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Zhang Y, Yan R, Zhang X, Ma J. Disease-Associated Q159X Mutant Prion Protein Is Sufficient to Cause Fatal Degenerative Disease in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04224-2. [PMID: 38743210 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PRNP Q160X is one of the five dominantly inheritable nonsense mutations causing familial prion diseases. Till now, it remains unclear how this type of nonsense mutations causes familial prion diseases with unique clinical and pathological characteristics. Human prion protein (PrP) Q160X mutation is equivalent to Q159X in mouse PrP, which produces the mutant fragment PrP1-158. Through intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus in newborn mice, we successfully overexpressed mouse PrP1-158-FLAG in the central nervous system. Interestingly, high level PrP1-158-FLAG expression in the brain caused death in these mice with an average survival time of 60 ± 9.1 days. Toxicity correlated with levels of PrP1-158-FLAG but was independent of endogenous PrP. Histopathological analyses showed microgliosis and astrogliosis in mouse brains expressing PrP1-158-FLAG and most of PrP1-158-FLAG staining appeared intracellular. Biochemical characterization revealed that the majority of PrP1-158-FLAG were insoluble and a significant part of PrP1-158-FLAG appeared to contain an un-cleaved signal peptide that may contribute to its cytoplasmic localization. Importantly, an ~10-kDa proteinase K-resistant PrP fragment was detected, which was the same as those observed in patients suffering from this type of prion diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first animal study of familial prion disease caused by Q159X that recapitulates key features of human disease. It will be a valuable tool for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms underlying familial prion diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Runchuan Yan
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangyi Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiyan Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
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2
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Polido SA, Stuani C, Voigt A, Banik P, Kamps J, Bader V, Grover P, Krause LJ, Zerr I, Matschke J, Glatzel M, Winklhofer KF, Buratti E, Tatzelt J. Cross-seeding by prion protein inactivates TDP-43. Brain 2024; 147:240-254. [PMID: 37669322 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A common pathological denominator of various neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of protein aggregates. Neurotoxic effects are caused by a loss of the physiological activity of the aggregating protein and/or a gain of toxic function of the misfolded protein conformers. In transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases, neurodegeneration is caused by aberrantly folded isoforms of the prion protein (PrP). However, it is poorly understood how pathogenic PrP conformers interfere with neuronal viability. Employing in vitro approaches, cell culture, animal models and patients' brain samples, we show that misfolded PrP can induce aggregation and inactivation of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43). Purified PrP aggregates interact with TDP-43 in vitro and in cells and induce the conversion of soluble TDP-43 into non-dynamic protein assemblies. Similarly, mislocalized PrP conformers in the cytosol bind to and sequester TDP-43 in cytosolic aggregates. As a consequence, TDP-43-dependent splicing activity in the nucleus is significantly decreased, leading to altered protein expression in cells with cytosolic PrP aggregates. Finally, we present evidence for cytosolic TDP-43 aggregates in neurons of transgenic flies expressing mammalian PrP and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. Our study identified a novel mechanism of how aberrant PrP conformers impair physiological pathways by cross-seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Polido
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Cristiana Stuani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Aaron Voigt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Papiya Banik
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Janine Kamps
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Prerna Grover
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura J Krause
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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3
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Banerjee G, Collinge J, Fox NC, Lashley T, Mead S, Schott JM, Werring DJ, Ryan NS. Clinical considerations in early-onset cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2023; 146:3991-4014. [PMID: 37280119 PMCID: PMC10545523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an important cerebral small vessel disease associated with brain haemorrhage and cognitive change. The commonest form, sporadic amyloid-β CAA, usually affects people in mid- to later life. However, early-onset forms, though uncommon, are increasingly recognized and may result from genetic or iatrogenic causes that warrant specific and focused investigation and management. In this review, we firstly describe the causes of early-onset CAA, including monogenic causes of amyloid-β CAA (APP missense mutations and copy number variants; mutations of PSEN1 and PSEN2) and non-amyloid-β CAA (associated with ITM2B, CST3, GSN, PRNP and TTR mutations), and other unusual sporadic and acquired causes including the newly-recognized iatrogenic subtype. We then provide a structured approach for investigating early-onset CAA, and highlight important management considerations. Improving awareness of these unusual forms of CAA amongst healthcare professionals is essential for facilitating their prompt diagnosis, and an understanding of their underlying pathophysiology may have implications for more common, late-onset, forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Banerjee
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, W1 1PJ, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Noguchi H, Koyama S, Yagita K, Shijo M, Matsuzono K, Hamasaki H, Kanemaru T, Okamoto T, Kai K, Aishima S, Abe K, Sasagasako N, Honda H. Silence of resident microglia in GPI anchorless prion disease and activation of microglia in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 82:38-48. [PMID: 36331509 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GPI anchorless prion diseases (GPIALPs) show numerous coarse prion protein (PrP) deposits in the CNS but neuropil spongiform changes are mild and the incidence of dementia is low. Here, we examined differences in resident microglial phenotypes between GPIALP (D178fs25) and the other prion diseases Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with respect to homeostasis and activation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 2 GPIALP (D178fs25), 4 GSS (P102L), and 4 sCJD cases. Homeostatic microglia expressing TMEM119 and P2RY12 were preserved in GPIALP compared to GSS and sCJD. Microglia/macrophage activation in GSS and sCJD was associated with the extent of spongiform change. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed TMEM119 and P2RY12 in PrP plaque cores. Activated microglia/macrophages expressing HLA-DR and CD68 were predominant in GSS and sCJD whereas in GPIALP, homeostatic microglia were retained and activated microglia/macrophages were rarely observed. These data suggest that PrP deposition in GPIALP is less toxic and that microglia may be immune-tolerant to PrP deposition. This may be associated with milder tissue damage and a low incidence of dementia. Whereas microglia/macrophage activation is considered to be a reaction to tissue injury, this study shows that the degree of microglia/macrophage activity might influence the extent of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Noguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yagita
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuzono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideomi Hamasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kanemaru
- Department of Morphology Core Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Muscular Center, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Sirkis DW, Bonham LW, Johnson TP, La Joie R, Yokoyama JS. Dissecting the clinical heterogeneity of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2674-2688. [PMID: 35393555 PMCID: PMC9156414 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is a rare but particularly devastating form of AD. Though notable for its high degree of clinical heterogeneity, EOAD is defined by the same neuropathological hallmarks underlying the more common, late-onset form of AD. In this review, we describe the various clinical syndromes associated with EOAD, including the typical amnestic phenotype as well as atypical variants affecting visuospatial, language, executive, behavioral, and motor functions. We go on to highlight advances in fluid biomarker research and describe how molecular, structural, and functional neuroimaging can be used not only to improve EOAD diagnostic acumen but also enhance our understanding of fundamental pathobiological changes occurring years (and even decades) before the onset of symptoms. In addition, we discuss genetic variation underlying EOAD, including pathogenic variants responsible for the well-known mendelian forms of EOAD as well as variants that may increase risk for the much more common forms of EOAD that are either considered to be sporadic or lack a clear autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. Intriguingly, specific pathogenic variants in PRNP and MAPT-genes which are more commonly associated with other neurodegenerative diseases-may provide unexpectedly important insights into the formation of AD tau pathology. Genetic analysis of the atypical clinical syndromes associated with EOAD will continue to be challenging given their rarity, but integration of fluid biomarker data, multimodal imaging, and various 'omics techniques and their application to the study of large, multicenter cohorts will enable future discoveries of fundamental mechanisms underlying the development of EOAD and its varied clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taylor P Johnson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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6
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Gómez-López VM, Viramontes-Pintos A, Ontiveros-Torres MÁ, Garcés-Ramírez L, de la Cruz F, Villanueva-Fierro I, Bravo-Muñoz M, Harrington CR, Martínez-Robles S, Yescas P, Guadarrama-Ortíz P, Hernandes-Alejandro M, Montiel-Sosa F, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J. Tau Protein Phosphorylated at Threonine-231 is Expressed Abundantly in the Cerebellum in Prion Encephalopathies. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:769-785. [PMID: 33814431 PMCID: PMC8203236 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are rare neurodegenerative disorders that affect animals and humans. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, and Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans belong to this group. The causative agent of TSEs is called “prion”, which corresponds to a pathological form (PrPSc) of a normal cellular protein (PrPC) expressed in nerve cells. PrPSc is resistant to degradation and can induce abnormal folding of PrPC, and TSEs are characterized by extensive spongiosis and gliosis and the presence of PrPSc amyloid plaques. CJD presents initially with clinical symptoms similar to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In AD, tau aggregates and amyloid-β protein plaques are associated with memory loss and cognitive impairment in patients. Objective: In this work, we study the role of tau and its relationship with PrPSc plaques in CJD. Methods: Multiple immunostainings with specific antibodies were carried out and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Results: We found increased expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), and an exacerbated apoptosis in the granular layer in cases with prion disease. In these cases, tau protein phosphorylated at Thr-231 was overexpressed in the axons and dendrites of Purkinje cells and the extensions of parallel fibers in the cerebellum. Conclusion: We conclude that phosphorylation of tau may be a response to a toxic and inflammatory environment generated by the pathological form of prion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vıctor Manuel Gómez-López
