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Sadri M, Heidari S, Faridzadeh A, Roozbehani M, Toosi S, Mahmoudian RA, Hoseinzadeh A, Salmani Fard MT, Arab FL, Fard SR, Faraji F. Potential applications of macrophages in cancer immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 178:117161. [PMID: 39047419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has improved cancer treatment based on investigations of tumor immune escape. Manipulation of the immune system stimulates antitumor immune responses and blocks tumor immune escape routes. Genetically adoptive cell therapy, such as T cells, has yielded promising results for hematologic malignancies, but their application to solid tumors has been challenging. Macrophages have a wide broad of capabilities in regulating immune responses, homeostasis, and tissue development, as well as the ability to phagocyte, present antigens, and infiltrate the tumor microenvironment (TME). Given the importance of macrophages in cancer development, they could serve as novel tool for tumor treatment. Therefore, macrophages are used in different formats for direct and indirect targeting of tumor cells. This review summarized the available data on the various applications of macrophages in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sadri
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sahel Heidari
- Department of Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arezoo Faridzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 1313199137, Iran.
| | - Mona Roozbehani
- Vaccine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Toosi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad 1313199137, Iran.
| | | | - Akram Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513119111, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taha Salmani Fard
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Faculty of Sciences, Enqelab Square, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 1313199137, Iran.
| | - Soheil Rahmani Fard
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infection Diseases Iran University of Medical Sciences, Floor 3, Building no. 3, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Niyayesh St, Sattar Khan St, P.O. Box: 1445613131, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infection Diseases Iran University of Medical Sciences, Floor 3, Building no. 3, Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Niyayesh St, Sattar Khan St, P.O. Box: 1445613131, Tehran, Iran.
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Hu Y, Tzeng SY, Cheng L, Lin J, Villabona-Rueda A, Yu S, Li S, Schneiderman Z, Zhu Y, Ma J, Wilson DR, Shannon SR, Warren T, Rui Y, Qiu C, Kavanagh EW, Luly KM, Zhang Y, Korinetz N, D’Alessio FR, Wang TH, Kokkoli E, Reddy SK, Luijten E, Green JJ, Mao HQ. Supramolecular assembly of polycation/mRNA nanoparticles and in vivo monocyte programming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400194121. [PMID: 39172792 PMCID: PMC11363337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400194121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Size-dependent phagocytosis is a well-characterized phenomenon in monocytes and macrophages. However, this size effect for preferential gene delivery to these important cell targets has not been fully exploited because commonly adopted stabilization methods for electrostatically complexed nucleic acid nanoparticles, such as PEGylation and charge repulsion, typically arrest the vehicle size below 200 nm. Here, we bridge the technical gap in scalable synthesis of larger submicron gene delivery vehicles by electrostatic self-assembly of charged nanoparticles, facilitated by a polymer structurally designed to modulate internanoparticle Coulombic and van der Waals forces. Specifically, our strategy permits controlled assembly of small poly(β-amino ester)/messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) nanoparticles into particles with a size that is kinetically tunable between 200 and 1,000 nm with high colloidal stability in physiological media. We found that assembled particles with an average size of 400 nm safely and most efficiently transfect monocytes following intravenous administration and mediate their differentiation into macrophages in the periphery. When a CpG adjuvant is co-loaded into the particles with an antigen mRNA, the monocytes differentiate into inflammatory dendritic cells and prime adaptive anticancer immunity in the tumor-draining lymph node. This platform technology offers a unique ligand-independent, particle-size-mediated strategy for preferential mRNA delivery and enables therapeutic paradigms via monocyte programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizong Hu
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Stephany Y. Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Leonardo Cheng
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Jinghan Lin
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Andres Villabona-Rueda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Shuai Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Sixuan Li
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Zachary Schneiderman
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Yining Zhu
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Jingyao Ma
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - David R. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Sydney R. Shannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Tiarra Warren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Yuan Rui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Chenhu Qiu
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Erin W. Kavanagh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Kathryn M. Luly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Nicole Korinetz
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Franco R. D’Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Efrosini Kokkoli
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Sashank K. Reddy
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Erik Luijten
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21231
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
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Lu J, Ma Y, Li Q, Xu Y, Xue Y, Xu S. CAR Macrophages: a promising novel immunotherapy for solid tumors and beyond. Biomark Res 2024; 12:86. [PMID: 39175095 PMCID: PMC11342599 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of adoptive cellular therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has gained widespread application in cancer treatment and has demonstrated significant efficacy against certain hematologic malignancies. However, due to the limitations of CAR-T cell therapy in treating solid tumors, other immune cells are being modified with CAR to address this issue. Macrophages have emerged as a promising option, owing to their extensive immune functions, which include antigen presentation, powerful tumor phagocytosis, and particularly active trafficking to the tumor microenvironment. Leveraging their unique advantages, CAR-macrophages (CAR-M) are expected to enhance the effectiveness of solid tumor treatments as a novel form of immunotherapy, potentially overcoming major challenges associated with CAR-T/NK therapy. This review outlines the primary mechanism underlying CAR-M and recent progressions in CAR-M therapy, while also discussing their further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Lu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiuxin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yihuan Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yiquan Xue
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Siebart JC, Chan CS, Yao X, Su FY, Kwong GA. In vivo gene delivery to immune cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 88:103169. [PMID: 38972172 PMCID: PMC11316639 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Immune cell therapies are an emerging class of living drugs that rely on the delivery of therapeutic transgenes to enhance, modulate, or restore cell function, such as those that encode for tumor-targeting receptors or replacement proteins. However, many cellular immunotherapies are autologous treatments that are limited by high manufacturing costs, typical vein-to-vein time of 3-4 weeks, and severe immune-related adverse effects. To address these issues, different classes of gene delivery vehicles are being developed to target specific immune cell subsets in vivo to address the limitations of ex vivo manufacturing, modulate therapeutic responses in situ, and reduce on- and off-target toxicity. The success of in vivo gene delivery to immune cells - which is being tested at the preclinical and clinical stages of development for the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity - is paramount for the democratization of cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamison C Siebart
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ching S Chan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Xinyi Yao
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Fang-Yi Su
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gabriel A Kwong
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Integrated Cancer Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Georgia ImmunoEngineering Consortium, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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5
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Wei F, Liu H, Wang Y, Li Y, Han S. Engineering macrophages and their derivatives: A new hope for antitumor therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116925. [PMID: 38878637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central to the immune system and are found in nearly all tissues. Recently, the development of therapies based on macrophages has attracted significant interest. These therapies utilize macrophages' key roles in immunity, their ability to navigate biological barriers, and their tendency to accumulate in tumors. This review explores the advancement of macrophage-based treatments. We discuss the bioengineering of macrophages for improved anti-tumor effects, the use of CAR macrophage therapy for targeting cancer cells, and macrophages as vehicles for therapeutic delivery. Additionally, we examine engineered macrophage products, like extracellular vesicles and membrane-coated nanoparticles, for their potential in precise and less toxic tumor therapy. Challenges in moving these therapies from research to clinical practice are also highlighted. The aim is to succinctly summarize the current status, challenges, and future directions of engineered macrophages in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Department of General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Anesthesia Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China.
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110032, China.
