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Obertová Z, Skrzypek G, Danišík M, Rankenburg K, Cummaudo M, Olivieri L, Mazzarelli D, Cappella A, Evans N, Ubelaker D, Cattaneo C. Stable Isotope Provenance of Unidentified Deceased Migrants-A Pilot Study. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1371. [PMID: 37997970 PMCID: PMC10669205 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In the global migration crisis, one of the challenges in the effort to identify deceased migrants is establishing their region of origin, which facilitates the search for ante mortem data to be compared with the post mortem information. This pilot study explores the potential of using stable isotope analysis to distinguish between individuals coming from West Africa and the Horn of Africa. Six individuals (four of known origin and two of unknown origin) were sampled. δ13CVPDB(keratin), δ15NVPDB(keratin) and δ18OVSMOW(keratin) of hair were analysed using Elemental Analyzers coupled with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). δ18OVSMOW(carbonate) and δ13CVPDB(carbonate) of bone were analysed using GasBench II with IRMS, while 87Sr/86Sr composition was determined in bone and dental enamel using laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The stable isotope compositions of the individual from the Horn of Africa differed from the other individuals. The differences found between 87Sr/86Sr of enamel and bone and between δ18O and δ13C in bone and hair reflect changes in sources of food and water in accordance with regionally typical migration journeys. The analysis of multiple stable isotopes delivered promising results, allowing us to narrow down the region of origin of deceased migrants and corroborate the information about the migration journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Obertová
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Grzegorz Skrzypek
- West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Martin Danišík
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Kai Rankenburg
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Marco Cummaudo
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Olivieri
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cappella
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noreen Evans
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Douglas Ubelaker
- Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Laffranchi Z, Granados‐Torres A, Lösch S, Zink A, Dori I, Delgado‐Huertas A, Milella M. “Celts” up and down the Alps. Insights on mobility patterns in the
pre‐Roman
/Celtic population from Verona (
NE
Italy, 3rd–1st c.
BCE
): A multi‐isotopic approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9544713 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The Late Iron Age in continental Europe featured complex demographic processes including, among others, the establishment of transalpine “Celtic” communities on the Italian peninsula between the 4th and 1st centuries BCE. To date, only few data are available about mobility and migration in these populations. Here we explore these topics among the Cenomani of Seminario Vescovile (SV‐Verona, Italy, 3rd–1st c. BCE) through a multi‐isotopic approach and test the possible associations with sex, age and funerary treatment. Materials and methods We analyzed isotopic ratios of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) from bone phosphate and collagen, respectively, of 49 individuals (23 males, 17 females, and 9 nonadults). In addition, we explored possible intraindividual lifetime changes by comparing collagen δ13C from bone and dentine of 26 individuals. We assessed nonlocality based on individual deviation of isotopic values from the population mean plus three times the median absolute deviation from the median (±3MAD). We then checked for isotopic differences between sexes and type of funerary treatment using Mann–Whitney tests. Results One individual shows isotopic values consistent with a nonlocal origin. Five more individuals may have originated from a different locality. No statistical differences separate sexes and types of funerary treatment. Discussion Results suggest a local origin of most of the individuals of SV with the few exceptions pointing especially to an Alpine origin. The low frequency of nonlocals at SV suggest a reduced mobility in this population, or the preeminence of short distance movements undetected by our analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Laffranchi
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Arsenio Granados‐Torres
- Stable Isotopes Biogeochemistry Laboratory Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, (IACT‐CSIC‐UGR) Granada Spain
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies Eurac Research Bolzano Italy
| | - Irene Dori
- Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province di Verona Verona Italy
| | - Antonio Delgado‐Huertas
- Stable Isotopes Biogeochemistry Laboratory Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, (IACT‐CSIC‐UGR) Granada Spain
| | - Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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3
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Kootker LM, Laffoon JE. Assessing the preservation of biogenic strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) in the pars petrosa ossis temporalis of unburnt human skeletal remains: A case study from Saba. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9277. [PMID: 35189670 PMCID: PMC9287042 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Strontium isotope (87 Sr/86 Sr) analysis of skeletal remains has become a powerful tool in archaeological studies of human migration and mobility. Owing to its resistance to post-mortem alteration, dental enamel is the preferred sampling material used for 87 Sr/86 Sr analysis in bioarchaeological provenance research, although recent studies have demonstrated that cremated bone is also generally resistant to diagenesis. This paper presents the results of a pilot study exploring the potential of unburnt petrous bone (pars petrosa) as a reservoir of biogenic (diagenetically unaltered) strontium, as the otic capsule or bony labyrinth within the petrous bone is extremely dense and is thought to be unable to remodel after early childhood, potentially providing an alternative for dental enamel. METHODS From an individual from a colonial-era (18th century) site on the island of Saba in the Caribbean for whom previous enamel 87 Sr/86 Sr results had indicated non-local origins, multiple locations (n = 4) on the petrous were sampled and measured for strontium isotope composition. Saba (13 km2 ) has been extensively mapped for baseline strontium isotopes (n = 50) with 87 Sr/86 Sr varying from ca 0.7065 to 0.7090, whereas enamel 87 Sr/86 Sr (n = 3) ranged from 0.7104 to 0.7112. RESULTS All four petrous 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios (0.7111-0.7122) are consistently and considerably higher than the local bioavailable range, and very similar to the enamel 87 Sr/86 Sr. These results provide initial evidence that unburnt petrous bones may preserve biogenic strontium, at least in this specific burial context. CONCLUSIONS While more research in diverse burial conditions is needed to validate this observation, if confirmed, it would have broader implications for sample selection strategies in bioarchaeological studies using the strontium isotope method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette M. Kootker
- Geology & Geochemistry ClusterVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- CLUE+Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jason E. Laffoon
- Geology & Geochemistry ClusterVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Faculty of ArchaeologyLeiden UniversityLeidenthe Netherlands
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4