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México.,Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México
| | - Amparo Viramontes-Pintos
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México
| | - Fidel de la Cruz
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México
| | | | - Marely Bravo-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sandra Martínez-Robles
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | - Petra Yescas
- Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, "Manuel Velazco Suerez" CDMX, México
| | - Parménides Guadarrama-Ortíz
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Centro Especializado en Neurocirugía y Neurociencias, México, (CENNM), CDMX, México
| | - Mario Hernandes-Alejandro
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, México
| | - Francisco Montiel-Sosa
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México.,National Brain Bank. Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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7
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Structure of Tau filaments in Prion protein amyloidoses. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:227-241. [PMID: 34128081 PMCID: PMC8270882 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In human neurodegenerative diseases associated with the intracellular aggregation of Tau protein, the ordered cores of Tau filaments adopt distinct folds. Here, we analyze Tau filaments isolated from the brain of individuals affected by Prion-Protein cerebral amyloid angiopathy (PrP-CAA) with a nonsense mutation in the PRNP gene that leads to early termination of translation of PrP (Q160Ter or Q160X), and Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker (GSS) disease, with a missense mutation in the PRNP gene that leads to an amino acid substitution at residue 198 (F198S) of PrP. The clinical and neuropathologic phenotypes associated with these two mutations in PRNP are different; however, the neuropathologic analyses of these two genetic variants have consistently shown the presence of numerous neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made of filamentous Tau aggregates in neurons. We report that Tau filaments in PrP-CAA (Q160X) and GSS (F198S) are composed of 3-repeat and 4-repeat Tau isoforms, having a striking similarity to NFTs in Alzheimer disease (AD). In PrP-CAA (Q160X), Tau filaments are made of both paired helical filaments (PHFs) and straight filaments (SFs), while in GSS (F198S), only PHFs were found. Mass spectrometry analyses of Tau filaments extracted from PrP-CAA (Q160X) and GSS (F198S) brains show the presence of post-translational modifications that are comparable to those seen in Tau aggregates from AD. Cryo-EM analysis reveals that the atomic models of the Tau filaments obtained from PrP-CAA (Q160X) and GSS (F198S) are identical to those of the Tau filaments from AD, and are therefore distinct from those of Pick disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and corticobasal degeneration. Our data support the hypothesis that in the presence of extracellular amyloid deposits and regardless of the primary amino acid sequence of the amyloid protein, similar molecular mechanisms are at play in the formation of identical Tau filaments.
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Perrone F, Cacace R, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Emerging genetic complexity and rare genetic variants in neurodegenerative brain diseases. Genome Med 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 33853652 PMCID: PMC8048219 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular etiology of neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBD) has substantially increased over the past three decades. Early genetic studies of NBD families identified rare and highly penetrant deleterious mutations in causal genes that segregate with disease. Large genome-wide association studies uncovered common genetic variants that influenced disease risk. Major developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies accelerated gene discoveries at an unprecedented rate and revealed novel pathways underlying NBD pathogenesis. NGS technology exposed large numbers of rare genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in coding regions, highlighting the genetic complexity of NBD. Since experimental studies of these coding rare VUS are largely lacking, the potential contributions of VUS to NBD etiology remain unknown. In this review, we summarize novel findings in NBD genetic etiology driven by NGS and the impact of rare VUS on NBD etiology. We consider different mechanisms by which rare VUS can act and influence NBD pathophysiology and discuss why a better understanding of rare VUS is instrumental for deriving novel insights into the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of NBD. New knowledge might open avenues for effective personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Townley RA, Polsinelli AJ, Fields JA, Machulda MM, Jones DT, Graff-Radford J, Kantarci KM, Lowe VJ, Rademakers RV, Baker MC, Kumar N, Boeve BF. Longitudinal clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging characterization of a kindred with a 12-octapeptide repeat insertion in PRNP: the next generation. Neurocase 2020; 26:211-219. [PMID: 32602775 PMCID: PMC7426006 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2020.1787458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly penetrant inherited mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) offer a window to study the pathobiology of prion disorders. METHOD Clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging characterization of a kindred. RESULTS Three of four mutation carriers have progressed to a frontotemporal dementia phenotype. Declines in neuropsychological function coincided with changes in FDG-PET at the identified onset of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Gene silencing treatments are on the horizon and when they become available, early detection will be crucial. Longitudinal studies involving familial mutation kindreds can offer important insights into the initial neuropsychological and neuroimaging changes necessary for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Townley
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | | | - Julie A. Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | - Mary M. Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | - David T. Jones
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA 46202
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | | | - Kejal M. Kantarci
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | | | - Matt C. Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA 32224
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA 46202
| | - Bradley F. Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA 46202
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10
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Minikel EV, Karczewski KJ, Martin HC, Cummings BB, Whiffin N, Rhodes D, Alföldi J, Trembath RC, van Heel DA, Daly MJ, Schreiber SL, MacArthur DG. Evaluating drug targets through human loss-of-function genetic variation. Nature 2020; 581:459-464. [PMID: 32461653 PMCID: PMC7272226 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring human genetic variants that are predicted to inactivate protein-coding genes provide an in vivo model of human gene inactivation that complements knockout studies in cells and model organisms. Here we report three key findings regarding the assessment of candidate drug targets using human loss-of-function variants. First, even essential genes, in which loss-of-function variants are not tolerated, can be highly successful as targets of inhibitory drugs. Second, in most genes, loss-of-function variants are sufficiently rare that genotype-based ascertainment of homozygous or compound heterozygous 'knockout' humans will await sample sizes that are approximately 1,000 times those presently available, unless recruitment focuses on consanguineous individuals. Third, automated variant annotation and filtering are powerful, but manual curation remains crucial for removing artefacts, and is a prerequisite for recall-by-genotype efforts. Our results provide a roadmap for human knockout studies and should guide the interpretation of loss-of-function variants in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vallabh Minikel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Beryl B Cummings
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Rhodes
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London and Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jessica Alföldi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard C Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Centre for Population Genomics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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11
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Baiardi S, Rossi M, Capellari S, Parchi P. Recent advances in the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:278-300. [PMID: 30588685 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and other mammalian species. The term prion, originally put forward to propose the concept that a protein could be infectious, refers to PrPSc , a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC ) that represents the pathogenetic hallmark of these disorders. The discovery that other proteins characterized by misfolding and seeded aggregation can spread from cell to cell, similarly to PrPSc , has increased interest in prion diseases. Among neurodegenerative disorders, however, prion diseases distinguish themselves for the broader phenotypic spectrum, the fastest disease progression and the existence of infectious forms that can be transmitted through the exposure to diseased tissues via ingestion, injection or transplantation. The main clinicopathological phenotypes of human prion disease include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, by far the most common, fatal insomnia, variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. However, clinicopathological manifestations extend even beyond those predicted by this classification. Because of their transmissibility, the phenotypic diversity of prion diseases can also be propagated into syngenic hosts as prion strains with distinct characteristics, such as incubation period, pattern of PrPSc distribution and regional severity of histopathological changes in the brain. Increasing evidence indicates that different PrPSc conformers, forming distinct ordered aggregates, encipher the phenotypic variants related to prion strains. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances concerning the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease focusing on the phenotypic spectrum of the disease including co-pathologies, the characterization of prion strains by experimental transmission and their correlation with the physicochemical properties of PrPSc aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Rossi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Bagyinszky E, Kang MJ, Pyun J, Giau VV, An SSA, Kim S. