1
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Bekedam FT, Smal R, Smit MC, Aman J, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Bogaard HJ, Goumans MJ, De Man FS, Llucià-Valldeperas A. Mechanical stimulation of induced pluripotent stem derived cardiac fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9795. [PMID: 38684844 PMCID: PMC11058244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis contributes to the development of heart failure, and is the response of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) to pressure or volume overload. Limiting factors in CFs research are the poor availability of human cells and the tendency of CFs to transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts when cultured in vitro. The possibility to generate CFs from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), providing a nearly unlimited cell source, opens new possibilities. However, the behaviour of iPSC-CFs under mechanical stimulation has not been studied yet. Our study aimed to assess the behaviour of iPSC-CFs under mechanical stretch and pro-fibrotic conditions. First, we confirm that iPSC-CFs are comparable to primary CFs at gene, protein and functional level. Furthermore, iPSC-derived CFs adopt a pro-fibrotic response to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). In addition, mechanical stretch inhibits TGF-β-induced fibroblast activation in iPSC-CFs. Thus, the responsiveness to cytokines and mechanical stimulation of iPSC-CFs demonstrates they possess key characteristics of primary CFs and may be useful for disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor T Bekedam
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rowan Smal
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa C Smit
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjan Aman
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie José Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden UMC, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frances S De Man
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Aida Llucià-Valldeperas
- PHEniX Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Pulmonary Hypertension and Thrombosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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van Doorn ECH, Amesz JH, Sadeghi AH, de Groot NMS, Manintveld OC, Taverne YJHJ. Preclinical Models of Cardiac Disease: A Comprehensive Overview for Clinical Scientists. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2024; 15:232-249. [PMID: 38228811 PMCID: PMC11116217 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
For recent decades, cardiac diseases have been the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Despite significant achievements in their management, profound understanding of disease progression is limited. The lack of biologically relevant and robust preclinical disease models that truly grasp the molecular underpinnings of cardiac disease and its pathophysiology attributes to this stagnation, as well as the insufficiency of platforms that effectively explore novel therapeutic avenues. The area of fundamental and translational cardiac research has therefore gained wide interest of scientists in the clinical field, while the landscape has rapidly evolved towards an elaborate array of research modalities, characterized by diverse and distinctive traits. As a consequence, current literature lacks an intelligible and complete overview aimed at clinical scientists that focuses on selecting the optimal platform for translational research questions. In this review, we present an elaborate overview of current in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo and in silico platforms that model cardiac health and disease, delineating their main benefits and drawbacks, innovative prospects, and foremost fields of application in the scope of clinical research incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa C H van Doorn
- Translational Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Lab, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Translational Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorik H Amesz
- Translational Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Lab, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Translational Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amir H Sadeghi
- Translational Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Lab, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M S de Groot
- Translational Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yannick J H J Taverne
- Translational Cardiothoracic Surgery Research Lab, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Streutker EM, Devamoglu U, Vonk MC, Verdurmen WPR, Le Gac S. Fibrosis-on-Chip: A Guide to Recapitulate the Essential Features of Fibrotic Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303991. [PMID: 38536053 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which is primarily marked by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is a pathophysiological process associated with many disorders, which ultimately leads to organ dysfunction and poor patient outcomes. Despite the high prevalence of fibrosis, currently there exist few therapeutic options, and importantly, there is a paucity of in vitro models to accurately study fibrosis. This review discusses the multifaceted nature of fibrosis from the viewpoint of developing organ-on-chip (OoC) disease models, focusing on five key features: the ECM component, inflammation, mechanical cues, hypoxia, and vascularization. The potential of OoC technology is explored for better modeling these features in the context of studying fibrotic diseases and the interplay between various key features is emphasized. This paper reviews how organ-specific fibrotic diseases are modeled in OoC platforms, which elements are included in these existing models, and the avenues for novel research directions are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes with a perspective on how to address the current gap with respect to the inclusion of multiple features to yield more sophisticated and relevant models of fibrotic diseases in an OoC format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Streutker
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Utku Devamoglu
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnoloygy and TechMed Centre, Organ-on-Chip Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon C Vonk
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P R Verdurmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnoloygy and TechMed Centre, Organ-on-Chip Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
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4
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Butler D, Reyes DR. Heart-on-a-chip systems: disease modeling and drug screening applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1494-1528. [PMID: 38318723 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00829k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, casting a substantial economic footprint and burdening the global healthcare system. Historically, pre-clinical CVD modeling and therapeutic screening have been performed using animal models. Unfortunately, animal models oftentimes fail to adequately mimic human physiology, leading to a poor translation of therapeutics from pre-clinical trials to consumers. Even those that make it to market can be removed due to unforeseen side effects. As such, there exists a clinical, technological, and economical need for systems that faithfully capture human (patho)physiology for modeling CVD, assessing cardiotoxicity, and evaluating drug efficacy. Heart-on-a-chip (HoC) systems are a part of the broader organ-on-a-chip paradigm that leverages microfluidics, tissue engineering, microfabrication, electronics, and gene editing to create human-relevant models for studying disease, drug-induced side effects, and therapeutic efficacy. These compact systems can be capable of real-time measurements and on-demand characterization of tissue behavior and could revolutionize the drug development process. In this review, we highlight the key components that comprise a HoC system followed by a review of contemporary reports of their use in disease modeling, drug toxicity and efficacy assessment, and as part of multi-organ-on-a-chip platforms. We also discuss future perspectives and challenges facing the field, including a discussion on the role that standardization is expected to play in accelerating the widespread adoption of these platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Butler
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Darwin R Reyes
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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5
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Visone R, Paoletti C, Cordiale A, Nicoletti L, Divieto C, Rasponi M, Chiono V, Occhetta P. In Vitro Mechanical Stimulation to Reproduce the Pathological Hallmarks of Human Cardiac Fibrosis on a Beating Chip and Predict The Efficacy of Drugs and Advanced Therapies. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301481. [PMID: 37941521 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is one of the main causes of heart failure, significantly contributing to mortality. The discovery and development of effective therapies able to heal fibrotic pathological symptoms thus remain of paramount importance. Micro-physiological systems (MPS) are recently introduced as promising platforms able to accelerate this finding. Here a 3D in vitro model of human cardiac fibrosis, named uScar, is developed by imposing a cyclic mechanical stimulation to human atrial cardiac fibroblasts (AHCFs) cultured in a 3D beating heart-on-chip and exploited to screen drugs and advanced therapeutics. The sole provision of a cyclic 10% uniaxial strain at 1 Hz to the microtissues is sufficient to trigger fibrotic traits, inducing a consistent fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and an enhanced expression and production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Standard of care anti-fibrotic drugs (i.e., Pirfenidone and Tranilast) are confirmed to be efficient in preventing the onset of fibrotic traits in uScar. Conversely, the mechanical stimulation applied to the microtissues limit the ability of a miRNA therapy to directly reprogram fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes (CMs), despite its proved efficacy in 2D models. Such results demonstrate the importance of incorporating in vivo-like stimulations to generate more representative 3D in vitro models able to predict the efficacy of therapies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Visone
- BiomimX Srl, Milan, 20157, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Camilla Paoletti
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, 10129, Italy
- Centro 3R (Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research), Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cordiale
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Letizia Nicoletti
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, 10129, Italy
- Centro 3R (Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research), Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Carla Divieto
