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Weng CY, Chang TC, Liou JY, Hsu JH, Ho CC, Arrokhman S, Lin P. Evaluating the embryotoxicity of benzophenone-based photoinitiators in stem cells and zebrafish embryos. Toxicology 2024; 508:153930. [PMID: 39159712 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are widely used as photoinitiators (PIs) or printing inks in food packaging, which may migrate into foods. However, the toxicity information of some BP analogues, such as 4,4'-bis(diethylamino)-benzophenone (DEAB), 4-phenylbenzophenone (4-PBP), 4 (hydroxymethyl)benzophenone (4-HMBP), those are used as PIs is lacking. Developmental toxicity is a health concern associated with PIs exposure. Recently, alternative non-in vivo methods have been proposed to evaluate the concerned chemicals or better understand the modes of action of certain toxicological endpoints. In this study, using in silico methods, we predicted that BP, DEAB, 4-PBP and 4-HMBP might exhibit developmental toxicity. However, we found that only DEAB is strong embryotoxic and disturbs the early differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into three germ layers and cardiomyocytes. DEAB treatment also prevented cardiomyocyte differentiation in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on day 10. However, BP, 4-PBP and 4-HMBP had no similar effects on cardiomyocyte differentiation on day 10. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that treatment with DEAB significantly decreased the mRNA levels of differentiation-related transcription factors SOX17 and FOXA1, in hiPSCs on day 4. Furthermore, DEAB treatment caused tail malformations and yolk sac edema in zebrafish embryos. To conclude, DEAB may be embryotoxic because it disturbs the early differentiation of stem cells. Further studies are warranted to better understand the health effects of DEAB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Weng
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ching Chang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yang Liou
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Hsin Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Ho
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Salim Arrokhman
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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2
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Bianchi E, Bhattacharya B, Bowling AJ, Pence HE, Mundy PC, Jones G, Muriana A, Grever WE, Pappas-Garton A, Sriram S, LaRocca J, Bondesson M. Applications of Zebrafish Embryo Models to Predict Developmental Toxicity for Agrochemical Product Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18132-18145. [PMID: 39087946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of safe crop protection products is a complex process that traditionally relies on intensive animal use for hazard identification. Methods that capture toxicity in early stages of agrochemical discovery programs enable a more efficient and sustainable product development pipeline. Here, we explored whether the zebrafish model can be leveraged to identify mammalian-relevant toxicity. We used transgenic zebrafish to assess developmental toxicity following exposures to known mammalian teratogens and captured larval morphological malformations, including bone and vascular perturbations. We further applied toxicogenomics to identify common biomarker signatures of teratogen exposure. The results show that the larval malformation assay predicted teratogenicity with 82.35% accuracy, 87.50% specificity, and 77.78% sensitivity. Similar and slightly lower accuracies were obtained with the vascular and bone assays, respectively. A set of 20 biomarkers were identified that efficiently segregated teratogenic chemicals from nonteratogens. In conclusion, zebrafish are valuable, robust, and cost-effective models for toxicity testing in the early stages of product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | | | - Heather E Pence
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Paige C Mundy
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Gabe Jones
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica LaRocca
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, United States
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3
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Hoyberghs J, Ball J, Trznadel M, Beekhuijzen M, Burbank M, Wilhelmi P, Muriana A, Powles-Glover N, Letamendia A, Van Cruchten S. Biological variability hampers the use of skeletal staining methods in zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity assays. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 127:108615. [PMID: 38815770 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryo assays are used by pharmaceutical and chemical companies as new approach methodologies (NAMs) in developmental toxicity screening. Despite an overall high concordance of zebrafish embryo assays with in vivo mammalian studies, false negative and false positive results have been reported. False negative results in risk assessment models are of particular concern for human safety, as developmental anomalies may be missed. Interestingly, for several chemicals and drugs that were reported to be false negative in zebrafish, skeletal findings were noted in the in vivo studies. As the number of skeletal endpoints assessed in zebrafish is very limited compared to the in vivo mammalian studies, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the sensitivity could be increased by including a skeletal staining method. Three staining methods were tested on zebrafish embryos that were exposed to four teratogens that caused skeletal anomalies in rats and/or rabbits and were false negative in zebrafish embryo assays. These methods included a fixed alizarin red-alcian blue staining, a calcein staining, and a live alizarin red staining. The results showed a high variability in staining intensity of larvae exposed to mammalian skeletal teratogens, as well as variability between control larvae originating from the same clutch of zebrafish. Hence, biological variability in (onset of) bone development in zebrafish hampers the detection of (subtle) treatment-related bone effects that are not picked-up by gross morphology. In conclusion, the used skeletal staining methods did not increase the sensitivity of zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity assays.
