, and how the progenitor potential changes upon time. In this review, we will share our view on how the advance of new technologies provides novel data that challenge some of the current hypothesis. We will cover some of the latest studies on cell lineage tracing and clonal analyses addressing the role of distinct progenitor cell division modes in balancing the rate of proliferation and differentiation during brain morphogenesis. We will discuss different hypothesis proposed to explain how progenitor cell diversity is generated and how they challenged prevailing concepts and raised new questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Teplyashina EA, Komleva YK, Lychkovskaya EV, Deikhina AS, Salmina AB. Regulation of neurogenesis and cerebral angiogenesis by cell protein proteolysis products. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2021-25-2-114-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is a unique process characterized by mechanisms defined as neuroplasticity (synaptogenesis, synapse elimination, neurogenesis, and cerebral angiogenesis). Numerous neurodevelopmental disorders brain damage, and aging are manifested by neurological deficits that are caused by aberrant neuroplasticity. The presence of stem and progenitor cells in neurogenic niches of the brain is responsible for the formation of new neurons capable of integrating into preexisting synaptic assemblies. The determining factors for the cells within the neurogenic niche are the activity of the vascular scaffold and the availability of active regulatory molecules that establish the optimal microenvironment. It has been found that regulated intramembrane proteolysis plays an important role in the control of neurogenesis in brain neurogenic niches. Molecules generated by the activity of specific proteases can stimulate or suppress the activity of neural stem and progenitor cells, their proliferation and differentiation, migration and integration of newly formed neurons into synaptic networks. Local neoangiogenesis supports the processes of neurogenesis in neurogenic niches, which is guaranteed by the multivalent action of peptides formed from transmembrane proteins. Identification of new molecules regulating the neuroplasticity (neurogenesis and angiogenesis). i. e. enzymes, substrates, and products of intramembrane proteolysis, will ensure the development of protocols for detecting the neuroplasticity markers and targets for efficient pharmacological modulation.
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Hopkins HK, Traverse EM, Barr KL. Methodologies for Generating Brain Organoids to Model Viral Pathogenesis in the CNS. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111510. [PMID: 34832665 PMCID: PMC8625030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human brain is of interest in viral research because it is often the target of viruses. Neurological infections can result in consequences in the CNS, which can result in death or lifelong sequelae. Organoids modeling the CNS are notable because they are derived from stem cells that differentiate into specific brain cells such as neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells. Numerous protocols have been developed for the generation of CNS organoids, and our goal was to describe the various CNS organoid models available for viral pathogenesis research to serve as a guide to determine which protocol might be appropriate based on research goal, timeframe, and budget. (2) Methods: Articles for this review were found in Pubmed, Scopus and EMBASE. The search terms used were "brain + organoid" and "CNS + organoid" (3) Results: There are two main methods for organoid generation, and the length of time for organoid generation varied from 28 days to over 2 months. The costs for generating a population of organoids ranged from USD 1000 to 5000. (4) Conclusions: There are numerous methods for generating organoids representing multiple regions of the brain, with several types of modifications for fine-tuning the model to a researcher's specifications. Organoid models of the CNS can serve as a platform for characterization and mechanistic studies that can reduce or eliminate the use of animals, especially for viruses that only cause disease in the human CNS.