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease patient with prion (PRNP) p.Val180Ile mutation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2003-2013. [PMID: 31410005 PMCID: PMC6645694 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s215277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In this study, a known PRNP mutation, Val180Ile (c.G538A), was reported in a 58 years old female patient, clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Case report: The patient presented slowly progressive cognitive decline in memory and visuospatial domain. Neuroimaging showed hippocampal atrophy in MRI and mild amyloid positivity in PET scan. Even though her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was positive for 14-3-3 protein, no sign of Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases symptoms was observed. In addition, reduced Aβ42 and elevated total-Tau and phospho-Tau in CSF also proved the AD diagnosis. The mutation may disturb the hydrophobic core of prion protein, and result in abnormal intramolecular interactions. Due to 23andMe, PRNP Val180Ile could not be categorized either as a mutation with complete penetrance, or as neutral variant, and could have a possible role in neurodegeneration. Pathological overlap was observed between prion diseases and other neurodegenerative diseases, including AD or frontotemporal dementia. Conclusion: Whole exome sequencing and pathway analysis of patient revealed rare or possible risk variants in AD associated genes, such as SORL1 or ABCA7. Along with PRNP, AD risk genes may play a role in negative regulation of amyloid formation. Dysfunctions in these genes could possibly be associated in reduced neuroprotection and amyloid clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Sungnamsi 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Sungnamsi 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Sungnamsi 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jones DT, Townley RA, Graff-Radford J, Botha H, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Lowe VJ, Boeve BF. Amyloid- and tau-PET imaging in a familial prion kindred. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e290. [PMID: 30584595 PMCID: PMC6283453 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the in vivo binding properties of 18F-AV-1451 (tau-PET) and Pittsburgh compound B (PiB-PET) in a unique kindred with a familial prion disorder known to produce amyloid plaques composed of prion protein alongside Alzheimer disease (AD)–like tau tangles. Methods A case series of 4 symptomatic family members with the 12-octapeptide repeat insertion in the PRNP gene were imaged with 3T MRI, PiB-PET, and tau-PET in their fourth decade of life. Results There was significant neocortical uptake of the tau-PET tracer in all 4 familial prion cases. However, PiB-PET images did not demonstrate abnormally elevated signal in neocortical or cerebellar regions for any of the patients. Conclusions In vivo detection of molecular hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases will be a prerequisite to well-conducted therapeutic trials. Understanding the in vivo behavior of these PET biomarkers in the setting of various neurodegenerative processes is imperative to their proper use in such trials and for research studies focused on the basic neurobiology of neurodegeneration. This study supports the high specificity of neocortical 18F-AV-1451 binding to AD-like tau and the lack of PiB binding to PrP plaques. It is uncertain how early in the disease course tau pathology appears in the brains of individuals who carry this PRNP gene mutation or how it evolves throughout the disease course, but future longitudinal 18F-AV-1451 imaging of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in this kindred will help address these uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Jones
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ryan A Townley
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jonathan Graff-Radford
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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14
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Bommarito G, Cellerino M, Prada V, Venturi C, Capellari S, Cortelli P, Mancardi GL, Parchi P, Schenone A. A novel prion protein gene‐truncating mutation causing autonomic neuropathy and diarrhea. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:e91-e92. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Bommarito
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS Genoa Italy
| | - M. Cellerino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS Genoa Italy
| | - V. Prada
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS Genoa Italy
| | - C. Venturi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS Genoa Italy
| | - S. Capellari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie Università di Bologna Bologna Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche Bologna Italy
| | - P. Cortelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie Università di Bologna Bologna Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche Bologna Italy
| | - G. L. Mancardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS Genoa Italy
| | - P. Parchi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale Università di Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - A. Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS Genoa Italy
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15
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Bartoletti-Stella A, Baiardi S, Stanzani-Maserati M, Piras S, Caffarra P, Raggi A, Pantieri R, Baldassari S, Caporali L, Abu-Rumeileh S, Linarello S, Liguori R, Parchi P, Capellari S. Identification of rare genetic variants in Italian patients with dementia by targeted gene sequencing. Neurobiol Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) caused by mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) have been classified as genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, or fatal familial insomnia. Mutations in PRNP can be missense, nonsense, and/or octapeptide repeat insertions or, possibly, deletions. These mutations can produce diverse clinical features. They may also show varying ancillary testing results and neuropathological findings. Although the majority of gPrDs have a rapid progression with a short survival time of a few months, many also present as ataxic or parkinsonian disorders, which have a slower decline over a few to several years. A few very rare mutations manifest as neuropsychiatric disorders, with systemic symptoms that include gastrointestinal disorders and neuropathy; these forms can progress over years to decades. In this review, we classify gPrDs as rapid, slow, or mixed types based on their typical rate of progression and duration, and we review the broad spectrum of phenotypes manifested by these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Ohk Kim
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Leonel T Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Katherine Wong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sven A Forner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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17
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Abstract
Genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) caused by mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) have been classified as genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, or fatal familial insomnia. Mutations in PRNP can be missense, nonsense, and/or octapeptide repeat insertions or, possibly, deletions. These mutations can produce diverse clinical features. They may also show varying ancillary testing results and neuropathological findings. Although the majority of gPrDs have a rapid progression with a short survival time of a few months, many also present as ataxic or parkinsonian disorders, which have a slower decline over a few to several years. A few very rare mutations manifest as neuropsychiatric disorders, with systemic symptoms that include gastrointestinal disorders and neuropathy; these forms can progress over years to decades. In this review, we classify gPrDs as rapid, slow, or mixed types based on their typical rate of progression and duration, and we review the broad spectrum of phenotypes manifested by these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Ohk Kim
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Leonel T Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Katherine Wong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sven A Forner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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18
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Capellari S, Baiardi S, Rinaldi R, Bartoletti-Stella A, Graziano C, Piras S, Calandra-Buonaura G, D'Angelo R, Terziotti C, Lodi R, Donadio V, Pironi L, Cortelli P, Parchi P. Two novel PRNP truncating mutations broaden the spectrum of prion amyloidosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:777-783. [PMID: 29928661 PMCID: PMC5989776 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncating mutations in PRNP have been associated with heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from chronic diarrhea and neuropathy to dementia, either rapidly or slowly progressive. We identified novel PRNP stop‐codon mutations (p.Y163X, p.Y169X) in two Italian kindreds. Disease typically presented in the third or fourth decade with progressive autonomic failure and diarrhea. Moreover, one proband (p.Y163X) developed late cognitive decline, whereas some of his relatives presented with isolated cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Our results strengthen the link between PRNP truncating mutations and systemic abnormal PrP deposition and support a wider application of PRNP screening to include unsolved cases of familial autonomic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences IRCCS Bologna Italy
| | - Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Rita Rinaldi
- Neurology Unit S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital Bologna Italy
| | - Anna Bartoletti-Stella
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences IRCCS Bologna Italy
| | - Claudio Graziano
- Medical Genetics Unit S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital Bologna Italy
| | - Silvia Piras
- Institute of Neurological Sciences IRCCS Bologna Italy
| | - Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences IRCCS Bologna Italy
| | - Roberto D'Angelo
- Neurology Unit S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital Bologna Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Lodi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy.,Functional MR Unit S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital Bologna Italy
| | | | - Loris Pironi
- Chronic Intestinal Failure Center S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital Bologna Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy.,Institute of Neurological Sciences IRCCS Bologna Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Institute of Neurological Sciences IRCCS Bologna Italy.,Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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19