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Vigeant J, Ribot I, Hélie JF. Investigating individual migration life histories: An isotopic case study from 17th to 18th century Nouvelle France. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:232-248. [PMID: 36790664 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This isotopic study explores the mobility patterns of a growing urban population from Notre Dame's Catholic cemetery (1691-1796), located in Montreal (Canada). The site offers a unique opportunity to investigate early colonial settlement in Nouvelle France through individual life patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stable oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18O) were measured on the enamel of 32 individuals from the Notre Dame collection. Premolars and third molars were selected, as they reflected the δ18O of the drinking water during childhood (2.5-5.5 years) and pre-adulthood (9.5-15.5 years). Firstly, premolars from three children (4-8 years of age) allowed us to provide a mean δ18O for the water consumed locally (22.7 ± 1.0 ‰ vs. VSMOW). Then, our δ18O were compared with published data from various geographical regions in North America (Eastern Canada and the United States) and Europe (France and the British Isles) to highlight mobility patterns of each individual. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of our sample (14 out of 29 individuals) did not reflect any long-distance mobility, as all their δ18O reflected Montreal's variation during their lifetime. The remaining (15 out of 29 individuals) experienced mobility within (n = 8) and outside (n = 7) North America and at different phases of their life (five at pre-adulthood, six at adulthood and four during both phases). Their migration patterns were analyzed according to age, sex, diet and possible ancestry in order to propose some "biographies." DISCUSSION This study highlights high population diversity in early colonial Montreal. Historians wrote that the city was growing, not only with the arrival of Europeans (e.g., young male workers, sailors), but also other groups (e.g., Indigenous people, slaves from North America). Additional analyses (e.g., ancient DNA) will be needed to explore further this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinthe Vigeant
- Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Ribot
- Département d'anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Geotop, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Hélie
- Geotop, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec, Canada
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5
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Stantis C, Maaranen N, Kharobi A, Nowell GM, Macpherson C, Doumet‐Serhal C, Schutkowski H. Sidon on the breadth of the wild sea: Movement and diet on the Mediterranean coast in the Middle Bronze Age. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:116-133. [PMID: 36787764 PMCID: PMC9298383 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excavations at Sidon (Lebanon) have revealed dual identities during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1600 BCE): a maritime port and center for local distribution, as well as a settlement with a heavy subsistence dependence on the extensive inland hinterlands. We aim to investigate residential mobility at Sidon using isotopic analyses of 112 individuals from 83 burials (20 females, 26 males, and 37 subadults). Veneration and remembrance of the dead is evident from funerary offerings in and near the tombs. With marine fish a major component in funerary offerings, we predict major marine reliance in this coastal population. MATERIALS AND METHODS New isotopic evidence of paleomobility (87 Sr/86 Sr, δ18 O) and diet (δ13 Ccarbonate ) is the focus of this research. Previous bulk bone collagen δ13 C and δ15 N analysis is strengthened by further sampling, along with δ34 S where collagen yield was sufficient. RESULTS The five non-locals identified (8.9% of the 56 analyzed) come from constructed tombs with high-status grave goods except for one, which was heavily disturbed in antiquity. Dietary investigation of the population confirms reliance on terrestrial resources with no significant marine input. No significant differences in diet between the sexes or burial types are present. CONCLUSIONS Although Sidon was part of a growing Mediterranean network evidenced through artefactual finds, relatively low immigration is evident. While religious feasts venerating the dead may have involved significant piscine components, no appreciable marine input in diet is observed. Fish may have been reserved for the deceased or only consumed on feast days alongside the dead rather than a regular part of the Bronze Age menu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Stantis
- Department of Archaeology and AnthropologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK,Department of AnthropologyNational Museum of Natural HistoryWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Nina Maaranen
- Department of Archaeology and AnthropologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - Arwa Kharobi
- Department of Archaeology and AnthropologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK,PACEA ‐ De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et AnthropologieUMR CNRS 5199, Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
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6
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Guzmán-Solís AA, Villa-Islas V, Bravo-López MJ, Sandoval-Velasco M, Wesp JK, Gómez-Valdés JA, Moreno-Cabrera MDLL, Meraz A, Solís-Pichardo G, Schaaf P, TenOever BR, Blanco-Melo D, Ávila Arcos MC. Ancient viral genomes reveal introduction of human pathogenic viruses into Mexico during the transatlantic slave trade. eLife 2021; 10:e68612. [PMID: 34350829 PMCID: PMC8423449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After the European colonization of the Americas, there was a dramatic population collapse of the Indigenous inhabitants caused in part by the introduction of new pathogens. Although there is much speculation on the etiology of the Colonial epidemics, direct evidence for the presence of specific viruses during the Colonial era is lacking. To uncover the diversity of viral pathogens during this period, we designed an enrichment assay targeting ancient DNA (aDNA) from viruses of clinical importance and applied it to DNA extracts from individuals found in a Colonial hospital and a Colonial chapel (16th-18th century) where records suggest that victims of epidemics were buried during important outbreaks in Mexico City. This allowed us to reconstruct three ancient human parvovirus B19 genomes and one ancient human hepatitis B virus genome from distinct individuals. The viral genomes are similar to African strains, consistent with the inferred morphological and genetic African ancestry of the hosts as well as with the isotopic analysis of the human remains, suggesting an origin on the African continent. This study provides direct molecular evidence of ancient viruses being transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade and their subsequent introduction to New Spain. Altogether, our observations enrich the discussion about the etiology of infectious diseases during the Colonial period in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel A Guzmán-Solís
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
| | - Viridiana Villa-Islas
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
| | - Miriam J Bravo-López
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
| | - Marcela Sandoval-Velasco
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Julie K Wesp
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighUnited States
| | | | | | - Alejandro Meraz
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología e HistoriaMexico CityMexico
| | - Gabriela Solís-Pichardo
- Laboratorio Universitario de Geoquímica Isotópica (LUGIS), Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Peter Schaaf
- LUGIS, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Benjamin R TenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel Blanco-Melo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattle, WAUnited States
| | - María C Ávila Arcos
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