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Division of Advanced Materials and Life Sciences, Turin, 10135, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
- Centro 3R (Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research), Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, 10129, Italy
- Centro 3R (Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research), Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Paola Occhetta
- BiomimX Srl, Milan, 20157, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Informatics and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
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6
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Chen X, Liu S, Han M, Long M, Li T, Hu L, Wang L, Huang W, Wu Y. Engineering Cardiac Tissue for Advanced Heart-On-A-Chip Platforms. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301338. [PMID: 37471526 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and current preclinical models including traditional animal models and 2D cell culture models have limitations in replicating human native heart physiology and response to drugs. Heart-on-a-chip (HoC) technology offers a promising solution by combining the advantages of cardiac tissue engineering and microfluidics to create in vitro 3D cardiac models, which can mimic key aspects of human microphysiological systems and provide controllable microenvironments. Herein, recent advances in HoC technologies are introduced, including engineered cardiac microtissue construction in vitro, microfluidic chip fabrication, microenvironmental stimulation, and real-time feedback systems. The development of cardiac tissue engineering methods is focused for 3D microtissue preparation, advanced strategies for HoC fabrication, and current applications of these platforms. Major challenges in HoC fabrication are discussed and the perspective on the potential for these platforms is provided to advance research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sitian Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Mingying Han
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Meng Long
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ting Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lanlan Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yaobin Wu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Translation of Medical 3D Printing Application, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Biomechanics, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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7
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Li H, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Ma Q, Abd-Elhamid AI, Feng B, Sun B, Wu J. Biomimetic Cardiac Fibrotic Model for Antifibrotic Drug Screening. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2023; 29:558-571. [PMID: 37658841 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by pathological proliferation and activation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Inhibition and reverse of transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts is a potential strategy for cardiac fibrosis. Despite substantial progress, more effort is needed to discover effective drugs to improve and reverse cardiac fibrosis. The main reason for the slow development of antifibrotic drugs is that the traditional polystyrene culture platform does not recapitulate the microenvironment where cells reside in tissues. In this study, we propose an in vitro cardiac fibrotic model by seeding electrospun yarn scaffolds with cardiac fibroblasts. Our results show that yarn scaffolds allow three-dimensional growth of cardiac fibroblasts, promote extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and induce the transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 further promotes cardiac fibroblast activation and ECM deposition, which makes it a suitable fibrotic model to predict the antifibrotic potential of drugs. By using this platform, we demonstrate that both Honokiol (HKL) and Pirfenidone (PFD) show potential in antifibrosis to some extent. HKL is more efficient in antifibrosis than PFD as revealed by biochemical composition, gene, and molecular analyses as well as histological and biomechanical analysis. The electrospun yarn scaffold provides a novel platform for constructing in vitro fibrotic models to study cardiac fibrosis and to predict the antifibrotic efficacy of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center and Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, National Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiaolin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ahmed I Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bei Feng
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center and Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, National Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jinglei Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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8
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Wu D, Wu J, Liu H, Shi S, Wang L, Huang Y, Yu X, Lei Z, Ouyang T, Shen J, Wu G, Wang S. A biomimetic renal fibrosis progression model on-chip evaluates anti-fibrotic effects longitudinally in a dynamic fibrogenic niche. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4708-4725. [PMID: 37840380 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00393k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Although renal fibrosis can advance chronic kidney disease and progressively lead to end-stage renal failure, no effective anti-fibrotic drugs have been clinically approved. To aid drug development, we developed a biomimetic renal fibrosis progression model on-chip to evaluate anti-fibrotic effects of natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles and pirfenidone (PFD) across different fibrotic stages. First, the dynamic interplay between fibroblasts and kidney-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) resembling the fibrogenic niche on-chip demonstrated that myofibroblasts induced by stiff ECM in 3 days were reversed to fibroblasts by switching to soft ECM, which was within 2, but not 7 days. Second, PFD significantly down-regulated the expression of α-SMA in NRK-49F in medium ECM, as opposed to stiff ECM. Third, a study in rats showed that early administration of PFD significantly inhibited renal fibrosis in terms of the expression levels of α-SMA and YAP. Taken together, both on-chip and animal models indicate the importance of early anti-fibrotic intervention for checking the progression of renal fibrosis. Therefore, this renal fibrosis progression on-chip with a feature of recapitulating dynamic biochemical and biophysical cues can be readily used to assess anti-fibrotic candidates and to explore the tipping point when the fibrotic fate can be rescued for better medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, City of Future Medicine, Chengdu, 641400, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shengyu Shi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Liangwen Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yixiao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhuoyue Lei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Tanliang Ouyang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jia Shen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Guohua Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, City of Future Medicine, Chengdu, 641400, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, City of Future Medicine, Chengdu, 641400, China
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9
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Cauli E, Polidoro MA, Marzorati S, Bernardi C, Rasponi M, Lleo A. Cancer-on-chip: a 3D model for the study of the tumor microenvironment. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:53. [PMID: 37592292 PMCID: PMC10436436 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The approval of anticancer therapeutic strategies is still slowed down by the lack of models able to faithfully reproduce in vivo cancer physiology. On one hand, the conventional in vitro models fail to recapitulate the organ and tissue structures, the fluid flows, and the mechanical stimuli characterizing the human body compartments. On the other hand, in vivo animal models cannot reproduce the typical human tumor microenvironment, essential to study cancer behavior and progression. This study reviews the cancer-on-chips as one of the most promising tools to model and investigate the tumor microenvironment and metastasis. We also described how cancer-on-chip devices have been developed and implemented to study the most common primary cancers and their metastatic sites. Pros and cons of this technology are then discussed highlighting the future challenges to close the gap between the pre-clinical and clinical studies and accelerate the approval of new anticancer therapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cauli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Accelera Srl, Nerviano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michela Anna Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Marzorati
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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10
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Urzì O, Gasparro R, Costanzo E, De Luca A, Giavaresi G, Fontana S, Alessandro R. Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures: The Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12046. [PMID: 37569426 PMCID: PMC10419178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and signaling pathways as well as nuclear activities, the simplicity of this system does not fully reflect the heterogeneity and complexity of the in vivo systems. From this arises the need to use animals for experimental research and in vivo testing. Nevertheless, animal use in experimentation presents various aspects of complexity, such as ethical issues, which led Russell and Burch in 1959 to formulate the 3R (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) principle, underlying the urgent need to introduce non-animal-based methods in research. Considering this, three-dimensional (3D) models emerged in the scientific community as a bridge between in vitro and in vivo models, allowing for the achievement of cell differentiation and complexity while avoiding the use of animals in experimental research. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the most common methods to establish 3D cell culture and to discuss their promising applications. Three-dimensional cell cultures have been employed as models to study both organ physiology and diseases; moreover, they represent a valuable tool for studying many aspects of cancer. Finally, the possibility of using 3D models for drug screening and regenerative medicine paves the way for the development of new therapeutic opportunities for many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Elisa Costanzo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Angela De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Simona Fontana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D), Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (O.U.); (R.G.); (E.C.); (R.A.)