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Denoth-Lippuner A, Jaeger BN, Liang T, Royall LN, Chie SE, Buthey K, Machado D, Korobeynyk VI, Kruse M, Munz CM, Gerbaulet A, Simons BD, Jessberger S. Visualization of individual cell division history in complex tissues using iCOUNT. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:2020-2034.e12. [PMID: 34525348 PMCID: PMC8577829 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The division potential of individual stem cells and the molecular consequences of successive rounds of proliferation remain largely unknown. Here, we developed an inducible cell division counter (iCOUNT) that reports cell division events in human and mouse tissues in vitro and in vivo. Analyzing cell division histories of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the developing and adult brain, we show that iCOUNT can provide novel insights into stem cell behavior. Further, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of iCOUNT-labeled NSPCs and their progenies from the developing mouse cortex and forebrain-regionalized human organoids to identify functionally relevant molecular pathways that are commonly regulated between mouse and human cells, depending on individual cell division histories. Thus, we developed a tool to characterize the molecular consequences of repeated cell divisions of stem cells that allows an analysis of the cellular principles underlying tissue formation, homeostasis, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Denoth-Lippuner
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste N Jaeger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tong Liang
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars N Royall
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie E Chie
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kilian Buthey
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Machado
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vladislav I Korobeynyk
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merit Kruse
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara M Munz
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerbaulet
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Endo M, Maruoka H, Okabe S. Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:757499. [PMID: 34803616 PMCID: PMC8595196 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.757499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural network in the brain can be viewed as an integrated system assembled from a large number of local neural circuits specialized for particular brain functions. Activities of neurons in local neural circuits are thought to be organized both spatially and temporally under the rules optimized for their roles in information processing. It is well perceived that different areas of the mammalian neocortex have specific cognitive functions and distinct computational properties. However, the organizational principles of the local neural circuits in different cortical regions have not yet been clarified. Therefore, new research principles and related neuro-technologies that enable efficient and precise recording of large-scale neuronal activities and synaptic connections are necessary. Innovative technologies for structural analysis, including tissue clearing and expansion microscopy, have enabled super resolution imaging of the neural circuits containing thousands of neurons at a single synapse resolution. The imaging resolution and volume achieved by new technologies are beyond the limits of conventional light or electron microscopic methods. Progress in genome editing and related technologies has made it possible to label and manipulate specific cell types and discriminate activities of multiple cell types. These technologies will provide a breakthrough for multiscale analysis of the structure and function of local neural circuits. This review summarizes the basic concepts and practical applications of the emerging technologies and new insight into local neural circuits obtained by these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang L, Qian J, Yang B, He Q, Wang J, Weng Q. Challenges and Improvements of Novel Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:721156. [PMID: 34658860 PMCID: PMC8514732 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.721156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the third most common disease all over the world, which is regarded as a hotspot in medical research because of its high mortality and morbidity. Stroke, especially ischemic stroke, causes severe neural cell death, and no effective therapy is currently available for neuroregeneration after stroke. Although many therapies have been shown to be effective in preclinical studies of ischemic stroke, almost none of them passed clinical trials, and the reasons for most failures have not been well identified. In this review, we focus on several novel methods, such as traditional Chinese medicine, stem cell therapy, and exosomes that have not been used for ischemic stroke till recent decades. We summarize the proposed basic mechanisms underlying these therapies and related clinical results, discussing advantages and current limitations for each therapy emphatically. Based on the limitations such as side effects, narrow therapeutic window, and less accumulation at the injury region, structure transformation and drug combination are subsequently applied, providing a deep understanding to develop effective treatment strategies for ischemic stroke in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Center for Drug and Cosmetic Evaluation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lai X, Guo Y, Chen M, Wei Y, Yi W, Shi Y, Xiong L. Caveolin1: its roles in normal and cancer stem cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:3459-3475. [PMID: 34498146 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stem cells are characterized by the capability of self-renewal and multi-differentiation. Normal stem cells, which are important for tissue repair and tissue regeneration, can be divided into embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and somatic stem cells (SSCs) depending on their origin. As a subpopulation of cells within cancer, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are at the root of therapeutic resistance. Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are necessary for tumor initiation. Caveolin1 (Cav1), a membrane protein located at the caveolae, participates in cell lipid transport, cell migration, cell proliferation, and cell signal transduction. The purpose of this review was to explore the relationship between Cav1 and stem cells. RESULTS In ESCs, Cav1 is beneficial for self-renewal, proliferation, and migration. In SSCs, Cav1 exhibits positive or/and negative effects on stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and angiogenic capacity. Cav1 deficiency impairs normal stem cell-based tissue repair. In CSCs, Cav1 inhibits or/and promotes CSC self-renewal, differentiation, invasion, migration, tumorigenicity ability, and CSC formation. And suppressing Cav1 promotes chemo-sensitivity in CSCs and TICs. CONCLUSION Cav1 shows dual roles in stem cell biology. Targeting the Cav1-stem cell axis would be a new way for tissue repair and cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingning Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yiling Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuxuan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Wanting Yi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yubo Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China.,Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, China. .,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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40