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Bird MI, Crabtree SA, Haig J, Ulm S, Wurster CM. A global carbon and nitrogen isotope perspective on modern and ancient human diet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024642118. [PMID: 33941703 PMCID: PMC8126777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024642118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses are widely used to infer diet and mobility in ancient and modern human populations, potentially providing a means to situate humans in global food webs. We collated 13,666 globally distributed analyses of ancient and modern human collagen and keratin samples. We converted all data to a common "Modern Diet Equivalent" reference frame to enable direct comparison among modern human diets, human diets prior to the advent of industrial agriculture, and the natural environment. This approach reveals a broad diet prior to industrialized agriculture and continued in modern subsistence populations, consistent with the human ability to consume opportunistically as extreme omnivores within complex natural food webs and across multiple trophic levels in every terrestrial and many marine ecosystems on the planet. In stark contrast, isotope dietary breadth across modern nonsubsistence populations has compressed by two-thirds as a result of the rise of industrialized agriculture and animal husbandry practices and the globalization of food distribution networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Bird
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia;
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Stefani A Crabtree
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
| | - Jordahna Haig
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Sean Ulm
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Christopher M Wurster
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
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8
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Sillen A. 87Sr/86Sr in Archeological and Paleobiological Research: A Perspective. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.632681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable isotope ratio 87Sr/86Sr has been shown to have extraordinary potential for documenting the movement and life-histories of humans and other animals, both in history and prehistory. Thirty years of expanding applications has taken the method from a niche (if not fringe) approach to a normal part of archeological and paleobiological enquiry; indeed a “Golden Age.” The technique is inherently interdisciplinary, because in addition to those archeologists and paleobiologists wishing to apply it, most applications require informed input from ecologists, geochemists, and calcified tissue biologists. This perspective explores how such interdisciplinarity is both a strength and an impediment to further advancement.
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9
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Fortes-Lima C, Verdu P. Anthropological genetics perspectives on the transatlantic slave trade. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 30:R79-R87. [PMID: 33331897 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (TAST), around twelve million Africans were enslaved and forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas and Europe, durably influencing the genetic and cultural landscape of a large part of humanity since the 15th century. Following historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists, population geneticists have, since the 1950's mainly, extensively investigated the genetic diversity of populations on both sides of the Atlantic. These studies shed new lights into the largely unknown genetic origins of numerous enslaved-African descendant communities in the Americas, by inferring their genetic relationships with extant African, European, and Native American populations. Furthermore, exploring genome-wide data with novel statistical and bioinformatics methods, population geneticists have been increasingly able to infer the last 500 years of admixture histories of these populations. These inferences have highlighted the diversity of histories experienced by enslaved-African descendants, and the complex influences of socioeconomic, political, and historical contexts on human genetic diversity patterns during and after the slave trade. Finally, the recent advances of paleogenomics unveiled crucial aspects of the life and health of the first generation of enslaved-Africans in the Americas. Altogether, human population genetics approaches in the genomic and paleogenomic era need to be coupled with history, archaeology, anthropology, and demography in interdisciplinary research, to reconstruct the multifaceted and largely unknown history of the TAST and its influence on human biological and cultural diversities today. Here, we review anthropological genomics studies published over the past 15 years and focusing on the history of enslaved-African descendant populations in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Fortes-Lima
- Sub-department of Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden
| | - Paul Verdu
- Unité Mixte de Recherche7206 Eco-Anthropology, CNRS-MNHN-Université de Paris, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, 75016, France
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10
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Fleskes RE, Ofunniyin AA, Gilmore JK, Poplin E, Abel SM, Bueschgen WD, Juarez C, Butler N, Mishoe G, Oubré L, Cabana GS, Schurr TG. Ancestry, health, and lived experiences of enslaved Africans in 18th century Charleston: An osteobiographical analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 175:3-24. [PMID: 33022107 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2013, the burials of 36 individuals of putative African ancestry were discovered during renovation of the Gaillard Center in downtown Charleston, South Carolina. The Charleston community facilitated a bioarchaeological and mitogenomic study to gain insights into the lives of these unknown persons, referred to as the Anson Street Ancestors, including their ancestry, health, and lived experiences in the 18th century. METHODS Metric and morphological assessments of skeletal and dental characteristics were recorded, and enamel and cortical bone strontium stable isotope values generated. Whole mitochondrial genomes were sequenced and analyzed. RESULTS Osteological analysis identified adults, both females and males, and subadults at the site, and estimated African ancestry for most individuals. Skeletal trauma and pathology were infrequent, but many individuals exhibited dental decay and abscesses. Strontium isotope data suggested these individuals mostly originated in Charleston or sub-Saharan Africa, with many being long-term residents of Charleston. Nearly all had mitochondrial lineages belonging to African haplogroups (L0-L3, H1cb1a), with two individuals sharing the same L3e2a haplotype, while one had a Native American A2 mtDNA. DISCUSSION This study generated detailed osteobiographies of the Anson Street Ancestors, who were likely of enslaved status. Our results indicate that the Ancestors have diverse maternal African ancestries and are largely unrelated, with most being born locally. These details reveal the demographic impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Our analysis further illuminates the lived experiences of individuals buried at Anson Street, and expands our understanding of 18th century African history in Charleston.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E Fleskes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ade A Ofunniyin
- The Gullah Society, Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joanna K Gilmore
- The Gullah Society, Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Poplin
- Brockington and Associates, Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne M Abel
- Charleston County Coroner's Office, North Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wolf D Bueschgen
- Charleston County Coroner's Office, North Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chelsey Juarez
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Nic Butler
- Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Grant Mishoe
- The Gullah Society, Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - La'Sheia Oubré
- The Gullah Society, Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Graciela S Cabana