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11
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Shou Y, Teo XY, Wu KZ, Bai B, Kumar ARK, Low J, Le Z, Tay A. Dynamic Stimulations with Bioengineered Extracellular Matrix-Mimicking Hydrogels for Mechano Cell Reprogramming and Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300670. [PMID: 37119518 PMCID: PMC10375194 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells interact with their surrounding environment through a combination of static and dynamic mechanical signals that vary over stimulus types, intensity, space, and time. Compared to static mechanical signals such as stiffness, porosity, and topography, the current understanding on the effects of dynamic mechanical stimulations on cells remains limited, attributing to a lack of access to devices, the complexity of experimental set-up, and data interpretation. Yet, in the pursuit of emerging translational applications (e.g., cell manufacturing for clinical treatment), it is crucial to understand how cells respond to a variety of dynamic forces that are omnipresent in vivo so that they can be exploited to enhance manufacturing and therapeutic outcomes. With a rising appreciation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a key regulator of biofunctions, researchers have bioengineered a suite of ECM-mimicking hydrogels, which can be fine-tuned with spatiotemporal mechanical cues to model complex static and dynamic mechanical profiles. This review first discusses how mechanical stimuli may impact different cellular components and the various mechanobiology pathways involved. Then, how hydrogels can be designed to incorporate static and dynamic mechanical parameters to influence cell behaviors are described. The Scopus database is also used to analyze the relative strength in evidence, ranging from strong to weak, based on number of published literatures, associated citations, and treatment significance. Additionally, the impacts of static and dynamic mechanical stimulations on clinically relevant cell types including mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, are evaluated. The aim is to draw attention to the paucity of studies on the effects of dynamic mechanical stimuli on cells, as well as to highlight the potential of using a cocktail of various types and intensities of mechanical stimulations to influence cell fates (similar to the concept of biochemical cocktail to direct cell fate). It is envisioned that this progress report will inspire more exciting translational development of mechanoresponsive hydrogels for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Shou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Xin Yong Teo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Kenny Zhuoran Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Bingyu Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Arun R K Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Jessalyn Low
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore
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12
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Taheri S, Ghazali HS, Ghazali ZS, Bhattacharyya A, Noh I. Progress in biomechanical stimuli on the cell-encapsulated hydrogels for cartilage tissue regeneration. Biomater Res 2023; 27:22. [PMID: 36935512 PMCID: PMC10026525 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, many people suffer from knee injuries and articular cartilage damage every year, which causes pain and reduces productivity, life quality, and daily routines. Medication is currently primarily used to relieve symptoms and not to ameliorate cartilage degeneration. As the natural healing capacity of cartilage damage is limited due to a lack of vascularization, common surgical methods are used to repair cartilage tissue, but they cannot prevent massive damage followed by injury. MAIN BODY Functional tissue engineering has recently attracted attention for the repair of cartilage damage using a combination of cells, scaffolds (constructs), biochemical factors, and biomechanical stimuli. As cyclic biomechanical loading is the key factor in maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype, many studies have evaluated the effect of biomechanical stimulation on chondrogenesis. The characteristics of hydrogels, such as their mechanical properties, water content, and cell encapsulation, make them ideal for tissue-engineered scaffolds. Induced cell signaling (biochemical and biomechanical factors) and encapsulation of cells in hydrogels as a construct are discussed for biomechanical stimulation-based tissue regeneration, and several notable studies on the effect of biomechanical stimulation on encapsulated cells within hydrogels are discussed for cartilage regeneration. CONCLUSION Induction of biochemical and biomechanical signaling on the encapsulated cells in hydrogels are important factors for biomechanical stimulation-based cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Taheri
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanieh Sadat Ghazali
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Ghazali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 158754413, Iran
| | - Amitava Bhattacharyya
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
- Functional, Innovative, and Smart Textiles, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore, 641004, India
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Insup Noh
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Bakhshandeh B, Ranjbar N, Abbasi A, Amiri E, Abedi A, Mehrabi M, Dehghani Z, Pennisi CP. Recent progress in the manipulation of biochemical and biophysical cues for engineering functional tissues. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10383. [PMID: 36925674 PMCID: PMC10013802 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is currently considered a cutting-edge discipline that offers the potential for developing treatments for health conditions that negatively affect the quality of life. This interdisciplinary field typically involves the combination of cells, scaffolds, and appropriate induction factors for the regeneration and repair of damaged tissue. Cell fate decisions, such as survival, proliferation, or differentiation, critically depend on various biochemical and biophysical factors provided by the extracellular environment during developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of action of these factors is critical to accurately mimic the complex architecture of the extracellular environment of living tissues and improve the efficiency of TE approaches. In this review, we recapitulate the effects that biochemical and biophysical induction factors have on various aspects of cell fate. While the role of biochemical factors, such as growth factors, small molecules, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and cytokines, has been extensively studied in the context of TE applications, it is only recently that we have begun to understand the effects of biophysical signals such as surface topography, mechanical, and electrical signals. These biophysical cues could provide a more robust set of stimuli to manipulate cell signaling pathways during the formation of the engineered tissue. Furthermore, the simultaneous application of different types of signals appears to elicit synergistic responses that are likely to improve functional outcomes, which could help translate results into successful clinical therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Nika Ranjbar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Elahe Amiri
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Ali Abedi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Mohammad‐Reza Mehrabi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Zahra Dehghani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Health Science and TechnologyAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
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14
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Abstract
Heart disease is a significant burden on global health care systems and is a leading cause of death each year. To improve our understanding of heart disease, high quality disease models are needed. These will facilitate the discovery and development of new treatments for heart disease. Traditionally, researchers have relied on 2D monolayer systems or animal models of heart disease to elucidate pathophysiology and drug responses. Heart-on-a-chip (HOC) technology is an emerging field where cardiomyocytes among other cell types in the heart can be used to generate functional, beating cardiac microtissues that recapitulate many features of the human heart. HOC models are showing great promise as disease modeling platforms and are poised to serve as important tools in the drug development pipeline. By leveraging advances in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte biology and microfabrication technology, diseased HOCs are highly tuneable and can be generated via different approaches such as: using cells with defined genetic backgrounds (patient-derived cells), adding small molecules, modifying the cells' environment, altering cell ratio/composition of microtissues, among others. HOCs have been used to faithfully model aspects of arrhythmia, fibrosis, infection, cardiomyopathies, and ischemia, to name a few. In this review, we highlight recent advances in disease modeling using HOC systems, describing instances where these models outperformed other models in terms of reproducing disease phenotypes and/or led to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mourad
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ryan Yee
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Center (S.S.N.), University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering (O.M., R.Y., M.L., S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada.,Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence (S.S.N.), University of Toronto, Canada
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15
