1
|
Sakaguchi H, Kojima T, Cheng Y, Nobusue S, Fukami K. Electrochemical on-surface synthesis of a strong electron-donating graphene nanoribbon catalyst. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5972. [PMID: 39075056 PMCID: PMC11286955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis of edge-functionalized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) has attracted much attention. However, producing such GNRs on a large scale through on-surface synthesis under ultra-high vacuum on thermally activated metal surfaces has been challenging. This is mainly due to the decomposition of functional groups at temperatures of 300 to 500 °C and limited monolayer GNR growth based on the metal catalysis. To overcome these obstacles, we developed an on-surface electrochemical technique that utilizes redox reactions of asymmetric precursors at an electric double layer where a strong electric field is confined to the liquid-solid interface. We successfully demonstrate layer-by-layer growth of strong electron-donating GNRs on electrodes at temperatures <80 °C without decomposing functional groups. We show that high-voltage facilitates previously unknown heterochiral di-cationic polymerization. Electrochemically produced GNRs exhibiting one of the strongest electron-donating properties known, enable extraordinary silicon-etching catalytic activity, exceeding those of noble metals, with superior photoconductive properties. Our technique advances the possibility of producing various edge-functional GNRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yingbo Cheng
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shunpei Nobusue
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukami
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Inose T, Toyouchi S, Hara S, Sugioka S, Walke P, Oyabu R, Fortuni B, Peeters W, Usami Y, Hirai K, De Feyter S, Uji-I H, Fujita Y, Tanaka H. Visualizing Ribbon-to-Ribbon Heterogeneity of Chemically Unzipped Wide Graphene Nanoribbons by Silver Nanowire-Based Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2301841. [PMID: 37649218 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), a quasi-one-dimensional form of graphene, have gained tremendous attention due to their potential for next-generation nanoelectronic devices. The chemical unzipping of carbon nanotubes is one of the attractive fabrication methods to obtain single-layered GNRs (sGNRs) with simple and large-scale production. The authors recently found that unzipping from double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs), rather than single- or multi-walled, results in high-yield production of crystalline sGNRs. However, details of the resultant GNR structure, as well as the reaction mechanism, are not fully understood due to the necessity of nanoscale spectroscopy. In this regard, silver nanowire-based tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is applied for single GNR analysis and investigated ribbon-to-ribbon heterogeneity in terms of defect density and edge structure generated through the unzipping process. The authors found that sGNRs originated from the inner walls of DWNTs showed lower defect densities than those from the outer walls. Furthermore, TERS spectra of sGNRs exhibit a large variety in graphitic Raman parameters, indicating a large variation in edge structures. This work at the single GNR level reveals, for the first time, ribbon-to-ribbon heterogeneity that can never be observed by diffraction-limited techniques and provides deeper insights into unzipped GNR structure as well as the DWNT unzipping reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Light-induced Acceleration System (RILACS), Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Hara
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Shoji Sugioka
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Peter Walke
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - Rikuto Oyabu
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Beatrice Fortuni
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Wannes Peeters
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Yuki Usami
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-3-7, Otsu, Shiga, 520-8567, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST Chugoku), Kagamiyama 3-11-32, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang JJ, Liu K, Xiao Y, Yu X, Huang L, Gao HJ, Ma J, Feng X. Precision Graphene Nanoribbon Heterojunctions by Chain-Growth Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310880. [PMID: 37594477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are considered promising candidates for next-generation nanoelectronics. In particular, GNR heterojunctions have received considerable attention due to their exotic topological electronic phases at the heterointerface. However, strategies for their precision synthesis remain at a nascent stage. Here, we report a novel chain-growth polymerization strategy that allows for constructing GNR heterojunction with N=9 armchair and chevron GNRs segments (9-AGNR/cGNR). The synthesis involves a controlled Suzuki-Miyaura catalyst-transfer polymerization (SCTP) between 2-(6'-bromo-4,4''-ditetradecyl-[1,1':2',1''-terphenyl]-3'-yl) boronic ester (M1) and 2-(7-bromo-9,12-diphenyl-10,11-bis(4-tetradecylphenyl)-triphenylene-2-yl) boronic ester (M2), followed by the Scholl reaction of the obtained block copolymer (poly-M1/M2) with controlled Mn (18 kDa) and narrow Đ (1.45). NMR and SEC analysis of poly-M1/M2 confirm the successful block copolymerization. The solution-mediated cyclodehydrogenation of poly-M1/M2 toward 9-AGNR/cGNR is unambiguously validated by FT-IR, Raman, and UV/Vis spectroscopies. Moreover, we also demonstrate the on-surface formation of pristine 9-AGNR/cGNR from the unsubstituted copolymer precursor, which is unambiguously characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jiang Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Kun Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yao Xiao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Li Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang N, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Wang J. Relationship Between Stress Modulated Metallicity and Plasmon in Graphene Nanoribbons. Chemphyschem 2023:e202300348. [PMID: 37731169 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale quantum plasmon is an important technology that restricts the application of optics, electricity, and graphene photoelectric devices. Establishing a structure-effect relationship between the structure of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) under stress regulation and the properties of plasmons is a key scientific issue for promoting the application of plasmons in micro-nano photoelectric devices. In this study, zigzag graphene nanoribbon (Z-GNR) and armchair graphene nanoribbon (A-GNR) models of specific widths were constructed, and density functional theory (DFT) was used to study their lattice structure, energy band, absorption spectrum, and plasmon effects under different stresses. The results showed that the Z-GNR band gap decreased with increasing stress, and the A-GNR band gap changed periodically with increasing stress. The plasmon effects of the A-GNRs and Z-GNRs appeared in the visible region, whereas the absorption spectrum showed a redshift trend, indicating the range of the plasmon spectrum also underwent significant changes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of graphene nanoribbons in the field of optoelectronics under strain-engineering conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- College of Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- College of Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- College of Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| | - Jingang Wang