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Jalink P, Caiazzo M. Brain Organoids: Filling the Need for a Human Model of Neurological Disorder. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:740. [PMID: 34439972 PMCID: PMC8389592 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are among the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for almost all onsets of dementia in the elderly, and are known to negatively affect motor ability, mental and cognitive performance, as well as overall wellbeing and happiness. Currently, most neurological disorders go untreated due to a lack of viable treatment options. The reason for this lack of options is s poor understanding of the disorders, primarily due to research models that do not translate well into the human in vivo system. Current models for researching neurological disorders, neurodevelopment, and drug interactions in the central nervous system include in vitro monolayer cell cultures, and in vivo animal models. These models have shortcomings when it comes to translating research about disorder pathology, development, and treatment to humans. Brain organoids are three-dimensional (3D) cultures of stem cell-derived neural cells that mimic the development of the in vivo human brain with high degrees of accuracy. Researchers have started developing these miniature brains to model neurodevelopment, and neuropathology. Brain organoids have been used to model a wide range of neurological disorders, including the complex and poorly understood neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the brain organoid technology, placing special focus on the different brain organoid models that have been developed, discussing their strengths, weaknesses, and uses in neurological disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jalink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, CG 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, CG 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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41
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Kumar V, Umair Z, Kumar S, Goutam RS, Park S, Kim J. The regulatory roles of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 34233705 PMCID: PMC8261947 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultra-filtrated colorless brain fluid that circulates within brain spaces like the ventricular cavities, subarachnoid space, and the spine. Its continuous flow serves many primary functions, including nourishment, brain protection, and waste removal. Main body The abnormal accumulation of CSF in brain cavities triggers severe hydrocephalus. Accumulating evidence had indicated that synchronized beats of motile cilia (cilia from multiciliated cells or the ependymal lining in brain ventricles) provide forceful pressure to generate and restrain CSF flow and maintain overall CSF circulation within brain spaces. In humans, the disorders caused by defective primary and/or motile cilia are generally referred to as ciliopathies. The key role of CSF circulation in brain development and its functioning has not been fully elucidated. Conclusions In this review, we briefly discuss the underlying role of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. We have reviewed cilia and ciliated cells in the brain and the existing evidence for the regulatory role of functional cilia in CSF circulation in the brain. We further discuss the findings obtained for defective cilia and their potential involvement in hydrocephalus. Furthermore, this review will reinforce the idea of motile cilia as master regulators of CSF movements, brain development, and neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiv Kumar
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street. St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Antón IM, Wandosell F. WIP, YAP/TAZ and Actin Connections Orchestrate Development and Transformation in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673986. [PMID: 34195190 PMCID: PMC8237755 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) are transcription co-regulators that make up the terminal components of the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a role in organ size control and derived tissue homeostasis through regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of a wide variety of differentiated and stem cells. Hippo/YAP signaling contributes to normal development of the nervous system, as it participates in self-renewal of neural stem cells, proliferation of neural progenitor cells and differentiation, activation and myelination of glial cells. Not surprisingly, alterations in this pathway underlie the development of severe neurological diseases. In glioblastomas, YAP and TAZ levels directly correlate with the amount of the actin-binding molecule WIP (WASP interacting protein), which regulates stemness and invasiveness. In neurons, WIP modulates cytoskeleton dynamics through actin polymerization/depolymerization and acts as a negative regulator of neuritogenesis, dendrite branching and dendritic spine formation. Our working hypothesis is that WIP regulates the YAP/TAZ pools using a Hippo-independent pathway. Thus, in this review we will present some of the data that links WIP, YAP and TAZ, with a focus on their function in cells from the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is hoped that a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in brain and nervous development and the pathologies that arise due to their alteration will reveal novel therapeutic targets for neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés M Antón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Wei ZYD, Shetty AK. Treating Parkinson's disease by astrocyte reprogramming: Progress and challenges. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabg3198. [PMID: 34162545 PMCID: PMC8221613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is typified by both motor and nonmotor symptoms. The current medications provide symptomatic relief but do not stimulate the production of new dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Astrocyte reprogramming has recently received much attention as an avenue for increasing functional dopaminergic neurons in the mouse PD brain. By targeting a microRNA (miRNA) loop, astrocytes in the mouse brain could be reprogrammed into functional dopaminergic neurons. Such in vivo astrocyte reprogramming in the mouse model of PD has successfully added new dopaminergic neurons to the substantia nigra and increased dopamine levels associated with axonal projections into the striatum. This review deliberates the astrocyte reprogramming methods using specific transcription factors and mRNAs and the progress in generating dopaminergic neurons in vivo. In addition, the translational potential, challenges, and potential risks of astrocyte reprogramming for an enduring alleviation of parkinsonian symptoms are conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang-Yao D Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