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4
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Xu Y, Han Y, Liu L, Han S, Zou S, Cheng B, Wang F, Xie X, Liang Y, Song M, Pang S. Highly sensitive response to the toxicity of environmental chemicals in transparent casper zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174865. [PMID: 39032757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The response sensitivity to toxic substances is the most concerned performance of animal model in chemical risk assessment. Casper (mitfaw2/w2;mpv17a9/a9), a transparent zebrafish mutant, is a useful in vivo model for toxicological assessment. However, the ability of casper to respond to the toxicity of exogenous chemicals is unknown. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to five environmental chemicals, chlorpyrifos, lindane, α-endosulfan, bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and an antiepileptic drug valproic acid. The half-lethal concentration (LC50) values of these chemicals in casper embryos were 62-87 % of that in the wild-type. After TBBPA exposure, the occurrence of developmental defects in the posterior blood island of casper embryos was increased by 67-77 % in relative to the wild-type, and the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) in casper was 73 % of that in the wild-type. Moreover, the casper genetic background significantly increased the hyperlocomotion caused by chlorpyrifos and lindane exposure compared with the wild-type. These results demonstrated that casper had greater susceptibility to toxicity than wild-type zebrafish in acute toxicity, developmental toxicity and neurobehavioral toxicity assessments. Our data will inform future toxicological studies in casper and accelerate the development of efficient approaches and strategies for toxicity assessment via the use of casper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yiming Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shibiao Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Fengbang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xunwei Xie
- China Zebrafish Resource Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Shaochen Pang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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5
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Nawaji T, Mizoguchi N, Adachi R, Teraoka H. Toxicokinetics of a developmental toxicity test in zebrafish embryos and larvae: Relationship with drug exposure in humans and other mammals. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 7:100187. [PMID: 39104612 PMCID: PMC11298605 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of drugs on embryo/fetal development (EFD), developmental and reproductive toxicity studies in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos is expected to be an accepted alternative method to animal studies using mammals. However, there is a lack of clarity in the relationship between the concentration of developmental toxicity agents in whole embryos or larvae (Ce) and that in aqueous solution (Cw), and also between the amount of drug exposure required to cause developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos or larvae and that required in mammals. Here, we measured Ce for developmental toxicity agents every 24 h starting at 24 h post fertilization (hpf). We found a high correlation (R 2: 0.87-0.96) between log [Ce/Cw] and the n-octanol-water distribution coefficient at pH 7 (logD) of each drug at all time points up to 120 hpf. We used this relationship to estimate the Ce values of the 21 positive-control reference drugs listed in ICH guidelines on reproductive and developmental toxicity studies (ICH S5). We then calculated the area under the Ce-time curve in zebrafish (zAUC) for each drug from the regression equation between log [Ce/Cw] and logD and compared it with the AUC at the no-observed-adverse-effect level in rats and rabbits and at the effective dose in humans described in ICH S5. The log of the calculated zAUC for the 14 drugs identified as positive in the zebrafish developmental toxicity test was relatively highly positively correlated with the log [AUC] for rats, rabbits, and humans. These findings provide important and positive information on the applicability of the zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity test as an alternative method of EFD testing. (267 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Nawaji
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI), 3-2-7 Miyanojin, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0801, Japan
| | - Naohiro Mizoguchi
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI), 3-2-7 Miyanojin, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0801, Japan
| | - Ryuta Adachi
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI), 3-2-7 Miyanojin, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0801, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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6