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Tsiverioti CA, Gottschlich A, Trefny M, Theurich S, Anders HJ, Kroiss M, Kobold S. Beyond CAR T cells: exploring alternative cell sources for CAR-like cellular therapies. Biol Chem 2024; 405:485-515. [PMID: 38766710 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has led to remarkable clinical outcomes in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, challenges remain, such as limited infiltration into solid tumors, inadequate persistence, systemic toxicities, and manufacturing insufficiencies. The use of alternative cell sources for CAR-based therapies, such as natural killer cells (NK), macrophages (MΦ), invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells, γδT cells, neutrophils, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), has emerged as a promising avenue. By harnessing these cells' inherent cytotoxic mechanisms and incorporating CAR technology, common CAR-T cell-related limitations can be effectively mitigated. We herein present an overview of the tumoricidal mechanisms, CAR designs, and manufacturing processes of CAR-NK cells, CAR-MΦ, CAR-iNKT cells, CAR-γδT cells, CAR-neutrophils, and iPSC-derived CAR-cells, outlining the advantages, limitations, and potential solutions of these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninstr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Trefny
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninstr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
- 74939 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, A Partnership Between DKFZ and University Hospital of the LMU , Marchioninstr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Cancer and Immunometabolism Research Group, 74939 Gene Center LMU , Feodor-Lynen Str. 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 5, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 5, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str, 9780 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 9780 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
- 74939 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, A Partnership Between DKFZ and University Hospital of the LMU , Marchioninstr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Malik S, Sureka N, Ahuja S, Aden D, Zaheer S, Zaheer S. Tumor-associated macrophages: A sentinel of innate immune system in tumor microenvironment gone haywire. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 39054741 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical determinant in the initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes of various cancers. Comprising of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), immune cells, blood vessels, and signaling molecules, the TME is often likened to the soil supporting the seed (tumor). Among its constituents, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role, exhibiting a dual nature as both promoters and inhibitors of tumor growth. This review explores the intricate relationship between TAMs and the TME, emphasizing their diverse functions, from phagocytosis and tissue repair to modulating immune responses. The plasticity of TAMs is highlighted, showcasing their ability to adopt either protumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes based on environmental cues. In the context of cancer, TAMs' pro-tumorigenic activities include promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting immune responses, and fostering metastasis. The manuscript delves into therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs, emphasizing the challenges faced in depleting or inhibiting TAMs due to their multifaceted roles. The focus shifts towards reprogramming TAMs to an anti-tumorigenic M1-like phenotype, exploring interventions such as interferons, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and small molecule modulators. Noteworthy advancements include the use of CSF1R inhibitors, CD40 agonists, and CD47 blockade, demonstrating promising results in preclinical and clinical settings. A significant section is dedicated to Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) technology in macrophages (CAR-M cells). While CAR-T cells have shown success in hematological malignancies, their efficacy in solid tumors has been limited. CAR-M cells, engineered to infiltrate solid tumors, are presented as a potential breakthrough, with a focus on their development, challenges, and promising outcomes. The manuscript concludes with the exploration of third-generation CAR-M technology, offering insight into in-vivo reprogramming and nonviral vector approaches. In conclusion, understanding the complex and dynamic role of TAMs in cancer is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. While early-stage TAM-targeted therapies show promise, further extensive research and larger clinical trials are warranted to optimize their targeting and improve overall cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaivy Malik
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Niti Sureka
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Durre Aden
- Department of Pathology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Samreen Zaheer
- Department of Radiotherapy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Nguyen NTT, Müller R, Briukhovetska D, Weber J, Feucht J, Künkele A, Hudecek M, Kobold S. The Spectrum of CAR Cellular Effectors: Modes of Action in Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2608. [PMID: 39061247 PMCID: PMC11274444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T cells have spearheaded the field of adoptive cell therapy and have shown remarkable results in treating hematological neoplasia. Because of the different biology of solid tumors compared to hematological tumors, response rates of CAR-T cells could not be transferred to solid entities yet. CAR engineering has added co-stimulatory domains, transgenic cytokines and switch receptors to improve performance and persistence in a hostile tumor microenvironment, but because of the inherent cell type limitations of CAR-T cells, including HLA incompatibility, toxicities (cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity) and high costs due to the logistically challenging preparation process for autologous cells, the use of alternative immune cells is gaining traction. NK cells and γδ T cells that do not need HLA compatibility or macrophages and dendritic cells with additional properties such as phagocytosis or antigen presentation are increasingly seen as cellular vehicles with potential for application. As these cells possess distinct properties, clinicians and researchers need a thorough understanding of their peculiarities and commonalities. This review will compare these different cell types and their specific modes of action seen upon CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thien Thu Nguyen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a Partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Rasmus Müller
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Daria Briukhovetska
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Justus Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Chair in Cellular Immunotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.W.); (M.H.)
| | - Judith Feucht
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Department of Medicine II, Chair in Cellular Immunotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.W.); (M.H.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Cellular Immunotherapy Branch Site Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a Partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Shen J, Lyu S, Xu Y, Zhang S, Li L, Li J, Mou J, Xie L, Tang K, Wen W, Peng X, Yang Y, Shi Y, Li X, Wang M, Li X, Wang J, Cheng T. Activating innate immune responses repolarizes hPSC-derived CAR macrophages to improve anti-tumor activity. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:1003-1019.e9. [PMID: 38723634 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Generation of chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers new prospects for cancer immunotherapy but is currently challenged by low differentiation efficiency and limited function. Here, we develop a highly efficient monolayer-based system that can produce around 6,000 macrophages from a single hPSC within 3 weeks. Based on CAR structure screening, we generate hPSC-CAR-Ms with stable CAR expression and potent tumoricidal activity in vitro. To overcome the loss of tumoricidal activity of hPSC-CAR-Ms in vivo, we use interferon-γ and monophosphoryl lipid A to activate an innate immune response that repolarizes the hPSC-CAR-Ms to tumoricidal macrophages. Moreover, through combined activation of T cells by hPSC-CAR-Ms, we demonstrate that activating a collaborative innate-adaptive immune response can further enhance the anti-tumor effect of hPSC-CAR-Ms in vivo. Collectively, our study provides feasible methodologies that significantly improve the production and function of hPSC-CAR-Ms to support their translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Shuzhen Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yingxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Junli Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Leling Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Kejing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xuemei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinjie Li
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China; Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China; Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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10
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Shin HE, Han JH, Shin S, Bae GH, Son B, Kim TH, Park HH, Park CG, Park W. M1-polarized macrophage-derived cellular nanovesicle-coated lipid nanoparticles for enhanced cancer treatment through hybridization of gene therapy and cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:3169-3183. [PMID: 39027257 PMCID: PMC11252390 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimum genetic delivery for modulating target genes to diseased tissue is a major obstacle for profitable gene therapy. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), considered a prospective vehicle for nucleic acid delivery, have demonstrated efficacy in human use during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study introduces a novel biomaterial-based platform, M1-polarized macrophage-derived cellular nanovesicle-coated LNPs (M1-C-LNPs), specifically engineered for a combined gene-immunotherapy approach against solid tumor. The dual-function system of M1-C-LNPs encapsulates Bcl2-targeting siRNA within LNPs and immune-modulating cytokines within M1 macrophage-derived cellular nanovesicles (M1-NVs), effectively facilitating apoptosis in cancer cells without impacting T and NK cells, which activate the intratumoral immune response to promote granule-mediating killing for solid tumor eradication. Enhanced retention within tumor was observed upon intratumoral administration of M1-C-LNPs, owing to the presence of adhesion molecules on M1-NVs, thereby contributing to superior tumor growth inhibition. These findings represent a promising strategy for the development of targeted and effective nanoparticle-based cancer genetic-immunotherapy, with significant implications for advancing biomaterial use in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeok Han
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- Deparment of Inteligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyong Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hyun Bae
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of MetaBioHealth, SKKU Institute for Convergence, SKKU, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Son
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ho Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Deparment of Inteligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of MetaBioHealth, SKKU Institute for Convergence, SKKU, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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11
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Li MY, Ye W, Luo KW. Immunotherapies Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:865. [PMID: 39065562 PMCID: PMC11280177 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most plentiful immune compositions in the tumor microenvironment, which are further divided into anti-tumor M1 subtype and pro-tumor M2 subtype. Recent findings found that TAMs play a vital function in the regulation and progression of tumorigenesis. Moreover, TAMs promote tumor vascularization, and support the survival of tumor cells, causing an impact on tumor growth and patient prognosis. Numerous studies show that reducing the density of TAMs, or modulating the polarization of TAMs, can inhibit tumor growth, indicating that TAMs are a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Recently, clinical trials have found that treatments targeting TAMs have achieved encouraging results, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a number of drugs for use in cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the origin, polarization, and function of TAMs, and emphasize the therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs in cancer treatment in clinical studies and scientific research, which demonstrate a broad prospect of TAMs-targeted therapies in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ye Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-Y.L.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wei Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-Y.L.); (W.Y.)
| | - Ke-Wang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-Y.L.); (W.Y.)
