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Zhang Q, Liu J, Wang W, Lin W, Ahmed W, Duan W, Huang S, Zhu Z, Chen L. The role of exosomes derived from stem cells in nerve regeneration: A contribution to neurological repair. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114882. [PMID: 39002923 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived exosomes have gained attention in regenerative medicine for their role in encouraging nerve regeneration and potential use in treating neurological diseases. These nanosized extracellular vesicles act as carriers of bioactive molecules, facilitating intercellular communication and enhancing the regenerative process in neural tissues. This comprehensive study explores the methods by which exosomes produced from various stem cells contribute to nerve healing, with a particular emphasis on their role in angiogenesis, inflammation, and cellular signaling pathways. By examining cutting-edge developments and exploring the potential of exosomes in delivering disease-specific miRNAs and proteins, we highlight their versatility in tailoring personalized therapeutic strategies. The findings presented here highlight the potential of stem cell-produced exosomes for use in neurological diseases therapy, establishing the door for future research into exosome-based neurotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chaozhou, China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songze Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Ollen-Bittle N, Roseborough AD, Wang W, Wu JLD, Whitehead SN. Connecting cellular mechanisms and extracellular vesicle cargo in traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2119-2131. [PMID: 38488547 PMCID: PMC11034607 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is followed by a cascade of dynamic and complex events occurring at the cellular level. These events include: diffuse axonal injury, neuronal cell death, blood-brain barrier break down, glial activation and neuroinflammation, edema, ischemia, vascular injury, energy failure, and peripheral immune cell infiltration. The timing of these events post injury has been linked to injury severity and functional outcome. Extracellular vesicles are membrane bound secretory vesicles that contain markers and cargo pertaining to their cell of origin and can cross the blood-brain barrier. These qualities make extracellular vesicles intriguing candidates for a liquid biopsy into the pathophysiologic changes occurring at the cellular level post traumatic brain injury. Herein, we review the most commonly reported cargo changes in extracellular vesicles from clinical traumatic brain injury samples. We then use knowledge from animal and in vitro models to help infer what these changes may indicate regrading cellular responses post traumatic brain injury. Future research should prioritize labeling extracellular vesicles with markers for distinct cell types across a range of timepoints post traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Ollen-Bittle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Austyn D. Roseborough
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeng-liang D. Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn N. Whitehead
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Deparment of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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3
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Lee JC, Ray RM, Scott TA. Prospects and challenges of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2950-2978. [PMID: 38910325 PMCID: PMC11403234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered a vital component of cell-to-cell communication and represent a new frontier in diagnostics and a means to identify pathways for therapeutic intervention. Recently, studies have revealed the importance of tissue-derived EVs (Ti-EVs), which are EVs present in the interstitial spaces between cells, as they better represent the underlying physiology of complex, multicellular tissue microenvironments in biology and disease. EVs are native, lipid bilayer membraned nano-sized particles produced by all cells that are packaged with varied functional biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are implicated in short- and long-range cellular communication and may elicit functional responses in recipient cells. To date, studies have often utilized cultured cells or biological fluids as a source for EVs that do not capture local molecular signatures of the tissue microenvironment. Recent work utilizing Ti-EVs has elucidated novel biomarkers for disease and provided insights into disease mechanisms that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. Still, there are considerable challenges facing current studies. This review explores the vast potential and unique challenges for Ti-EV research and provides considerations for future studies that seek to advance this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roslyn M Ray
- Gene Therapy Research, CSL Behring, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
| | - Tristan A Scott
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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4
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Choi HK, Chen M, Goldston LL, Lee KB. Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:19. [PMID: 38739358 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders represent a profound public health challenge that affects millions of people around the world. Diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI) exemplify the complexities and diversities that complicate their early detection and the development of effective treatments. Amid these challenges, the emergence of nanotechnology and extracellular vesicles (EVs) signals a new dawn for treating and diagnosing CNS ailments. EVs are cellularly derived lipid bilayer nanosized particles that are pivotal in intercellular communication within the CNS and have the potential to revolutionize targeted therapeutic delivery and the identification of novel biomarkers. Integrating EVs with nanotechnology amplifies their diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, opening new avenues for managing CNS diseases. This review focuses on examining the fascinating interplay between EVs and nanotechnology in CNS theranostics. Through highlighting the remarkable advancements and unique methodologies, we aim to offer valuable perspectives on how these approaches can bring about a revolutionary change in disease management. The objective is to harness the distinctive attributes of EVs and nanotechnology to forge personalized, efficient interventions for CNS disorders, thereby providing a beacon of hope for affected individuals. In short, the confluence of EVs and nanotechnology heralds a promising frontier for targeted and impactful treatments against CNS diseases, which continue to pose significant public health challenges. By focusing on personalized and powerful diagnostic and therapeutic methods, we might improve the quality of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyu Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Rutgers, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Meizi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Rutgers, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Li Ling Goldston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Rutgers, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Rutgers, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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5
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Pan Y, Hao Z, Li S. Extracellular vesicles as carriers for noncoding RNA-based regulation of macrophage/microglia polarization: an emerging candidate regulator for lung and traumatic brain injuries. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343364. [PMID: 38558799 PMCID: PMC10978530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage/microglia function as immune defense and homeostatic cells that originate from bone marrow progenitor cells. Macrophage/microglia activation is historically divided into proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 states based on intracellular dynamics and protein production. The polarization of macrophages/microglia involves a pivotal impact in modulating the development of inflammatory disorders, namely lung and traumatic brain injuries. Recent evidence indicates shared signaling pathways in lung and traumatic brain injuries, regulated through non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) loaded into extracellular vesicles (EVs). This packaging protects ncRNAs from degradation. These vesicles are subcellular components released through a paracellular mechanism, constituting a group of nanoparticles that involve exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs are characterized by a double-layered membrane and are abound with proteins, nucleic acids, and other bioactive compounds. ncRNAs are RNA molecules with functional roles, despite their absence of coding capacity. They actively participate in the regulation of mRNA expression and function through various mechanisms. Recent studies pointed out that selective packaging of ncRNAs into EVs plays a role in modulating distinct facets of macrophage/microglia polarization, under conditions of lung and traumatic brain injuries. This study will explore the latest findings regarding the role of EVs in the progression of lung and traumatic brain injuries, with a specific focus on the involvement of ncRNAs within these vesicles. The conclusion of this review will emphasize the clinical opportunities presented by EV-ncRNAs, underscoring their potential functions as both biomarkers and targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third People’s Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongnan Hao
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
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6
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García-Gracia M, Moreno-Martinez L, Hernaiz A, Usón S, Moral J, Sanz-Rubio D, Zaragoza P, Palacio J, Rosado B, Osta R, García-Belenguer S, Martín Burriel I. Analysis of Plasma-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:252. [PMID: 38254420 PMCID: PMC10812621 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent complex neurological diseases in both the canine and human species, with the idiopathic form as its most common diagnosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that play a role in gene regulation processes and appear to be a promising biological target for convulsion control. These molecules have been reported as constituents of the internal content of exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles released by cells. In this study, exosome samples were isolated from the plasma of 23 dogs, including 9 dogs with epilepsy responsive to treatment, 6 dogs with drug-resistant epilepsy, and 8 control dogs. Plasma exosomes were then characterized by electron transmission microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and dot blotting. Afterwards, the microRNA-enriched RNA content of exosomes was isolated, and miRNA quantification was performed by quantitative real-time PCR. Seven circulating miRNAs that have been previously described in the literature as potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for epilepsy were evaluated. We observed significant differences in miR-16 (p < 0.001), miR-93-5p (p < 0.001), miR-142 (p < 0.001), miR-574 (p < 0.01), and miR-27 (p < 0.05) levels in dogs with refractory epilepsy compared to the control group. In drug-sensitive epileptic dogs, miR-142 (p < 0.01) showed significant differences compared to healthy dogs. Moreover, distinct levels of miR-16 (p < 0.05), miR-93-5p (p < 0.01), miR-132 (p < 0.05), and miR-574 (p < 0.05) were also found between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant epileptic dogs. Our results present plasma-circulating exosomes as an advantageous source of epileptic biomarkers, highlighting the potential of miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of canine idiopathic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya García-Gracia
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (L.M.-M.); (A.H.); (P.Z.); (R.O.)
| | - Laura Moreno-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (L.M.-M.); (A.H.); (P.Z.); (R.O.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelaida Hernaiz
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (L.M.-M.); (A.H.); (P.Z.); (R.O.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastián Usón
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (L.M.-M.); (A.H.); (P.Z.); (R.O.)
| | - Jon Moral
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (J.P.); (B.R.); (S.G.-B.)
- Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad de Zaragoza (HVUZ), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Sanz-Rubio
- Precision Medicine in Respiratory Diseases (PRES) Group, Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón-IISA, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (L.M.-M.); (A.H.); (P.Z.); (R.O.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Palacio
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (J.P.); (B.R.); (S.G.-B.)
- Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad de Zaragoza (HVUZ), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Rosado
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (J.P.); (B.R.); (S.G.-B.)
- Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad de Zaragoza (HVUZ), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (L.M.-M.); (A.H.); (P.Z.); (R.O.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvia García-Belenguer
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (J.P.); (B.R.); (S.G.-B.)
- Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad de Zaragoza (HVUZ), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín Burriel
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain (L.M.-M.); (A.H.); (P.Z.); (R.O.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IISA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Szydlowska K, Bot A, Nizinska K, Olszewski M, Lukasiuk K. Circulating microRNAs from plasma as preclinical biomarkers of epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:708. [PMID: 38184716 PMCID: PMC10771472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy frequently develops as a result of brain insult; however, there are no tools allowing to predict which patients suffering from trauma will eventually develop epilepsy. microRNAs are interesting candidates for biomarkers, as several of them have been described to change their levels in the brains, and in the plasma of epileptic subjects. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of plasma miRNAs as epileptogenesis/epilepsy biomarkers. In our studies, we used a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. An epileptogenic insult was status epilepticus evoked by stimulation of the left lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Next, animals were continuously video and EEG monitored for 3 months. Blood was collected at 14, 30, 60, and 90 days after stimulation. Blood plasma was separated and miRNA levels were analyzed. We compared miRNA levels between sham-operated and stimulated animals, and between animals with high and low numbers of seizures. We propose three miRNAs that could be biomarkers of epilepsy: miR-671, miR-9a-3p and miR-7a-5p. According to us, miR-206-5p is a potential biomarker of epileptogenesis, and miR-221-3p is a potential biomarker of epilepsy severity. We think that these five miRNAs can be considered in the future as potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szydlowska
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bot
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Nizinska
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Olszewski
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lukasiuk
- Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Ashique S, Pal R, Sharma H, Mishra N, Garg A. Unraveling the Emerging Niche Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:1357-1370. [PMID: 38351688 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273288155240201065041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles or exosomes, often known as EVs, have acquired significant attention in the investigations of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and have a distinct advantage in actively researching the fundamental mechanisms underlying various clinical symptoms and diagnosing the wide range of traumatic brain injury cases. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can produce and release exosomes, which offer therapeutic benefits. Exosomes are tiny membranous vesicles produced by various cellular entities originating from endosomes. Several studies have reported that administering MSC-derived exosomes through intravenous infusions improves neurological recovery and promotes neuroplasticity in rats with traumatic brain damage. The therapeutic advantages of exosomes can be attributed to the microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding regulatory RNAs that significantly impact the regulation of posttranscriptional genes. Exosome-based therapies, which do not involve cells, have lately gained interest as a potential breakthrough in enhancing neuroplasticity and accelerating neurological recovery for various brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. This article explores the benefits and drawbacks of exosome treatment for traumatic brain injury while emphasizing the latest advancements in this field with clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal 713378, India
| | - Radheshyam Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal 713378, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad (UP) 244001, India
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Gwalior 474005, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science and Technology, Pharmacy, Jabalpur, M.P. 483001, India
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9
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Li S, Qiu N, Ni A, Hamblin MH, Yin KJ. Role of regulatory non-coding RNAs in traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2024; 172:105643. [PMID: 38007071 PMCID: PMC10872636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a potentially fatal health event that cannot be predicted in advance. After TBI occurs, it can have enduring consequences within both familial and social spheres. Yet, despite extensive efforts to improve medical interventions and tailor healthcare services, TBI still remains a major contributor to global disability and mortality rates. The prompt and accurate diagnosis of TBI in clinical contexts, coupled with the implementation of effective therapeutic strategies, remains an arduous challenge. However, a deeper understanding of changes in gene expression and the underlying molecular regulatory processes may alleviate this pressing issue. In recent years, the study of regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a diverse class of RNA molecules with regulatory functions, has been a potential game changer in TBI research. Notably, the identification of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and other ncRNAs has revealed their potential as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for TBI, owing to their ability to regulate the expression of numerous genes. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of regulatory ncRNAs in TBI. We also summarize regulatory ncRNAs used for treatment in animal models, as well as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs that served as biomarkers for TBI diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we discuss future challenges and prospects in diagnosing and treating TBI patients in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Na Qiu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Andrew Ni
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 1212 Webber Hall, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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10
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Pait MC, Kaye SD, Su Y, Kumar A, Singh S, Gironda SC, Vincent S, Anwar M, Carroll CM, Snipes JA, Lee J, Furdui CM, Deep G, Macauley SL. Novel method for collecting hippocampal interstitial fluid extracellular vesicles (EV ISF ) reveals sex-dependent changes in microglial EV proteome in response to Aβ pathology. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12398. [PMID: 38191961 PMCID: PMC10774707 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an active role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), relaying important physiological information about their host tissues. The internal cargo of EVs is protected from degradation, making EVs attractive AD biomarkers. However, it is unclear how circulating EVs relate to EVs isolated from disease-vulnerable brain regions. We developed a novel method for collecting EVs from the hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF) of live mice. EVs (EVISF ) were isolated via ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, immunogold labelling, and flow cytometry. Mass spectrometry and proteomic analyses were performed on EVISF cargo. EVISF were 40-150 nm in size and expressed CD63, CD9, and CD81. Using a model of cerebral amyloidosis (e.g., APPswe, PSEN1dE9 mice), we found protein concentration increased but protein diversity decreased with Aβ deposition. Genotype, age, and Aβ deposition modulated proteostasis- and immunometabolic-related pathways. Changes in the microglial EVISF proteome were sexually dimorphic and associated with a differential response of plaque associated microglia. We found that female APP/PS1 mice have more amyloid plaques, less plaque associated microglia, and a less robust- and diverse- EVISF microglial proteome. Thus, in vivo microdialysis is a novel technique for collecting EVISF and offers a unique opportunity to explore the role of EVs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Pait
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sarah D. Kaye
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stephen C. Gironda
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Samantha Vincent
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Maria Anwar
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Caitlin M. Carroll
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - James Andy Snipes
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Molecular MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared ResourceWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Department of Internal MedicineSection on Molecular MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared ResourceWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer BiologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Center for Research on Substance Use and AddictionWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's PreventionWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shannon L. Macauley
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- J Paul Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's PreventionWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Internal MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Center for Diabetes and MetabolismWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Cardiovascular Sciences CenterWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
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11
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Beylerli O, Tamrazov R, Gareev I, Ilyasova T, Shumadalova A, Bai Y, Yang B. Role of exosomal ncRNAs in traumatic brain injury. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:686-692. [PMID: 37860267 PMCID: PMC10582766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex neurological disorder that often results in long-term disabilities, cognitive impairments, and emotional disturbances. Despite significant advancements in understanding the pathophysiology of TBI, effective treatments remain limited. In recent years, exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as potential players in TBI pathogenesis and as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Exosomal ncRNAs are small RNA molecules that are secreted by cells and transported to distant sites, where they can modulate gene expression and cell signaling pathways. They have been shown to play important roles in various aspects of TBI, such as neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. The ability of exosomal ncRNAs to cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain parenchyma makes them attractive candidates for non-invasive biomarkers and drug delivery systems. However, significant challenges still need to be addressed before exosomal ncRNAs can be translated into clinical practice, including standardization of isolation and quantification methods, validation of their diagnostic and prognostic value, and optimization of their therapeutic efficacy and safety. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of exosomal ncRNAs in TBI, including their biogenesis, function, and potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We also discuss the challenges and future perspectives of using exosomal ncRNAs as clinical tools for TBI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozal Beylerli
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Rasim Tamrazov
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Radiotherapy, Tyumen State Medical University, 54 Odesskaya Street, 625023, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Ilgiz Gareev
- Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 3 Lenin Street, 450008, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ilyasova
- Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 450008, Russia
| | - Alina Shumadalova
- Department of General Chemistry, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, 3 Lenin Street, 450008, Russia
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
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12
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Chen Y, Zhang H, Hu X, Cai W, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Ni W, Zhou K. Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Potential in Central Nervous System Trauma by Regulating Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6789-6813. [PMID: 37482599 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