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Min S, Cho SW. Engineered human cardiac tissues for modeling heart diseases. BMB Rep 2023; 56:32-42. [PMID: 36443005 PMCID: PMC9887099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is one of the major life-threatening diseases with high mortality and incidence worldwide. Several model systems, such as primary cells and animals, have been used to understand heart diseases and establish appropriate treatments. However, they have limitations in accuracy and reproducibility in recapitulating disease pathophysiology and evaluating drug responses. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissue models produced using tissue engineering technology and human cells have outperformed conventional models. In particular, the integration of cell reprogramming techniques with bioengineering platforms (e.g., microfluidics, scaffolds, bioprinting, and biophysical stimuli) has facilitated the development of heart-ona- chip, cardiac spheroid/organoid, and engineered heart tissue (EHT) to recapitulate the structural and functional features of the native human heart. These cardiac models have improved heart disease modeling and toxicological evaluation. In this review, we summarize the cell types for the fabrication of cardiac tissue models, introduce diverse 3D human cardiac tissue models, and discuss the strategies to enhance their complexity and maturity. Finally, recent studies in the modeling of various heart diseases are reviewed. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 32-42].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea,Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea,Corresponding author. Tel: +82-2-2123-5662; Fax: +82-2-362-7265; E-mail:
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16
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Min S, Cho SW. Engineered human cardiac tissues for modeling heart diseases. BMB Rep 2023; 56:32-42. [PMID: 36443005 PMCID: PMC9887099 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is one of the major life-threatening diseases with high mortality and incidence worldwide. Several model systems, such as primary cells and animals, have been used to understand heart diseases and establish appropriate treatments. However, they have limitations in accuracy and reproducibility in recapitulating disease pathophysiology and evaluating drug responses. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) cardiac tissue models produced using tissue engineering technology and human cells have outperformed conventional models. In particular, the integration of cell reprogramming techniques with bioengineering platforms (e.g., microfluidics, scaffolds, bioprinting, and biophysical stimuli) has facilitated the development of heart-ona- chip, cardiac spheroid/organoid, and engineered heart tissue (EHT) to recapitulate the structural and functional features of the native human heart. These cardiac models have improved heart disease modeling and toxicological evaluation. In this review, we summarize the cell types for the fabrication of cardiac tissue models, introduce diverse 3D human cardiac tissue models, and discuss the strategies to enhance their complexity and maturity. Finally, recent studies in the modeling of various heart diseases are reviewed. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 32-42].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Korea
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17
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Lim S, Kim SW, Kim IK, Song BW, Lee S. Organ-on-a-chip: Its use in cardiovascular research. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 83:315-339. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-221428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) has attracted great attention during the last decade as a revolutionary alternative to conventional animal models. This cutting-edge technology has also brought constructive changes to the field of cardiovascular research. The cardiovascular system, especially the heart as a well-protected vital organ, is virtually impossible to replicate in vitro with conventional approaches. This made scientists assume that they needed to use animal models for cardiovascular research. However, the frequent failure of animal models to correctly reflect the native cardiovascular system necessitated a search for alternative platforms for preclinical studies. Hence, as a promising alternative to conventional animal models, OOAC technology is being actively developed and tested in a wide range of biomedical fields, including cardiovascular research. Therefore, in this review, the current literature on the use of OOACs for cardiovascular research is presented with a focus on the basis for using OOACs, and what has been specifically achieved by using OOACs is also discussed. By providing an overview of the current status of OOACs in cardiovascular research and its future perspectives, we hope that this review can help to develop better and optimized research strategies for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as well as identify novel applications of OOACs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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18
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Liu H, Fan P, Jin F, Huang G, Guo X, Xu F. Dynamic and static biomechanical traits of cardiac fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1042030. [PMID: 36394025 PMCID: PMC9659743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathology in cardiovascular diseases which are reported as the leading cause of death globally. In recent decades, accumulating evidence has shown that the biomechanical traits of fibrosis play important roles in cardiac fibrosis initiation, progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the four main distinct biomechanical traits (i.e., stretch, fluid shear stress, ECM microarchitecture, and ECM stiffness) and categorize them into two different types (i.e., static and dynamic), mainly consulting the unique characteristic of the heart. Moreover, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of different biomechanical traits on cardiac fibrosis, their transduction mechanisms, and in-vitro engineered models targeting biomechanical traits that will aid the identification and prediction of mechano-based therapeutic targets to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbei Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fanli Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province and Education Ministry of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Guoyou Huang, ; Xiaogang Guo, ; Feng Xu,
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19
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Wang EY, Zhao Y, Okhovatian S, Smith JB, Radisic M. Intersection of stem cell biology and engineering towards next generation in vitro models of human fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1005051. [PMID: 36338120 PMCID: PMC9630603 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1005051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human fibrotic diseases constitute a major health problem worldwide. Fibrosis involves significant etiological heterogeneity and encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases affecting various organs. To date, many fibrosis targeted therapeutic agents failed due to inadequate efficacy and poor prognosis. In order to dissect disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic solutions for fibrosis patients, in vitro disease models have gone a long way in terms of platform development. The introduction of engineered organ-on-a-chip platforms has brought a revolutionary dimension to the current fibrosis studies and discovery of anti-fibrotic therapeutics. Advances in human induced pluripotent stem cells and tissue engineering technologies are enabling significant progress in this field. Some of the most recent breakthroughs and emerging challenges are discussed, with an emphasis on engineering strategies for platform design, development, and application of machine learning on these models for anti-fibrotic drug discovery. In this review, we discuss engineered designs to model fibrosis and how biosensor and machine learning technologies combine to facilitate mechanistic studies of fibrosis and pre-clinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yan Wang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sargol Okhovatian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob B. Smith
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Culturing of Cardiac Fibroblasts in Engineered Heart Matrix Reduces Myofibroblast Differentiation but Maintains Their Response to Cyclic Stretch and Transforming Growth Factor β1. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100551. [PMID: 36290519 PMCID: PMC9598692 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and culturing of cardiac fibroblasts (CF) induces rapid differentiation toward a myofibroblast phenotype, which is partly mediated by the high substrate stiffness of the culture plates. In the present study, a 3D model of Engineered Heart Matrix (EHM) of physiological stiffness (Youngs modulus ~15 kPa) was developed using primary adult rat CF and a natural hydrogel collagen type 1 matrix. CF were equally distributed, viable and quiescent for at least 13 days in EHM and the baseline gene expression of myofibroblast-markers alfa-smooth muscle actin (Acta2), and connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) was significantly lower, compared to CF cultured in 2D monolayers. CF baseline gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (Tgfβ1) and brain natriuretic peptide (Nppb) was higher in EHM-fibers compared to the monolayers. EHM stimulation by 10% cyclic stretch (1 Hz) increased the gene expression of Nppb (3.0-fold), Ctgf (2.1-fold) and Tgfβ1 (2.3-fold) after 24 h. Stimulation of EHM with TGFβ1 (1 ng/mL, 24 h) induced Tgfβ1 (1.6-fold) and Ctgf (1.6-fold). In conclusion, culturing CF in EHM of physiological stiffness reduced myofibroblast marker gene expression, while the CF response to stretch or TGFβ1 was maintained, indicating that our novel EHM structure provides a good physiological model to study CF function and myofibroblast differentiation.