- People’s Hospital of Longhua, The affiliated hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518109, China
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12
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Greiner D, Xue Q, Waddell TQ, Kurudza E, Belote RL, Dotti G, Judson-Torres RL, Reeves MQ, Cheshier SH, Roh-Johnson M. CSPG4-targeting CAR-macrophages inhibit melanoma growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597413. [PMID: 38895447 PMCID: PMC11185669 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies but has been clinically less effective in solid tumors. Engineering macrophages with CARs has emerged as a promising approach to overcome some of the challenges faced by CAR-T cells due to the macrophage's ability to easily infiltrate tumors, phagocytose their targets, and reprogram the immune response. We engineered CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) to target chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), an antigen expressed in melanoma, and several other solid tumors. CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms exhibited specific phagocytosis of CSPG4-expressing melanoma cells. Combining CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms with CD47 blocking antibodies synergistically enhanced CAR-M-mediated phagocytosis and effectively inhibited melanoma spheroid growth in 3D. Furthermore, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms inhibited melanoma tumor growth in mouse models. These results suggest that CSPG4-targeting CAR-M immunotherapy is a promising solid tumor immunotherapy approach for treating melanoma. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We engineered macrophages with CARs as an alternative approach for solid tumor treatment. CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) targeting CSPG4, an antigen expressed in melanoma and other solid tumors, phagocytosed melanoma cells and inhibited melanoma growth in vivo . Thus, CSPG4-targeting CAR-Ms may be a promising strategy to treat patients with CSPG4-expressing tumors.
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13
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Li X, Li W, Xu L, Song Y. Chimeric antigen receptor-immune cells against solid tumors: Structures, mechanisms, recent advances, and future developments. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:1285-1302. [PMID: 37640679 PMCID: PMC11191032 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapies has led to breakthroughs in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, their success in treating solid tumors has been limited. CAR-natural killer (NK) cells have several advantages over CAR-T cells because NK cells can be made from pre-existing cell lines or allogeneic NK cells with a mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which means they are more likely to become an "off-the-shelf" product. Moreover, they can kill cancer cells via CAR-dependent/independent pathways and have limited toxicity. Macrophages are the most malleable immune cells in the body. These cells can efficiently infiltrate into tumors and are present in large numbers in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Importantly, CAR-macrophages (CAR-Ms) have recently yielded exciting preclinical results in several solid tumors. Nevertheless, CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M all have their own advantages and limitations. In this review, we systematically discuss the current status, progress, and the major hurdles of CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells, and CAR-M as they relate to five aspects: CAR structure, therapeutic mechanisms, the latest research progress, current challenges and solutions, and comparison according to the existing research in order to provide a reasonable option for treating solid tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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14
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Li N, Geng S, Dong ZZ, Jin Y, Ying H, Li HW, Shi L. A new era of cancer immunotherapy: combining revolutionary technologies for enhanced CAR-M therapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:117. [PMID: 38824567 PMCID: PMC11143597 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant advancements have been made in the application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T treatment for blood cancers during the previous ten years. However, its effectiveness in treating solid tumors is still lacking, necessitating the exploration of alternative immunotherapies that can overcome the significant challenges faced by current CAR-T cells. CAR-based immunotherapy against solid tumors shows promise with the emergence of macrophages, which possess robust phagocytic abilities, antigen-presenting functions, and the ability to modify the tumor microenvironment and stimulate adaptive responses. This paper presents a thorough examination of the latest progress in CAR-M therapy, covering both basic scientific studies and clinical trials. This study examines the primary obstacles hindering the realization of the complete potential of CAR-M therapy, as well as the potential strategies that can be employed to overcome these hurdles. With the emergence of revolutionary technologies like in situ genetic modification, synthetic biology techniques, and biomaterial-supported gene transfer, which provide a wider array of resources for manipulating tumor-associated macrophages, we suggest that combining these advanced methods will result in the creation of a new era of CAR-M therapy that demonstrates improved efficacy, safety, and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shinan Geng
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Dong
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Zhejiang Caner Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Hangjie Ying
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Zhejiang Caner Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Hung-Wing Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Key lab of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China.
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15
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Chuang ST, Stein JB, Nevins S, Kilic Bektas C, Choi HK, Ko WK, Jang H, Ha J, Lee KB. Enhancing CAR Macrophage Efferocytosis Via Surface Engineered Lipid Nanoparticles Targeting LXR Signaling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308377. [PMID: 38353580 PMCID: PMC11081841 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The removal of dying cells, or efferocytosis, is an indispensable part of resolving inflammation. However, the inflammatory microenvironment of the atherosclerotic plaque frequently affects the biology of both apoptotic cells and resident phagocytes, rendering efferocytosis dysfunctional. To overcome this problem, a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) macrophage that can target and engulf phagocytosis-resistant apoptotic cells expressing CD47 is developed. In both normal and inflammatory circumstances, CAR macrophages exhibit activity equivalent to antibody blockage. The surface of CAR macrophages is modified with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive therapeutic nanoparticles targeting the liver X receptor pathway to improve their cell effector activities. The combination of CAR and nanoparticle engineering activated lipid efflux pumps enhances cell debris clearance and reduces inflammation. It is further suggested that the undifferentiated CAR-Ms can transmigrate within a mico-fabricated vessel system. It is also shown that our CAR macrophage can act as a chimeric switch receptor (CSR) to withstand the immunosuppressive inflammatory environment. The developed platform has the potential to contribute to the advancement of next-generation cardiovascular disease therapies and further studies include in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar T Chuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Joshua B Stein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sarah Nevins
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Cemile Kilic Bektas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hye Kyu Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Wan-Kyu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hyunjun Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jihun Ha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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16
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Guo Z, Ye J, Cheng X, Wang T, Zhang Y, Yang K, Du S, Li P. Nanodrug Delivery Systems in Antitumor Immunotherapy. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0015. [PMID: 38840653 PMCID: PMC11045275 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the most important factors threatening human health, and the global cancer burden has been increasing rapidly. Immunotherapy has become another clinical research hotspot after surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy because of its high efficiency and tumor metastasis prevention. However, problems such as lower immune response rate and immune-related adverse reaction in the clinical application of immunotherapy need to be urgently solved. With the development of nanodrug delivery systems, various nanocarrier materials have been used in the research of antitumor immunotherapy with encouraging therapeutic results. In this review, we mainly summarized the combination of nanodrug delivery systems and immunotherapy from the following 4 aspects: (a) nanodrug delivery systems combined with cytokine therapy to improve cytokines delivery in vivo; (b) nanodrug delivery systems provided a suitable platform for the combination of immune checkpoint blockade therapy with other tumor treatments; (c) nanodrug delivery systems helped deliver antigens and adjuvants for tumor vaccines to enhance immune effects; and (d) nanodrug delivery systems improved tumor treatment efficiency and reduced toxicity for adoptive cell therapy. Nanomaterials chosen by researchers to construct nanodrug delivery systems and their function were also introduced in detail. Finally, we discussed the current challenges and future prospects in combining nanodrug delivery systems with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuo Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jinhong Ye
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xuehao Cheng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- YiDu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | | | - Pengyue Li
- Address correspondence to: (P.L.); (S.D.)