CNS (central nervous system) trauma, which is classified as SCI (spinal cord injury) and TBI (traumatic brain injury), is gradually becoming a major cause of accidental death and disability worldwide. Many previous studies have verified that the pathophysiological mechanism underlying cell death and the subsequent neuroinflammation caused by cell death are pivotal factors in the progression of CNS trauma. Simultaneously, EVs (extracellular vesicles), membrane-enclosed particles produced by almost all cell types, have been proven to mediate cell-to-cell communication, and cell death involves complex interactions among molecules. EVs have also been proven to be effective carriers of loaded bioactive components to areas of CNS trauma. Therefore, EVs are promising therapeutic targets to cure CNS trauma. However, the link between EVs and various types of cell death in the context of CNS trauma remains unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the mechanism underlying EV effects, the relationship between EVs and cell death and the pathophysiology underlying EV effects on the CNS trauma based on information in published papers. In addition, we discuss the prospects of applying EVs to the CNS as feasible therapeutic strategies for CNS trauma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yituo Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanta Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, 313099, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Basic and Clinical Translation of Orthopaedics Key Laboratory, Huzhou, 313099, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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13
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Çabukusta Acar A, Yoldaş ŞB, Gencer ES, Aycan İÖ, Sanlı SH. The relationship between prognosis of patients with traumatic brain injury and microRNA biogenesis proteins. ULUS TRAVMA ACIL CER 2023; 29:1228-1236. [PMID: 37889026 PMCID: PMC10771237 DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2023.54859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate whether the expression levels of proteins involved in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis vary in early- and late-stage traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and to evaluate its effect on prognosis. METHODS Dicer, Drosha, DiGeorge Syndrome Critical Region eight (DGCR8), Exportin5 (XPO5), and Argonaute2 (AGO2) levels were measured in the blood samples of severe TBI patients collected 4-6 h and 72 h after the trauma and compared with the control group. Prognostic follow-up of the patients was performed using the Glasgow Coma Scale score. RESULTS There were no statistically significant changes in the expression of the miRNA biogenesis proteins Dicer, Drosha, DGCR8, XPO5, and AGO2 in patients with severe TBI. However, the expression of Dicer increased in the patients who improved from the severe TBI grade to the mild TBI grade, and the expression of AGO2 decreased in most of these patients. The Dicer expression profile was found to increase in patients discharged from the intensive care unit in a short time. CONCLUSION MicroRNAs and their biogenesis proteins may guide prognostic and therapeutic decisions for patients with TBI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Şükran Burçak Yoldaş
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya-Türkiye
| | | | - İlker Öngüç Aycan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya-Türkiye
| | - Suat Hayri Sanlı
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya-Türkiye
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14
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Visconte C, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Muti P, Sacconi A, Rigoni M, Arighi A, Borracci V, Arcaro M, Arosio B, Ferri E, Golia MT, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Altered Extracellular Vesicle miRNA Profile in Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14749. [PMID: 37834197 PMCID: PMC10572781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles released by almost all body tissues, representing important mediators of cellular communication, and are thus promising candidate biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the present study was to isolate total EVs from plasma and characterize their microRNA (miRNA) contents in AD patients. We isolated total EVs from the plasma of all recruited subjects using ExoQuickULTRA exosome precipitation solution (SBI). Subsequently, circulating total EVs were characterized using Nanosight nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blotting. A panel of 754 miRNAs was determined with RT-qPCR using TaqMan OpenArray technology in a QuantStudio 12K System (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The results demonstrated that plasma EVs showed widespread deregulation of specific miRNAs (miR-106a-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-19b-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-25-3p, miR-296-5p, miR-30b-5p, miR-532-3p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-451a), some of which were already known to be associated with neurological pathologies. A further validation analysis also confirmed a significant upregulation of miR-16-5p, miR-25-3p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-451a in prodromal AD patients, suggesting these dysregulated miRNAs are involved in the early progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Visconte
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.T.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.T.G.); (D.G.)
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (A.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Serpente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (A.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.T.G.); (D.G.)
- Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- UOSD Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute—IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marta Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.T.G.); (D.G.)
- Dental and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (A.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Vittoria Borracci
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (A.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Marina Arcaro
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (A.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Evelyn Ferri
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Golia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.T.G.); (D.G.)
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (A.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (P.M.); (M.R.); (M.T.G.); (D.G.)
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (A.A.); (V.B.); (M.A.); (E.S.)
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15
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Reinhold AK, Hartmannsberger B, Burek M, Rittner HL. Stabilizing the neural barrier - A novel approach in pain therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108484. [PMID: 37390969 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic and neuropathic pain are a widespread burden. Incomplete understanding of underlying pathomechanisms is one crucial factor for insufficient treatment. Recently, impairment of the blood nerve barrier (BNB) has emerged as one key aspect of pain initiation and maintenance. In this narrative review, we discuss several mechanisms and putative targets for novel treatment strategies. Cells such as pericytes, local mediators like netrin-1 and specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), will be covered as well as circulating factors including the hormones cortisol and oestrogen and microRNAs. They are crucial in either the BNB or similar barriers and associated with pain. While clinical studies are still scarce, these findings might provide valuable insight into mechanisms and nurture development of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Reinhold
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beate Hartmannsberger
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Zhiguo F, Ji W, Shenyuan C, Guoyou Z, Chen K, Hui Q, Wenrong X, Zhai X. A swift expanding trend of extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury research: a bibliometric analysis. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:289. [PMID: 37612689 PMCID: PMC10463993 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the field of spinal cord injury (SCI) have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in diagnosis and therapy. However, no bibliometric assessment has been conducted to evaluate the scientific progress in this area. A search of articles in Web of Science (WoS) from January 1, 1991, to May 1, 2023, yielded 359 papers that were analyzed using various online analysis tools. These articles have been cited 10,842 times with 30.2 times per paper. The number of publications experienced explosive growth starting in 2015. China and the United States led this research initiative. Keywords were divided into 3 clusters, including "Pathophysiology of SCI", "Bioactive components of EVs", and "Therapeutic effects of EVs in SCI". By integrating the average appearing year (AAY) of keywords in VoSviewer with the time zone map of the Citation Explosion in CiteSpace, the focal point of research has undergone a transformative shift. The emphasis has moved away from pathophysiological factors such as "axon", "vesicle", and "glial cell" to more mechanistic and applied domains such as "activation", "pathways", "hydrogels" and "therapy". In conclusions, institutions are expected to allocate more resources towards EVs-loaded hydrogel therapy and the utilization of innovative materials for injury mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhiguo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wu Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chen Shenyuan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhang Guoyou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Qian Hui
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Xu Wenrong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Xiao Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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17
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Dong X, Dong JF, Zhang J. Roles and therapeutic potential of different extracellular vesicle subtypes on traumatic brain injury. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:211. [PMID: 37596642 PMCID: PMC10436659 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury-related disability and death around the world, but the clinical stratification, diagnosis, and treatment of complex TBI are limited. Due to their unique properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging candidates for being biomarkers of traumatic brain injury as well as serving as potential therapeutic targets. However, the effects of different extracellular vesicle subtypes on the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury are very different, or potentially even opposite. Before extracellular vesicles can be used as targets for TBI therapy, it is necessary to classify different extracellular vesicle subtypes according to their functions to clarify different strategies for EV-based TBI therapy. The purpose of this review is to discuss contradictory effects of different EV subtypes on TBI, and to propose treatment ideas based on different EV subtypes to maximize their benefits for the recovery of TBI patients. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119, Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing-Fei Dong
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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18
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Bonin S, D’Errico S, Medeot C, Moreschi C, Ciglieri SS, Peruch M, Concato M, Azzalini E, Previderè C, Fattorini P. Evaluation of a Set of miRNAs in 26 Cases of Fatal Traumatic Brain Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10836. [PMID: 37446013 PMCID: PMC10341445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In forensic medicine, identifying novel biomarkers for use as diagnostic tools to ascertain causes of death is challenging because of sample degradation. To that aim, a cohort (n = 26) of fatal traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) were tested for three candidate miRNAs (namely, miR-124-3p, miR-138-5p, and miR144-3p). For each case, three FFPE specimens (coup area (CA), contrecoup area (CCA), and the corpus callosum (CC)) were investigated, whereas the FFPE brain tissues of 45 subjects (deceased due to acute cardiovascular events) were used as controls. Relative quantification via the ∆∆Ct method returned significantly higher expression levels of the three candidate miRNAs (p < 0.01) in the TBI cases. No difference was detected in the expression levels of any miRNA investigated in the study among the CA, CCA, and CC. Furthermore, the analyzed miRNAs were unrelated to the TBI samples' post-mortem intervals (PMIs). On the contrary, has-miR-124-3p ahashsa-miR-144-3p were significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with the agonal time in TBI deaths. Since the RNA was highly degraded in autoptic FFPE tissues, it was impossible to analyze the mRNA targets of the miRNAs investigated in the present study, highlighting the necessity of standardizing pre-analytical processes even for autopsy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bonin
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Caterina Medeot
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Carlo Moreschi
- DAME—Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Solange Sorçaburu Ciglieri
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Michela Peruch
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Monica Concato
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Eros Azzalini
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Carlo Previderè
- Department of Public Health, Experimental, and Forensic Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Paolo Fattorini
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.B.); (C.M.); (S.S.C.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (E.A.); (P.F.)