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Blue EE, Bis JC, Dorschner MO, Tsuang D, Barral SM, Beecham G, Below JE, Bush WS, Butkiewicz M, Cruchaga C, DeStefano A, Farrer LA, Goate A, Haines J, Jaworski J, Jun G, Kunkle B, Kuzma A, Lee JJ, Lunetta K, Ma Y, Martin E, Naj A, Nato AQ, Navas P, Nguyen H, Reitz C, Reyes D, Salerno W, Schellenberg GD, Seshadri S, Sohi H, Thornton TA, Valladares O, van Duijn C, Vardarajan BN, Wang LS, Boerwinkle E, Dupuis J, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Wijsman EM. Genetic Variation in Genes Underlying Diverse Dementias May Explain a Small Proportion of Cases in the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 45:1-17. [PMID: 29486463 PMCID: PMC5971141 DOI: 10.1159/000485503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP) aims to identify novel genes influencing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Variants within genes known to cause dementias other than AD have previously been associated with AD risk. We describe evidence of co-segregation and associations between variants in dementia genes and clinically diagnosed AD within the ADSP. METHODS We summarize the properties of known pathogenic variants within dementia genes, describe the co-segregation of variants annotated as "pathogenic" in ClinVar and new candidates observed in ADSP families, and test for associations between rare variants in dementia genes in the ADSP case-control study. The participants were clinically evaluated for AD, and they represent European, Caribbean Hispanic, and isolate Dutch populations. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic variants in dementia genes were predominantly rare and conserved coding changes. Pathogenic variants within ARSA, CSF1R, and GRN were observed, and candidate variants in GRN and CHMP2B were nominated in ADSP families. An independent case-control study provided evidence of an association between variants in TREM2, APOE, ARSA, CSF1R, PSEN1, and MAPT and risk of AD. Variants in genes which cause dementing disorders may influence the clinical diagnosis of AD in a small proportion of cases within the ADSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Debby Tsuang
- University of Washington
- Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Baylor College of Medicine
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
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20
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Fong JC, Rojas JC, Bang J, Legati A, Rankin KP, Forner S, Miller ZA, Karydas AM, Coppola G, Grouse CK, Ralph J, Miller BL, Geschwind MD. Genetic Prion Disease Caused by PRNP Q160X Mutation Presenting with an Orbitofrontal Syndrome, Cyclic Diarrhea, and Peripheral Neuropathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:249-258. [PMID: 27716661 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with pathogenic truncating mutations in the prion gene (PRNP) usually present with prolonged disease courses with severe neurofibrillary tangle and cerebral amyloidosis pathology, but more atypical phenotypes also occur, including those with dysautonomia and peripheral neuropathy. We describe the neurological, cognitive, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological features of a 31-year-old man presenting with an orbitofrontal syndrome, gastrointestinal symptoms, and peripheral neuropathy associated with PRNP Q160X nonsense mutation, with symptom onset at age 27. The mutation was also detected in his asymptomatic father and a symptomatic paternal cousin; several members of prior generations died from early onset dementia. This is the first report of a family affected with the nonsense PRNP mutation Q160X displaying clear autosomal dominant disease in multiple family members and reduced penetrance. This case strengthens the evidence suggesting an association between PRNP truncating mutations and prion systemic amyloidosis. PRNP gene testing should be considered in any patient with atypical dementia, especially with early onset and neuropathy, even in the absence of a family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Fong
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jee Bang
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Legati
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sven Forner
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie K Grouse
- Department of Neurology, Spine & Nerve EMG Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ralph
- Department of Neurology, Spine & Nerve EMG Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kovač V, Čurin Šerbec V. Prion Proteins Without the Glycophosphatidylinositol Anchor: Potential Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomark Insights 2018; 13:1177271918756648. [PMID: 29449775 PMCID: PMC5808966 DOI: 10.1177/1177271918756648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) is a biomolecule that is involved in neuronal signaling, myelinization, and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In the cell, PrP is shed by the ADAM10 protease. This process generates PrP molecules that lack glycophosphatidylinositol anchor, and these molecules incorporate into toxic aggregates and neutralize toxic oligomers. Due to this dual role, these molecules are important biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we present shed PrP as a potential biomarker, with a focus on PrP226*, which may be the main biomarker for predicting neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Kovač
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Ghetti B, Piccardo P, Zanusso G. Dominantly inherited prion protein cerebral amyloidoses - a modern view of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 153:243-269. [PMID: 29887140 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among genetically determined neurodegenerative diseases, the dominantly inherited prion protein cerebral amyloidoses are characterized by deposition of amyloid in cerebral parenchyma or blood vessels. Among them, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease has been the first to be described. Their clinical, neuropathologic, and molecular phenotypes are distinct from those observed in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and related spongiform encephalopathies. It is not understood why specific mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) cause cerebral amyloidosis and others cause CJD. A significant neurobiologic event in these amyloidoses is the frequent coexistence of prion amyloid with tau neurofibrillary pathology, a phenomenon suggesting that similar pathogenetic mechanisms may be shared among different diseases in the sequence of events occurring in the cascade from amyloid formation to tau aggregation. This chapter describes the clinical, neuropathologic, and biochemical phenotypes associated with each of the PRNP mutations causing an inherited cerebral amyloidosis and emphasizes the variability of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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23
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Bagyinszky E, Giau VV, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Characterization of mutations in PRNP (prion) gene and their possible roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2067-2085. [PMID: 30147320 PMCID: PMC6097508 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s165445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal prion proteins are responsible for several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and in animals, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia. Genetics is important in prion diseases, but in the most cases, cause of diseases remained unknown. Several mutations were found to be causative for prion disorders, and the effect of mutations may be heterogeneous. In addition, different prion mutations were suggested to play a possible role in additional phenotypes, such as Alzheimer's type pathology, spongiform encephalopathy, or frontotemporal dementia. Pathogenic nature of several prion mutations remained unclear, such as M129V and E219K. These two polymorphic sites were suggested as either risk factors for different disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), variant CJD, or protease-sensitive prionopathy, and they can also be disease-modifying factors. Pathological overlap may also be possible with AD or progressive dementia, and several patients with prion mutations were initially diagnosed with AD. This review also introduces briefly the diagnosis of prion diseases and the issues with their diagnosis. Since prion diseases have quite heterogeneous phenotypes, a complex analysis, a combination of genetic screening, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis and imaging technologies could improve the early disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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Takada LT, Kim MO, Metcalf S, Gala II, Geschwind MD. Prion disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 148:441-464. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64076-5.00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Youn YC, Jang JW, Han SH, Kim H, Seok JW, Byun JS, Park KY, An SSA, Chun IK, Kim S. 11C-PIB PET imaging reveals that amyloid deposition in cases with early-onset Alzheimer's disease in the absence of known mutations retains higher levels of PIB in the basal ganglia. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1041-1048. [PMID: 28721032 PMCID: PMC5500536 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s132884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) has a different pathologic burden and clinical features compared with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). We examined the effects of age at onset on the burden and distribution of β-amyloid in patients with EOAD, in whom well-characterized mutations associated with Alzheimer’s disease were absent. Methods We genotyped ApoE, APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 in the patients with Alzheimer’s disease: 9 patients with EOAD (age <65), 11 with LOAD (age >70) and 8 normal controls (NCs), all of whom had undergone 11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B-positron emission tomography imaging. Results Patients with EOAD exhibited higher z scores and larger cluster sizes, and retained higher levels of Pittsburgh compound B in the bilateral thalamus and in some parts of the globus pallidus (P<0.05, false discovery rate). Conclusion Distribution of amyloid deposition in EOAD outside the context of genetic mutations topographically showed some differences from that in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital
| | - Su-Hyun Han
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | | | | | - Jun Soo Byun
- Department of Radiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine
| | - Kwang-Yeol Park
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seong Soo A An
- College of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University
| | - In Kook Chun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Kovač V, Zupančič B, Ilc G, Plavec J, Čurin Šerbec V. Truncated prion protein PrP226* - A structural view on its role in amyloid disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:45-50. [PMID: 28109886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the brain of patients with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, besides PrPSc aggregates, deposition of truncated PrP molecules was described. Jansen et al. reported two clinical cases with deposition of C-terminally truncated PrP, one of them ending with Tyr226. We have previously described the discovery of monoclonal antibody V5B2 that selectively recognizes this version of the prion protein, which we called PrP226*. Using monoclonal antibody V5B2 we showed that accumulation of PrP226* is characteristic for most types of human and animal TSEs. Its distribution correlates to the distribution of PrPSc aggregates. To gain insight into the structural basis of its presence and distribution in PrP aggregates, we have determined the NMR structure of recombinant PrP226*. The structure of the protein consists of a disordered N-terminal part (residues 90-125) and a structured C-terminal part (residues 126-226). The C-terminal segment consists of four α-helices and a short antiparallel β-sheet. Our model predicts a break in the C-terminal helix and reorganized hydrophobic interactions between helix α3 and β2-α2 loop due to the shorter C-terminus. The structural model gives information on the possible role of the protein in the development of amyloid disease and can serve as a foundation to develop tools for prevention and treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Kovač