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Theodore G Schurr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Price TD, Tiesler V, Zabala P, Coppa A, Freiwald C, Schroeder H, Cucina A. Home Is the Sailor. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/711157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Barquera R, Lamnidis TC, Lankapalli AK, Kocher A, Hernández-Zaragoza DI, Nelson EA, Zamora-Herrera AC, Ramallo P, Bernal-Felipe N, Immel A, Bos K, Acuña-Alonzo V, Barbieri C, Roberts P, Herbig A, Kühnert D, Márquez-Morfín L, Krause J. Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2078-2091.e11. [PMID: 32359431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The forced relocation of several thousand Africans during Mexico's historic period has so far been documented mostly through archival sources, which provide only sparse detail on their origins and lived experience. Here, we employ a bioarchaeological approach to explore the life history of three 16th century Africans from a mass burial at the San José de los Naturales Royal Hospital in Mexico City. Our approach draws together ancient genomic data, osteological analysis, strontium isotope data from tooth enamel, δ13C and δ15N isotope data from dentine, and ethnohistorical information to reveal unprecedented detail on their origins and health. Analyses of skeletal features, radiogenic isotopes, and genetic data from uniparental, genome-wide, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers are consistent with a Sub-Saharan African origin for all three individuals. Complete genomes of Treponema pallidum sub. pertenue (causative agent of yaws) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recovered from these individuals provide insight into their health as related to infectious disease. Phylogenetic analysis of both pathogens reveals their close relationship to strains circulating in current West African populations, lending support to their origins in this region. The further relationship between the treponemal genome retrieved and a treponemal genome previously typed in an individual from Colonial Mexico highlights the role of the transatlantic slave trade in the introduction and dissemination of pathogens into the New World. Putting together all lines of evidence, we were able to create a biological portrait of three individuals whose life stories have long been silenced by disreputable historical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thiseas C Lamnidis
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Aditya Kumar Lankapalli
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution Group (TIDE), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana I Hernández-Zaragoza
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico; Immunogenetics Unit, Técnicas Genéticas Aplicadas a la Clínica (TGAC), Calz. del Hueso 714, Coapa, Los Sauces, Coyoacán, 04940 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute for the Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adriana C Zamora-Herrera
- Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patxi Ramallo
- Department of Archaeology (DA), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Arriola Pasealekua, 2, 20018 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Natalia Bernal-Felipe
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexander Immel
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Víctor Acuña-Alonzo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chiara Barbieri
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution (DLCE), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology (DA), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification & Evolution Group (TIDE), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lourdes Márquez-Morfín
- Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Periférico Sur y Zapote s/n. Col. Isidro Fabela, Tlalpan, 14030 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics (DAG), Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Laffoon JE, Shuler KA, Millard AR, Connelly JN, Schroeder H. Isotopic evidence for anthropogenic lead exposure on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:529-538. [PMID: 31618449 PMCID: PMC7028029 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize anthropogenic lead sources on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation and to test if lead isotope analyses can be used to identify the geographic origins of first-generation African captives. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out lead (Pb) isotope analyses on dental enamel samples from 24 individuals from the Newton Plantation Cemetery in Barbados, which had previously been analyzed for strontium (Sr) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547-557) and Pb concentrations (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2013, 150:203-209. RESULTS We are able to identify British Pb sources, and more specifically Bristol/Mendips Pb, as the most likely source of anthropogenic Pb on the plantation, highlighting the impact of the British Atlantic economy on the lives of enslaved peoples in Barbados during the period of plantation slavery. Furthermore, we find that there is only one clear outlier among seven individuals who had previously been identified as African-born based on their enamel Sr isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547-557). All other individuals present a very homogenous Pb isotope composition, which overlaps with that of British Pb sources. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that while Pb isotope analyses can help identify and further characterize the sources of anthropogenic Pb in plantation settings, they might not be suited for identifying the origins of African-born individuals in diasporic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristrina A. Shuler
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social WorkAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
| | | | - James N. Connelly
- Center for Star and Planet FormationThe GLOBE Institute, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hannes Schroeder
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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France CAM, Owsley DW, Bruwelheide KS, Renschler ES, Barca KG, DeCorse CR. Stable isotopes from the African site of Elmina, Ghana and their usefulness in tracking the provenance of enslaved individuals in 18th‐ and 19th‐century North American populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:298-318. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas W. Owsley
- Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Washington District of Columbia
| | - Karin S. Bruwelheide
- Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Washington District of Columbia
| | - Emily S. Renschler
- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn G. Barca
- Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Washington District of Columbia
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Cavazzuti C, Skeates R, Millard AR, Nowell G, Peterkin J, Bernabò Brea M, Cardarelli A, Salzani L. Flows of people in villages and large centres in Bronze Age Italy through strontium and oxygen isotopes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209693. [PMID: 30625174 PMCID: PMC6326466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates to what extent Bronze Age societies in Northern Italy were permeable accepting and integrating non-local individuals, as well as importing a wide range of raw materials, commodities, and ideas from networks spanning continental Europe and the Mediterranean. During the second millennium BC, the communities of Northern Italy engaged in a progressive stabilization of settlements, culminating in the large polities of the end of the Middle/beginning of the Late Bronze Age pivoted around large defended centres (the Terramare). Although a wide range of exotic archaeological materials indicates that the inhabitants of the Po plain increasingly took part in the networks of Continental European and the Eastern Mediterranean, we should not overlook the fact that the dynamics of interaction were also extremely active on local and regional levels. Mobility patterns have been explored for three key-sites, spanning the Early to Late Bronze Age (1900-1100 BC), namely Sant'Eurosia, Casinalbo and Fondo Paviani, through strontium and oxygen isotope analysis on a large sample size (more than 100 individuals). The results, integrated with osteological and archaeological data, document for the first time in this area that movements of people occurred mostly within a territorial radius of 50 km, but also that larger nodes in the settlement system (such as Fondo Paviani) included individuals from more distant areas. This suggests that, from a demographic perspective, the process towards a more complex socio-political system in Bronze Age Northern Italy was triggered by a largely, but not completely, internal process, stemming from the dynamics of intra-polity networks and local/regional power relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cavazzuti