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19
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Tedford E, Badya NB, Laing C, Asaoka N, Kaneko S, Filippi BM, McConkey GA. Infection-induced extracellular vesicles evoke neuronal transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6913. [PMID: 37106020 PMCID: PMC10140046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii induces changes in neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, and behavior, yet it remains elusive how these changes come about. In this study we investigated how norepinephrine levels are altered by infection. TINEV (Toxoplasma-induced neuronal extracellular vesicles) isolated from infected noradrenergic cells down-regulated dopamine ß-hydroxylase (DBH) gene expression in human and rodent cells. Here we report that intracerebral injection of TINEVs into the brain is sufficient to induce DBH down-regulation and distrupt catecholaminergic signalling. Further, TINEV treatment induced hypermethylation upstream of the DBH gene. An antisense lncRNA to DBH was found in purified TINEV preparations. Paracrine signalling to induce transcriptional gene silencing and DNA methylation may be a common mode to regulate neurologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Tedford
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Norhidayah Binti Badya
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Conor Laing
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimoadachi-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Beatrice Maria Filippi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Glenn Alan McConkey
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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20
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Wang Z, Chen G. Immune regulation in neurovascular units after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106060. [PMID: 36871640 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Survivors may experience movement disorders, memory loss, and cognitive deficits. However, there is a lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The immune regulation process of TBI involves changes in the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) immunity, and intracranial blood vessels are essential communication centers. The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for coupling blood flow with brain activity, and comprises endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocyte end-feet, and vast regulatory nerve terminals. A stable NVU is the basis for normal brain function. The concept of the NVU emphasizes that cell-cell interactions between different types of cells are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. Previous studies have explored the effects of immune system changes after TBI. The NVU can help us further understand the immune regulation process. Herein, we enumerate the paradoxes of primary immune activation and chronic immunosuppression. We describe the changes in immune cells, cytokines/chemokines, and neuroinflammation after TBI. The post-immunomodulatory changes in NVU components are discussed, and research exploring immune changes in the NVU pattern is also described. Finally, we summarize immune regulation therapies and drugs after TBI. Therapies and drugs that focus on immune regulation have shown great potential for neuroprotection. These findings will help us further understand the pathological processes after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215006, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215006, China.
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21
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Zhang C, Yang X, Jiang T, Yan C, Xu X, Chen Z. Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles: Isolation, purification, and multiple roles in normal and tumor tissues. Life Sci 2023; 321:121624. [PMID: 37001806 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released from cells, and their lipid bilayer membrane encloses large amounts of bioactive molecules that endow EVs with intercellular or inter-tissue communicational abilities. Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (Ti-EVs) are EVs directly separated from the interstitial space of tissue. They could better reflect the actual physiological or pathological state of the tissue microenvironment compared with cell line-derived EVs and biofluid EVs, indicating their potential roles in elucidating the underlying mechanism of pathogenesis and guiding the diagnosis, therapeutic targeting, and cell-free treatment of diseases. However, there have been a relatively limited number of investigations of Ti-EVs. In this review, we have summarized general procedures for Ti-EVs isolation, as well as some caveats with respect to operations after the isolation step, such as purification and storage. In addition, we have also briefly concluded the current research trends on EVs from various normal and tumor tissues, aiming to cast new light on the future research direction of Ti-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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22
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Wang Q, Zheng J, Pettersson S, Reynolds R, Tan EK. The link between neuroinflammation and the neurovascular unit in synucleinopathies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq1141. [PMID: 36791205 PMCID: PMC9931221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is composed of vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons. As a fundamental functional module in the central nervous system, the NVU maintains homeostasis in the microenvironment and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Disruption of the NVU and interactions among its components are involved in the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, which are characterized by the pathological accumulation of α-synuclein. Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. This review aims to summarize the neuroinflammatory response of glial cells and vascular cells in the NVU. We also review neuroinflammation in the context of the cross-talk between glial cells and vascular cells, between glial cells and pericytes, and between microglia and astroglia. Last, we discuss how α-synuclein affects neuroinflammation and how neuroinflammation influences the aggregation and spread of α-synuclein and analyze different properties of α-synuclein in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Jialing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China
| | - Sven Pettersson
- ASEAN Microbiome Nutrition Centre, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Odontology, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Molecular Neuropathology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Seim RF, Willis ML, Wallet SM, Maile R, Coleman LG. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AS REGULATORS OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN TRAUMATIC INJURIES AND SEPSIS. Shock 2023; 59:180-189. [PMID: 36516458 PMCID: PMC9940835 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite advancements in critical care and resuscitation, traumatic injuries are one of the leading causes of death around the world and can bring about long-term disabilities in survivors. One of the primary causes of death for trauma patients are secondary phase complications that can develop weeks or months after the initial insult. These secondary complications typically occur because of systemic immune dysfunction that develops in response to injury, which can lead to immunosuppression, coagulopathy, multiple organ failure, unregulated inflammation, and potentially sepsis in patients. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as mediators of these processes because their levels are increased in circulation after traumatic injury and they encapsulate cargo that can aggravate these secondary complications. In this review, we will discuss the role of EVs in the posttrauma pathologies that arise after burn injuries, trauma to the central nervous system, and infection. In addition, we will examine the use of EVs as biomarkers for predicting late-stage trauma outcomes and as therapeutics for reversing the pathological processes that develop after trauma. Overall, EVs have emerged as critical mediators of trauma-associated pathology and their use as a therapeutic agent represents an exciting new field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland F. Seim
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Micah L. Willis
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, North Carolina Jaycee Burn Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Leon G. Coleman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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24
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Liu X, Zhang L, Cao Y, Jia H, Li X, Li F, Zhang S, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation of traumatic brain injury: Roles of extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1088827. [PMID: 36741357 PMCID: PMC9889855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of neurological disorder or death, with a heavy burden on individuals and families. While sustained primary insult leads to damage, subsequent secondary events are considered key pathophysiological characteristics post-TBI, and the inflammatory response is a prominent contributor to the secondary cascade. Neuroinflammation is a multifaceted physiological response and exerts both positive and negative effects on TBI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as messengers for intercellular communication, are involved in biological and pathological processes in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries. The number and characteristics of EVs and their cargo in the CNS and peripheral circulation undergo tremendous changes in response to TBI, and these EVs regulate neuroinflammatory reactions by activating prominent receptors on receptor cells or delivering pro- or anti-inflammatory cargo to receptor cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the possible neuroinflammatory mechanisms of EVs and loading in the context of TBI. Furthermore, we summarize the potential role of diverse types of cell-derived EVs in inflammation following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Jia