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17
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Yuan G, Ye M, Zhang Y, Zeng X. Challenges and strategies in relation to effective CAR-T cell immunotherapy for solid tumors. Med Oncol 2024; 41:126. [PMID: 38652178 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but its application to solid tumors is limited. CAR-T cells have poor incapability of entering, surviving, proliferating, and finally exerting function in the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the main strategies related to enhancing the infiltration, efficacy, antigen recognition, and production of CAR-T in solid tumors. Additional applications of CAR-γδ T and macrophages are also discussed. We believe CAR-T will be a milestone in treating solid tumors once these problems are solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Mengke Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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18
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Huang J, Yang Q, Wang W, Huang J. CAR products from novel sources: a new avenue for the breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378739. [PMID: 38665921 PMCID: PMC11044028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed cancer immunotherapy. However, significant challenges limit its application beyond B cell-driven malignancies, including limited clinical efficacy, high toxicity, and complex autologous cell product manufacturing. Despite efforts to improve CAR T cell therapy outcomes, there is a growing interest in utilizing alternative immune cells to develop CAR cells. These immune cells offer several advantages, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent function, tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation, and increased tissue infiltration capabilities. Currently, CAR products from various T cell subtypes, innate immune cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and even exosomes are being explored. These CAR products often show enhanced antitumor efficacy, diminished toxicity, and superior tumor penetration. With these benefits in mind, numerous clinical trials are underway to access the potential of these innovative CAR cells. This review aims to thoroughly examine the advantages, challenges, and existing insights on these new CAR products in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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19
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Lin C, Chu Y, Zheng Y, Gu S, Hu Y, He J, Shen Z. Macrophages: plastic participants in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337129. [PMID: 38650924 PMCID: PMC11033442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) rank among the most prevalent types of head and neck cancer globally. Unfortunately, a significant number of patients receive their diagnoses at advanced stages, limiting the effectiveness of available treatments. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a pivotal player in HNSCC development, with macrophages holding a central role. Macrophages demonstrate diverse functions within the TME, both inhibiting and facilitating cancer progression. M1 macrophages are characterized by their phagocytic and immune activities, while M2 macrophages tend to promote inflammation and immunosuppression. Striking a balance between these different polarization states is essential for maintaining overall health, yet in the context of tumors, M2 macrophages typically prevail. Recent efforts have been directed at controlling the polarization states of macrophages, paving the way for novel approaches to cancer treatment. Various drugs and immunotherapies, including innovative treatments based on macrophages like engineering macrophages and CAR-M cell therapy, have been developed. This article provides an overview of the roles played by macrophages in HNSCC, explores potential therapeutic targets and strategies, and presents fresh perspectives on the future of HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lin
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yidian Chu
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ye Zheng
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanshan Gu
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanghao Hu
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiali He
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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20
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Chen Y, Liu C, Fang Y, Chen W, Qiu J, Zhu M, Wei W, Tu J. Developing CAR-immune cell therapy against SARS-CoV-2: Current status, challenges and prospects. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116066. [PMID: 38373592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-immune cell therapy has revolutionized the anti-tumor field, achieving efficient and precise tumor clearance by directly guiding immune cell activity to target tumors. In addition, the use of CAR-immune cells to influence the composition and function of the immune system and ultimately achieve virus clearance and immune system homeostasis has attracted the interest of researchers. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, the rapidly mutating SARS-CoV-2 continues to challenge existing therapies and has raised public concerns regarding reinfection. In patients with COVID-19, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system influences the course of the disease, and the coexistence of over-activated immune system components, such as macrophages, and severely compromised immune system components, such as natural killer cells, reveals a dysregulated immune system. Dysregulated immune-induced inflammation may impair viral clearance and T-cell responses, causing cytokine storms and ultimately leading to patient death. Here, we summarize the research progress on the use of CAR-immune cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility, challenges and prospect of CAR-immune cells as a new immune candidate therapy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yilong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weile Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiaqi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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21
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Yang S, Wang Y, Jia J, Fang Y, Yang Y, Yuan W, Hu J. Advances in Engineered Macrophages: A New Frontier in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:238. [PMID: 38561367 PMCID: PMC10985090 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages, as pivotal cells within the tumour microenvironment, significantly influence the impact of and reactions to treatments for solid tumours. The rapid evolution of bioengineering technology has revealed the vast potential of engineered macrophages in immunotherapy, disease diagnosis, and tissue engineering. Given this landscape, the goal of harnessing and innovating macrophages as a novel strategy for solid tumour immunotherapy cannot be overstated. The diverse strategies for engineered macrophages in the realm of cancer immunotherapy, encompassing macrophage drug delivery systems, chimeric antigen receptor macrophage therapy, and synergistic treatment approaches involving bacterial outer membrane vesicles and macrophages, are meticulously examined in this review. These methodologies are designed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of macrophages against solid tumours, particularly those that are drug-resistant and metastatic. Collectively, these immunotherapies are poised to supplement and refine current solid tumour treatment paradigms, thus heralding a new frontier in the fight against malignant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaixi Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jiachi Jia
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yingshuai Fang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yabing Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Junhong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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22
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Nie S, Qin Y, Ou L, Chen X, Li L. In Situ Reprogramming of Immune Cells Using Synthetic Nanomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310168. [PMID: 38229527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In the past decade, adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, the complexity and high costs involved in manufacturing current adoptive cell therapy greatly inhibit its widespread availability and access. To address this, in situ cell therapy, which directly reprograms immune cells inside the body, has recently been developed as a promising alternative. Here, an overview of the recent progress in the development of synthetic nanomaterials is provided to deliver plasmid DNA or mRNA for in situ reprogramming of T cells and macrophages, focusing especially on in situ CAR therapies. Also, the main challenges for in situ immune cell reprogramming are discussed and some approaches to overcome these barriers to fulfill the clinical applications are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuyang Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liyuan Ou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Ling Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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23
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Nylund P, Nikkarinen A, Ek S, Glimelius I. Empowering macrophages: the cancer fighters within the tumour microenvironment in mantle cell lymphoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1373269. [PMID: 38566987 PMCID: PMC10985169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1373269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL), the role of macrophages within the tumour microenvironment (TME) has recently gained attention due to their impact on prognosis and response to therapy. Despite their low absolute number in MCL tumour tissue, recent findings reveal an association between the levels of macrophages and prognosis, consistent with trends observed in other lymphoma subtypes. M2-like macrophages, identified by markers such as CD163, contribute to angiogenesis and suppression of the immune response. Clinical trials with MCL patients treated with chemoimmunotherapy and targeted treatments underscore the adverse impact of high levels of M2-like macrophages. Immunomodulatory drugs like lenalidomide reduce the levels of MCL-associated CD163+ macrophages and enhance macrophage phagocytic activity. Similarly, clinical approaches targeting the CD47 "don't eat me" signalling, in combination with the anti-CD20-antibody rituximab, demonstrate increased macrophage activity and phagocytosis of MCL tumour cells. Cell-based therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell have shown promise but various challenges persist, leading to a potential interest in CAR-macrophages (CAR-M). When macrophages are recruited to the TME, they offer advantages including phagocytic function and responsiveness to microenvironment alterations, suggesting their potential as a manipulable and inducible alternative when CAR T-cell therapies fails in the complex landscape of MCL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nylund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Nikkarinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Ek
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Jin Y, Huang Y, Ren H, Huang H, Lai C, Wang W, Tong Z, Zhang H, Wu W, Liu C, Bao X, Fang W, Li H, Zhao P, Dai X. Nano-enhanced immunotherapy: Targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Biomaterials 2024; 305:122463. [PMID: 38232643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), which is mostly composed of tumor cells, immune cells, signaling molecules, stromal tissue, and the vascular system, is an integrated system that is conducive to the formation of tumors. TME heterogeneity makes the response to immunotherapy different in different tumors, such as "immune-cold" and "immune-hot" tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells are the major suppressive immune cells and their different phenotypes interact and influence cancer cells by secreting different signaling factors, thus playing a key role in the formation of the TME as well as in the initiation, growth, and metastasis of cancer cells. Nanotechnology development has facilitated overcoming the obstacles that limit the further development of conventional immunotherapy, such as toxic side effects and lack of targeting. In this review, we focus on the role of three major suppressive immune cells in the TME as well as in tumor development, clinical trials of different drugs targeting immune cells, and different attempts to combine drugs with nanomaterials. The aim is to reveal the relationship between immunotherapy, immunosuppressive TME and nanomedicine, thus laying the foundation for further development of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yangyue Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Chunyu Lai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xuanwen Bao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China; National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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25