- College of Science, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang Q, Wei H, Hou X, Chi C. Circumpentacene with Open-Shell Singlet Diradical Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306938. [PMID: 37338045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Circumacenes (CAs) are a distinctive type of benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons where an acene unit is completely enclosed by a layer of outer fused benzene rings. Despite their unique structures, the synthesis of CAs is challenging, and until recently, the largest CA molecule synthesized was circumanthracene. In this study, we report the successful synthesis of an extended circumpentacene derivative 1, which represents the largest CA molecule synthesized to date. Its structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and its electronic properties were systematically investigated by both experiments and theoretical calculations. It shows a unique open-shell diradical character due to the existence of extended zigzag edges, with a moderate diradical character index (y0 =39.7 %) and a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T =-4.47 kcal/mol). It exhibits a dominant local aromatic character with π-electrons delocalized in the individual aromatic sextet rings. It has a small HOMO-LUMO energy gap and displays amphoteric redox behavior. The electronic structures of its dication and dianion can be considered as doubly charged structures in which two coronene units are fused with a central aromatic benzene ring. This study provides a new route toward stable multizigzag-edged graphene-like molecules with open-shell di/polyradical character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ariga K. Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:434-453. [PMID: 37091285 PMCID: PMC10113519 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology has provided an opportunity to integrate a wide range of phenomena and disciplines from the atomic scale, the molecular scale, and the nanoscale into materials. Nanoarchitectonics as a post-nanotechnology concept is a methodology for developing functional material systems using units such as atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials. Especially, molecular nanoarchitectonics has been strongly promoted recently by incorporating nanotechnological methods into organic synthesis. Examples of research that have attracted attention include the direct observation of organic synthesis processes at the molecular level with high resolution, and the control of organic syntheses with probe microscope tips. These can also be considered as starting points for nanoarchitectonics. In this review, these examples of molecular nanoarchitectonics are introduced, and future prospects of nanoarchitectonics are discussed. The fusion of basic science and the application of practical functional materials will complete materials chemistry for everything.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cassiano TDSA, Júnior LAR, Silva GME, Neto PHDO. Regulating Polaron Transport Regime via Heterojunction Engineering in Cove‐Type Graphene Nanoribbons. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
|
8
|
Niu K, Fan Q, Chi L, Rosen J, Gottfried JM, Björk J. Unveiling the formation mechanism of the biphenylene network. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:368-376. [PMID: 36629866 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00528j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We have computationally studied the formation mechanism of the biphenylene network via the intermolecular HF zipping, as well as identified key intermediates experimentally, on the Au(111) surface. We elucidate that the zipping process consists of a series of defluorinations, dehydrogenations, and C-C coupling reactions. The Au substrate not only serves as the active site for defluorination and dehydrogenation, but also forms C-Au bonds that stabilize the defluorinated and dehydrogenated phenylene radicals, leading to "standing" benzyne groups. Despite that the C-C coupling between the "standing" benzyne groups is identified as the rate-limiting step, the limiting barrier can be reduced by the adjacent chemisorbed benzyne groups. The theoretically proposed mechanism is further supported by scanning tunneling microscopy experiments, in which the key intermediate state containing chemisorbed benzyne groups can be observed. This study provides a comprehensive understanding towards the on-surface intermolecular HF zipping, anticipated to be instructive for its future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Niu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Steering Large Magnetic Exchange Coupling in Nanographenes near the Closed-Shell to Open-Shell Transition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2968-2974. [PMID: 36708335 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The design of open-shell carbon-based nanomaterials is at the vanguard of materials science, steered by their beneficial magnetic properties like weaker spin-orbit coupling than that of transition metal atoms and larger spin delocalization, which are of potential relevance for future spintronics and quantum technologies. A key parameter in magnetic materials is the magnetic exchange coupling (MEC) between unpaired spins, which should be large enough to allow device operation at practical temperatures. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally explore three distinct families of nanographenes (NGs) (A, B, and C) featuring majority zigzag peripheries. Through many-body calculations, we identify a transition from a closed-shell ground state to an open-shell ground state upon an increase of the molecular size. Our predictions indicate that the largest MEC for open-shell NGs occurs in proximity to the transition between closed-shell and open-shell states. Such predictions are corroborated by the on-surface syntheses and structural, electronic, and magnetic characterizations of three NGs (A[3,5], B[4,5], and C[4,3]), which are the smallest open-shell systems in their respective chemical families and are thus located the closest to the transition boundary. Notably, two of the NGs (B[4,5] and C[4,3]) feature record values of MEC (close to 200 meV) measured on the Au(111) surface. Our strategy for maximizing the MEC provides perspectives for designing carbon nanomaterials with robust magnetic ground states.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ratre P, Nazeer N, Kumari R, Thareja S, Jain B, Tiwari R, Kamthan A, Srivastava RK, Mishra PK. Carbon-Based Fluorescent Nano-Biosensors for the Detection of Cell-Free Circulating MicroRNAs. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:226. [PMID: 36831992 PMCID: PMC9953975 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as potential risks for humans due to adopting a sedentary lifestyle and inaccurate diagnoses. The early detection of NCDs using point-of-care technologies significantly decreases the burden and will be poised to transform clinical intervention and healthcare provision. An imbalance in the levels of circulating cell-free microRNAs (ccf-miRNA) has manifested in NCDs, which are passively released into the bloodstream or actively produced from cells, improving the efficacy of disease screening and providing enormous sensing potential. The effective sensing of ccf-miRNA continues to be a significant technical challenge, even though sophisticated equipment is needed to analyze readouts and expression patterns. Nanomaterials have come to light as a potential solution as they provide significant advantages over other widely used diagnostic techniques to measure miRNAs. Particularly, CNDs-based fluorescence nano-biosensors are of great interest. Owing to the excellent fluorescence characteristics of CNDs, developing such sensors for ccf-microRNAs has been much more accessible. Here, we have critically examined recent advancements in fluorescence-based CNDs biosensors, including tools and techniques used for manufacturing these biosensors. Green synthesis methods for scaling up high-quality, fluorescent CNDs from a natural source are discussed. The various surface modifications that help attach biomolecules to CNDs utilizing covalent conjugation techniques for multiple applications, including self-assembly, sensing, and imaging, are analyzed. The current review will be of particular interest to researchers interested in fluorescence-based biosensors, materials chemistry, nanomedicine, and related fields, as we focus on CNDs-based nano-biosensors for ccf-miRNAs detection applications in the medical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ratre
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Nazim Nazeer
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Bulbul Jain
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Arunika Kamthan
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | - Rupesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Calupitan JP, Wang T, Pérez Paz A, Álvarez B, Berdonces-Layunta A, Angulo-Portugal P, Castrillo-Bodero R, Schiller F, Peña D, Corso M, Pérez D, de Oteyza DG. Room-Temperature C-C σ-Bond Activation of Biphenylene Derivatives on Cu(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:947-953. [PMID: 36688740 PMCID: PMC9900639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Activating the strong C-C σ-bond is a central problem in organic synthesis. Directly generating activated C centers by metalation of structures containing strained four-membered rings is one maneuver often employed in multistep syntheses. This usually requires high temperatures and/or precious transition metals. In this paper, we report an unprecedented C-C σ-bond activation at room temperature on Cu(111). By using bond-resolving scanning probe microscopy, we show the breaking of one of the C-C σ-bonds of a biphenylene derivative, followed by insertion of Cu from the substrate. Chemical characterization of the generated species was complemented by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and their reactivity was explained by density functional theory calculations. To gain further insight into this unique reactivity on other coinage metals, the reaction pathway on Ag(111) was also investigated and the results were compared with those on Cu(111). This study offers new synthetic routes that may be employed in the in situ generation of activated species for the on-surface synthesis of novel C-based nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Wang
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez Paz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science (COS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), 15551 Al Ain, UAE
| | - Berta Álvarez
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - Frederik Schiller
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Centro
de Fisica de Materiales CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Nanomaterials
and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-PA 33940 El Entrego, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Z, Tang Y, Guo J, Zhang J, Deng M, Xiao W, Li F, Yao Y, Xie S, Yang K, Zeng Z. Stair-like narrow N-doped nanographene with unusual diradical character at the topological interface. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
13
|
Ivanovskaya V, Zobelli A, Basagni A, Casalini S, Colazzo L, de Boni F, de Oteyza DG, Sambi M, Sedona F. On-Surface Synthesis and Evolution of Self-Assembled Poly( p-phenylene) Chains on Ag(111): A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:393-402. [PMID: 36660099 PMCID: PMC9841565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of controlled 1D carbon-based nanostructures on metal surfaces is a multistep process whose path, activation energies, and intermediate metastable states strongly depend on the employed substrate. Whereas this process has been extensively studied on gold, less work has been dedicated to silver surfaces, which have a rather different catalytic activity. In this work, we present an experimental and theoretical investigation of the growth of poly-p-phenylene (PPP) chains and subsequent narrow graphene ribbons starting from 4,4″-dibromo-p-terphenyl molecular precursors deposited at the silver surface. By combing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging and density functional theory (DFT) simulations, we describe the molecular morphology and organization at different steps of the growth process and we discuss the stability and conversion of the encountered species on the basis of calculated thermodynamic quantities. Unlike the case of gold, at the debromination step we observe the appearance of organometallic molecules and chains, which can be explained by their negative formation energy in the presence of a silver adatom reservoir. At the dehydrogenation temperature, the persistence of intercalated Br atoms hinders the formation of well-structured graphene ribbons, which are instead observed on gold, leading only to a partial lateral coupling of the PPP chains. We numerically derive very different activation energies for Br desorption from the Ag and Au surfaces, thereby confirming the importance of this process in defining the kinetics of the formation of molecular chains and graphene ribbons on different metal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Zobelli
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique
des Solides, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Andrea Basagni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Casalini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano Colazzo
- Center
for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic
Science (IBS), Seoul03760, Republic
of Korea
- Ewha
Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Francesco de Boni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Nanomaterials