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanjian Li
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin, China
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25
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Lim YJ, Jung GN, Park WT, Seo MS, Lee GW. Therapeutic potential of small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells for spinal cord and nerve injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1151357. [PMID: 37035240 PMCID: PMC10073723 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1151357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural diseases such as compressive, congenital, and traumatic injuries have diverse consequences, from benign mild sequelae to severe life-threatening conditions with associated losses of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Several approaches have been adopted to control neuroinflammatory cascades. Traditionally, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as therapeutic agents, as they possess growth factors and cytokines with potential anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects. However, several animal model studies have reported conflicting outcomes, and therefore, the role of MSCs as a regenerative source for the treatment of neural pathologies remains debatable. In addition, issues such as heterogeneity and ethical issues limited their use as therapeutic agents. To overcome the obstacles associated with the use of traditional agents, we explored the therapeutic potentials of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain nucleic acids, functional proteins, and bioactive lipids, and play crucial roles in immune response regulation, inflammation reduction, and cell-to-cell communication. EVs may surpass MSCs in size issue, immunogenicity, and response to the host environment. However, a comprehensive review is required on the therapeutic potential of EVs for the treatment of neural pathologies. In this review, we discuss the action mechanism of EVs, their potential for treating neural pathologies, and future perspectives regarding their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ju Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Na Jung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Tae Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Seo
- Department of Veterinary Tissue Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Gun Woo Lee,
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26
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Baratta AM, Mangieri RA, Aziz HC, Lopez MF, Farris SP, Homanics GE. Effect of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure on RNA content of brain-derived extracellular vesicles. Alcohol 2022; 105:9-24. [PMID: 36055466 PMCID: PMC10173183 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in normal biological function and disease pathogenesis. Of the many biomolecules packaged into EVs, coding and noncoding RNA transcripts are of particular interest for their ability to significantly alter cellular and molecular processes. Here we investigate how chronic ethanol exposure impacts EV RNA cargo and the functional outcomes of these changes. Following chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure, EVs were isolated from male and female C57BL/6J mouse brain. Total RNA from EVs was analyzed by lncRNA/mRNA microarray to survey changes in RNA cargo following vapor exposure. Differential expression analysis of microarray data revealed a number of lncRNA and mRNA types differentially expressed in CIE compared to control EVs. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified multiple male and female specific modules related to neuroinflammation, cell death, demyelination, and synapse organization. To functionally test these changes, whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were used to assess synaptic transmission. Incubation of nucleus accumbens brain slices with EVs led to a reduction in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude, although no changes in synaptic transmission were observed between control and CIE EV administration. These results indicate that CIE vapor exposure significantly changes the RNA cargo of brain-derived EVs, which have the ability to impact neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa M Baratta
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Regina A Mangieri
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Heather C Aziz
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Marcelo F Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Sean P Farris
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
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27
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Khan NA, Asim M, El-Menyar A, Biswas KH, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. The evolving role of extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:933434. [PMID: 36275010 PMCID: PMC9584168 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.933434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) requires reliable diagnostic, disease activity, and progression indicators. While desirable, identifying biomarkers for NDs can be difficult because of the complex cytoarchitecture of the brain and the distinct cell subsets seen in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, cell-derived, membrane-bound vesicles involved in the intercellular communication and transport of cell-specific cargos, such as proteins, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipids. The types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies based on their size and origin of biogenesis. A growing body of evidence suggests that intercellular communication mediated through EVs is responsible for disseminating important proteins implicated in the progression of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other NDs. Some studies showed that TBI is a risk factor for different NDs. In terms of therapeutic potential, EVs outperform the alternative synthetic drug delivery methods because they can transverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) without inducing immunogenicity, impacting neuroinflammation, immunological responses, and prolonged bio-distribution. Furthermore, EV production varies across different cell types and represents intracellular processes. Moreover, proteomic markers, which can represent a variety of pathological processes, such as cellular damage or neuroinflammation, have been frequently studied in neurotrauma research. However, proteomic blood-based biomarkers have short half-lives as they are easily susceptible to degradation. EV-based biomarkers for TBI may represent the complex genetic and neurometabolic abnormalities that occur post-TBI. These biomarkers are not caught by proteomics, less susceptible to degradation and hence more reflective of these modifications (cellular damage and neuroinflammation). In the current narrative and comprehensive review, we sought to discuss the contemporary knowledge and better understanding the EV-based research in TBI, and thus its applications in modern medicine. These applications include the utilization of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, developments of EV-based therapies, and managing their associated challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ayman El-Menyar
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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28
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Cellular microRNAs correlate with clinical parameters in multiple injury patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 93:427-438. [PMID: 35797620 PMCID: PMC9488942 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathophysiology of the inflammatory response after major trauma is complex, and the magnitude correlates with severity of tissue injury and outcomes. Study of infection-mediated immune pathways has demonstrated that cellular microRNAs may modulate the inflammatory response. The authors hypothesize that the expression of microRNAs would correlate to complicated recoveries in polytrauma patients (PtPs). METHODS Polytrauma patients enrolled in the prospective observational Tissue and Data Acquisition Protocol with Injury Severity Score of >15 were selected for this study. Polytrauma patients were divided into complicated recoveries and uncomplicated recovery groups. Polytrauma patients' blood samples were obtained at the time of admission (T0). Established biomarkers of systemic inflammation, including cytokines and chemokines, were measured using multiplexed Luminex-based methods, and novel microRNAs were measured in plasma samples using multiplex RNA hybridization. RESULTS Polytrauma patients (n = 180) had high Injury Severity Score (26 [20-34]) and complicated recovery rate of 33%. MicroRNAs were lower in PtPs at T0 compared with healthy controls, and bivariate analysis demonstrated that variations of microRNAs correlated with age, race, comorbidities, venous thromboembolism, pulmonary complications, complicated recovery, and mortality. Positive correlations were noted between microRNAs and interleukin 10, vascular endothelial growth factor, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Multivariable Lasso regression analysis of predictors of complicated recovery based on microRNAs, cytokines, and chemokines revealed that miR-21-3p and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were predictive of complicated recovery with an area under the curve of 0.78. CONCLUSION Systemic microRNAs were associated with poor outcomes in PtPs, and results are consistent with previously described trends in critically ill patients. These early biomarkers of inflammation might provide predictive utility in early complicated recovery diagnosis and prognosis. Because of their potential to regulate immune responses, microRNAs may provide therapeutic targets for immunomodulation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic Tests/Criteria; Level II.