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Cao L, Meng X, Zhang Z, Liu Z, He Y. Macrophage heterogeneity and its interactions with stromal cells in tumour microenvironment. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:16. [PMID: 38303024 PMCID: PMC10832170 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and tumour stroma cells account for the main cellular components in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Current advancements in single-cell analysis have revolutionized our understanding of macrophage diversity and macrophage-stroma interactions. Accordingly, this review describes new insight into tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) heterogeneity in terms of tumour type, phenotype, metabolism, and spatial distribution and presents the association between these factors and TAM functional states. Meanwhile, we focus on the immunomodulatory feature of TAMs and highlight the tumour-promoting effect of macrophage-tumour stroma interactions in the immunosuppressive TME. Finally, we summarize recent studies investigating macrophage-targeted therapy and discuss their therapeutic potential in improving immunotherapy by alleviating immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Cao
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaoyan Meng
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhonglong Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yue He
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Center of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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26
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Ko MJ, Yoo W, Min S, Zhang YS, Joo J, Kang H, Kim DH. Photonic control of image-guided ferroptosis cancer nanomedicine. Coord Chem Rev 2024; 500:215532. [PMID: 38645709 PMCID: PMC11027759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Photonic nanomaterials, characterized by their remarkable photonic tunability, empower a diverse range of applications, including cutting-edge advances in cancer nanomedicine. Recently, ferroptosis has emerged as a promising alternative strategy for effectively killing cancer cells with minimizing therapeutic resistance. Novel design of photonic nanomaterials that can integrate photoresponsive-ferroptosis inducers, -diagnostic imaging, and -synergistic components provide significant benefits to effectively trigger local ferroptosis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in photonic nanomaterials for image-guided ferroptosis cancer nanomedicine, offering insights into their strengths, constraints, and their potential as a future paradigm in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun Ko
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Woojung Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhong Min
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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27
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Tang C, Jing W, Han K, Yang Z, Zhang S, Liu M, Zhang J, Zhao X, Liu Y, Shi C, Chai Q, Li Z, Han M, Wang Y, Fu Z, Zheng Z, Zhao K, Sun P, Zhu D, Chen C, Zhang D, Li D, Ni S, Li T, Cui J, Jiang X. mRNA-Laden Lipid-Nanoparticle-Enabled in Situ CAR-Macrophage Engineering for the Eradication of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in a Sepsis Mouse Model. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2261-2278. [PMID: 38207332 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis, which is the most severe clinical manifestation of acute infection and has a mortality rate higher than that of cancer, represents a significant global public health burden. Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and further host immune paralysis are the leading causes of sepsis-associated death, but limited clinical interventions that target sepsis have failed to effectively restore immune homeostasis to enable complete eradication of MRSA. To restimulate anti-MRSA innate immunity, we developed CRV peptide-modified lipid nanoparticles (CRV/LNP-RNAs) for transient in situ programming of macrophages (MΦs). The CRV/LNP-RNAs enabled the delivery of MRSA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) mRNA (SasA-CAR mRNA) and CASP11 (a key MRSA intracellular evasion target) siRNA to MΦs in situ, yielding CAR-MΦs with boosted bactericidal potency. Specifically, our results demonstrated that the engineered MΦs could efficiently phagocytose and digest MRSA intracellularly, preventing immune evasion by the "superbug" MRSA. Our findings highlight the potential of nanoparticle-enabled in vivo generation of CAR-MΦs as a therapeutic platform for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections and should be confirmed in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Kun Han
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhenmei Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Shengchang Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Miaoyan Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Ying Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Chongdeng Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Qihao Chai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Ziyang Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Maosen Han
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zuolin Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - Danqing Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 4572A Academic Building, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province 250101, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province 250101, China
| | - Shilei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
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Teng F, Cui T, Zhou L, Gao Q, Zhou Q, Li W. Programmable synthetic receptors: the next-generation of cell and gene therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:7. [PMID: 38167329 PMCID: PMC10761793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies hold tremendous promise for treating a range of difficult-to-treat diseases. However, concerns over the safety and efficacy require to be further addressed in order to realize their full potential. Synthetic receptors, a synthetic biology tool that can precisely control the function of therapeutic cells and genetic modules, have been rapidly developed and applied as a powerful solution. Delicately designed and engineered, they can be applied to finetune the therapeutic activities, i.e., to regulate production of dosed, bioactive payloads by sensing and processing user-defined signals or biomarkers. This review provides an overview of diverse synthetic receptor systems being used to reprogram therapeutic cells and their wide applications in biomedical research. With a special focus on four synthetic receptor systems at the forefront, including chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptors, we address the generalized strategies to design, construct and improve synthetic receptors. Meanwhile, we also highlight the expanding landscape of therapeutic applications of the synthetic receptor systems as well as current challenges in their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Tongtong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingqin Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wei Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
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29
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Lei A, Yu H, Lu S, Lu H, Ding X, Tan T, Zhang H, Zhu M, Tian L, Wang X, Su S, Xue D, Zhang S, Zhao W, Chen Y, Xie W, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhao J, Jiang W, Church G, Chan FKM, Gao Z, Zhang J. A second-generation M1-polarized CAR macrophage with antitumor efficacy. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:102-116. [PMID: 38012418 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have successfully treated hematological malignancies. Macrophages have also gained attention as an immunotherapy owing to their immunomodulatory capacity and ability to infiltrate solid tumors and phagocytize tumor cells. The first-generation CD3ζ-based CAR-macrophages could phagocytose tumor cells in an antigen-dependent manner. Here we engineered induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages (iMACs) with toll-like receptor 4 intracellular toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain-containing CARs resulting in a markedly enhanced antitumor effect over first-generation CAR-macrophages. Moreover, the design of a tandem CD3ζ-TIR dual signaling CAR endows iMACs with both target engulfment capacity and antigen-dependent M1 polarization and M2 resistance in a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent manner, as well as the capacity to modulate the tumor microenvironment. We also outline a mechanism of tumor cell elimination by CAR-induced efferocytosis against tumor cell apoptotic bodies. Taken together, we provide a second-generation CAR-iMAC with an ability for orthogonal phagocytosis and polarization and superior antitumor functions in treating solid tumors relative to first-generation CAR-macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhua Lei
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- CellOrigin Inc, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengxing Lu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xizhong Ding
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Tan
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Su
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Dixuan Xue
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Chen
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanrun Xie
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhong Jiang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - George Church
- Department of Genetics and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zhihua Gao
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Center of Gene and Cell Therapy and Genome Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Han J, Park JH. Modulation of immune cells with mRNA nanoformulations for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 84:103014. [PMID: 37866058 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The global adaptation of mRNA vaccines to protect against the COVID-19 pandemic was a major interdisciplinary milestone, demonstrating the potential of combining mRNA applications with nanotechnology. This innovative strategy holds great promise as an improved therapeutic modality for cancer immunotherapy, as further development could facilitate targeted mRNA delivery to specific immune cells and enable manipulation of effector functions. Toward this, researchers have made substantial efforts to modulate various immune cell types, including lymphoid organ dendritic cells for cancer vaccines, peripheral blood lymphocytes for in situ T-cell therapy, and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment to restore antitumor functions. Here, we highlight recent advances in mRNA nanoformulations for cancer immunotherapy, emphasizing strategies for target cell engagement in different immunological sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Han
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Chen Z, Hu Y, Mei H. Advances in CAR-Engineered Immune Cell Generation: Engineering Approaches and Sourcing Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303215. [PMID: 37906032 PMCID: PMC10724421 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has emerged as a highly efficacious treatment modality for refractory and relapsed hematopoietic malignancies in recent years. Furthermore, CAR technologies for cancer immunotherapy have expanded from CAR-T to CAR-natural killer cell (CAR-NK), CAR-cytokine-induced killer cell (CAR-CIK), and CAR-macrophage (CAR-MΦ) therapy. Nevertheless, the high cost and complex manufacturing processes of ex vivo generation of autologous CAR products have hampered broader application. There is an urgent need to develop an efficient and economical paradigm shift for exploring new sourcing strategies and engineering approaches toward generating CAR-engineered immune cells to benefit cancer patients. Currently, researchers are actively investigating various strategies to optimize the preparation and sourcing of these potent immunotherapeutic agents. In this work, the latest research progress is summarized. Perspectives on the future of CAR-engineered immune cell manufacturing are provided, and the engineering approaches, and diverse sources used for their development are focused upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Chen
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei430022China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic DiseaseWuhan430022China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei430022China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic DiseaseWuhan430022China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei430022China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic DiseaseWuhan430022China
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32