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21
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Picchio V, Floris E, Derevyanchuk Y, Cozzolino C, Messina E, Pagano F, Chimenti I, Gaetani R. Multicellular 3D Models for the Study of Cardiac Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911642. [PMID: 36232943 PMCID: PMC9569892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo modelling systems for cardiovascular research are becoming increasingly important in reducing lab animal use and boosting personalized medicine approaches. Integrating multiple cell types in complex setups adds a higher level of significance to the models, simulating the intricate intercellular communication of the microenvironment in vivo. Cardiac fibrosis represents a key pathogenetic step in multiple cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic and diabetic cardiomyopathies. Indeed, allowing inter-cellular interactions between cardiac stromal cells, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and/or immune cells in dedicated systems could make ex vivo models of cardiac fibrosis even more relevant. Moreover, culture systems with 3D architectures further enrich the physiological significance of such in vitro models. In this review, we provide a summary of the multicellular 3D models for the study of cardiac fibrosis described in the literature, such as spontaneous microtissues, bioprinted constructs, engineered tissues, and organs-on-chip, discussing their advantages and limitations. Important discoveries on the physiopathology of cardiac fibrosis, as well as the screening of novel potential therapeutic molecules, have been reported thanks to these systems. Future developments will certainly increase their translational impact for understanding and modulating mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Erica Floris
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Yuriy Derevyanchuk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cozzolino
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Elisa Messina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Council of Research (IBBC-CNR), 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-077-3175-7234
| | - Roberto Gaetani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
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22
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Bayareh M. Active cell capturing for organ-on-a-chip systems: a review. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2022; 67:443-459. [PMID: 36062551 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2022-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an emerging technology that has been proposed as a new powerful cell-based tool to imitate the pathophysiological environment of human organs. For most OOC systems, a pivotal step is to culture cells in microfluidic devices. In active cell capturing techniques, external actuators, such as electrokinetic, magnetic, acoustic, and optical forces, or a combination of these forces, can be applied to trap cells after ejecting cell suspension into the microchannel inlet. This review paper distinguishes the characteristics of biomaterials and evaluates microfluidic technology. Besides, various types of OOC and their fabrication techniques are reported and various active cell capture microstructures are analyzed. Furthermore, their constraints, challenges, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Bayareh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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23
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Pneumatic Cell Stretching Chip to Generate Uniaxial Strain Using an Elastomeric Membrane with Ridge Structure. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic mechanical stretching, including uniaxial strain, has been manifested to regulate the cell morphology and functions directly. In recent years, many techniques have been developed to apply cyclic mechanical stretching to cells in vitro. Pneumatically actuated stretching is one of the extensively used methods owing to its advantages of integration, miniaturization, and long-term stretching. However, the intrinsic difficulty in fabrication and adjusting the strain mode also impedes its development and application. In this study, inspired by the topological defects principle, we incorporated a ridge structure into the membrane surface of a traditional pneumatic cavity stretching chip to regulate the strain mode. Our results showed that the surface ridge structure can directly change the equiaxial stretching mode to the standard uniaxial strain, and it is ridge width-independent. The uniaxial strain mode was further proved by the cell orientation behavior under cyclic stretching stimulation. Moreover, it is easy to realize the multimodal strain fields by controlling the width and height of the ridge and to achieve high-throughput testing by creating a cavity array using microfabrication. Together, we propose a smart method to change the surface strain field and introduce a simple, yet effective, high-throughput pneumatically actuated uniaxial stretching platform, which can not only realize the multimodal mechanical stimulation but also achieve multiscale mechanosensing behaviors of single-cell or multi-cell (tissue and/or organoid) mechanobiology applications.
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24
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Cecen B, Bal-Ozturk A, Yasayan G, Alarcin E, Kocak P, Tutar R, Kozaci LD, Shin SR, Miri AK. Selection of natural biomaterials for micro-tissue and organ-on-chip models. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1147-1165. [PMID: 35102687 PMCID: PMC10700148 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The desired organ in micro-tissue models of organ-on-a-chip (OoC) devices dictates the optimum biomaterials, divided into natural and synthetic biomaterials. They can resemble biological tissues' biological functions and architectures by constructing bioactivity of macromolecules, cells, nanoparticles, and other biological agents. The inclusion of such components in OoCs allows them having biological processes, such as basic biorecognition, enzymatic cleavage, and regulated drug release. In this report, we review natural-based biomaterials that are used in OoCs and their main characteristics. We address the preparation, modification, and characterization methods of natural-based biomaterials and summarize recent reports on their applications in the design and fabrication of micro-tissue models. This article will help bioengineers select the proper biomaterials based on developing new technologies to meet clinical expectations and improve patient outcomes fusing disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Cecen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ayca Bal-Ozturk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokcen Yasayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Alarcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Polen Kocak
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Tutar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyla Didem Kozaci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amir K. Miri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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25
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Mehrotra S, de Melo BAG, Miscuglio M, Kiaee K, Shin SR, Mandal BB. Mimicking Native Heart Tissue Physiology and Pathology in Silk Fibroin Constructs through a Perfusion-Based Dynamic Mechanical Stimulation Microdevice. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101678. [PMID: 34971210 PMCID: PMC11041525 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation is an imperative step to replicate native heart tissue-like structures as cardiac tissue grafts or as drug screening platforms. CMs are known to interpret biophysical cues such as stiffness, topography, external mechanical stimulation or dynamic perfusion load through mechanotransduction and change their behavior, organization, and maturation. In this regard, a silk-based cardiac tissue (CT) coupled with a dynamic perfusion-based mechanical stimulation platform (DMM) for achieving maturation and functionality in vitro is tried to be delivered. Silk fibroin (SF) is used to fabricate lamellar scaffolds to provide native tissue-like anisotropic architecture and is found to be nonimmunogenic and biocompatible allowing cardiomyocyte attachment and growth in vitro. Further, the scaffolds display excellent mechanical properties by their ability to undergo cyclic compressions without any deformation when places in the DMM. Gradient compression strains (5% to 20%), mimicking the native physiological and pathological conditions, are applied to the cardiomyocyte culture seeded on lamellar silk scaffolds in the DMM. A strain-dependent difference in cardiomyocyte maturation, gene expression, sarcomere elongation, and extracellular matrix formation is observed. These silk-based CTs matured in the DMM can open up several avenues toward the development of host-specific grafts and in vitro models for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mehrotra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bruna Alice Gomes de Melo
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04039-002, Brazil
| | - Mario Miscuglio
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Kiavash Kiaee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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26
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Paloschi V, Sabater-Lleal M, Middelkamp H, Vivas A, Johansson S, van der Meer A, Tenje M, Maegdefessel L. Organ-on-a-chip technology: a novel approach to investigate cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2742-2754. [PMID: 33729461 PMCID: PMC8683705 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of organs-on-chip (OoC) has revolutionized in vitro cell-culture experiments by allowing a better mimicry of human physiology and pathophysiology that has consequently led researchers to gain more meaningful insights into disease mechanisms. Several models of hearts-on-chips and vessels-on-chips have been demonstrated to recapitulate fundamental aspects of the human cardiovascular system in the recent past. These 2D and 3D systems include synchronized beating cardiomyocytes in hearts-on-chips and vessels-on-chips with layer-based structures and the inclusion of physiological and pathological shear stress conditions. The opportunities to discover novel targets and to perform drug testing with chip-based platforms have substantially enhanced, thanks to the utilization of patient-derived cells and precise control of their microenvironment. These organ models will provide an important asset for future approaches to personalized cardiovascular medicine and improved patient care. However, certain technical and biological challenges remain, making the global utilization of OoCs to tackle unanswered questions in cardiovascular science still rather challenging. This review article aims to introduce and summarize published work on hearts- and vessels-on chips but also to provide an outlook and perspective on how these advanced in vitro systems can be used to tailor disease models with patient-specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Paloschi
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB Sant Pau, Genomics of Complex Diseases Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Aisen Vivas
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sofia Johansson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Tenje
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Berlin, Germany