- Durham University, Department of Archaeology, Durham, United Kingdom
- Istituto Centrale per la Demoetnoantropologia, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Robin Skeates
- Durham University, Department of Archaeology, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Millard
- Durham University, Department of Archaeology, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Nowell
- Durham University, Department of Earth Science, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Peterkin
- Durham University, Department of Earth Science, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrea Cardarelli
- Università di Roma, ‘La Sapienza’, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Rome, Italy
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Tracking natural and anthropogenic Pb exposure to its geological source. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1969. [PMID: 29386548 PMCID: PMC5792464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Pb exposure comes from two sources: (i) natural uptake through ingestion of soils and typified by populations that predate mining activity and (ii) anthropogenic exposure caused by the exposure to Pb derived from ore deposits. Currently, the measured concentration of Pb within a sample is used to discriminate between these two exposure routes, with the upper limit for natural exposure in skeletal studies given as 0.5 or 0.7 mg/kg in enamel and 0.5/0.7 μg/dL in blood. This threshold approach to categorising Pb exposure does not distinguish between the geological origins of the exposure types. However, Pb isotopes potentially provide a more definitive means of discriminating between sources. Whereas Pb from soil displays a crustal average 238U/204Pb (μ) value of c 9.7, Pb from ore displays a much wider range of evolution pathways. These characteristics are transferred into tooth enamel, making it possible to characterize human Pb exposure in terms of the primary source of ingested Pb and to relate mining activity to geotectonic domains. We surmise that this ability to discriminate between silicate and sulphide Pb exposure will lead to a better understanding of the evolution of early human mining activity and development of exposure models through the Anthropocene.
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Xia Y, Zhang J, Yu F, Zhang H, Wang T, Hu Y, Fuller BT. Breastfeeding, weaning, and dietary practices during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1122-771 BC) at Boyangcheng, Anhui Province, China. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:343-352. [PMID: 29131307 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here we investigate breastfeeding and weaning practices and adult dietary habits at the Western Zhou Dynasty (1122-771 BC) site of Boyangcheng () located in Anhui Province, China. In addition, we utilize the differences in bone collagen turnover rates between rib and long bones from the same individual to examine past life histories, such as changes in diet or residence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone collagen from both the rib and long bones (either femora or humeri) of 42 individuals was measured for stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N). In addition, δ13 C and δ15 N values are reported for 35 animals (dogs, cows, horses, pigs, and deer). RESULTS The human δ13 C values range from -20.7‰ to -12.0‰ with a mean value of -18.8 ± 1.6‰. The human δ15 N values range from 9.1‰ to 13.4‰ with a mean value of 10.9 ± 1.0‰. The animals display a wide range of δ13 C (-21.5‰ to -8.2‰; -15.8 ± 4.5‰) and δ15 N values (4.0‰ to 9.5‰; 6.5 ± 1.8‰). CONCLUSIONS The adult δ13 C and δ15 N results indicate that mixed C3 (rice) and C4 (millet) terrestrial diets with varying levels of animal protein (mostly pigs and deer) were consumed. The elevated subadult δ15 N results return to adult levels by approximately 3-4 years of age, indicating that the weaning process was completed during this period. Individuals between 2 and 10 years old, with lower δ13 C and δ15 N results than the adult mean, possibly consumed more plant-based diets, and this is consistent with Chinese medical teachings ∼1500 years later during the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907). The isotopic offsets between the ribs and long bones revealed that five adults experienced dramatic dietary shifts in their later lives, switching from predominately C3 /C4 to C3 diets. This research provides the first isotopic information about ancient Chinese breastfeeding and weaning practices and establishes a foundation for future studies to examine diachronic trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.,Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglei Zhang
- Department of History, University of Nanjing, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Anhui Province, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Cultural Relics of Chuzhou, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.,Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaowu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.,Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Benjamin T Fuller
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Dent SC. Interindividual differences in embodied marginalization: Osteological and stable isotope analyses of antebellum enslaved individuals. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Dent
- Department of Anthropology and Research Laboratories of Archaeology; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 27599 North Carolina
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Practising pastoralism in an agricultural environment: An isotopic analysis of the impact of the Hunnic incursions on Pannonian populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173079. [PMID: 28328951 PMCID: PMC5362200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a multi-isotope study of five fifth-century AD cemeteries in modern-day Hungary to determine relationships between nomadic-pastoralist incomers—the historically documented Huns and other nomadic groups—and the sedentary agricultural population of the late Roman province of Pannonia. Contemporary historical sources describe this relationship as adversarial and destructive for the late Roman population, but archaeological evidence indicates high levels of hybridity between different groups. We undertook carbon, nitrogen, strontium and oxygen isotope analyses of bone collagen, dentine and tooth enamel at Keszthely-Fenékpuszta, Hács-Béndekpuszta, Győr-Széchenyi Square, Mözs and Szolnok-Szanda to examine these relationships through past subsistence practices. The patterns at all sites indicate medium to high animal protein consumption with little evidence for a significant contribution of aquatic resources. All populations relied to a great extent on C4 plants, most likely millet. Within each population, diet was heterogeneous, with significant variations in terms of animal protein and C3 and C4 plant consumption. High levels of intra-population and individual variability suggest that populations made use of a range of subsistence strategies, with many individuals exhibiting significant changes over their lifetimes. Rather than being characterised only by violence, the historically-documented influx of nomadic populations appears to have led to widespread changes in subsistence strategies of populations in the Carpathian basin. Nomadic-pastoralist groups may have switched to smaller herds and more farming, and, conversely, local populations may have integrated with a new economic system based on animal herding.