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Blaž Zupančič
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Ilc
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Takada LT, Kim MO, Cleveland RW, Wong K, Forner SA, Gala II, Fong JC, Geschwind MD. Genetic prion disease: Experience of a rapidly progressive dementia center in the United States and a review of the literature. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:36-69. [PMID: 27943639 PMCID: PMC7207989 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although prion diseases are generally thought to present as rapidly progressive dementias with survival of only a few months, the phenotypic spectrum for genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) is much broader. The majority have a rapid decline with short survival, but many patients with gPrDs present as slowly progressive ataxic or parkinsonian disorders with progression over a few to several years. A few very rare mutations even present as neuropsychiatric disorders, sometimes with systemic symptoms such as gastrointestinal disorders and neuropathy, progressing over years to decades. gPrDs are caused by mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP), and have been historically classified based on their clinicopathological features as genetic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (gJCD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS), or Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI). Mutations in PRNP can be missense, nonsense, and octapeptide repeat insertions or a deletion, and present with diverse clinical features, sensitivities of ancillary testing, and neuropathological findings. We present the UCSF gPrD cohort, including 129 symptomatic patients referred to and/or seen at UCSF between 2001 and 2016, and compare the clinical features of the gPrDs from 22 mutations identified in our cohort with data from the literature, as well as perform a literature review on most other mutations not represented in our cohort. E200K is the most common mutation worldwide, is associated with gJCD, and was the most common in the UCSF cohort. Among the GSS-associated mutations, P102L is the most commonly reported and was also the most common at UCSF. We also had several octapeptide repeat insertions (OPRI), a rare nonsense mutation (Q160X), and three novel mutations (K194E, E200G, and A224V) in our UCSF cohort. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel T. Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mee-Ohk Kim
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Ross W. Cleveland
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Vermont Children’s Hospital, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Katherine Wong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Sven A. Forner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Ignacio Illán Gala
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jamie C. Fong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Michael D. Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
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de Pedro-Cuesta J, Martínez-Martín P, Rábano A, Alcalde-Cabero E, José García López F, Almazán-Isla J, Ruiz-Tovar M, Medrano MJ, Avellanal F, Calero O, Calero M. Drivers: A Biologically Contextualized, Cross-Inferential View of the Epidemiology of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:1003-22. [PMID: 26923014 PMCID: PMC4927850 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sutherland et al. (2011) suggested that, instead of risk factors for single neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), there was a need to identify specific “drivers”, i.e., risk factors with impact on specific deposits, such as amyloid-β, tau, or α-synuclein, acting across entities. Objectives and Methods: Redefining drivers as “neither protein/gene- nor entity-specific features identifiable in the clinical and general epidemiology of conformational NDDs (CNDDs) as potential footprints of templating/spread/transfer mechanisms”, we conducted an analysis of the epidemiology of ten CNDDs, searching for patterns. Results: We identified seven potential drivers, each of which was shared by at least two CNDDs: 1) an age-at-exposure-related susceptibility to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and several late-life CNDDs; 2) a relationship between age at onset, survival, and incidence; 3) shared genetic risk factors for CJD and late-life CNNDs; 4) partly shared personal (diagnostic, educational, behavioral, and social risk factors) predating clinical onset of late-life CNDDs; 5) two environmental risk factors, namely, surgery for sporadic CJD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Bordetella pertussis infection for Parkinson’s disease; 6) reticulo-endothelial system stressors or general drivers (andropause or premenopausal estrogen deficiency, APOEɛ4, and vascular risk factors) for late-life CNDDs such as dementia/Alzheimer’s disease, type-2 diabetes mellitus, and some sporadic cardiac and vascular degenerative diseases; and 7) a high, invariant incidence ratio of sporadic to genetic forms of mid- and late-life CNDDs, and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: There might be a systematic epidemiologic pattern induced by specific proteins (PrP, TDP-43, SOD1, α-synuclein, amyloid-β, tau, Langerhans islet peptide, and transthyretin) or established combinations of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Martín
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Alcalde-Cabero
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando José García López
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Almazán-Isla
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Tovar
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-José Medrano
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Avellanal
- Department of Applied Epidemiology, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Calero
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Chronic Disease Programme, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain.,Chronic Disease Programme, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang W, Jiao B, Xiao T, Pan C, Liu X, Zhou L, Tang B, Shen L. Mutational analysis of PRNP in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38435. [PMID: 27910931 PMCID: PMC5133586 DOI: 10.1038/srep38435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PRNP) gene is associated with prion diseases, whereas variants of the PRNP gene may also explain some cases of Alzheimer disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in Caucasian populations. To determine the prevalence of the PRNP gene in patients with AD and FTD in China, we screened all exons of the PRNP gene in a cohort of 683 cases (606 AD and 77 FTD) in the Chinese Han population and we detected a novel missense mutation p.S17G in a late-onset AD (LOAD) patient. Furthermore, we analyzed the PRNP M/V polymorphism at codon 129, which was previously reported as a risk factor. However, there were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequency either in AD (OR = 0.75[0.378-1.49], P = 0.492), or FTD patients (OR = 2.046[0.265-15.783], P = 0.707). To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal a correlation between the PRNP gene and Chinese AD and FTD patients in a large cohort. This study reports a novel p.S17G mutation in a clinically diagnosed LOAD patient, suggesting that the PRNP mutation is present in Chinese AD patients, whereas, M129V polymorphism is not a risk factor for AD or FTD in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuzheng Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
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Kovač V, Hafner-Bratkovič I, Čurin Šerbec V. Anchorless forms of prion protein - Impact of truncation on structure destabilization and prion protein conversion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:1-6. [PMID: 27836542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by scrapie form of prion protein, PrPSc. Prion protein (PrP) is bound to the cell via glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The role of GPI anchor in PrPSc replication and propagation remains unclear. It has been shown that anchorless and truncated PrP accelerate the formation and propagation of prions in vivo and further increases the risk for transmission of prion diseases among species. To explain the role of anchorless forms of PrP in the development of prion diseases, we have prepared five C-terminal PrP truncated variants, determined their thermodynamic properties and analyzed the kinetics of conversion into amyloid fibrils. According to our results thermodynamic and kinetic properties are affected both by pH and truncation. We have shown that the shortest variant was the most destabilized and converted faster than other variants in acidic pH. Other variants converted with longer lag time of fibrillization than WT despite comparable or even decreased stability in acidic pH. Our results indicate that even the change in length for 1 amino acid residue can have a profound effect on in vitro conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Kovač
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research & R&D Service, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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31
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Wiersma VI, van Hecke W, Scheper W, van Osch MAJ, Hermsen WJM, Rozemuller AJM, Hoozemans JJM. Activation of the unfolded protein response and granulovacuolar degeneration are not common features of human prion pathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:113. [PMID: 27793194 PMCID: PMC5086055 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders with a genetic, sporadic or infectiously acquired aetiology. Neuropathologically, human prion diseases are characterized by deposition of misfolded prion protein and neuronal loss. In post-mortem brain tissue from patients with other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by protein misfolding, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathology (FTLD-tau), increased activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) has been observed. The UPR is a cellular stress response that copes with the presence of misfolded proteins. Recent studies have indicated that UPR activation is also involved in experimental models of prion disease and have suggested intervention in the UPR as a therapeutic strategy. On the other hand, it was previously shown that the active form of the UPR stress sensor dsRNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) is not increased in post-mortem brain tissue samples from human prion disease cases. In the present study, we assessed the active form of another UPR stress sensor, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), in human post-mortem frontal cortex of a large cohort of sporadic, inherited and acquired prion disease patients (n = 47) and non-neurological controls. Immunoreactivity for phosphorylated IRE1α was not increased in prion disease cases compared with non-neurological controls. In addition, immunoreactivity for phosphorylated PERK was unaltered in human prion disease cases included in the current cohort. Moreover, no difference in the extent of granulovacuolar degeneration, a pathological feature associated with the presence of UPR activation markers, was detected. Our data indicate that, in contrast to AD and primary tauopathies, activation of the UPR is not a common feature of human prion pathology.