- Molecular Vascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Carlos-Oliveira M, Lozano-Juan F, Occhetta P, Visone R, Rasponi M. Current strategies of mechanical stimulation for maturation of cardiac microtissues. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:717-727. [PMID: 34765047 PMCID: PMC8555032 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The most advanced in vitro cardiac models are today based on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); however, the maturation of cardiomyocytes (CMs) has not yet been fully achieved. Therefore, there is a rising need to move towards models capable of promoting an adult-like cardiomyocytes phenotype. Many strategies have been applied such as co-culture of cardiomyocytes, with fibroblasts and endothelial cells, or conditioning them through biochemical factors and physical stimulations. Here, we focus on mechanical stimulation as it aims to mimic the different mechanical forces that heart receives during its development and the post-natal period. We describe the current strategies and the mechanical properties necessary to promote a positive response in cardiac tissues from different cell sources, distinguishing between passive stimulation, which includes stiffness, topography and static stress and active stimulation, encompassing cyclic strain, compression or perfusion. We also highlight how mechanical stimulation is applied in disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carlos-Oliveira
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ferran Lozano-Juan
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy.,BiomimX S.r.l., Via G. Durando 38/A, 20158 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Occhetta
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Visone
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy
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28
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Mainardi A, Carminati F, Ugolini GS, Occhetta P, Isu G, Robles Diaz D, Reid G, Visone R, Rasponi M, Marsano A. A dynamic microscale mid-throughput fibrosis model to investigate the effects of different ratios of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4177-4195. [PMID: 34545378 PMCID: PMC8547330 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a maladaptive remodeling of the myocardium hallmarked by contraction impairment and excessive extracellular matrix deposition (ECM). The disease progression, nevertheless, remains poorly understood and present treatments are not capable of controlling the scarring process. This is partly due to the absence of physiologically relevant, easily operable, and low-cost in vitro models, which are of the utmost importance to uncover pathological mechanisms and highlight possible targets for anti-fibrotic therapies. In classic models, fibrotic features are usually obtained using substrates with scar mimicking stiffness and/or supplementation of morphogens such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Qualities such as the interplay between activated fibroblasts (FBs) and cardiomyocytes (CMs), or the mechanically active, three-dimensional (3D) environment, are, however, neglected or obtained at the expense of the number of experimental replicates achievable. To overcome these shortcomings, we engineered a micro-physiological system (MPS) where multiple 3D cardiac micro-tissues can be subjected to cyclical stretching simultaneously. Up to six different biologically independent samples are incorporated in a single device, increasing the experimental throughput and paving the way for higher yielding drug screening campaigns. The newly developed MPS was used to co-culture different ratios of neonatal rat CMs and FBs, investigating the role of CMs in the modulation of fibrosis traits, without the addition of morphogens, and in soft substrates. The expression of contractile stress fibers and of degradative enzymes, as well as the deposition of fibronectin and type I collagen were superior in microtissues with a low amount of CMs. Moreover, high CM-based microconstructs simulating a ratio similar to that of healthy tissues, even if subjected to both cyclic stretch and TGF-β1, did not show any of the investigated fibrotic signs, indicating a CM fibrosis modulating effect. Overall, this in vitro fibrosis model could help to uncover new pathological aspects studying, with mid-throughput and in a mechanically active, physiologically relevant environment, the crosstalk between the most abundant cell types involved in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mainardi
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Carminati
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stefano Ugolini
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paola Occhetta
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- BiomimX S.r.l., Via Giovanni Durando 38/A, 20158 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Isu
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Diana Robles Diaz
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gregory Reid
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Visone
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Marsano
- Departments of Biomedicine and Surgery, University Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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29
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Lou L, Lopez KO, Nautiyal P, Agarwal A. Integrated Perspective of Scaffold Designing and Multiscale Mechanics in Cardiac Bioengineering. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Lou
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Florida International University Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Kazue Orikasa Lopez
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Florida International University Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Pranjal Nautiyal
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Plasma Forming Laboratory Advanced Materials Engineering Research Institute (AMERI) Mechanical and Materials Engineering College of Engineering and Computing Florida International University Miami FL 33174 USA
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30
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Li H, Wang X, Liu J, Liu Z, Wang H, Mo X, Wu J. Nanofiber configuration affects biological performance of decellularized meniscus extracellular matrix incorporated electrospun scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34547733 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac28a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning represents the simplest approach to fabricate nanofiber scaffolds that approximate the heterogeneous fibrous structure of the meniscus. More effort is needed to understand the relationship between scaffold properties and cell responses to determine the appropriate scaffolds supporting meniscus tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we investigate the influence of nanofiber configuration of electrospun scaffolds on phenotype and matrix production of meniscus cells, as well as on scaffold degradation behaviors and biocompatibility. Twisting electrospun nanofibers into yarns not only recapitulates the major collagen bundles of the meniscus but also increases the pore size and porosity of resultant scaffolds. The yarn scaffold significantly regulated expression levels of meniscus-associated genes and promoted extracellular matrix production compared with conventional electrospun scaffolds with random or aligned nanofiber orientation. Additionally, the yarn scaffold allowed considerable cell infiltration and experienced faster degradation and tissue remodeling upon subcutaneous implantation in a rat model. These results suggest that nanofiber configuration dictates cell interactions, scaffold degradation and integration with host tissue, providing design parameters of porosity and pore size of electrospun scaffolds toward meniscus repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Liu
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, TongJi University, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengni Liu
- Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, TongJi University, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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31
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State of the art in integrated biosensors for organ-on-a-chip applications. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Stewart L, Turner NA. Channelling the Force to Reprogram the Matrix: Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:990. [PMID: 33922466 PMCID: PMC8145896 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a pivotal role in preserving myocardial function and integrity of the heart tissue after injury, but also contribute to future susceptibility to heart failure. CF sense changes to the cardiac environment through chemical and mechanical cues that trigger changes in cellular function. In recent years, mechanosensitive ion channels have been implicated as key modulators of a range of CF functions that are important to fibrotic cardiac remodelling, including cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, extracellular matrix turnover and paracrine signalling. To date, seven mechanosensitive ion channels are known to be functional in CF: the cation non-selective channels TRPC6, TRPM7, TRPV1, TRPV4 and Piezo1, and the potassium-selective channels TREK-1 and KATP. This review will outline current knowledge of these mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, discuss evidence of the mechanosensitivity of each channel, and detail the role that each channel plays in cardiac remodelling. By better understanding the role of mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, it is hoped that therapies may be developed for reducing pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil A. Turner
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
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33
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Chan AHP, Huang NF. Engineering Cardiovascular Tissue Chips for Disease Modeling and Drug Screening Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:673212. [PMID: 33959600 PMCID: PMC8093512 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the cost of drug discovery and development have been progressively increasing, but the number of drugs approved for treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been limited. Current in vitro models for drug development do not sufficiently ensure safety and efficacy, owing to their lack of physiological relevance. On the other hand, preclinical animal models are extremely costly and present problems of inaccuracy due to species differences. To address these limitations, tissue chips offer the opportunity to emulate physiological and pathological tissue processes in a biomimetic in vitro platform. Tissue chips enable in vitro modeling of CVDs to give mechanistic insights, and they can also be a powerful approach for drug screening applications. Here, we review recent advances in CVD modeling using tissue chips and their applications in drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H P Chan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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34