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Kootker LM, Mbeki L, Morris AG, Kars H, Davies GR. Dynamics of Indian Ocean Slavery Revealed through Isotopic Data from the Colonial Era Cobern Street Burial Site, Cape Town, South Africa (1750-1827). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157750. [PMID: 27309532 PMCID: PMC4911094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) intended the Cape of Good Hope to be a refreshment stop for ships travelling between the Netherlands and its eastern colonies. The indigenous Khoisan, however, did not constitute an adequate workforce, therefore the VOC imported slaves from East Africa, Madagascar and Asia to expand the workforce. Cape Town became a cosmopolitan settlement with different categories of people, amongst them a non-European underclass that consisted of slaves, exiles, convicts and free-blacks. This study integrated new strontium isotope data with carbon and nitrogen isotope results from an 18th-19th century burial ground at Cobern Street, Cape Town, to identify non-European forced migrants to the Cape. The aim of the study was to elucidate individual mobility patterns, the age at which the forced migration took place and, if possible, geographical provenance. Using three proxies, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13Cdentine and the presence of dental modifications, a majority (54.5%) of the individuals were found to be born non-locally. In addition, the 87Sr/86Sr data suggested that the non-locally born men came from more diverse geographic origins than the migrant women. Possible provenances were suggested for two individuals. These results contribute to an improved understanding of the dynamics of slave trading in the Indian Ocean world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette M. Kootker
- Geology & Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Research Institute for Culture, History and Heritage (CLUE+), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda Mbeki
- Research Institute for Culture, History and Heritage (CLUE+), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alan G. Morris
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Henk Kars
- Research Institute for Culture, History and Heritage (CLUE+), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth R. Davies
- Geology & Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Reitsema LJ, Vercellotti G, Boano R. Subadult dietary variation at Trino Vercellese, Italy, and its relationship to adult diet and mortality. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:653-64. [PMID: 27100777 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early-life nutrition is a predisposing factor for later-life outcomes. This study tests the hypothesis that subadults from medieval Trino Vercellese, Italy, who lived to adulthood consumed isotopically different diets compared with subadults who died before reaching adulthood. We have previously used a life history approach, comparing dentine and bone of the same adult individuals ("subadults who lived"), to elucidate dietary variation across the life span. Here, we examine diets of "subadults who died" from the same population, estimated from subadult rib collagen, to explore whether dietary behaviors of subadults who lived differed from those of subadults who died. METHODS Forty-one subadults aged six months to 14.5 years were studied through stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of collagen. RESULTS Individuals were weaned by age 4 years, with considerable variation in weaning ages overall. Post-weaning, diets of subadults who died comprised significantly less animal protein than diets of subadults who lived. Isotopic values of the two oldest individuals, 13.5 and 14.5 years, show the same status-based variation in diet as do adults from the population. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that incorporating animal protein in diet during growth and development supported medieval subadults' ability to survive to adulthood. Isotopic similarities between adults and older subadults suggest "adult" dietary behaviors were adopted in adolescence. Stable isotope evidence from subadults bridges a disparity between ontogenetic age categories and socioculturally meaningful age categories in the past, and sheds light on the underpinnings of health, mortality, growth, and disease in the bioarchaeological record. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:653-664, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Reitsema
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
| | | | - Rosa Boano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Italy
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Killgrove K, Montgomery J. All Roads Lead to Rome: Exploring Human Migration to the Eternal City through Biochemistry of Skeletons from Two Imperial-Era Cemeteries (1st-3rd c AD). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147585. [PMID: 26863610 PMCID: PMC4749291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration within the Roman Empire occurred at multiple scales and was engaged in both voluntarily and involuntarily. Because of the lengthy tradition of classical studies, bioarchaeological analyses must be fully contextualized within the bounds of history, material culture, and epigraphy. In order to assess migration to Rome within an updated contextual framework, strontium isotope analysis was performed on 105 individuals from two cemeteries associated with Imperial Rome—Casal Bertone and Castellaccio Europarco—and oxygen and carbon isotope analyses were performed on a subset of 55 individuals. Statistical analysis and comparisons with expected local ranges found several outliers who likely immigrated to Rome from elsewhere. Demographics of the immigrants show men and children migrated, and a comparison of carbon isotopes from teeth and bone samples suggests the immigrants may have significantly changed their diet. These data represent the first physical evidence of individual migrants to Imperial Rome. This case study demonstrates the importance of employing bioarchaeology to generate a deeper understanding of a complex ancient urban center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Killgrove