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Tatarnikova OG, Orlov MA, Bobkova NV. Beta-Amyloid and Tau-Protein: Structure, Interaction, and Prion-Like Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1800-19. [PMID: 26878581 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791513012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the last twenty years, molecular genetic investigations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significantly broadened our knowledge of basic mechanisms of this disorder. However, still no unambiguous concept on the molecular bases of AD pathogenesis has been elaborated, which significantly impedes the development of AD therapy. In this review, we analyze issues concerning processes of generation of two proteins (β-amyloid peptide and Tau-protein) in the cell, which are believed to play the key role in AD genesis. Until recently, these agents were considered independently of each other, but in light of the latest studies, it becomes clear that it is necessary to study their interaction and combined effects. Studies of mechanisms of toxic action of these endogenous compounds, beginning from their interaction with known receptors of main neurotransmitters to specific peculiarities of functioning of signal intracellular pathways upon development of this pathology, open the way to development of new pharmaceutical substances directed concurrently on key mechanisms of interaction of toxic proteins inside the cell and on the pathways of their propagation in the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Tatarnikova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Minikel EV, Vallabh SM, Lek M, Estrada K, Samocha KE, Sathirapongsasuti JF, McLean CY, Tung JY, Yu LPC, Gambetti P, Blevins J, Zhang S, Cohen Y, Chen W, Yamada M, Hamaguchi T, Sanjo N, Mizusawa H, Nakamura Y, Kitamoto T, Collins SJ, Boyd A, Will RG, Knight R, Ponto C, Zerr I, Kraus TFJ, Eigenbrod S, Giese A, Calero M, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Haïk S, Laplanche JL, Bouaziz-Amar E, Brandel JP, Capellari S, Parchi P, Poleggi A, Ladogana A, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Karczewski KJ, Marshall JL, Boehnke M, Laakso M, Mohlke KL, Kähler A, Chambert K, McCarroll S, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM, Purcell SM, Sklar P, van der Lee SJ, Rozemuller A, Jansen C, Hofman A, Kraaij R, van Rooij JGJ, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Daly MJ, MacArthur DG. Quantifying prion disease penetrance using large population control cohorts. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:322ra9. [PMID: 26791950 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 100,000 genetic variants are reported to cause Mendelian disease in humans, but the penetrance-the probability that a carrier of the purported disease-causing genotype will indeed develop the disease-is generally unknown. We assess the impact of variants in the prion protein gene (PRNP) on the risk of prion disease by analyzing 16,025 prion disease cases, 60,706 population control exomes, and 531,575 individuals genotyped by 23andMe Inc. We show that missense variants in PRNP previously reported to be pathogenic are at least 30 times more common in the population than expected on the basis of genetic prion disease prevalence. Although some of this excess can be attributed to benign variants falsely assigned as pathogenic, other variants have genuine effects on disease susceptibility but confer lifetime risks ranging from <0.1 to ~100%. We also show that truncating variants in PRNP have position-dependent effects, with true loss-of-function alleles found in healthy older individuals, a finding that supports the safety of therapeutic suppression of prion protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vallabh Minikel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Sonia M Vallabh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kaitlin E Samocha
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Cory Y McLean
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Linda P C Yu
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janis Blevins
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shulin Zhang
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yvonne Cohen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamaguchi
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yosikazu Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Steven J Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alison Boyd
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert G Will
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard Knight
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Claudia Ponto
- National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Theo F J Kraus
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Sabina Eigenbrod
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Miguel Calero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013 Paris, France. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bouaziz-Amar
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013 Paris, France. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna 40123, Italy. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna 40123, Italy. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jamie L Marshall
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anna Kähler
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Shaun M Purcell
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Rozemuller
- Dutch Surveillance Centre for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands
| | - Casper Jansen
- Dutch Surveillance Centre for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | | | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Honda H, Matsuzono K, Fushimi S, Sato K, Suzuki SO, Abe K, Iwaki T. C-Terminal-Deleted Prion Protein Fragment Is a Major Accumulated Component of Systemic PrP Deposits in Hereditary Prion Disease With a 2-Bp (CT) Deletion in
PRNP
Codon 178. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:1008-1019. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schmitz M, Dittmar K, Llorens F, Gelpi E, Ferrer I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Zerr I. Hereditary Human Prion Diseases: an Update. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4138-4149. [PMID: 27324792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases in humans are neurodegenerative diseases which are caused by an accumulation of abnormal, misfolded cellular prion protein known as scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). Genetic, acquired, or spontaneous (sporadic) forms are known. Pathogenic mutations in the human prion protein gene (PRNP) have been identified in 10-15 % of CJD patients. These mutations may be single point mutations, STOP codon mutations, or insertions or deletions of octa-peptide repeats. Some non-coding mutations and new mutations in the PrP gene have been identified without clear evidence for their pathogenic significance. In the present review, we provide an updated overview of PRNP mutations, which have been documented in the literature until now, describe the change in the DNA, the family history, the pathogenicity, and the number of described cases, which has not been published in this complexity before. We also provide a description of each genetic prion disease type, present characteristic histopathological features, and the PrPSc isoform expression pattern of various familial/genetic prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Dittmar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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36
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Cacace R, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C. Molecular genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease revisited. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:733-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group; Department of Molecular Genetics; VIB; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
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37
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Soheili M, Tavirani MR, Salami M. Lavandula angustifolia extract improves deteriorated synaptic plasticity in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:1147-52. [PMID: 26949505 PMCID: PMC4764119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with profound deficits in synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Long-term potentiation (LTP), an experimental form of synaptic plasticity, is intensively examined in hippocampus. In this study we evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) on induction of LTP in the CA1 area of hippocampus. In response to stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals the baseline or tetanized field extracellular postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded in the CA1 area. MATERIALS AND METHODS The electrophysiological recordings were carried out in four groups of rats; two control groups including the vehicle (CON) and lavender (CE) treated rats and two Alzheimeric groups including the vehicle (ALZ) and lavender (AE) treated animals. RESULTS The extract inefficiently affected the baseline responses in the four testing groups. While the fEPSPs displayed a considerable LTP in the CON animals, no potentiation was evident in the tetanized responses in the ALZ rats. The herbal medicine effectively restored LTP in the AE group and further potentiated fEPSPs in the CE group. CONCLUSION The positive effect of the lavender extract on the plasticity of synaptic transmission supports its previously reported behavioral effects on improvement of impaired spatial memory in the Alzheimeric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Soheili
- International Branch, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Corresponding author: Mahmoud Salami. Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Tel: +98-913-3612920; Fax: +98-31-55621157;
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38
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Li B. The pathogenesis of soluble PrP fragments containing Aβ binding sites. Virus Res 2015; 211:194-8. [PMID: 26528810 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) has proven to bind amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers with high affinity, changing our understanding of both prion diseases (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the molecular and phenotypic levels, although the latter currently lacks sufficient attentions. Transgenic mice expressing anchorless PrP developed unusual diseases reminiscent of AD with tremendous amyloid plaque formation. In this review, we described two interesting observations at the phenotypic level. First, common pathogenic mutations of the PRNP gene in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome were clustered at PrP95-105. Meanwhile, all nonsense PRNP mutations that generated soluble PrP 95-105 exhibited phenotypes with abundant amyloid formations. We speculate that PrP-Aβ oligomers binding might be the underlying mechanism of the predominant amyloid phenotypes. Second, soluble PrP-Aβ oligomer complexes might exist in the extracellular space at the beginning of both PD and AD and subserve an initial neuroprotective function. Thus, the diseases would only present after long-term accumulation. This might be the central common pathogenic event of both PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiya Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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Nicolas G, Wallon D, Charbonnier C, Quenez O, Rousseau S, Richard AC, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Coutant S, Le Guennec K, Bacq D, Garnier JG, Olaso R, Boland A, Meyer V, Deleuze JF, Munter HM, Bourque G, Auld D, Montpetit A, Lathrop M, Guyant-Maréchal L, Martinaud O, Pariente J, Rollin-Sillaire A, Pasquier F, Le Ber I, Sarazin M, Croisile B, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Thomas-Antérion C, Paquet C, Sauvée M, Moreaud O, Gabelle A, Sellal F, Ceccaldi M, Chamard L, Blanc F, Frebourg T, Campion D, Hannequin D. Screening of dementia genes by whole-exome sequencing in early-onset Alzheimer disease: input and lessons. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:710-6. [PMID: 26242991 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative variants in APP, PSEN1 or PSEN2 account for a majority of cases of autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease (ADEOAD, onset before 65 years). Variant detection rates in other EOAD patients, that is, with family history of late-onset AD (LOAD) (and no incidence of EOAD) and sporadic cases might be much lower. We analyzed the genomes from 264 patients using whole-exome sequencing (WES) with high depth of coverage: 90 EOAD patients with family history of LOAD and no incidence of EOAD in the family and 174 patients with sporadic AD starting between 51 and 65 years. We found three PSEN1 and one PSEN2 causative, probably or possibly causative variants in four patients (1.5%). Given the absence of PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP causative variants, we investigated whether these 260 patients might be burdened with protein-modifying variants in 20 genes that were previously shown to cause other types of dementia when mutated. For this analysis, we included an additional set of 160 patients who were previously shown to be free of causative variants in PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP: 107 ADEOAD patients and 53 sporadic EOAD patients with an age of onset before 51 years. In these 420 patients, we detected no variant that might modify the function of the 20 dementia-causing genes. We conclude that EOAD patients with family history of LOAD and no incidence of EOAD in the family or patients with sporadic AD starting between 51 and 65 years have a low variant-detection rate in AD genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Coutant