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Anandhan SV, Krishnan UM. Boron nitride nanotube scaffolds: emergence of a new era in regenerative medicine. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33770776 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abf27d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds have transformed from passive geometrical supports for cell adhesion, extension and proliferation to active, dynamic systems that can in addition, trigger functional maturation of the cells in response to external stimuli. Such 'smart' scaffolds require the incorporation of active response elements that can respond to internal or external stimuli. One of the key elements that direct the cell fate processes is mechanical stress. Different cells respond to various types and magnitudes of mechanical stresses. The incorporation of a pressure-sensitive element in the tissue engineering scaffold therefore, will aid in tuning the cell response to the desired levels. Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are analogous to carbon nanotubes and have attracted considerable attention due to their unique amalgamation of chemical inertness, piezoelectric property, biocompatibility and, thermal and mechanical stability. Incorporation of BNNTs in scaffolds confers them with piezoelectric property that can be used to stimulate the cells seeded on them. Biorecognition and solubilization of BNNTs can be engineered through surface functionalization with different biomolecules. Over the years, the importance of BNNT has grown in the realm of healthcare nanotechnology. This review discusses the salient properties of BNNTs, the influence of functionalization on theirin vitroandin vivobiocompatibility, and the uniqueness of BNNT-incorporated tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyan Vivekanand Anandhan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.,School of Arts, Science and Humanities, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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35
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Nanofiber Configuration of Electrospun Scaffolds Dictating Cell Behaviors and Cell-scaffold Interactions. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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36
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Inbody SC, Sinquefield BE, Lewis JP, Horton RE. Biomimetic microsystems for cardiovascular studies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C850-C872. [PMID: 33760660 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00026.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional tissue culture platforms have been around for several decades and have enabled key findings in the cardiovascular field. However, these platforms failed to recreate the mechanical and dynamic features found within the body. Organs-on-chips (OOCs) are cellularized microfluidic-based devices that can mimic the basic structure, function, and responses of organs. These systems have been successfully utilized in disease, development, and drug studies. OOCs are designed to recapitulate the mechanical, electrical, chemical, and structural features of the in vivo microenvironment. Here, we review cardiovascular-themed OOC studies, design considerations, and techniques used to generate these cellularized devices. Furthermore, we will highlight the advantages of OOC models over traditional cell culture vessels, discuss implementation challenges, and provide perspectives on the state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby C Inbody
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Bridgett E Sinquefield
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Joshua P Lewis
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Renita E Horton
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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Bracco Gartner TCL, Stein JM, Muylaert DEP, Bouten CVC, Doevendans PA, Khademhosseini A, Suyker WJL, Sluijter JPG, Hjortnaes J. Advanced In Vitro Modeling to Study the Paradox of Mechanically Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:100-114. [PMID: 33407000 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In heart failure, cardiac fibrosis is the result of an adverse remodeling process. Collagen is continuously synthesized in the myocardium in an ongoing attempt of the heart to repair itself. The resulting collagen depositions act counterproductively, causing diastolic dysfunction and disturbing electrical conduction. Efforts to treat cardiac fibrosis specifically have not been successful and the molecular etiology is only partially understood. The differentiation of quiescent cardiac fibroblasts to extracellular matrix-depositing myofibroblasts is a hallmark of cardiac fibrosis and a key aspect of the adverse remodeling process. This conversion is induced by a complex interplay of biochemical signals and mechanical stimuli. Tissue-engineered 3D models to study cardiac fibroblast behavior in vitro indicate that cyclic strain can activate a myofibroblast phenotype. This raises the question how fibroblast quiescence is maintained in the healthy myocardium, despite continuous stimulation of ultimately profibrotic mechanotransductive pathways. In this review, we will discuss the convergence of biochemical and mechanical differentiation signals of myofibroblasts, and hypothesize how these affect this paradoxical quiescence. Impact statement Mechanotransduction pathways of cardiac fibroblasts seem to ultimately be profibrotic in nature, but in healthy human myocardium, cardiac fibroblasts remain quiescent, despite continuous mechanical stimulation. We propose three hypotheses that could explain this paradoxical state of affairs. Furthermore, we provide suggestions for future research, which should lead to a better understanding of fibroblast quiescence and activation, and ultimately to new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C L Bracco Gartner
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Stein
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri E P Muylaert
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Division of Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Radiology, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Willem J L Suyker
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper Hjortnaes
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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38
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Fathi P, Holland G, Pan D, Esch MB. Lymphatic Vessel on a Chip with Capability for Exposure to Cyclic Fluidic Flow. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6697-6707. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fathi
- Biomedical Technologies Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Glenn Holland
- Photonics and Plasmonics Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mandy B. Esch
- Biomedical Technologies Group, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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39
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Bretherton R, Bugg D, Olszewski E, Davis J. Regulators of cardiac fibroblast cell state. Matrix Biol 2020; 91-92:117-135. [PMID: 32416242 PMCID: PMC7789291 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the primary regulator of cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). In response to disease stimuli cardiac fibroblasts undergo cell state transitions to a myofibroblast phenotype, which underlies the fibrotic response in the heart and other organs. Identifying regulators of fibroblast state transitions would inform which pathways could be therapeutically modulated to tactically control maladaptive extracellular matrix remodeling. Indeed, a deeper understanding of fibroblast cell state and plasticity is necessary for controlling its fate for therapeutic benefit. p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is part of the noncanonical transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway, is a central regulator of fibroblast to myofibroblast cell state transitions that is activated by chemical and mechanical stress signals. Fibroblast intrinsic signaling, local and global cardiac mechanics, and multicellular interactions individually and synergistically impact these state transitions and hence the ECM, which will be reviewed here in the context of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Bretherton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Darrian Bugg
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 850 Republican, #343, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Emily Olszewski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 850 Republican, #343, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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40
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Sakthivel K, Kumar H, Mohamed MGA, Talebjedi B, Shim J, Najjaran H, Hoorfar M, Kim K. High Throughput Screening of Cell Mechanical Response Using a Stretchable 3D Cellular Microarray Platform. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000941. [PMID: 32588966 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cells in vivo are constantly subjected to multiple microenvironmental mechanical stimuli that regulate cell function. Although 2D cell responses to the mechanical stimulation have been established, these methods lack relevance as physiological cell microenvironments are in 3D. Moreover, the existing platforms developed for studying the cell responses to mechanical cues in 3D either offer low-throughput, involve complex fabrication, or do not allow combinatorial analysis of multiple cues. Considering this, a stretchable high-throughput (HT) 3D cell microarray platform is presented that can apply dynamic mechanical strain to cells encapsulated in arrayed 3D microgels. The platform uses inkjet-bioprinting technique for printing cell-laden gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) microgel array on an elastic composite substrate that is periodically stretched. The developed platform is highly biocompatible and transfers the applied strain from the stretched substrate to the cells. The HT analysis is conducted to analyze cell mechano-responses throughout the printed microgel array. Also, the combinatorial analysis of distinct cell behaviors is conducted for different GelMA microenvironmental stiffnesses in addition to the dynamic stretch. Considering its throughput and flexibility, the developed platform can readily be scaled up to introduce a wide range of microenvironmental cues and to screen the cell responses in a HT way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabilan Sakthivel
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Hitendra Kumar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mohamed G A Mohamed
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bahram Talebjedi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Justin Shim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Homayoun Najjaran
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Keekyoung Kim
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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41
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Guenat OT, Geiser T, Berthiaume F. Clinically Relevant Tissue Scale Responses as New Readouts from Organs-on-a-Chip for Precision Medicine. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:111-133. [PMID: 31961712 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips (OOC) are widely seen as being the next generation in vitro models able to accurately recreate the biochemical-physical cues of the cellular microenvironment found in vivo. In addition, they make it possible to examine tissue-scale functional properties of multicellular systems dynamically and in a highly controlled manner. Here we summarize some of the most remarkable examples of OOC technology's ability to extract clinically relevant tissue-level information. The review is organized around the types of OOC outputs that can be measured from the cultured tissues and transferred to clinically meaningful information. First, the creation of functional tissues-on-chip is discussed, followed by the presentation of tissue-level readouts specific to OOC, such as morphological changes, vessel formation and function, tissue properties, and metabolic functions. In each case, the clinical relevance of the extracted information is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier T Guenat
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital and University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Thoracic Surgery Department, University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital and University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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42