and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-PA, 33940El Entrego, Spain
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Sedona
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, 35131Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Scherb S, Hinaut A, Yao X, Götz A, Al-Hilfi SH, Wang XY, Hu Y, Qiu Z, Song Y, Müllen K, Glatzel T, Narita A, Meyer E. Solution-Synthesized Extended Graphene Nanoribbons Deposited by High-Vacuum Electrospray Deposition. ACS NANO 2023; 17:597-605. [PMID: 36542550 PMCID: PMC9835822 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solution-synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) facilitate various interesting structures and functionalities, like nonplanarity and thermolabile functional groups, that are not or not easily accessible by on-surface synthesis. Here, we show the successful high-vacuum electrospray deposition (HVESD) of well-elongated solution-synthesized GNRs on surfaces maintained in ultrahigh vacuum. We compare three distinct GNRs, a twisted nonplanar fjord-edged GNR, a methoxy-functionalized "cove"-type (or also called gulf) GNR, and a longer "cove"-type GNR both equipped with alkyl chains on Au(111). Nc-AFM measurements at room temperature with submolecular imaging combined with Raman spectroscopy allow us to characterize individual GNRs and confirm their chemical integrity. The fjord-GNR and methoxy-GNR are additionally deposited on nonmetallic HOPG and SiO2, and fjord-GNR is deposited on a KBr(001) surface, facilitating the study of GNRs on substrates, as of now not accessible by on-surface synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scherb
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alicia Götz
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Samir H. Al-Hilfi
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yiming Song
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lawrence J, Berdonces-Layunta A, Edalatmanesh S, Castro-Esteban J, Wang T, Jimenez-Martin A, de la Torre B, Castrillo-Bodero R, Angulo-Portugal P, Mohammed MSG, Matěj A, Vilas-Varela M, Schiller F, Corso M, Jelinek P, Peña D, de Oteyza DG. Circumventing the stability problems of graphene nanoribbon zigzag edges. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1451-1458. [PMID: 36163268 PMCID: PMC10665199 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanostructures with zigzag edges exhibit unique properties-such as localized electronic states and spins-with exciting potential applications. Such nanostructures however are generally synthesized under vacuum because their zigzag edges are unstable under ambient conditions: a barrier that must be surmounted to achieve their scalable integration into devices for practical purposes. Here we show two chemical protection/deprotection strategies, demonstrated on labile, air-sensitive chiral graphene nanoribbons. Upon hydrogenation, the chiral graphene nanoribbons survive exposure to air, after which they are easily converted back to their original structure by annealing. We also approach the problem from another angle by synthesizing a form of the chiral graphene nanoribbons that is functionalized with ketone side groups. This oxidized form is chemically stable and can be converted to the pristine hydrocarbon form by hydrogenation and annealing. In both cases, the deprotected chiral graphene nanoribbons regain electronic properties similar to those of the pristine nanoribbons. We believe both approaches may be extended to other graphene nanoribbons and carbon-based nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jimenez-Martin
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno de la Torre
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Frederik Schiller
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, Spain.
- Centro de Física de Materiales (MPC), CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), CSIC-UNIOVI-PA, El Entrego, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yin J, Jacobse PH, Pyle D, Wang Z, Crommie MF, Dong G. Programmable Fabrication of Monodisperse Graphene Nanoribbons via Deterministic Iterative Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16012-16019. [PMID: 36017775 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
While enormous progress has been achieved in synthesizing atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), the preparation of GNRs with a fully predetermined length and monomer sequence remains an unmet challenge. Here, we report a fabrication method that provides access to structurally diverse and monodisperse "designer" GNRs through utilization of an iterative synthesis strategy, in which a single monomer is incorporated into an oligomer chain during each chemical cycle. Surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation is subsequently employed to generate the final nanoribbons, and bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy is utilized to characterize them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangliang Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Houtsma RSK, Enache M, Havenith RWA, Stöhr M. Length-dependent symmetry in narrow chevron-like graphene nanoribbons. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3531-3536. [PMID: 36134350 PMCID: PMC9400478 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00297c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the structural and electronic properties of narrow chevron-like graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), which depending on their length are either mirror or inversion symmetric. Additionally, GNRs of different length can form molecular heterojunctions based on an unusual binding motif.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mihaela Enache
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 (S3) B-9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gu Y, Qiu Z, Müllen K. Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons as Multitalents of Present and Future Materials Science. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11499-11524. [PMID: 35671225 PMCID: PMC9264366 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As cut-outs from a graphene sheet, nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are ideal cases with which to connect the world of molecules with that of bulk carbon materials. While various top-down approaches have been developed to produce such nanostructures in high yields, in the present perspective, precision structural control is emphasized for the length, width, and edge structures of NGs and GNRs achieved by modern solution and on-surface syntheses. Their structural possibilities have been further extended from "flatland" to the three-dimensional world, where chirality and handedness are the jewels in the crown. In addition to properties exhibited at the molecular level, self-assembly and thin-film structures cannot be neglected, which emphasizes the importance of processing techniques. With the rich toolkit of chemistry in hand, NGs and GNRs can be endowed with versatile properties and functions ranging from stimulated emission to spintronics and from bioimaging to energy storage, thus demonstrating their multitalents in present and future materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Gu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Shenzhen
Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and
Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu Z, Fu S, Liu X, Narita A, Samorì P, Bonn M, Wang HI. Small Size, Big Impact: Recent Progress in Bottom-Up Synthesized Nanographenes for Optoelectronic and Energy Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106055. [PMID: 35218329 PMCID: PMC9259728 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesized graphene nanostructures, including 0D graphene quantum dots and 1D graphene nanoribbons, have recently emerged as promising candidates for efficient, green optoelectronic, and energy storage applications. The versatility in their molecular structures offers a large and novel library of nanographenes with excellent and adjustable optical, electronic, and catalytic properties. In this minireview, recent progress on the fundamental understanding of the properties of different graphene nanostructures, and their state-of-the-art applications in optoelectronics and energy storage are summarized. The properties of pristine nanographenes, including high emissivity and intriguing blinking effect in graphene quantum dots, superior charge transport properties in graphene nanoribbons, and edge-specific electrochemistry in various graphene nanostructures, are highlighted. Furthermore, it is shown that emerging nanographene-2D material-based van der Waals heterostructures provide an exciting opportunity for efficient green optoelectronics with tunable characteristics. Finally, challenges and opportunities of the field are highlighted by offering guidelines for future combined efforts in the synthesis, assembly, spectroscopic, and electrical studies as well as (nano)fabrication to boost the progress toward advanced device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- University of StrasbourgCNRSISIS UMR 70068 allée Gaspard MongeStrasbourg67000France
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University1919‐1 Tancha, Onna‐sonKunigamiOkinawa904‐0495Japan
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of StrasbourgCNRSISIS UMR 70068 allée Gaspard MongeStrasbourg67000France
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen X, Fan K, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu X, Feng W, Wang X. Recent Advances in Fluorinated Graphene from Synthesis to Applications: Critical Review on Functional Chemistry and Structure Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101665. [PMID: 34658081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated graphene (FG), as an emerging member of the graphene derivatives family, has attracted wide attention on account of its excellent performances and underlying applications. The introduction of a fluorine atom, with the strongest electronegativity (3.98), greatly changes the electron distribution of graphene, resulting in a series of unique variations in optical, electronic, magnetic, interfacial properties and so on. Herein, recent advances in the study of FG from synthesis to applications are introduced, and the relationship between its structure and properties is summarized in detail. Especially, the functional chemistry of FG has been thoroughly analyzed in recent years, which has opened a universal route for the functionalization and even multifunctionalization of FG toward various graphene derivatives, which further broadens its applications. Moreover, from a particular angle, the structure engineering of FG such as the distribution pattern of fluorine atoms and the regulation of interlayer structure when advanced nanotechnology gets involved is summarized. Notably, the elaborated structure engineering of FG is the key factor to optimize the corresponding properties for potential applications, and is also an up-to-date research hotspot and future development direction. Finally, perspectives and prospects for the problems and challenges in the study of FG are put forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berdonces-Layunta A, Schulz F, Aguilar-Galindo F, Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Muntwiler M, Lobo-Checa J, Liljeroth P, de Oteyza DG. Order from a Mess: The Growth of 5-Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16552-16561. [PMID: 34633170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of on-surface chemistry under vacuum has vastly increased our capabilities to synthesize carbon nanomaterials with atomic precision. Among the types of target structures that have been synthesized by these means, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have probably attracted the most attention. In this context, the vast majority of GNRs have been synthesized from the same chemical reaction: Ullmann coupling followed by cyclodehydrogenation. Here, we provide a detailed study of the growth process of five-atom-wide armchair GNRs starting from dibromoperylene. Combining scanning probe microscopy with temperature-dependent XPS measurements and theoretical calculations, we show that the GNR growth departs from the conventional reaction scenario. Instead, precursor molecules couple by means of a concerted mechanism whereby two covalent bonds are formed simultaneously, along with a concomitant dehydrogenation. Indeed, this alternative reaction path is responsible for the straight GNR growth in spite of the initial mixture of reactant isomers with irregular metal-organic intermediates that we find. The provided insight will not only help understanding the reaction mechanisms of other reactants but also serve as a guide for the design of other precursor molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabian Schulz
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen S, Cai Z, Ou Z, Wang Z, Guo D, Zhong D. Direct aryl-aryl coupling of pentacene on Au(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22155-22159. [PMID: 34580696 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective C-H bond activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is challenging due to the relatively high bond dissociation energy and the existence of multiple equivalent C-H sites. Herein, we report a scanning tunneling microscopy study on the covalent coupling of pentacene molecules on Au(110) surfaces. The missing-row reconstruction of Au(110) surfaces strengthens the molecule-substrate interactions. At elevated temperatures (470-520 K), pentacenes undergo direct aryl-aryl coupling via C-H bond activation. Due to the anisotropic feature of the reconstructed Au(110) surface, pentacenes are preferentially oriented parallel or perpendicular, making the linear and T-shaped dimers the predominant products. Based on density functional theory calculations, the aryl C-H bond activation barrier is reduced to 1.42 eV on Au(110)-(1 × 3) reconstructed surfaces, at which the extra row of gold atoms located in the (1 × 3) reconstructed grooves plays a key role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenwei Chen
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeying Cai
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.,Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, 523803 Dongguan, China