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Kilan Le Guennec
- Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillaume Bourque
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Auld
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, CMRR and INSERM U825, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Adeline Rollin-Sillaire
- CNR-MAJ; and Department of Neurology, Université de Lille, CHU, Inserm UMR-S 1171, Lille, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- CNR-MAJ; and Department of Neurology, Université de Lille, CHU, Inserm UMR-S 1171, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- CNR-MAJ, Pitié-Salpêtrière; and CRICM, IM2A, UMR-S975 AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Department of Neurology, AP-HP, University Hospital Saint-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Croisile
- Department of Neuropsychology, CMRR, University Hospital, Groupe Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | | | | | - Claire Paquet
- CMRR Paris Nord AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, INSERM, U942, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 942, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Audrey Gabelle
- CMRR, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - François Sellal
- Department of Neurology, CMRR Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar and Unité INSERM U-1118, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Ceccaldi
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, CMRR, Timone Hospital and INSERM UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ludivine Chamard
- Department of Neurology, CMRR, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- CMRR Alsace, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Department of Genetics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Inserm U1079, Rouen University, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Abstract
An increasing number of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases, including autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease (AD), familial autosomal-dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and heritable Lewy body disease (LBD) have been defined at the molecular level in recent years, making it possible to determine the genotype before the onset of symptoms. The identification of deterministic genes for these common adult-onset genetic diseases is moving the field of genetic counseling toward a new and challenging direction. With the identification of genes associated with AD and FTD, there is considerable interest in the clinical application of genetic information in genetic counseling and testing. Progress in the genetics of dementing disorders and the availability of clinical tests for practicing physicians therefore increases the need for a better understanding of the multifaceted issues associated with genetic testing. The aims of this systematic review are: (1) to underline the need to consider a genetic etiology of AD, FTD, and LBD; (2) to provide clinicians with information necessary to effectively translate genetic diagnosis into clinical practice; and (3) to highlight gaps and uncertainties in the field which will need to be addressed by future research.
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41
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Mead S, Reilly MM. A new prion disease: relationship with central and peripheral amyloidoses. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:90-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Guerreiro R, Brás J, Wojtas A, Rademakers R, Hardy J, Graff-Radford N. Nonsense mutation in PRNP associated with clinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2656.e13-2656.e16. [PMID: 24958194 PMCID: PMC4175176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe a nonsense haplotype in PRNP associated with clinical Alzheimer's disease. The patient presented an early-onset of cognitive decline with memory loss as the primary cognitive problem. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation in PRNP (NM_000311, c.C478T; p.Q160*; rs80356711) associated with homozygosity for the V allele at position 129 of the protein, further highlighting how very similar genotypes in PRNP result in strikingly different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
| | - José Brás
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England.
| | - Neill Graff-Radford
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Moore RA, Sturdevant DE, Chesebro B, Priola SA. Proteomics analysis of amyloid and nonamyloid prion disease phenotypes reveals both common and divergent mechanisms of neuropathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4620-34. [PMID: 25140793 PMCID: PMC4227561 DOI: 10.1021/pr500329w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Prion
diseases are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders
affecting various mammals including humans. Prion diseases are characterized
by a misfolding of the host-encoded prion protein (PrPC) into a pathological isoform termed PrPSc. In wild-type
mice, PrPC is attached to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol
(GPI) anchor and PrPSc typically accumulates in diffuse
nonamyloid deposits with gray matter spongiosis. By contrast, when
mice lacking the GPI anchor are infected with the same prion inoculum,
PrPSc accumulates in dense perivascular amyloid plaques
with little or no gray matter spongiosis. In order to evaluate whether
different host biochemical pathways were implicated in these two phenotypically
distinct prion disease models, we utilized a proteomics approach.
In both models, infected mice displayed evidence of a neuroinflammatory
response and complement activation. Proteins involved in cell death
and calcium homeostasis were also identified in both phenotypes. However,
mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis were implicated only in the nonamyloid
form, whereas metal binding and synaptic vesicle transport were more
disrupted in the amyloid phenotype. Thus, following infection with
a single prion strain, PrPC anchoring to the plasma membrane
correlated not only with the type of PrPSc deposition but
also with unique biochemical pathways associated with pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Moore
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases and ‡Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
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Moccia M, Mosca L, Erro R, Cervasio M, Allocca R, Vitale C, Leonardi A, Caranci F, Del Basso-De Caro ML, Barone P, Penco S. Hypomorphic NOTCH3 mutation in an Italian family with CADASIL features. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:547.e5-11. [PMID: 25260852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is because of NOTCH3 mutations affecting the number of cysteine residues. In this view, the role of atypical NOTCH3 mutations is still debated. Therefore, we investigated a family carrying a NOTCH3 nonsense mutation, with dominantly inherited recurrent cerebrovascular disorders. Among 7 family members, 4 received a clinical diagnosis of CADASIL. A heterozygous truncating mutation in exon 3 (c.307C>T, p.Arg103X) was found in the 4 clinically affected subjects and in one 27-year old lady, only complaining of migraine with aura. Magnetic resonance imaging scans found typical signs of small-vessel disease in the 4 affected subjects, supporting the clinical diagnosis. Skin biopsies did not show the typical granular osmiophilic material, but only nonspecific signs of vascular damage, resembling those previously described in Notch3 knockout mice. Interestingly, messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis supports the hypothesis of an atypical NOTCH3 mutation, suggesting a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In conclusion, the present study broadens the spectrum of CADASIL mutations, and, therefore, opens new insights about Notch3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Moccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorena Mosca
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Mariarosaria Cervasio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Anatomopathology Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Allocca
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Vitale
- Department of Motor Sciences, University of Naples "Parthenope," Naples, Italy; Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura (IDC) Hermitage-Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biotechnological Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Caranci
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Neuroradiology Unit, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Barone
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND), Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Silvana Penco
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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45
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Guerreiro R, Brás J, Hardy J, Singleton A. Next generation sequencing techniques in neurological diseases: redefining clinical and molecular associations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:R47-53. [PMID: 24794858 PMCID: PMC4170717 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed for the identification of several new genes and genetic factors in human genetics. Common results from the application of these technologies have revealed unexpected presentations for mutations in known disease genes. In this review, we summarize the major contributions of exome sequencing to the study of neurodegenerative disorders and other neurological conditions and discuss the interface between Mendelian and complex neurological diseases with a particular focus on pleiotropic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José Brás
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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46