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Stepien BK, Vaid S, Huttner WB. Length of the Neurogenic Period-A Key Determinant for the Generation of Upper-Layer Neurons During Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676911. [PMID: 34055808 PMCID: PMC8155536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex, a six-layer neuronal brain structure that arose during the evolution of, and is unique to, mammals, is the seat of higher order brain functions responsible for human cognitive abilities. Despite its recent evolutionary origin, it shows a striking variability in size and folding complexity even among closely related mammalian species. In most mammals, cortical neurogenesis occurs prenatally, and its length correlates with the length of gestation. The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, notably in human, is associated with an increase in the number of neurons, particularly within its upper layers. Various mechanisms have been proposed and investigated to explain the evolutionary enlargement of the human neocortex, focussing in particular on changes pertaining to neural progenitor types and their division modes, driven in part by the emergence of human-specific genes with novel functions. These led to an amplification of the progenitor pool size, which affects the rate and timing of neuron production. In addition, in early theoretical studies, another mechanism of neocortex expansion was proposed—the lengthening of the neurogenic period. A critical role of neurogenic period length in determining neocortical neuron number was subsequently supported by mathematical modeling studies. Recently, we have provided experimental evidence in rodents directly supporting the mechanism of extending neurogenesis to specifically increase the number of upper-layer cortical neurons. Moreover, our study examined the relationship between cortical neurogenesis and gestation, linking the extension of the neurogenic period to the maternal environment. As the exact nature of factors promoting neurogenic period prolongation, as well as the generalization of this mechanism for evolutionary distinct lineages, remain elusive, the directions for future studies are outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Stepien
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Samir Vaid
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany
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Hanganu-Opatz IL, Butt SJB, Hippenmeyer S, De Marco García NV, Cardin JA, Voytek B, Muotri AR. The Logic of Developing Neocortical Circuits in Health and Disease. J Neurosci 2021; 41:813-822. [PMID: 33431633 PMCID: PMC7880298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1655-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory and cognitive abilities of the mammalian neocortex are underpinned by intricate columnar and laminar circuits formed from an array of diverse neuronal populations. One approach to determining how interactions between these circuit components give rise to complex behavior is to investigate the rules by which cortical circuits are formed and acquire functionality during development. This review summarizes recent research on the development of the neocortex, from genetic determination in neural stem cells through to the dynamic role that specific neuronal populations play in the earliest circuits of neocortex, and how they contribute to emergent function and cognition. While many of these endeavors take advantage of model systems, consideration will also be given to advances in our understanding of activity in nascent human circuits. Such cross-species perspective is imperative when investigating the mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of early neocortical circuits in neurodevelopmental disorders, so that one can identify targets amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Simon J B Butt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Natalia V De Marco García
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Bradley Voytek
- University of California San Diego, Department of Cognitive Science, Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, Neurosciences Graduate Program, La Jolla, California 92093
- University of California San Diego, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California 92093
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, La Jolla, California 92037
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Bozhko DV, Galumov GK, Polovian AI, Kolchanova SM, Myrov VO, Stelmakh VA, Schiöth HB. BCNNM: A Framework for in silico Neural Tissue Development Modeling. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 14:588224. [PMID: 33551782 PMCID: PMC7855713 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.588224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral (“brain”) organoids are high-fidelity in vitro cellular models of the developing brain, which makes them one of the go-to methods to study isolated processes of tissue organization and its electrophysiological properties, allowing to collect invaluable data for in silico modeling neurodevelopmental processes. Complex computer models of biological systems supplement in vivo and in vitro experimentation and allow researchers to look at things that no laboratory study has access to, due to either technological or ethical limitations. In this paper, we present the Biological Cellular Neural Network Modeling (BCNNM) framework designed for building dynamic spatial models of neural tissue organization and basic stimulus dynamics. The BCNNM uses a convenient predicate description of sequences of biochemical reactions and can be used to run complex models of multi-layer neural network formation from a single initial stem cell. It involves processes such as proliferation of precursor cells and their differentiation into mature cell types, cell migration, axon and dendritic tree formation, axon pathfinding and synaptogenesis. The experiment described in this article demonstrates a creation of an in silico cerebral organoid-like structure, constituted of up to 1 million cells, which differentiate and self-organize into an interconnected system with four layers, where the spatial arrangement of layers and cells are consistent with the values of analogous parameters obtained from research on living tissues. Our in silico organoid contains axons and millions of synapses within and between the layers, and it comprises neurons with high density of connections (more than 10). In sum, the BCNNM is an easy-to-use and powerful framework for simulations of neural tissue development that provides a convenient way to design a variety of tractable in silico experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V Bozhko