- Department of Anthropology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Janet Montgomery
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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TSUTAYA TAKUMI, MIYAMOTO HIROSHI, UNO HIKARU, OMORI TAKAYUKI, GAKUHARI TAKASHI, INAHARA AKIYOSHI, NAGAOKA TOMOHITO, ABE MIKIKO, YONEDA MINORU. From cradle to grave: multi-isotopic investigations on the life history of a higher-status female from Edo-period Japan. ANTHROPOL SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.161029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TAKUMI TSUTAYA
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa
| | | | - HIKARU UNO
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba
| | | | - TAKASHI GAKUHARI
- College of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | | | - TOMOHITO NAGAOKA
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | - MIKIKO ABE
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka
| | - MINORU YONEDA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
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Stantis C, Buckley HR, Kinaston RL, Nunn PD, Jaouen K, Richards MP. Isotopic evidence of human mobility and diet in a prehistoric/protohistoric Fijian coastal environment (c. 750-150 BP). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:478-95. [PMID: 26487418 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bourewa, on the southwest coast of Viti Levu in Fiji, is a multi-period site that contained burials dated to the later Vuda Phase (750-150 BP), a period of climatic fluctuations that potentially impacted the availability of food resources. We aim to investigate diet and movement at this site during a time of possible ecological pressure and political change. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed δ(13) C, δ(15) N, and (87) Sr/(86) Sr of these Vuda Phase individuals (n = 25) interred at the site. By analyzing dentin and bone, both childhood diet and the diet within the past few years of adults' lives were examined. RESULTS The paleodietary results suggested that adult diets consisted largely of low trophic level marine organisms. Dentin and bone isotopic values differed significantly: childhood diet involved consumption of more higher trophic level terrestrial foods. Most individuals displayed (87) Sr/(86) Sr ratios expected of people living along a marine coastline. However, a few individuals displayed (87) Sr/(86) Sr ratios and paleodietary values (δ(13) Cdentin , δ(15) Ndentin ) suggestive of living further inland or consuming a more terrestrial-based childhood diet. DISCUSSION The results are compared with past studies of sites from Fiji and nearby archipelagoes, placing our interpretations into a wider regional context. The Bourewa community appears to have consumed more low trophic level marine foods than any nearby site, possibly because terrestrial foods were more difficult to acquire. Interpreting the childhood diet is challenging due to the paucity of ethnohistoric literature on Fijian childhood; small meals outside of communal mealtimes or feeding children terrestrial animal protein as a means of cultural buffering are potential explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stantis
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9012, New Zealand
| | - Hallie R Buckley
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9012, New Zealand
| | | | - Patrick D Nunn
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9012, New Zealand
| | - Klervia Jaouen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9012, New Zealand
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Santana J, Fregel R, Lightfoot E, Morales J, Alamón M, Guillén J, Moreno M, Rodríguez A. The early colonial atlantic world: New insights on the African Diaspora from isotopic and ancient DNA analyses of a multiethnic 15th-17th century burial population from the Canary Islands, Spain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:300-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Santana
- State University of Peninsula de Santa Elena; La Libertad Ecuador
- G.I. Tarha. Deparment of Historical Sciences; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
| | - Rosa Fregel
- Department of Genetics; Stanford University; Stanford United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amelia Rodríguez
- G.I. Tarha. Deparment of Historical Sciences; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
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Campbell MC, Hirbo JB, Townsend JP, Tishkoff SA. The peopling of the African continent and the diaspora into the new world. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 29:120-32. [PMID: 25461616 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Africa is the birthplace of anatomically modern humans, and is the geographic origin of human migration across the globe within the last 100,000 years. The history of African populations has consisted of a number of demographic events that have influenced patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation across the continent. With the increasing amount of genomic data and corresponding developments in computational methods, researchers are able to explore long-standing evolutionary questions, expanding our understanding of human history within and outside of Africa. This review will summarize some of the recent findings regarding African demographic history, including the African Diaspora, and will briefly explore their implications for disease susceptibility in populations of African descent.