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29
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Liu L, Deng QJ. Role of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles in traumatic brain injury-induced coagulopathy and inflammation. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2102-2107. [PMID: 35259815 PMCID: PMC9083154 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are composed of fragments of exfoliated plasma membrane, organelles or nuclei and are released after cell activation, apoptosis or destruction. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles are the most abundant type of extracellular vesicle in the blood of patients with traumatic brain injury. Accumulated laboratory and clinical evidence shows that platelet-derived extracellular vesicles play an important role in coagulopathy and inflammation after traumatic brain injury. This review discusses the recent progress of research on platelet-derived extracellular vesicles in coagulopathy and inflammation and the potential of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles as therapeutic targets for traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan-Jun Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Institute of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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30
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Zhang J, Shi W, Qu D, Yu T, Qi C, Fu H. Extracellular vesicle therapy for traumatic central nervous system disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:442. [PMID: 36056445 PMCID: PMC9438220 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) disorders have catastrophic effects on patients, and, currently, there is no effective clinical treatment. Cell transplantation is a common treatment for traumatic CNS injury in animals. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported that the beneficial effect of transplanted cells for CNS repair is mediated primarily through the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the cells, in which microRNAs play a major role. Accordingly, numerous studies have evaluated the roles and applications of EVs secreted by different cell types in neurological diseases. Furthermore, due to their unique biological features, EVs are used as disease biomarkers and drug delivery systems for disease prevention and treatment. We discuss current knowledge related to EVs, focusing on the mechanism underlying their effects on traumatic CNS diseases, and summarize existing research on the potential clinical utility of EVs as disease biomarkers and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weipeng Shi
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Qu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Haitao Fu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Pang Q, Zheng L, Ren Z, Xu H, Guo H, Shan W, Liu R, Gu Z, Wang T. Mechanism of Ferroptosis and Its Relationships with Other Types of Programmed Cell Death: Insights for Potential Therapeutic Benefits in Traumatic Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1274550. [PMID: 36062196 PMCID: PMC9433211 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1274550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health issue with a high incidence, high morbidity, and high mortality that poses a large burden on society. Further understanding of the pathophysiology and cell death models induced by TBI may support targeted therapies for TBI patients. Ferroptosis, a model of programmed cell death first defined in 2012, is characterized by iron dyshomeostasis, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Ferroptosis is distinct from apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and necroptosis and has been shown to play a role in secondary brain injury and worsen long-term outcomes after TBI. This review systematically describes (1) the regulatory pathways of ferroptosis after TBI, (2) the neurobiological links between ferroptosis and other cell death models, and (3) potential therapies targeting ferroptosis for TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Pang
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lexin Zheng
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiyang Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hanmu Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wenqi Shan
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiya Gu
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Cell-Derived Exosomes as Therapeutic Strategies and Exosome-Derived microRNAs as Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113223. [PMID: 35683610 PMCID: PMC9181755 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex, life-threatening condition that causes mortality and disability worldwide. No effective treatment has been clinically verified to date. Achieving effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge to therapeutic drug development for TBI. Furthermore, the field of TBI biomarkers is rapidly developing to cope with the many aspects of TBI pathology and enhance clinical management of TBI. Exosomes (Exos) are endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various biological materials, including lipids, proteins, microRNAs, and other nucleic acids. Compelling evidence exists that Exos, such as stem cell-derived Exos and even neuron or glial cell-derived Exos, are promising TBI treatment strategies because they pass through the BBB and have the potential to deliver molecules to target lesions. Meanwhile, Exos have decreased safety risks from intravenous injection or orthotopic transplantation of viable cells, such as microvascular occlusion or imbalanced growth of transplanted cells. These unique characteristics also create Exos contents, especially Exos-derived microRNAs, as appealing biomarkers in TBI. In this review, we explore the potential impact of cell-derived Exos and exosome-derived microRNAs on the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis prediction of TBI. The associated challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
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Weber B, Franz N, Marzi I, Henrich D, Leppik L. Extracellular vesicles as mediators and markers of acute organ injury: current concepts. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2022; 48:1525-1544. [PMID: 33533957 PMCID: PMC7856451 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-021-01607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the continued high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, there is a need to develop new strategies for the quick, precise, and valuable recognition of presenting injury pattern in traumatized and poly-traumatized patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to facilitate intercellular communication processes between cells in close proximity as well as distant cells in healthy and disease organisms. miRNAs and proteins transferred by EVs play biological roles in maintaining normal organ structure and function under physiological conditions. In pathological conditions, EVs change the miRNAs and protein cargo composition, mediating or suppressing the injury consequences. Therefore, incorporating EVs with their unique protein and miRNAs signature into the list of promising new biomarkers is a logical next step. In this review, we discuss the general characteristics and technical aspects of EVs isolation and characterization. We discuss results of recent in vitro, in vivo, and patients study describing the role of EVs in different inflammatory diseases and traumatic organ injuries. miRNAs and protein signature of EVs found in patients with acute organ injury are also debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Weber
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niklas Franz
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Liudmila Leppik
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Janouskova O, Herma R, Semeradtova A, Poustka D, Liegertova M, Malinska HA, Maly J. Conventional and Nonconventional Sources of Exosomes-Isolation Methods and Influence on Their Downstream Biomedical Application. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:846650. [PMID: 35586196 PMCID: PMC9110031 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.846650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive study of extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes (EXs) as biomarkers, important modulators of physiological or pathological processes, or therapeutic agents, relatively little is known about nonconventional sources of EXs, such as invertebrate or plant EXs, and their uses. Likewise, there is no clear information on the overview of storage conditions and currently used isolation methods, including new ones, such as microfluidics, which fundamentally affect the characterization of EXs and their other biomedical applications. The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize conventional and nonconventional sources of EXs, storage conditions and typical isolation methods, widely used kits and new "smart" technologies with emphasis on the influence of isolation techniques on EX content, protein detection, RNA, mRNA and others. At the same time, attention is paid to a brief overview of the direction of biomedical application of EXs, especially in diagnostics, therapy, senescence and aging and, with regard to the current situation, in issues related to Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Janouskova
- Centre of Nanomaterials and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista University in Ústí Nad Labem, Ústí Nad Labem, Czech Republic
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Yang L, Patel KD, Rathnam C, Thangam R, Hou Y, Kang H, Lee KB. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104783. [PMID: 35132796 PMCID: PMC9344859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes) carrying various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) have rapidly emerged as promising platforms for many biomedical applications. Despite their enormous potential, their heterogeneity in surfaces and sizes, the high complexity of cargo biomolecules, and the inefficient uptake by recipient cells remain critical barriers for their theranostic applications. To address these critical issues, multifunctional nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanomaterials, with their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, may play crucial roles in next-generation extracellular vesicles (EV)-based disease diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. As such, one aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge pertaining to magnetic nanomaterials-facilitated isolation, detection, and delivery of extracellular vesicles and their associated biomolecules. By engaging the fields of extracellular vesicles and magnetic nanomaterials, it is envisioned that their properties can be effectively combined for optimal outcomes in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kapil D. Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannan Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Pis cataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Chand S, DeMarino C, Gowen A, Cowen M, Al-Sharif S, Kashanchi F, Yelamanchili SV. Methamphetamine Induces the Release of Proadhesive Extracellular Vesicles and Promotes Syncytia Formation: A Potential Role in HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030550. [PMID: 35336957 PMCID: PMC8950763 DOI: 10.3390/v14030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART), the high pervasiveness of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) poses a significant challenge for society. Methamphetamine (meth) and related amphetamine compounds, which are potent psychostimulants, are among the most commonly used illicit drugs. Intriguingly, HIV-infected individuals who are meth users have a comparatively higher rate of neuropsychological impairment and exhibit a higher viral load in the brain than infected individuals who do not abuse meth. Effectively, all cell types secrete nano-sized lipid membrane vesicles, referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can function as intercellular communication to modulate the physiology and pathology of the cells. This study shows that meth treatments on chronically HIV-infected promonocytic U1 cells induce the release of EVs that promote cellular clustering and syncytia formation, a phenomenon that facilitates HIV pathogenesis. Our analysis also revealed that meth exposure increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and HIV-Nef protein expression in both large (10 K) and small (100 K) EVs. Further, when meth EVs are applied to uninfected naïve monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), we saw a significant increase in cell clustering and syncytia formation. Furthermore, treatment of MDMs with antibodies against ICAM-1 and its receptor, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA1), substantially blocked syncytia formation, and consequently reduced the number of multinucleated cells. In summary, our findings reveal that meth exacerbates HIV pathogenesis in the brain through release of proadhesive EVs, promoting syncytia formation and thereby aiding in the progression of HIV infection in uninfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chand
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (S.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (S.A.-S.)
| | - Austin Gowen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (S.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (S.A.-S.)
| | - Sarah Al-Sharif
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (S.A.-S.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (C.D.); (M.C.); (S.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (S.V.Y.)
| | - Sowmya V. Yelamanchili
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (S.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (S.V.Y.)