| | - Zengfu Ou
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Guo
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dingyong Zhong
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luo S, Chen X, He Y, Gu Y, Zhu C, Yang GH, Qu LL. Recent advances in graphene nanoribbons for biosensing and biomedicine. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6129-6143. [PMID: 34291262 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a new type of quasi-one-dimensional graphene-based material, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), has attracted increasing attention. The limited domain width and rich edge configurations of GNRs endow them with unique properties and wide applications in comparison to two-dimensional graphene. This review article mainly focuses on the electrical, chemical and other properties of GNRs, and further introduces the typical preparation methods of GNRs, including top-down and bottom-up strategies. Then, their biosensing and biomedical applications are highlighted in detail, such as biosensors, photothermal therapy, drug delivery, etc. Finally, the challenges and future prospects in the synthesis and application of functionalized GNRs are discussed. It is expected that GNRs will have significant practical use in biomedical applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Teeter JD, Costa PS, Dobner C, Sarker M, Sinitskii A, Enders A. Structure Formation and Coupling Reactions of Hexaphenylbenzene and Its Brominated Analog. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1769-1773. [PMID: 33905148 PMCID: PMC8456788 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The on‐surface coupling of the prototypical precursor molecule for graphene nanoribbon synthesis, 6,11‐dibromo‐1,2,3,4‐tetraphenyltriphenylene (C42Br2H26, TPTP), and its non‐brominated analog hexaphenylbenzene (C42H30, HPB), was investigated on coinage metal substrates as a function of thermal treatment. For HPB, which forms non‐covalent 2D monolayers at room temperature, a thermally induced transition of the monolayer's structure could be achieved by moderate annealing, which is likely driven by π‐bond formation. It is found that the dibrominated carbon positions of TPTP do not guide the coupling if the growth occurs on a substrate at temperatures that are sufficient to initiate C−H bond activation. Instead, similar one‐dimensional molecular structures are obtained for both types of precursors, HPB and TPTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Teeter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 639N 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Paulo S Costa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 855N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Christoph Dobner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth
| | - Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 639N 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 639N 12th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Axel Enders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 855N 16th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Houtsma RSK, de la Rie J, Stöhr M. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons: interplay of structural and electronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6541-6568. [PMID: 34100034 PMCID: PMC8185524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for future applications in nanoelectronic devices, as they may combine the excellent electronic properties of graphene with the opening of an electronic band gap - not present in graphene but required for transistor applications. With a two-step on-surface synthesis process, graphene nanoribbons can be fabricated with atomic precision, allowing precise control over width and edge structure. Meanwhile, a decade of research has resulted in a plethora of graphene nanoribbons having various structural and electronic properties. This article reviews not only the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons but also how their electronic properties are ultimately linked to their structure. Current knowledge and considerations with respect to precursor design, which eventually determines the final (electronic) structure, are summarized. Special attention is dedicated to the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, also in dependence on their width and edge structure. It is exactly this possibility of precisely changing their properties by fine-tuning the precursor design - offering tunability over a wide range - which has generated this vast research interest, also in view of future applications. Thus, selected device prototypes are presented as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris de la Rie
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang X, Zhao X, Liu T, Yang F. Precise Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and
One‐Dimensional
Hybrids from Templates
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li L, Mahapatra S, Liu D, Lu Z, Jiang N. On-Surface Synthesis and Molecular Engineering of Carbon-Based Nanoarchitectures. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3578-3585. [PMID: 33606498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis via covalent coupling of adsorbed precursor molecules on metal surfaces has emerged as a promising strategy for the design and fabrication of novel organic nanoarchitectures with unique properties and potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, catalysis, etc. Surface-chemistry-driven molecular engineering (i.e., bond cleavage, linkage, and rearrangement) by means of thermal activation, light irradiation, and tip manipulation plays critical roles in various on-surface synthetic processes, as exemplified by the work from the Ernst group in a prior issue of ACS Nano. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in and discuss the outlook for on-surface syntheses and molecular engineering of carbon-based nanoarchitectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Dairong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhongyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sinitsa AS, Lebedeva IV, Polynskaya YG, de Oteyza DG, Ratkevich SV, Knizhnik AA, Popov AM, Poklonski NA, Lozovik YE. Transformation of a graphene nanoribbon into a hybrid 1D nanoobject with alternating double chains and polycyclic regions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:425-441. [PMID: 33319886 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04090h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations show that a graphene nanoribbon with alternating regions which are one and three hexagons wide can transform into a hybrid 1D nanoobject with alternating double chains and polycyclic regions under electron irradiation in HRTEM. A scheme of synthesis of such a nanoribbon using Ullmann coupling and dehydrogenation reactions is proposed. The reactive REBO-1990EVC potential is adapted for simulations of carbon-hydrogen systems and is used in combination with the CompuTEM algorithm for modeling of electron irradiation effects. The atomistic mechanism of formation of the new hybrid 1D nanoobject is found to be the following. Firstly hydrogen is removed by electron impacts. Then spontaneous breaking of bonds between carbon atoms leads to the decomposition of narrow regions of the graphene nanoribbon into double chains. Simultaneously, thermally activated growth of polycyclic regions occurs. Density functional theory calculations give barriers along the growth path of polycyclic regions consistent with this mechanism. The electronic properties of the new 1D nanoobject are shown to be strongly affected by the edge magnetism and make this nanostructure promising for nanoelectronic and spintronic applications. The synthesis of the 1D nanoobject proposed here can be considered as an example of the general three-stage strategy of production of nanoobjects and macromolecules: (1) precursors are synthesized using a traditional chemical method, (2) precursors are placed in HRTEM with the electron energy that is sufficient only to remove hydrogen atoms, and (3) as a result of hydrogen removal, the precursors become unstable or metastable and transform into new nanoobjects or macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Sinitsa