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Hadiloo K, Taremi S, Heidari M, Esmaeilzadeh A. The CAR macrophage cells, a novel generation of chimeric antigen-based approach against solid tumors. Biomark Res 2023; 11:103. [PMID: 38017494 PMCID: PMC10685521 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, adoptive cell therapy has many successes in cancer therapy, and this subject is brilliant in using chimeric antigen receptor T cells. The CAR T cell therapy, with its FDA-approved drugs, could treat several types of hematological malignancies and thus be very attractive for treating solid cancer. Unfortunately, the CAR T cell cannot be very functional in solid cancers due to its unique features. This treatment method has several harmful adverse effects that limit their applications, so novel treatments must use new cells like NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophage cells. Among these cells, the CAR macrophage cells, due to their brilliant innate features, are more attractive for solid tumor therapy and seem to be a better candidate for the prior treatment methods. The CAR macrophage cells have vital roles in the tumor microenvironment and, with their direct effect, can eliminate tumor cells efficiently. In addition, the CAR macrophage cells, due to being a part of the innate immune system, attended the tumor sites. With the high infiltration, their therapy modulations are more effective. This review investigates the last achievements in CAR-macrophage cells and the future of this immunotherapy treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Siavash Taremi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Heidari
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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33
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Liang Y, Xu Q, Gao Q. Advancing CAR-based immunotherapies in solid tumors: CAR- macrophages and neutrophils. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291619. [PMID: 38090576 PMCID: PMC10715261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils are the main components of the innate immune system and play important roles in promoting angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, cancer cell proliferation, and metastasis in the tumor microenvironment (TME). They can also be harnessed to mediate cytotoxic tumor killing effects and orchestrate effective anti-tumor immune responses with proper stimulation and modification. Therefore, macrophages and neutrophils have strong potential in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we briefly outlined the applications of macrophages or neutrophils in adoptive cell therapies, and focused on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered macrophages (CAR-Ms) and neutrophils (CAR-Ns). We summarized the construction strategies, the preclinical and clinical studies of CAR-Ms and CAR-Ns. In the end, we briefly discussed the limitations and challenges of CAR-Ms and CAR-Ns, as well as future research directions to extend their applications in treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liang
- Institute of Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qumiao Xu
- BGI Research, Hangzhou, China
- BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Institute of Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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34
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Yi M, Li T, Niu M, Mei Q, Zhao B, Chu Q, Dai Z, Wu K. Exploiting innate immunity for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:187. [PMID: 38008741 PMCID: PMC10680233 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers. However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive immunity, mainly by inhibiting immunosuppressive signaling with immune checkpoint blockade, or enhancing immunostimulatory signaling with bispecific T cell engager and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell. Although these agents have already achieved great success, only a tiny percentage of patients could benefit from immunotherapies. Actually, immunotherapy efficacy is determined by multiple components in the tumor microenvironment beyond adaptive immunity. Cells from the innate arm of the immune system, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and unconventional T cells, also participate in cancer immune evasion and surveillance. Considering that the innate arm is the cornerstone of the antitumor immune response, utilizing innate immunity provides potential therapeutic options for cancer control. Up to now, strategies exploiting innate immunity, such as agonists of stimulator of interferon genes, CAR-macrophage or -natural killer cell therapies, metabolic regulators, and novel immune checkpoint blockade, have exhibited potent antitumor activities in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we summarize the latest insights into the potential roles of innate cells in antitumor immunity and discuss the advances in innate arm-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Breast Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianye Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Mei
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Hoces D, Miguens Blanco J, Hernández-López RA. A synthetic biology approach to engineering circuits in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:120-137. [PMID: 37464881 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic circuit in a biological system involves the designed assembly of genetic elements, biomolecules, or cells to create a defined function. These circuits are central in synthetic biology, enabling the reprogramming of cellular behavior and the engineering of cells with customized responses. In cancer therapeutics, engineering T cells with circuits have the potential to overcome the challenges of current approaches, for example, by allowing specific recognition and killing of cancer cells. Recent advances also facilitate engineering integrated circuits for the controlled release of therapeutic molecules at specified locations, for example, in a solid tumor. In this review, we discuss recent strategies and applications of synthetic receptor circuits aimed at enhancing immune cell functions for cancer immunotherapy. We begin by introducing the concept of circuits in networks at the molecular and cellular scales and provide an analysis of the development and implementation of several synthetic circuits in T cells that have the goal to overcome current challenges in cancer immunotherapy. These include specific targeting of cancer cells, increased T-cell proliferation, and persistence in the tumor microenvironment. By harnessing the power of synthetic biology, and the characteristics of certain circuit architectures, it is now possible to engineer a new generation of immune cells that recognize cancer cells, while minimizing off-target toxicities. We specifically discuss T-cell circuits for antigen density sensing. These circuits allow targeting of solid tumors that share antigens with normal tissues. Additionally, we explore designs for synthetic circuits that could control T-cell differentiation or T-cell fate as well as the concept of synthetic multicellular circuits that leverage cellular communication and division of labor to achieve improved therapeutic efficacy. As our understanding of cell biology expands and novel tools for genome, protein, and cell engineering are developed, we anticipate further innovative approaches to emerge in the design and engineering of circuits in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoces
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jesús Miguens Blanco
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rogelio A Hernández-López
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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36
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Li T, Luo R, Su L, Lv F, Mei L, Yu Y. Advanced Materials and Delivery Systems for Enhancement of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cells. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300880. [PMID: 37653606 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy is a great success and breakthrough in immunotherapy. However, there are still lots of barriers to its wide use in clinical, including long time consumption, high cost, and failure against solid tumors. For these challenges, researches are deplored to explore CAR cells to more appliable products in clinical. This minireview focuses on the advanced non-viral materials for CAR-T transfection ex vivo with better performance, delivery systems combined with other therapy for enhancement of CAR-T therapy in solid tumors. In addition, the targeted delivery platform for CAR cells in vivo generation as a breakthrough technology as its low cost and convenience. In the end, the prospective direction and future of CAR cell therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Ran Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Lina Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Qujing Medical College, Qujing, Yunnan, 655000, P. R. China
| | - Feng Lv
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
| | - Lin Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China
| | - Yongkang Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, P. R. China
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37
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Mashima R, Takada S, Miyamoto Y. RNA-Based Therapeutic Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15230. [PMID: 37894911 PMCID: PMC10607345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-based therapy has been an expanding area of clinical research since the COVID-19 outbreak. Often, its comparison has been made to DNA-based gene therapy, such as adeno-associated virus- and lentivirus-mediated therapy. These DNA-based therapies show persistent expression, with maximized therapeutic efficacy. However, accumulating data indicate that proper control of gene expression is occasionally required. For example, in cancer immunotherapy, cytokine response syndrome is detrimental for host animals, while excess activation of the immune system induces supraphysiological cytokines. RNA-based therapy seems to be a rather mild therapy, and it has room to fit unmet medical needs, whereas current DNA-based therapy has unclear issues. This review focused on RNA-based therapy for cancer immunotherapy, hematopoietic disorders, and inherited disorders, which have received attention for possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Katopodi T, Petanidis S, Anestakis D, Charalampidis C, Chatziprodromidou I, Floros G, Eskitzis P, Zarogoulidis P, Koulouris C, Sevva C, Papadopoulos K, Dagher M, Varsamis N, Theodorou V, Mystakidou CM, Katsios NI, Farmakis K, Kosmidis C. Immunoengineering via Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cell Therapy: Reprogramming Nanodrug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2458. [PMID: 37896218 PMCID: PMC10610474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following its therapeutic effect in hematological metastasis, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has gained a great deal of attention during the last years. However, the effectiveness of this treatment has been hampered by a number of challenges, including significant toxicities, difficult access to tumor locations, inadequate therapeutic persistence, and manufacturing problems. Developing novel techniques to produce effective CARs, administer them, and monitor their anti-tumor activity in CAR-T cell treatment is undoubtedly necessary. Exploiting the advantages of nanotechnology may possibly be a useful strategy to increase the efficacy of CAR-T cell treatment. This study outlines the current drawbacks of CAR-T immunotherapy and identifies promising developments and significant benefits of using nanotechnology in order to introduce CAR transgene motifs into primary T cells, promote T cell expansion, enhance T cell trafficking, promote intrinsic T cell activity and rewire the immunosuppressive cellular and vascular microenvironments. Therefore, the development of powerful CART cells can be made possible with genetic and functional alterations supported by nanotechnology. In this review, we discuss the innovative and possible uses of nanotechnology for clinical translation, including the delivery, engineering, execution, and modulation of immune functions to enhance and optimize the anti-tumor efficacy of CAR-T cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Katopodi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Savvas Petanidis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biology and Genetics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Doxakis Anestakis
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; (D.A.); (C.C.)
| | | | | | - George Floros
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38334 Volos, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Eskitzis
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece;
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.Z.); (C.K.); (C.S.); (K.P.); (M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Charilaos Koulouris
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.Z.); (C.K.); (C.S.); (K.P.); (M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Christina Sevva
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.Z.); (C.K.); (C.S.); (K.P.); (M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Papadopoulos
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.Z.); (C.K.); (C.S.); (K.P.); (M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Marios Dagher
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.Z.); (C.K.); (C.S.); (K.P.); (M.D.); (C.K.)
| | | | - Vasiliki Theodorou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.T.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Chrysi Maria Mystakidou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.T.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Nikolaos Iason Katsios
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Farmakis
- Pediatric Surgery Clinic, General Hospital of Thessaloniki “G. Gennimatas”, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Christoforos Kosmidis
- Third Department of Surgery, “AHEPA” University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece; (P.Z.); (C.K.); (C.S.); (K.P.); (M.D.); (C.K.)