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Bandaru P, Cefaloni G, Vajhadin F, Lee K, Kim HJ, Cho HJ, Hartel MC, Zhang S, Sun W, Goudie MJ, Ahadian S, Dokmeci MR, Lee J, Khademhosseini A. Mechanical Cues Regulating Proangiogenic Potential of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells through YAP-Mediated Mechanosensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001837. [PMID: 32419312 PMCID: PMC7523466 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells secrete trophic factors that induce angiogenesis. These soluble factors are promising candidates for stem cell-based therapies, especially for cardiovascular diseases. Mechanical stimuli and biophysical factors presented in the stem cell microenvironment play important roles in guiding their behaviors. However, the complex interplay and precise role of these cues in directing pro-angiogenic signaling remain unclear. Here, a platform is designed using gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels with tunable rigidity and a dynamic mechanical compression bioreactor to evaluate the influence of matrix rigidity and mechanical stimuli on the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Cells cultured in matrices mimicking mechanical elasticity of bone tissues in vivo show elevated secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of representative signaling proteins promoting angiogenesis, as well as increased vascularization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a supplement of conditioned media from hMSCs cultured across different conditions. When hMSCs are cultured in matrices stimulated with a range of cyclic compressions, increased VEGF secretion is observed with increasing mechanical strains, which is also in line with the enhanced tubulogenesis of HUVECs. Moreover, it is demonstrated that matrix stiffness and cyclic compression modulate secretion of pro-angiogenic molecules from hMSCs through yes-associated protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bandaru
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Giorgia Cefaloni
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fereshteh Vajhadin
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marcus J Goudie
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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43
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Niu L, Jia Y, Wu M, Liu H, Feng Y, Hu Y, Zhang X, Gao D, Xu F, Huang G. Matrix stiffness controls cardiac fibroblast activation through regulating YAP via AT 1 R. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8345-8357. [PMID: 32239716 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathway leading to heart failure and involves continued activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts during myocardium damage, causing excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus increases matrix stiffness. Increasing evidence has shown that stiffened matrix plays an important role in promoting CF activation and cardiac fibrosis, and several signaling factors mediating CF mechanotransduction have been identified. However, the key molecules that perceive matrix stiffness to regulate CF activation remain to be further explored. Here, we detected significantly increased expression and nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in native fibrotic cardiac tissues. By using mechanically regulated in vitro cell culture models, we found that a stiff matrix-induced high expression and nuclear localization of YAP in CFs, accompanied by enhanced cell activation. We also demonstrated that YAP knockdown decreased fibrogenic response of CFs and that YAP overexpression promoted CF activation, indicating that YAP plays an important role in mediating matrix stiffness-induced CF activation. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the YAP pathway is an important signaling branch downstream of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in CF mechanotransduction. The findings help elucidate the mechanism of fibrotic mechanotransduction and may contribute to the development of new approaches for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanbo Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanjing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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44
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Mehrotra S, de Melo BAG, Hirano M, Keung W, Li RA, Mandal BB, Shin SR. Nonmulberry Silk Based Ink for Fabricating Mechanically Robust Cardiac Patches and Endothelialized Myocardium-on-a-Chip Application. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1907436. [PMID: 33071707 PMCID: PMC7566555 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201907436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting holds great promise towards engineering functional cardiac tissue constructs for regenerative medicine and as drug test models. However, it is highly limited by the choice of inks that require maintaining a balance between the structure and functional properties associated with the cardiac tissue. In this regard, we have developed a novel and mechanically robust biomaterial-ink based on non-mulberry silk fibroin protein. The silk-based ink demonstrated suitable mechanical properties required in terms of elasticity and stiffness (~40 kPa) for developing clinically relevant cardiac tissue constructs. The ink allowed the fabrication of stable anisotropic scaffolds using a dual crosslinking method, which were able to support formation of aligned sarcomeres, high expression of gap junction proteins as connexin-43, and maintain synchronously beating of cardiomyocytes. The printed constructs were found to be non-immunogenic in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, delving into an innovative method for fabricating a vascularized myocardial tissue-on-a-chip, the silk-based ink was used as supporting hydrogel for encapsulating human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac spheroids (hiPSC-CSs) and creating perfusable vascularized channels via an embedded bioprinting technique. We confirmed the ability of silk-based supporting hydrogel towards maturation and viability of hiPSC-CSs and endothelial cells, and for applications in evaluating drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mehrotra
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Bruna A. G. de Melo
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Engineering of Materials and Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Minoru Hirano
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Future Vehicle Research Department, Toyota Research Institute North America, Toyota Motor North America Inc., 1555 Woodridge Ave Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Wendy Keung
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald A. Li
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hong Kong
| | - Biman B. Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
- Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Liu H, Wang Y, Cui K, Guo Y, Zhang X, Qin J. Advances in Hydrogels in Organoids and Organs-on-a-Chip. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902042. [PMID: 31282047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in materials, microscale technology, and stem cell biology have enabled the construction of 3D tissues and organs, which will ultimately lead to more effective diagnostics and therapy. Organoids and organs-on-a-chip (OOC), evolved from developmental biology and bioengineering principles, have emerged as major technological breakthrough and distinct model systems to revolutionize biomedical research and drug discovery by recapitulating the key structural and functional complexity of human organs in vitro. There is growing interest in the development of functional biomaterials, especially hydrogels, for utilization in these promising systems to build more physiologically relevant 3D tissues with defined properties. The remarkable properties of defined hydrogels as proper extracellular matrix that can instruct cellular behaviors are presented. The recent trend where functional hydrogels are integrated into organoids and OOC systems for the construction of 3D tissue models is highlighted. Future opportunities and perspectives in the development of advanced hydrogels toward accelerating organoids and OOC research in biomedical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kangli Cui
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Simon LR, Masters KS. Disease-inspired tissue engineering: Investigation of cardiovascular pathologies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:2518-2532. [PMID: 32974421 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once focused exclusively on the creation of tissues to repair or replace diseased or damaged organs, the field of tissue engineering has undergone an important evolution in recent years. Namely, tissue engineering techniques are increasingly being applied to intentionally generate pathological conditions. Motivated in part by the wide gap between 2D cultures and animal models in the current disease modeling continuum, disease-inspired tissue-engineered platforms have numerous potential applications, and may serve to advance our understanding and clinical treatment of various diseases. This review will focus on recent progress toward generating tissue-engineered models of cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and ischemia reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and calcific aortic valve disease, with an emphasis on how these disease-inspired platforms can be used to decipher disease etiology. Each pathology is discussed in the context of generating both disease-specific cells as well as disease-specific extracellular environments, with an eye toward future opportunities to integrate different tools to yield more complex and physiologically relevant culture platforms. Ultimately, the development of effective disease treatments relies upon our ability to develop appropriate experimental models; as cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, the insights yielded by improved in vitro disease modeling could have substantial ramifications for public health and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTonya R Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Kristyn S Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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Fernández-Colino A, Iop L, Ventura Ferreira MS, Mela P. Fibrosis in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: treat or trigger? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:17-36. [PMID: 31295523 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a life-threatening pathological condition resulting from a dysfunctional tissue repair process. There is no efficient treatment and organ transplantation is in many cases the only therapeutic option. Here we review tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) approaches to address fibrosis in the cardiovascular system, the kidney, the lung and the liver. These strategies have great potential to achieve repair or replacement of diseased organs by cell- and material-based therapies. However, paradoxically, they might also trigger fibrosis. Cases of TERM interventions with adverse outcome are also included in this review. Furthermore, we emphasize the fact that, although organ engineering is still in its infancy, the advances in the field are leading to biomedically relevant in vitro models with tremendous potential for disease recapitulation and development of therapies. These human tissue models might have increased predictive power for human drug responses thereby reducing the need for animal testing.
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