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Dong M, Tang Z, Hicks S, Guan W. Rolling Circle Amplification-Coupled Glass Nanopore Counting of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Salivary miRNAs. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3865-3871. [PMID: 35192325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) could be underdiagnosed and underreported due to the delayed onset of symptoms and the conventional subjective assessment. Recent studies have suggested that salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) could be reliable biomarkers for objective mTBI diagnosis. In this work, we demonstrated a rolling circle amplification (RCA)-coupled resistive pulse-counting platform for profiling mTBI-related miRNAs, using easy-to-fabricate large glass nanopores (200 nm diameter). The method relies on the linear and specific elongation of the miRNA to a much larger RCA product, which the large glass nanopore can digitally count with a high signal-to-noise ratio. We developed and validated the RCA assay against let-7a, miR-30e, and miR-21. We demonstrated the quantification capability of this large glass nanopore counting platform for purified miRNAs as well as miRNAs in salivary total RNA background. Finally, we quantitatively evaluated the performance of profiling each individual miRNAs in a mixed analyte. Our results showed that the RCA-coupled large glass nanopore counting provides a promising and accessible alternative toward the clinical diagnosis of mTBI using salivary miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zifan Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Steven Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Vaughn MN, Winston CN, Levin N, Rissman RA, Risbrough VB. Developing Biomarkers of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Promise and Progress of CNS-Derived Exosomes. Front Neurol 2022; 12:698206. [PMID: 35222223 PMCID: PMC8866179 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.698206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are common injuries across civilian and military populations. Although most individuals recover after mTBI, some individuals continue to show long-term symptoms as well as increased risk for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, diagnosing TBI severity relies primarily on self-report and subjective symptoms, with limited tools for diagnosis or prognosis. Brain-derived exosomes, a form of extracellular vesicle, may offer a solution for interpreting injury states by aiding in diagnosis as well as outcome prediction with relatively low patient burden. Exosomes, which are released into circulation, contain both protein and RNA cargo that can be isolated and quantified, providing a molecular window into molecular status of the exosome source. Here we examined the current literature studying the utility of exosomes, in particular neuronal- and astrocyte-derived exosomes, to identify protein and miRNA biomarkers of injury severity, trajectory, and functional outcome. Current evidence supports the potential for these emerging new tools to capture an accessible molecular window into the brain as it responds to a traumatic injury, however a number of limitations must be addressed in future studies. Most current studies are relatively small and cross sectional; prospective, longitudinal studies across injury severity, and populations are needed to track exosome cargo changes after injury. Standardized exosome isolation as well as advancement in identifying/isolating exosomes from CNS-specific tissue sources will improve mechanistic understanding of cargo changes as well as reliability of findings. Exosomes are also just beginning to be used in model systems to understand functional effects of TBI-associated cargo such as toxicity. Finally linking exosome cargo changes to objective markers of neuronal pathology and cognitive changes will be critical in validating these tools to provide insights into injury and recovery states after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melonie N. Vaughn
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Charisse N. Winston
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Natalie Levin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Victoria B. Risbrough
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Bai X, Bian Z. MicroRNA-21 Is a Versatile Regulator and Potential Treatment Target in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:842288. [PMID: 35173580 PMCID: PMC8841607 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.842288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that are found in eukaryotes. miRNAs are involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and metabolism by regulating the expression of their target genes. Emerging studies have suggested that various miRNAs play key roles in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders and may be viable therapeutic targets. In particular, miR-21 has prominently emerged as a focus of increasing research on the mechanisms of its involvement in CNS disorders. Herein, we reviewed recent studies on the critical roles of miR-21, including its dysregulated expression and target genes, in the regulation of pathophysiological processes of CNS disorders, with a special focus on apoptosis and inflammation. Collectively, miR-21 is a versatile regulator in the progression of CNS disorders and could be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for these diseases. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which miR-21 affects the pathogenesis of CNS disorders could pave the way for miR-21 to serve as a therapeutic target for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhigang Bian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Bian,
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Qiu M, Zong JB, He QW, Liu YX, Wan Y, Li M, Zhou YF, Wu JH, Hu B. Cell Heterogeneity Uncovered by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Offers Potential Therapeutic Targets for Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1436-1454. [PMID: 36186129 PMCID: PMC9466965 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a detrimental neurological disease characterized by an irreversible infarct core surrounded by an ischemic penumbra, a salvageable region of brain tissue. Unique roles of distinct brain cell subpopulations within the neurovascular unit and peripheral immune cells during ischemic stroke remain elusive due to the heterogeneity of cells in the brain. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) allows for an unbiased determination of cellular heterogeneity at high-resolution and identification of cell markers, thereby unveiling the principal brain clusters within the cell-type-specific gene expression patterns as well as cell-specific subclusters and their functions in different pathways underlying ischemic stroke. In this review, we have summarized the changes in differentiation trajectories of distinct cell types and highlighted the specific pathways and genes in brain cells that are impacted by stroke. This review is expected to inspire new research and provide directions for investigating the potential pathological mechanisms and novel treatment strategies for ischemic stroke at the level of a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie-hong Wu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Bo Hu () and Dr. Jie-hong Wu (), Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Bo Hu () and Dr. Jie-hong Wu (), Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chand S, Gowen A, Savine M, Moore D, Clark A, Huynh W, Wu N, Odegaard K, Weyrich L, Bevins RA, Fox HS, Pendyala G, Yelamanchili SV. A comprehensive study to delineate the role of an extracellular vesicle-associated microRNA-29a in chronic methamphetamine use disorder. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12177. [PMID: 34913274 PMCID: PMC8674191 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which express a repertoire of cargo molecules (cf. proteins, microRNA, lipids, etc.), have been garnering a prominent role in the modulation of several cellular processes. Here, using both non-human primate and rodent model systems, we provide evidence that brain-derived EV (BDE) miRNA, miR-29a-3p (mir-29a), is significantly increased during chronic methamphetamine (MA) exposure. Further, miR-29a levels show significant increase both with drug-seeking and reinstatement in a rat MA self-administration model. We also show that EV-associated miR-29a is enriched in EV pool comprising of small EVs and exomeres and further plays a critical role in MA-induced inflammation and synaptodendritic damage. Furthermore, treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug ibudilast (AV411), which is known to reduce MA relapse, decreased the expression of miR-29a and subsequently attenuated inflammation and rescued synaptodendritic injury. Finally, using plasma from MUD subjects, we provide translational evidence that EV-miR29a could potentially serve as a biomarker to detect neuronal damage in humans diagnosed with MA use disorder (MUD). In summary, our work suggests that EV-associated miR-29a-3p plays a crucial role in MUD and might be used as a potential blood-based biomarker for detecting chronic inflammation and synaptic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chand
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Austin Gowen
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Mason Savine
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Dalia Moore
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Alexander Clark
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Wendy Huynh
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL)LincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Niming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental NeuroscienceUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Katherine Odegaard
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Rick A. Bevins
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL)LincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Sowmya V. Yelamanchili
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC)OmahaNebraskaUSA
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Potential of different cells-derived exosomal microRNA cargos for treating spinal cord injury. J Orthop Translat 2021; 31:33-40. [PMID: 34760623 PMCID: PMC8560648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disastrous situation that affects many patients worldwide. A profound understanding of the pathology and etiology of SCI is of great importance in inspiring new therapeutic concepts and treatment. In recent years, exosomes, which are complex lipid membrane structures secreted nearly by all kinds of plants and animal cells, can transport their valuable cargoes (e.g., proteins, lipids, RNAs) to the targeted cells and exert their communication and regulation functions, which open up a new field of treatment of SCI. Notably, the exosome's advantage is transporting the carried material to the target cells across the blood-brain barrier and exerting regulatory functions. Among the cargoes of exosomes, microRNAs, through the modulation of their mRNA targets, emerges with great potentiality in the pathological process, diagnosis and treatment of SCI. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs transported by different cell-derived exosomes in SCI that are poised to enhance SCI-specific therapeutic capabilities of exosomes.