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King CL, Tayles N, Higham C, Strand-Viđarsdóttir U, Bentley RA, Macpherson CG, Nowell G. Using isotopic evidence to assess the impact of migration and the two-layer hypothesis in prehistoric Northeast Thailand. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:141-50. [PMID: 26118989 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nature of the agricultural transition in Southeast Asia has been a topic of some debate for archaeologists over the past decades. A prominent model, known as the two-layer hypothesis, states that indigenous hunter-gatherers were subsumed by the expansion of exotic Neolithic farmers into the area around 2000 BC. These farmers had ultimate origins in East Asia and brought rice and millet agriculture. Ban Non Wat is one of the few archaeological sites in Southeast Asia where this model can potentially be tested. The site is located in the Mun River valley of Northeast Thailand, and divided into 12 phases that span over 2,000 years, from about 1750 BC to the end of the Iron Age (ca. 500 AD). These phases exhibit successive cultural changes, and current interpretation of the site is of an early hunter-gatherer population, with agriculturalists immigrating into the later phases. METHODS We analyzed strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotopes in tooth enamel from over 150 individuals, dating from the Neolithic to Iron Age, to assess extrinsic origins and differences in diet between early and later phases. RESULTS We find evidence of dietary and cultural differences between groups at Ban Non Wat during its early occupation, but little evidence for immigration from distinct environments beyond the Khorat Plateau of Northeast Thailand. CONCLUSIONS The lack of consistent isotopic differences between early and later Neolithic occupants at Ban Non Wat means that the site does not conclusively support the two-layer hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L King
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nancy Tayles
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Charles Higham
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Geoff Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, UK
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Schroeder H, Shuler KA, Chenery SR. Childhood lead exposure in an enslaved African community in Barbados: Implications for birthplace and health status. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 150:203-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Price TD, Burton JH, Cucina A, Zabala P, Frei R, Tykot RH, Tiesler V. Isotopic Studies of Human Skeletal Remains from a Sixteenth to Seventeenth Century AD Churchyard in Campeche, Mexico. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1086/666492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Understanding Human Migration Patterns and their Utility in Forensic Human Identification Cases. SOCIETIES 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/soc2020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Szpak P, Longstaffe FJ, Millaire JF, White CD. Stable isotope biogeochemistry of seabird guano fertilization: results from growth chamber studies with maize (Zea mays). PLoS One 2012; 7:e33741. [PMID: 22479435 PMCID: PMC3316503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stable isotope analysis is being utilized with increasing regularity to examine a wide range of issues (diet, habitat use, migration) in ecology, geology, archaeology, and related disciplines. A crucial component to these studies is a thorough understanding of the range and causes of baseline isotopic variation, which is relatively poorly understood for nitrogen (δ(15)N). Animal excrement is known to impact plant δ(15)N values, but the effects of seabird guano have not been systematically studied from an agricultural or horticultural standpoint. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This paper presents isotopic (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) and vital data for maize (Zea mays) fertilized with Peruvian seabird guano under controlled conditions. The level of (15)N enrichment in fertilized plants is very large, with δ(15)N values ranging between 25.5 and 44.7‰ depending on the tissue and amount of fertilizer applied; comparatively, control plant δ(15)N values ranged between -0.3 and 5.7‰. Intraplant and temporal variability in δ(15)N values were large, particularly for the guano-fertilized plants, which can be attributed to changes in the availability of guano-derived N over time, and the reliance of stored vs. absorbed N. Plant δ(13)C values were not significantly impacted by guano fertilization. High concentrations of seabird guano inhibited maize germination and maize growth. Moreover, high levels of seabird guano greatly impacted the N metabolism of the plants, resulting in significantly higher tissue N content, particularly in the stalk. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results presented in this study demonstrate the very large impact of seabird guano on maize δ(15)N values. The use of seabird guano as a fertilizer can thus be traced using stable isotope analysis in food chemistry applications (certification of organic inputs). Furthermore, the fertilization of maize with seabird guano creates an isotopic signature very similar to a high-trophic level marine resource, which must be considered when interpreting isotopic data from archaeological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Szpak
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Roberts P, Weston S, Wild B, Boston C, Ditchfield P, Shortland AJ, Pollard AM. The men of Nelson's navy: a comparative stable isotope dietary study of late 18th century and early 19th century servicemen from Royal Naval Hospital burial grounds at Plymouth and Gosport, England. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 148:1-10. [PMID: 22407735 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present stable isotopic analyses of collagen from 80 servicemen excavated from the late 18th/early 19th century naval hospitals at Plymouth (50) and Haslar, Gosport (30) in southern England. Historical records suggest that, the diets of these two populations should be essentially identical. While δ(15) N of the rib collagen confirmed that naval servicemen were relatively well-catered for in terms of meat allowance (Plymouth average δ(15) N = 11.1‰, Gosport = 11.9‰), stable carbon isotope analysis produced average values for the two assemblages, which were significantly different (Plymouth average δ(13) C = -18.8‰, Gosport = -20.0‰). We postulate that these differences stem from divergent naval postings, with a greater proportion of Plymouth individuals serving in areas that entailed a greater input of C(4) foodstuffs. By comparison with published data from approximately contemporary burials at Snake Hill, Ontario, Canada and Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, we suggest that this area is the east coast of North America. For 15 of the 30 individuals from Gosport, we have data on ribs, femur, and dentine from the same skeleton, which appear to show that they came from a variety of locations in their preadolescence, but converged in dietary terms onto a "naval average," which is consistent with historical evidence for recruitment patterns into the Navy at the time. By comparison with published data from skeletons recovered from the wreck of the Mary Rose (sank 1545), we conclude that this naval diet was virtually unchanged from the 16th century to the end of the 18th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roberts
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, School of Archaeology, Oxford, UK
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Marchant J. Filling in the gaps in the slave trade. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2011.9535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Montgomery J. Passports from the past: Investigating human dispersals using strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel. Ann Hum Biol 2010; 37:325-46. [PMID: 20367186 DOI: 10.3109/03014461003649297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Strontium isotopes are a powerful tool which provide information about provenance directly from the tissues of humans rather than the grave context and burial goods. Geographical variation in strontium isotopes is primarily controlled by the underlying geology but there are many other factors that need to be considered before migratory individuals can be identified. Consequently, despite many studies which have shown that the method works well, it is clear that much remains to be clarified and it will not work for every question or in every place. It rests on the assumption that people were sourcing their food locally and that there is a measurable strontium isotope difference between the place the person migrated from and the place they migrated to. As migrants may deliberately seek out familiar soil types and terrains in their new homeland, some questions surrounding major migration events may prove intractable for this technique. Other factors that can create heterogeneity or homogeneity leading to false positives or false negatives, such as human choices or coastal subsistence, are explored and the metabolism of strontium into human tooth enamel is discussed. Several models of land-use choices by humans are presented to highlight the subtleties inherent in the isotope data and these are used to interpret archaeological human isotope ratios from three studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Montgomery
- Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Hakenbeck S, McManus E, Geisler H, Grupe G, O'Connell T. Diet and mobility in Early Medieval Bavaria: A study of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 143:235-49. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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