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Piccardo P, Cervenak J, Bu M, Miller L, Asher DM. Complex proteinopathy with accumulations of prion protein, hyperphosphorylated tau, α-synuclein and ubiquitin in experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy of monkeys. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1612-1618. [PMID: 24769839 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.062083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins aggregate in several slowly progressive neurodegenerative diseases called 'proteinopathies'. Studies with cell cultures and transgenic mice overexpressing mutated proteins suggested that aggregates of one protein induced misfolding and aggregation of other proteins as well - a possible common mechanism for some neurodegenerative diseases. However, most proteinopathies are 'sporadic', without gene mutation or overexpression. Thus, proteinopathies in WT animals genetically close to humans might be informative. Squirrel monkeys infected with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent developed an encephalopathy resembling variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with accumulations not only of abnormal prion protein (PrP(TSE)), but also three other proteins: hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), α-synuclein and ubiquitin; β-amyloid protein (Aβ) did not accumulate. Severity of brain lesions correlated with spongiform degeneration. No amyloid was detected. These results suggested that PrP(TSE) enhanced formation of p-tau and aggregation of α-synuclein and ubiquitin, but not Aβ, providing a new experimental model for neurodegenerative diseases associated with complex proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Piccardo
- Laboratory of Bacterial and TSE Agents, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-313, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Juraj Cervenak
- Laboratory of Bacterial and TSE Agents, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-313, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ming Bu
- Laboratory of Bacterial and TSE Agents, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-313, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lindsay Miller
- Laboratory of Bacterial and TSE Agents, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-313, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - David M Asher
- Laboratory of Bacterial and TSE Agents, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-313, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Abstract
25% of all people aged 55 years and older have a family history of dementia. For most, the family history is due to genetically complex disease, where many genetic variations of small effect interact to increase risk of dementia. The lifetime risk of dementia for these families is about 20%, compared with 10% in the general population. A small proportion of families have an autosomal dominant family history of early-onset dementia, which is often due to mendelian disease, caused by a mutation in one of the dementia genes. Each family member has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation, which confers a lifetime dementia risk of over 95%. In this Review, we focus on the evidence for, and the approach to, genetic testing in Alzheimer's disease (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes), frontotemporal dementia (MAPT, GRN, C9ORF72, and other genes), and other familial dementias. We conclude by discussing the practical aspects of genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement T Loy
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Huntington Disease Service, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne M Turner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John B J Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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Rangel A, Race B, Phillips K, Striebel J, Kurtz N, Chesebro B. Distinct patterns of spread of prion infection in brains of mice expressing anchorless or anchored forms of prion protein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:8. [PMID: 24447368 PMCID: PMC3904166 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans and animals, prion protein (PrP) is usually expressed as a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein, but anchorless PrP may be pathogenic in humans with certain familial prion diseases. Anchored PrP expressed on neurons mediates spread of prions along axons in the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, the mechanism of prion spread in individuals expressing anchorless PrP is poorly understood. Here we studied prion spread within brain of mice expressing anchorless or anchored PrP. Results To create a localized initial point of infection, we microinjected scrapie in a 0.5 microliter volume in the striatum. In this experiment, PrPres and gliosis were first detected in both types of mice at 40 days post-inoculation near the needle track. In mice with anchored PrP, PrPres appeared to spread via neurons to distant connected brain areas by the clinical endpoint at 150 days post-inoculation. This PrPres was rarely associated with blood vessels. In contrast, in mice with anchorless PrP, PrPres spread did not follow neuronal circuitry, but instead followed a novel slower pattern utilizing the drainage system of the brain interstitial fluid (ISF) including perivascular areas adjacent to blood vessels, subependymal areas and spaces between axons in white matter tracts. Conclusions In transgenic mice expressing anchorless PrP small amyloid-seeding PrPres aggregates appeared to be transported in the ISF, thus spreading development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) throughout the brain. Spread of amyloid seeding by ISF may also occur in multiple human brain diseases involving CAA.
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Zanusso G, Fiorini M, Ferrari S, Meade-White K, Barbieri I, Brocchi E, Ghetti B, Monaco S. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease and "anchorless prion protein" mice share prion conformational properties diverging from sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4870-81. [PMID: 24398683 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.531335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the GPI-anchor in prion disease pathogenesis is still a challenging issue. In vitro studies have shown that anchorless cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) undergoes aberrant post-translational processing and metabolism. Moreover, transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing anchorless PrP(C) develop a spontaneous neurological disease accompanied with widespread brain PrP amyloid deposition, in the absence of spongiform changes. Generation of PrP forms lacking the GPI and PrP amyloidosis are striking features of human stop codon mutations in the PrP gene (PRNP), associated with PrP cerebral amyloid angiopathy (PrP-CAA) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome. More recently, the presence of anchorless PrP species has been also claimed in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Using a highly sensitive protein separation technique and taking advantage of reference maps of synthetic PrP peptides, we investigated brain tissues from scrapie-infected "anchorless PrP" Tg mice and wild type mice to determine the contribution of the GPI-anchor to the molecular mass and isoelectric point of PrP quasispecies under two-dimensional electrophoresis. We also assessed the conformational properties of anchorless and anchored prions under standard and inactivating conditions. These studies were extended to sCJD and GSS. At variance with GSS, characterization of PrP quasispecies in different sCJD subtypes ruled out the presence of anchorless prions. Moreover, under inactivating conditions, mice anchorless prions, but not sCJD prions, generated internal PrP fragments, cleaved at both N and C termini, similar to those found in PrP-CAA and GSS brain tissues. These findings show that anchorless PrP(Sc) generates GSS-like PrP fragments, and suggest a major role for unanchored PrP in amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Zanusso
- From the Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
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50
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Mead S, Gandhi S, Beck J, Caine D, Gallujipali D, Carswell C, Hyare H, Joiner S, Ayling H, Lashley T, Linehan JM, Al-Doujaily H, Sharps B, Revesz T, Sandberg MK, Reilly MM, Koltzenburg M, Forbes A, Rudge P, Brandner S, Warren JD, Wadsworth JDF, Wood NW, Holton JL, Collinge J. A novel prion disease associated with diarrhea and autonomic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1904-14. [PMID: 24224623 PMCID: PMC3863770 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1214747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human prion diseases, although variable in clinicopathological phenotype, generally present as neurologic or neuropsychiatric conditions associated with rapid multifocal central nervous system degeneration that is usually dominated by dementia and cerebellar ataxia. Approximately 15% of cases of recognized prion disease are inherited and associated with coding mutations in the gene encoding prion protein (PRNP). The availability of genetic diagnosis has led to a progressive broadening of the recognized spectrum of disease. METHODS We used longitudinal clinical assessments over a period of 20 years at one hospital combined with genealogical, neuropsychological, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, pathological, molecular genetic, and biochemical studies, as well as studies of animal transmission, to characterize a novel prion disease in a large British kindred. We studied 6 of 11 affected family members in detail, along with autopsy or biopsy samples obtained from 5 family members. RESULTS We identified a PRNP Y163X truncation mutation and describe a distinct and consistent phenotype of chronic diarrhea with autonomic failure and a length-dependent axonal, predominantly sensory, peripheral polyneuropathy with an onset in early adulthood. Cognitive decline and seizures occurred when the patients were in their 40s or 50s. The deposition of prion protein amyloid was seen throughout peripheral organs, including the bowel and peripheral nerves. Neuropathological examination during end-stage disease showed the deposition of prion protein in the form of frequent cortical amyloid plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and tauopathy. A unique pattern of abnormal prion protein fragments was seen in brain tissue. Transmission studies in laboratory mice were negative. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal forms of prion protein that were found in multiple peripheral tissues were associated with diarrhea, autonomic failure, and neuropathy. (Funded by the U.K. Medical Research Council and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Jon Beck
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Diana Caine
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Dillip Gallujipali
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Christopher Carswell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Harpreet Hyare
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Susan Joiner
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Hilary Ayling
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Jacqueline M Linehan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Huda Al-Doujaily
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Bernadette Sharps
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Malin K Sandberg
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Martin Koltzenburg
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Alastair Forbes
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Peter Rudge
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Jason D Warren
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - Janice L Holton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
| | - John Collinge
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Prion Unit (S.M., J.B., C.C., S.J., J.M.L., H.A.-D., B.S., M.K.S., S.B., J.D.F.W., J.C.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience (S.G., N.W.W.), and Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (J.D.W.), and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases (M.M.R.), University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology; the National Prion Clinic (S.M., D.C., D.G., H.H., P.R., J.C.), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.K.), UCL Hospitals National Health Service Trust (A.F.); and the Queen Square Brain Bank (H.A., T.L., T.R., J.L.H.) - all in London
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