- JetBrains Research Department, Space Office Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Georgii K Galumov
- JetBrains Research Department, Space Office Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Sofiia M Kolchanova
- JetBrains Research Department, Space Office Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PR, United States.,Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav O Myrov
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Viktoriia A Stelmakh
- JetBrains Research Department, Space Office Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Center of Life Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Poulin JF, Luppi MP, Hofer C, Caronia G, Hsu PK, Chan CS, Awatramani R. PRISM: A Progenitor-Restricted Intersectional Fate Mapping Approach Redefines Forebrain Lineages. Dev Cell 2021; 53:740-753.e3. [PMID: 32574593 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lineage tracing aims to identify the progeny of a defined population of dividing progenitor cells, a daunting task in the developing central nervous system where thousands of cell types are generated. In mice, lineage analysis has been accomplished using Cre recombinase to indelibly label a defined progenitor population and its progeny. However, the interpretation of historical recombination events is hampered by the fact that driver genes are often expressed in both progenitors and postmitotic cells. Genetically inducible approaches provide temporal specificity but are afflicted by mosaicism and toxicity. Here, we present PRISM, a progenitor-restricted intersectional fate mapping approach in which Flp recombinase expression is both dependent on Cre and restricted to neural progenitors, thus circumventing the aforementioned confounds. This tool can be used in conjunction with existing Cre lines making it broadly applicable. We applied PRISM to resolve two developmentally important, but contentious, lineages-Shh and Cux2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Poulin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Milagros Pereira Luppi
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Caitlyn Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Giuliana Caronia
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rajeshwar Awatramani
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Sahu MR, Mondal AC. Neuronal Hippo signaling: From development to diseases. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:92-109. [PMID: 33275833 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hippo signaling pathway is a highly conserved and familiar tissue growth regulator, primarily dealing with cell survival, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The Yes-associated protein (YAP) is the key transcriptional effector molecule, which is under negative regulation of the Hippo pathway. Wealth of studies have identified crucial roles of Hippo/YAP signaling pathway during the process of development, including the development of neuronal system. We provide here, an overview of the contributions of this signaling pathway at multiple stages of neuronal development including, proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), migration of NSCs toward their destined niche, maintaining NSCs in the quiescent state, differentiation of NSCs into neurons, neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis, brain development, and in neuronal apoptosis. Hyperactivation of the neuronal Hippo pathway can also lead to a variety of devastating neurodegenerative diseases. Instances of aberrant Hippo pathway leading to neurodegenerative diseases along with the approaches utilizing this pathway as molecular targets for therapeutics has been highlighted in this review. Recent evidences suggesting neuronal repair and regenerative potential of this pathway has also been pointed out, that will shed light on a novel aspect of Hippo pathway in regenerative medicine. Our review provides a better understanding of the significance of Hippo pathway in the journey of neuronal system from development to diseases as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Sahu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Colpo GD, Rocha NP, Furr Stimming E, Teixeira AL. Gene Expression Profiling in Huntington's Disease: Does Comorbidity with Depressive Symptoms Matter? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8474. [PMID: 33187165 PMCID: PMC7697115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease. Besides the well-characterized motor symptoms, HD is marked by cognitive impairment and behavioral changes. In this study, we analyzed the blood of HD gene carries using RNA-sequencing techniques. We evaluated samples from HD gene carriers with (n = 8) and without clinically meaningful depressive symptoms (n = 8) compared with healthy controls (n = 8). Groups were age- and sex-matched. Preprocessing of data and between-group comparisons were calculated using DESeq2. The Wald test was used to generate p-values and log2 fold changes. We found 60 genes differently expressed in HD and healthy controls, of which 21 were upregulated and 39 downregulated. Within HD group, nineteen genes were differently expressed between patients with and without depression, being 6 upregulated and 13 downregulated. Several of the top differentially expressed genes are involved in nervous system development. Although preliminary, our findings corroborate the emerging view that in addition to neurodegenerative mechanisms, HD has a neurodevelopmental component. Importantly, the emergence of depression in HD might be related to these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Delevati Colpo
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Louis A Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Natalia Pessoa Rocha
- HDSA Center of Excellence at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.P.R.); (E.F.S.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erin Furr Stimming
- HDSA Center of Excellence at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.P.R.); (E.F.S.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Louis A Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
- HDSA Center of Excellence at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.P.R.); (E.F.S.)
- Instituto de Ensino & Pesquisa, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte 30150-221, Brazil
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