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Mira RG, Lira M, Cerpa W. Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms of Glial Response. Front Physiol 2021; 12:740939. [PMID: 34744783 PMCID: PMC8569708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous disorder that involves brain damage due to external forces. TBI is the main factor of death and morbidity in young males with a high incidence worldwide. TBI causes central nervous system (CNS) damage under a variety of mechanisms, including synaptic dysfunction, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Glial cells comprise most cells in CNS, which are mediators in the brain’s response to TBI. In the CNS are present astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and polydendrocytes (NG2 cells). Astrocytes play critical roles in brain’s ion and water homeostasis, energy metabolism, blood-brain barrier, and immune response. In response to TBI, astrocytes change their morphology and protein expression. Microglia are the primary immune cells in the CNS with phagocytic activity. After TBI, microglia also change their morphology and release both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin producers of the CNS, promoting axonal support. TBI causes oligodendrocyte apoptosis, demyelination, and axonal transport disruption. There are also various interactions between these glial cells and neurons in response to TBI that contribute to the pathophysiology of TBI. In this review, we summarize several glial hallmarks relevant for understanding the brain injury and neuronal damage under TBI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Mira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Lira
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Wu K, Khan O, Bazley K, Bussinger B, Kukulka K, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Real-Time Noninvasive Bioluminescence, Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging in NFκB-RE-Luc Transgenic Mice Reveal Glia Maturation Factor-Mediated Immediate and Sustained Spatio-Temporal Activation of NFκB Signaling Post-Traumatic Brain Injury in a Gender-Specific Manner. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1687-1706. [PMID: 32785863 PMCID: PMC8188847 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrauma especially traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To improve upon the early diagnosis and develop precision-targeted therapies for TBI, it is critical to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), which is ubiquitously expressed, plays a crucial role in the normal cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, function, as well as in disease states like neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we hypothesized that real-time noninvasive bioluminescence molecular imaging allows rapid and precise monitoring of TBI-induced immediate and rapid spatio-temporal activation of NFκB signaling pathway in response to Glia maturation factor (GMF) upregulation which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration post-TBI. To test and validate our hypothesis and to gain novel mechanistic insights, we subjected NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic male and female mice to TBI and performed real-time noninvasive bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as well as photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging (PAI). Our BLI data revealed that TBI leads to an immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling. Further, our BLI data suggest that especially in male NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice subjected to TBI, in addition to brain, there is widespread activation of NFκB signaling in multiple organs. However, in the case of the female NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice, TBI induces a very specific and localized activation of NFκB signaling in the brain. Further, our microRNA data suggest that TBI induces significant upregulation of mir-9-5p, mir-21a-5p, mir-34a-5p, mir-16-3p, as well as mir-155-5p within 24 h and these microRNAs can be successfully used as TBI-specific biomarkers. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first and unique study of its kind to report immediate and sustained activation of NFκB signaling post-TBI in a gender-specific manner by utilizing real-time non-invasive BLI and PAI in NFκB-RE-Luc transgenic mice. Our study will prove immensely beneficial to gain novel mechanistic insights underlying TBI, unravel novel therapeutic targets, as well as enable us to monitor in real-time the response to innovative TBI-specific precision-targeted gene and stem cell-based precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Osaid Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bret Bussinger
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Klaudia Kukulka
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates blood-brain barrier disruption and traumatic brain injury via attenuating macrophages derived exosomes miR-21 release. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3493-3507. [PMID: 34900532 PMCID: PMC8642604 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the traumatic brain injury (TBI), improved expression of circulatory miR-21 serves as a diagnostic feature. Low levels of exosome-miR-21 in the brain can effectively improve neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, reduce nerve apoptosis, restore neural function and ameliorate TBI. We evaluated the role of macrophage derived exosomes-miR-21 (M-Exos-miR-21) in disrupting BBB, deteriorating TBI, and Rg1 interventions. IL-1β-induced macrophages (IIM)-Exos-miR-21 can activate NF-κB signaling pathway and induce the expressions of MMP-1, -3 and -9 and downregulate the levels of tight junction proteins (TJPs) deteriorating the BBB. Rg1 reduced miR-21-5p content in IIM-Exos (RIIM-Exos). The interaction of NMIIA–HSP90 controlled the release of Exos-miR-21, this interaction was restricted by Rg1. Rg1 could inhibit the Exos-miR-21 release in peripheral blood flow to brain, enhancing TIMP3 protein expression, MMPs proteolysis, and restricting TJPs degradation thus protected the BBB integrity. Conclusively, Rg1 can improve the cerebrovascular endothelial injury and hold the therapeutic potential against TBI disease.
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46
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Beard K, Yang Z, Haber M, Flamholz M, Diaz-Arrastia R, Sandsmark D, Meaney DF, Issadore D. Extracellular vesicles as distinct biomarker reservoirs for mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab151. [PMID: 34622206 PMCID: PMC8491985 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury does not currently have a clear molecular diagnostic panel to either confirm the injury or to guide its treatment. Current biomarkers for traumatic brain injury rely mainly on detecting circulating proteins in blood that are associated with degenerating neurons, which are less common in mild traumatic brain injury, or with broad inflammatory cascades which are produced in multiple tissues and are thus not brain specific. To address this issue, we conducted an observational cohort study designed to measure a protein panel in two compartments—plasma and brain-derived extracellular vesicles—with the following hypotheses: (i) each compartment provides independent diagnostic information and (ii) algorithmically combining these compartments accurately classifies clinical mild traumatic brain injury. We evaluated this hypothesis using plasma samples from mild (Glasgow coma scale scores 13–15) traumatic brain injury patients (n = 47) and healthy and orthopaedic control subjects (n = 46) to evaluate biomarkers in brain-derived extracellular vesicles and plasma. We used our Track Etched Magnetic Nanopore technology to isolate brain-derived extracellular vesicles from plasma based on their expression of GluR2, combined with the ultrasensitive digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique, Single-Molecule Array. We quantified extracellular vesicle-packaged and plasma levels of biomarkers associated with two categories of traumatic brain injury pathology: neurodegeneration and neuronal/glial damage (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, glial fibrillary acid protein, neurofilament light and Tau) and inflammation (interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha). We found that GluR2+ extracellular vesicles have distinct biomarker distributions than those present in the plasma. As a proof of concept, we showed that using a panel of biomarkers comprised of both plasma and GluR2+ extracellular vesicles, injured patients could be accurately classified versus non-injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryshawna Beard
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zijian Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margalit Haber
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miranda Flamholz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danielle Sandsmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David F Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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47
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Busatto S, Morad G, Guo P, Moses MA. The role of extracellular vesicles in the physiological and pathological regulation of the blood-brain barrier. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:665-675. [PMID: 34485835 PMCID: PMC8409556 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a subclass of biological nanoparticles secreted by most cell types. Once secreted, EVs can travel long distances to deliver their content to target cells thereby playing a key role in cell-to-cell communication and supporting both physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, the functional versatility of EVs has come to be more widely appreciated. Their heterogeneous structure encloses solubilized bioactive cargoes including proteins and nucleic acids. EVs mirror the secreting cell in composition therefore representing a novel source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, due to their unique structure, EVs constitute a promising class of biocompatible nanovehicles for drug delivery as well. Importantly, and of burgeoning interest, is the fact that EVs have the intrinsic ability to breach biological barriers including the complex blood-brain barrier (BBB), whose restrictive nature represents a significant therapeutic challenge. EVs have been shown to contribute to the progression of a variety of brain diseases including metastatic brain cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute pathologies including infections and ischemia. In this review, the role of EVs in the maintenance and regulation of the BBB under normal physiological and pathologic conditions are discussed. Applications of EVs as therapeutic and diagnostic tools in the treatment of diseases that affect the central nervous system are presented as are limitations hindering their broad translation and potential solutions to resolve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Busatto
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Golnaz Morad
- Department of Surgical OncologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Peng Guo
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Marsha A. Moses
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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48
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Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1047-1079. [PMID: 34365576 PMCID: PMC8942947 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases.
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49
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Wu N, Morsey BM, Emanuel KM, Fox HS. Sequence-specific extracellular microRNAs activate TLR7 and induce cytokine secretion and leukocyte migration. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4139-4151. [PMID: 34313894 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can contribute to central nervous system disease pathologies via recognition of microRNAs (miRNAs); however, it remains to be determined which miRNAs are able to activate this signaling. Here we report that numerous miRNAs induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in multiple myeloid cell types, including microglia, and that this effect was abolished in cells deficient in TLR7. Examination of closely related miRNAs that differed in their ability to activate TLR7 resulted in the identification of a motif (UGCUUAU) in miR-20a-5p and specific nucleotides (all the uridines and surprisingly the cytosine as well) in a key area of miR-20a-5p and miR-148b-3p that were vital for the secretion of cytokines via TLR7 stimulation. A 10-nucleotide sequence including this motif was identified to be the shortest single-stranded RNA to signal via TLR7. An miRNA containing this motif induced the secretion of multiple proinflammatory molecules, which was dependent on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling pathways. Wild-type mice administered miR-20a-5p, which contained this motif, demonstrated increased leukocyte migration. This effect was significantly ameliorated in TLR7-knockout mice, and mice administered miR-20b-5p, in which the motif was mutated, did not exhibit leukocyte migration. We provide a detailed analysis of miRNAs that activate endosomal TLR7 and identify key nucleotide features of a sequence motif recognized by TLR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Brenda M Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Katy M Emanuel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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50
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Mahjoum S, Rufino-Ramos D, Pereira de Almeida L, Broekman MLD, Breakefield XO, van Solinge TS. Living Proof of Activity of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147294. [PMID: 34298912 PMCID: PMC8303915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of a heterogeneous population of cells with highly specialized functions. For optimal functioning of the CNS, in disease and in health, intricate communication between these cells is vital. One important mechanism of cellular communication is the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane enclosed particles actively released by cells, containing a wide array of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. These EVs can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells, and influence a wide range of processes. Due to the complexity and relative inaccessibility of the CNS, our current understanding of the role of EVs is mainly derived in vitro work. However, recently new methods and techniques have opened the ability to study the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current developments in our understanding of the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mahjoum
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
| | - David Rufino-Ramos
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.-R.); (L.P.d.A.)
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.R.-R.); (L.P.d.A.)
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marike L. D. Broekman
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
| | - Thomas S. van Solinge
- Program in Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02119, USA; (S.M.); (M.L.D.B.); (X.O.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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