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Square 1, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jin L, Bilbao N, Lv Y, Wang XY, Soltani P, Mali KS, Narita A, De Feyter S, Müllen K, Chen Z. 2D self-assembly and electronic characterization of oxygen-boron-oxygen-doped chiral graphene nanoribbons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6031-6034. [PMID: 34032226 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01901e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), quasi-one-dimensional strips of graphene, exhibit a nonzero bandgap due to quantum confinement and edge effects. In the past decade, different types of GNRs with atomically precise structures have been synthesized by a bottom-up approach and have attracted attention as a novel class of semiconducting materials for applications in electronics and optoelectronics. We report the large-scale, inexpensive growth of high-quality oxygen-boron-oxygen-doped chiral GNRs with a defined structure using chemical vapor deposition. For the first time, a regular 2D self-assembly of such GNRs has been demonstrated, which results in a unique orthogonal network of GNRs. Stable and large-area GNR films with an optical bandgap of ∼1.9 eV were successfully transferred onto insulating substrates. This ordered network structure of semiconducting GNRs holds promise for controlled device integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Nerea Bilbao
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Yang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Paniz Soltani
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. and Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz D-55128, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Keerthi A, Sánchez‐Sánchez C, Deniz O, Ruffieux P, Schollmeyer D, Feng X, Narita A, Fasel R, Müllen K. On-surface Synthesis of a Chiral Graphene Nanoribbon with Mixed Edge Structure. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3807-3811. [PMID: 32955160 PMCID: PMC7756733 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chiral graphene nanoribbons represent an important class of graphene nanomaterials with varying combinations of armchair and zigzag edges conferring them unique structure-dependent electronic properties. Here, we describe the on-surface synthesis of an unprecedented cove-edge chiral GNR with a benzo-fused backbone on a Au(111) surface using 2,6-dibromo-1,5-diphenylnaphthalene as precursor. The initial precursor self-assembly and the formation of the chiral GNRs upon annealing are revealed, along with a relatively small electronic bandgap of approximately 1.6 eV, by scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Keerthi
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford roadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Carlos Sánchez‐Sánchez
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology8600DübendorfSwitzerland
- ESISNA Group, Materials Science FactoryInstitute of Materials Science of Madrid (ICMM–CSIC)Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 328049MadridSpain
| | - Okan Deniz
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Roman Fasel
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology8600DübendorfSwitzerland
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Bern3012BernSwitzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University55099MainzGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shiotari A, Hamada I, Nakae T, Mori S, Okujima T, Uno H, Sakaguchi H, Hamamoto Y, Morikawa Y, Sugimoto Y. Manipulable Metal Catalyst for Nanographene Synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8339-8345. [PMID: 33090808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Performing bottom-up synthesis by using molecules adsorbed on a surface is an effective method to yield functional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nanocarbon materials. The intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of hydrocarbons is a critical process in this synthesis; however, thus far, its elementary steps have not been elucidated thoroughly. In this study, we utilize the metal tip of a low-temperature noncontact atomic force microscope as a manipulable metal surface to locally activate dehydrogenation for PAH-forming cyclodehydrogenation. This method leads to the dissociation of a H atom of an intermediate to yield the cyclodehydrogenated product in a target-selective and reproducible manner. We demonstrate the metal-tip-catalyzed dehydrogenation for both benzenoid and nonbenzonoid PAHs, suggesting its universal applicability as a catalyst for nanographene synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakae
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, 611-0011 Uji, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 790-8577 Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Hamamoto
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
- Research Center for Ultra-Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen Z, Narita A, Müllen K. Graphene Nanoribbons: On-Surface Synthesis and Integration into Electronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001893. [PMID: 32945038 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are quasi-1D graphene strips, which have attracted attention as a novel class of semiconducting materials for various applications in electronics and optoelectronics. GNRs exhibit unique electronic and optical properties, which sensitively depend on their chemical structures, especially the width and edge configuration. Therefore, precision synthesis of GNRs with chemically defined structures is crucial for their fundamental studies as well as device applications. In contrast to top-down methods, bottom-up chemical synthesis using tailor-made molecular precursors can achieve atomically precise GNRs. Here, the synthesis of GNRs on metal surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) conditions is the main focus, and the recent progress in the field is summarized. The UHV method leads to successful unambiguous visualization of atomically precise structures of various GNRs with different edge configurations. The CVD protocol, in