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Duan Z, Li Z, Wang Z, Chen C, Luo Y. Chimeric antigen receptor macrophages activated through TLR4 or IFN-γ receptors suppress breast cancer growth by targeting VEGFR2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3243-3257. [PMID: 37438548 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-M) is a promising immunotherapy strategy of anti-tumor due to its high infiltration, direct phagocytosis of tumor cells, immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment (TME) and linkage of innate and adaptive immunity. Here a series of novelly designed CAR-Ms by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2), which highly expressed in tumor cells and TME, were evaluated. Their activation signals were transduced by Tlr4 or Ifn-γ receptors either alone or in combination, which were designed to mediate M1 polarization of macrophages as the downstream of lipopolysaccharide or Ifn-γ that had been widely reported. Our results showed that VEGFR2-targeting CAR-Ms could be activated under the stimulation of VEGFR2-expressing cells. They exhibited higher expression of CD86, MHCII and TNF-α in vitro and enhanced tumor suppressive abilities in vivo. Implantation of these CAR-Ms into 4T1 breast cancer-bearing mice could obviously inhibit the progression of tumor without significant toxic side effects, especially the group of mmC in which constructed with Tlr4 as the intracellular domain of CAR. In conclusion, this research provides a promising design of CAR that induce macrophages activation by Tlr4 and/or Ifn-γ receptors, and these CAR-Ms could effectively inhibit tumor growth through targeting VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Duan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Lin W, Lin Y, Chao H, Lin Y, Hwang W. Haematopoietic cell-derived exosomes in cancer development and therapeutics: From basic science to clinical practice. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1448. [PMID: 37830387 PMCID: PMC10571015 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a specialised niche involving intercellular communication among cancer cells and various host cells. Among the host cells, the quantity and quality of immune cells within the TME play essential roles in cancer development and management. The immunologically suppressive, so-called 'cold' TME established by a series of tumour-host interactions, including generating immunosuppressive cytokines and recruiting regulatory host immune cells, is associated with resistance to therapies and worse clinical outcomes. MAIN BODY Various therapeutic approaches have been used to target the cold TME, including immune checkpoint blockade therapy and adoptive T-cell transfer. A promising, less explored therapeutic strategy involves targeting TME-associated exosomes. Exosomes are nanometer-sized, extracellular vesicles that transfer material from donor to recipient cells. These particles can reprogram the recipient cells and modulate the TME. In particular, exosomes from haematopoietic cells are known to promote or suppress cancer progression under specific conditions. Understanding the effects of haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes may foster the development of therapeutic exosomes (tExos) for personalised cancer treatment. However, the development of exosome-based therapies has unique challenges, including scalable production, purification, storage and delivery of exosomes and controlling batch variations. Clinical trials are being conducted to verify the safety, feasibility, availability and efficacy of tExos. CONCLUSION This review summarises our understanding of how haematopoietic cell-secreted exosomes regulate the TME and antitumour immunity and highlights present challenges and solutions for haematopoietic cell-derived exosome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Chun Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - You‐Tong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Ching Chao
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fu Jen Catholic University HospitalFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
- School of Medicine, College of MedicineFu Jen Catholic UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Lun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Cancer and Immunology Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Chen Y, Zhu X, Liu H, Wang C, Chen Y, Wang H, Fang Y, Wu X, Xu Y, Li C, Lv X, Huang J, Han X, Li R, Hong W, Yu Z, Wei W, Tu J. The application of HER2 and CD47 CAR-macrophage in ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:654. [PMID: 37740183 PMCID: PMC10517545 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy has a limited therapeutic effect on solid tumors owing to the limited CAR-T cell infiltration into solid tumors and the inactivation of CAR-T cells by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Macrophage is an important component of the innate and adaptive immunity, and its unique phagocytic function has been explored to construct CAR macrophages (CAR-Ms) against solid tumors. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic application of CAR-Ms in ovarian cancer. METHODS In this study, we constructed novel CAR structures, which consisted of humanized anti-HER2 or CD47 scFv, CD8 hinge region and transmembrane domains, as well as the 4-1BB and CD3ζ intracellular domains. We examined the phagocytosis of HER2 CAR-M and CD47 CAR-M on ovarian cancer cells and the promotion of adaptive immunity. Two syngeneic tumor models were used to estimate the in vivo antitumor activity of HER2 CAR-M and CD47 CAR-M. RESULTS We constructed CAR-Ms targeting HER2 and CD47 and verified their phagocytic ability to ovarian cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. The constructed CAR-Ms showed antigen-specific phagocytosis of ovarian cancer cells in vitro and could activate CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) to secrete various anti-tumor factors. For the in vivo model, mice with human-like immune systems were used. We found that CAR-Ms enhanced CD8+ T cell activation, affected tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotype, and led to tumor regression. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the inhibition effect of our constructed novel HER2 CAR-M and CD47 CAR-M on target antigen-positive ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo, and preliminarily verified that this inhibitory effect is due to phagocytosis, promotion of adaptive immunity and effect on tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, #81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangling Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, #81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China
| | - Hanze Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China
| | - Cunzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, #81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China
| | - Yilong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, #81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China
| | - Xuming Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, #81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Department of Gynecology, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyue Lv
- Department of Gynecology, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinghua Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xintong Han
- Department of Gynecology, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruilin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei First People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Wenming Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhiying Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, #3002 Sungangxi Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, #81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, #81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, China.
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Zhang P, Zhang G, Wan X. Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:97. [PMID: 37596653 PMCID: PMC10439661 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have existed for decades. From the initial infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to the subsequent specific enhanced T cell receptor (TCR)-T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, many novel strategies for cancer treatment have been developed. Owing to its promising outcomes, CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the field of ACTs, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Despite these advances, CAR-T cell therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues. To overcome these challenges, researchers have focused on the application of CAR engineering technology to other types of immune cell engineering. Consequently, several new cell therapies based on CAR technology have been developed, including CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT. In this review, we describe the development, advantages, and possible challenges of the aforementioned ACTs and discuss current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of ACTs. We also provide an overview of the various gene transduction strategies employed in immunotherapy given their importance in immune cell engineering. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that strategies capable of creating a positive feedback immune circuit, as healthy immune systems do, could address the flaw of a single type of ACT, and thus serve as key players in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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He JJ, Li QQ, Zhao C, Zhou J, Wu J, Zhang HB, Zhao YQ, Zhang HH, Lei TY, Zhao XY, You Z, Song QB, Xu B. Advancement and Applications of Nanotherapy for Cancer Immune Microenvironment. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:631-646. [PMID: 37558863 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has evolved rapidly due to major advances in tumor immunity research. However, due to the complexity, heterogeneity, and immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors, the overall efficacy of immunotherapy is only 20%. In recent years, nanoparticles have attracted more attention in the field of cancer immunotherapy because of their remarkable advantages in biocompatibility, precise targeting, and controlled drug delivery. However, the clinical application of nanomedicine also faces many problems concerning biological safety, and the synergistic mechanism of nano-drugs with immunity remains to be elucidated. Our study summarizes the functional characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of nanoparticles in the cancer immune microenvironment and how nanoparticles activate and long-term stimulate innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Finally, the current problems and future development trends regarding the application of nanoparticles are fully discussed and prospected to promote the transformation and application of nanomedicine used in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ju He
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hui-Bo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ya-Qi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hao-Han Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tian-Yu Lei
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zuo You
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianfeng County People's Hospital, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Qi-Bin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Huntoon K, Lee D, Dong S, Antony A, Kim BYS, Jiang W. Targeting phagocytosis to enhance antitumor immunity. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:650-665. [PMID: 37150626 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with metastatic or treatment-resistant cancer have experienced improved outcomes after immunotherapy that targets adaptive immune checkpoints. However, innate immune checkpoints, which can hinder the detection and clearance of malignant cells, are also crucial in tumor-mediated immune escape and may also serve as targets in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of immune evasion by cancer cells via disruption of phagocytic clearance, and the potential effects of blocking phagocytosis checkpoints on the activation of antitumor immune responses. We propose that a more effective combination immunotherapy strategy could be to exploit tumor-intrinsic processes that inhibit key innate immune surveillance processes, such as phagocytosis, and incorporate both innate and adaptive immune responses for treating patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Huntoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - DaeYong Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shiyan Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abin Antony
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Yang Z, Liu Y, Zhao K, Jing W, Gao L, Dong X, Wang Y, Han M, Shi C, Tang C, Sun P, Zhang R, Fu Z, Zhang J, Zhu D, Chen C, Jiang X. Dual mRNA co-delivery for in situ generation of phagocytosis-enhanced CAR macrophages augments hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy. J Control Release 2023; 360:718-733. [PMID: 37451547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent and lethal disease, and tumor regression rarely occurs in advanced HCC patients due to limited effective therapies. Given the enrichment of macrophages in HCC and their role in tumor immunity, transforming them into chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms) is thought to increase HCC cell-directed phagocytosis and tumoricidal immunity. To test this hypothesis, mRNA encoding CAR is encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) that targets liver macrophages. Notably, the LNPs adsorb specific plasma proteins that enable them to target HCC-associated macrophages. Moreover, mRNA encoding Siglec-G lacking ITIMs (Siglec-GΔITIMs) is codelivered to liver macrophages by LNP to relieve CD24-mediated CAR-Ms immune suppression. Mice treated with LNPs generating CAR-Ms as well as CD24-Siglec-G blockade significantly elevate the phagocytic function of liver macrophages, reduce tumor burden and increase survival time in an HCC mouse model. Arguably, our work suggests an efficacious and flexible strategy for the treatment of HCC and warrants further rigorous evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenmei Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Ying Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Lin Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Xianghui Dong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Maosen Han
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Chongdeng Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Chunwei Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Zhipeng Fu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Danqing Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 4572A Academic Building, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Cultural West Road, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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Śledź M, Wojciechowska A, Zagożdżon R, Kaleta B. In Situ Programming of CAR-T Cells: A Pressing Need in Modern Immunotherapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:18. [PMID: 37419996 PMCID: PMC10329070 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell-based therapy has become a successful option for treatment of numerous hematological malignancies, but also raises hope in a range of non-malignant diseases. However, in a traditional approach, generation of CAR-T cells is associated with the separation of patient's lymphocytes, their in vitro modification, and expansion and infusion back into patient's bloodstream. This classical protocol is complex, time-consuming, and expensive. Those problems could be solved by successful protocols to produce CAR-T cells, but also CAR-natural killer cells or CAR macrophages, in situ, using viral platforms or non-viral delivery systems. Moreover, it was demonstrated that in situ CAR-T induction may be associated with reduced risk of the most common toxicities associated with CAR-T therapy, such as cytokine release syndrome, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and "on-target, off-tumor" toxicity. This review aims to summarize the current state-of-the-art and future perspectives for the in situ-produced CAR-T cells. Indeed, preclinical work in this area, including animal studies, raises hope for prospective translational development and validation in practical medicine of strategies for in situ generation of CAR-bearing immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Śledź
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Radosław Zagożdżon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaleta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Yao H, Cheng L, Chen D, Zhang Q, Qiu L, Ren SH, Dou BT, Wang H, Huang J, Fan FY. Role of the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma treatment using CAR-T therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:807-815. [PMID: 37343305 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2229029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant tumor caused by abnormal proliferation of bone marrow (BM) plasma cells and is the second most common hematologic malignancy. A variety of CAR-T cells targeting multiple myeloma-specific markers have shown good efficacy in clinical trials. However, CAR-T therapy still limits the insufficient duration of efficacy and recurrence of the disease. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the cell populations in the bone marrow of MM, and discusses the potential way to improve the efficiency of CAR-T cells in the treatment of MM by targeting the bone marrow microenvironment. EXPERT OPINION The limits of CAR-T therapy in MM may related to the impairment of T cell activity in the bone marrow microenvironment. This article reviews the cell populations of the immune microenvironment and nonimmune microenvironment in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma, and discusses the potential way to improve the efficiency of CAR-T cells in the treatment of MM by targeting the bone marrow. This may provides a new idea for the CAR-T therapy of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yao
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Shi-Hui Ren
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Bai-Tao Dou
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
| | - Fang-Yi Fan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Western Theatre, Chengdu, SiChuan, China
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Xiao L, Wang Q, Peng H. Tumor-associated macrophages: new insights on their metabolic regulation and their influence in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157291. [PMID: 37426676 PMCID: PMC10325569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a dynamic and heterogeneous cell population of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that plays an essential role in tumor formation and progression. Cancer cells have a high metabolic demand for their rapid proliferation, survival, and progression. A comprehensive interpretation of pro-tumoral and antitumoral metabolic changes in TAMs is crucial for comprehending immune evasion mechanisms in cancer. The metabolic reprogramming of TAMs is a novel method for enhancing their antitumor effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent research on metabolic alterations of TAMs caused by TME, focusing primarily on glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, this review discusses antitumor immunotherapies that influence the activity of TAMs by limiting their recruitment, triggering their depletion, and re-educate them, as well as metabolic profiles leading to an antitumoral phenotype. We highlighted the metabolic modulational roles of TAMs and their potential to enhance immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang T, Gu H. Emerging advances in nanobiomaterials-assisted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-macrophages for tumor immunotherapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1211687. [PMID: 37388769 PMCID: PMC10301827 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1211687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell immunotherapy, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cells therapy, has made great progress in the clinical treatment of hematological malignancies. However, restricted by the complex tumor microenvironment, the potential efficiency of T-cell infiltration and activated immune cells are limited, thus failure prevented the progression of the solid tumor. Alternatively, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), one sustentacular and heterogeneous cellular population within the tumor microenvironment, are regarded as potential therapeutic targets. Recently, CARs have shown tremendous promise in treating malignancies by equipping macrophages. This novel therapeutic strategy circumvents the tumor microenvironment's limitations and provides a safer therapeutic approach. Meanwhile, nanobiomaterials as gene delivery carriers not only substantially reduce the treatment cost of this novel therapeutic strategy, but also set the foundation for in vivo CAR-M therapy. Here, we highlight the major strategies prepared for CAR-M, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities of these approaches. First, the common therapeutic strategies for macrophages are summarized in clinical and preclinical trials. Namely, TAM-targeted therapeutic strategies: 1) Inhibit monocyte or macrophage recruitment into tumors, 2) deplete TAMs, and 3) reprogramme TAMs to antitumor M1 phenotype. Second, the current development and progress of CAR-M therapy are reviewed, including the researchers' attempts in CAR structure design, cell origin, and gene delivery vectors, especially nanobiomaterials as an alternative to viral vectors, as well as some challenges faced by current CAR-M therapy are also summarized and discussed. Finally, the field of genetically engineered macrophages integration with nanotechnology for the future in oncology has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxing Yang
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Hongchen Gu
- Nano Biomedical Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Mishra AK, Malonia SK. Advancing cellular immunotherapy with macrophages. Life Sci 2023:121857. [PMID: 37307965 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapies have become an exciting avenue for cancer treatment, particularly CAR T cells, which have shown great success in treating hematological malignancies. However, the limited success of T cell-based approaches in treating solid tumors has sparked interest in alternative cell types that could be used for solid tumor immunotherapy. Recent research has pointed to macrophages as a potential solution, given their ability to infiltrate solid tumors, exhibit a strong anti-tumor response, and persist long-term in the tumor microenvironment. Although early attempts with ex-vivo activated macrophage-based therapies failed to translate into clinical success, the field has revolutionized with the recent development of chimeric antigen receptor-expressing macrophages (CAR-M). While CAR-M therapy has reached the clinical trial stage, several challenges still need to be overcome before the therapy can become a reality. Here we review the evolution of macrophage-based cell therapy and evaluate recent studies and developments, emphasizing the potential of macrophages as cellular therapeutics. Furthermore, we also discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with using macrophages as a basis for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Mishra
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Sunil K Malonia
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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