contrast, achieves simpler and industry-viable fabrication of GNRs, allowing for the scale up and efficient integration of the as-grown GNRs into devices. The recent updates in device studies are also addressed using GNRs synthesized by both the UHV method and CVD, mainly for transistor applications. Furthermore, views on the next steps and challenges in the field of on-surface synthesized GNRs are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, D-50939, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li YL, Zee CT, Lin JB, Basile VM, Muni M, Flores MD, Munárriz J, Kaner RB, Alexandrova AN, Houk KN, Tolbert SH, Rubin Y. Fjord-Edge Graphene Nanoribbons with Site-Specific Nitrogen Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18093-18102. [PMID: 32894950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) that contain site-specifically substituted backbone heteroatoms is one of the essential goals that must be achieved in order to control the electronic properties of these next generation organic materials. We have exploited our recently reported solid-state topochemical polymerization/cyclization-aromatization strategy to convert the simple 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)butadiynes 3a,b into the fjord-edge nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbon structures 1a,b (fjord-edge N2[8]GNRs). Structural assignments are confirmed by CP/MAS 13C NMR, Raman, and XPS spectroscopy. The fjord-edge N2[8]GNRs 1a,b are promising precursors for the novel backbone nitrogen-substituted N2[8]AGNRs 2a,b. Geometry and band calculations on N2[8]AGNR 2c indicate that this class of nanoribbons should have unusual bonding topology and metallicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda L Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Chih-Te Zee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Janice B Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Victoria M Basile
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Mit Muni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Maria D Flores
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Julen Munárriz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Yves Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu Z, Chen Z, Wang C, Wang HI, Wuttke M, Wang XY, Bonn M, Chi L, Narita A, Müllen K. Bottom-Up, On-Surface-Synthesized Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons for Ultra-High-Power Micro-Supercapacitors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17881-17886. [PMID: 33021787 PMCID: PMC7582623 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up-synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with excellent electronic properties are promising materials for energy storage systems. Herein, we report bottom-up-synthesized GNR films employed as electrode materials for micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). The micro-device delivers an excellent volumetric capacitance and an ultra-high power density. The electrochemical performance of MSCs could be correlated with the charge carrier mobility within the differently employed GNRs, as determined by pump-probe terahertz spectroscopy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Can Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Wuttke
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu Z, Qiu H, Wang C, Chen Z, Zyska B, Narita A, Ciesielski A, Hecht S, Chi L, Müllen K, Samorì P. Photomodulation of Charge Transport in All-Semiconducting 2D-1D van der Waals Heterostructures with Suppressed Persistent Photoconductivity Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001268. [PMID: 32378243 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals heterostructures (VDWHs), obtained via the controlled assembly of 2D atomically thin crystals, exhibit unique physicochemical properties, rendering them prototypical building blocks to explore new physics and for applications in optoelectronics. As the emerging alternatives to graphene, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides and bottom-up synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are promising candidates for overcoming the shortcomings of graphene, such as the absence of a bandgap in its electronic structure, which is essential in optoelectronics. Herein, VDWHs comprising GNRs onto monolayer MoS2 are fabricated. Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on such VDWHs show an efficient suppression of the persistent photoconductivity typical of MoS2 , resulting from the interfacial charge transfer process. The MoS2 -GNR FETs exhibit drastically reduced hysteresis and more stable behavior in the transfer characteristics, which is a prerequisite for the further photomodulation of charge transport behavior within the MoS2 -GNR VDWHs. The physisorption of photochromic molecules onto the MoS2 -GNR VDWHs enables reversible light-driven control over charge transport. In particular, the drain current of the MoS2 -GNR FET can be photomodulated by 52%, without displaying significant fatigue over at least 10 cycles. Moreover, four distinguishable output current levels can be achieved, demonstrating the great potential of MoS2 -GNR VDWHs for multilevel memory devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Haixin Qiu
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Can Wang
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Zongping Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Björn Zyska
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 12489, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, 52056, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kolmer M, Steiner AK, Izydorczyk I, Ko W, Engelund M, Szymonski M, Li AP, Amsharov K. Rational synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons directly on metal oxide surfaces. Science 2020; 369:571-575. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) attract great interest because of their highly tunable electronic, optical, and transport properties. However, on-surface synthesis of GNRs is typically based on metal surface–assisted chemical reactions, where metallic substrates strongly screen their designer electronic properties and limit further applications. Here, we present an on-surface synthesis approach to forming atomically precise GNRs directly on semiconducting metal oxide surfaces. The thermally triggered multistep transformations preprogrammed in our precursors’ design rely on highly selective and sequential activations of carbon-bromine (C-Br) and carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds and cyclodehydrogenation. The formation of planar armchair GNRs terminated by well-defined zigzag ends is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, which also reveal weak interaction between GNRs and the rutile titanium dioxide substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kolmer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ann-Kristin Steiner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irena Izydorczyk
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wonhee Ko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem S.A.R.L. (espeem.com), 9 rue de Haut-Fournaux, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|