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Rasheed PA, Rasool K, Younes N, Nasrallah GK, Mahmoud KA. Ecotoxicity and environmental safety assessment of two-dimensional niobium carbides (MXenes). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174563. [PMID: 38981534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes have gained great interest in water treatment, biomedical, and environmental applications. The antimicrobial activity and cell toxicity of several MXenes including Nb4C3Tx and Nb2CTx have already been explored. However, potential side effects related to Nb-MXene toxicity, especially on aquatic pneuma, have rarely been studied. Using zebrafish embryos, we investigated and compared the potential acute toxicity between two forms of Nb-MXene: the multilayer (ML-Nb4C3Tx, ML-Nb2CTx) and the delaminated (DL-Nb2CTx, and DL-Nb4C3Tx) Nb-MXene. The LC50 of ML-Nb4C3Tx, ML-Nb2CTx, DL-Nb2CTx, and DL-Nb4C3Tx were estimated to be 220, 215, 225, and 128 mg/L, respectively. Although DL-Nb2CTx, and DL-Nb4C3Tx derivatives have similar sizes, DL-Nb4C3Tx not only shows the higher mortality (LC50 = 128 mg/L Vs 225 mg/L), but also the highest teratogenic effect (NOEC = 100 mg/L Vs 200 mg/L). LDH release assay suggested more cell membrane damage and a higher superoxide anion production in DL-Nb4C3Tx than DL-Nb2CTx,. Interestingly, both DL-Nb-MXene nanosheets showed insignificant cardiac, hepatic, or behavioral toxic effects compared to the negative control. Embryos treated with the NOEC of DL-Nb2CTx presented hyperlocomotion, while embryos treated with the NOEC of DL-Nb4C3Tx presented hyperlocomotion, suggesting developmental neurotoxic effect and muscle impairment induced by both DL-Nb-MXene. According to the Fish and Wildlife Service (FSW) Acute Toxicity Rating Scale, all tested Nb-MXene nanosheets were classified as "Practically not toxic". However, DL-Nb4C3Tx should be treated with caution as it might cause a neurotoxic effect on fauna when it ends up in wastewater in high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abdul Rasheed
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Kashif Rasool
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nadine Younes
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Khaled A Mahmoud
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar; Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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7
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Nascimento GCZ, Matias R, Miranda-Vilela AL, Farias KS, Silva DB, Facco GG, da Silva MAN, Rivero-Wendt CLG. Acute exposure of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) adults to psychotria carthagenensis leaf extracts: chemical profile, lack of genotoxicity and histological changes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38953234 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2367560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Psychotria carthagenensis is a shrubby plant, often consumed by traditional populations in religious rituals. Previous studies have shown that this plant's infusion can inhibit the activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in rats. Despite the therapeutic potential, there is a lack of research regarding its possible toxicological and genotoxic effects. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the chemical profile of the ethanol extract from P. carthagenensis leaves by LC-DAD-MS and assess its possible toxicity and genotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult zebrafish (N = 9/group) were exposed at different concentrations and the LC50 was calculated. Frequencies of micronucleus (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) were estimated for genotoxic effects, and degree of tissue changes (DTC) was used to assess the liver and gill histopathology. From the LC-DAD-MS analyses, the identified compounds included N-fructosyl valine, ethyl hexoside, 5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid, N-feruloylagmatime, roseoside, di-O-deoxyhexoyl-hexosyl quercetin, loiolide, and oleamide. The calculated values of LC50 did not vary significantly during the time of exposure. At the concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mg/L, there was no genotoxicity, and only low to moderate toxicity for the tissues was observed, despite mortality of 100% at doses of 20-100 mg/L of P. carthagenensis ethanolic leaf extract. There were changes in cytoplasm of hepatocytes at 1.25 mg/L, and karyorrhexis, karyolysis and megalocytosis at 10 mg/L. In the gills, the alterations were primary lamellar hyperplasia in all concentrations, and at 10 mg/L, secondary lamellar edema and vascular hyperemia were common. Additionally, the chemical composition of P. carthagenensis was expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemary Matias
- Postgraduate Program in Environment and Regional Development, University Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Katyuce Souza Farias
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Gonçalves Facco
- Postgraduate Program in Environment and Regional Development, University Anhanguera-Uniderp, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Mirra Angelina Neres da Silva
- Ultraviolet Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Henriquez JE, Badwaik VD, Bianchi E, Chen W, Corvaro M, LaRocca J, Lunsman TD, Zu C, Johnson KJ. From Pipeline to Plant Protection Products: Using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Agrochemical Safety Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10710-10724. [PMID: 38688008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The human population will be approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, and food security has been identified as one of the key issues facing the global population. Agrochemicals are an important tool available to farmers that enable high crop yields and continued access to healthy foods, but the average new agrochemical active ingredient takes more than ten years, 350 million dollars, and 20,000 animals to develop and register. The time, monetary, and animal costs incentivize the use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in early-stage screening to prioritize chemical candidates. This review outlines NAMs that are currently available or can be adapted for use in early-stage screening agrochemical programs. It covers new in vitro screens that are on the horizon in key areas of regulatory concern. Overall, early-stage screening with NAMs enables the prioritization of development for agrochemicals without human and environmental health concerns through a more directed, agile, and iterative development program before animal-based regulatory testing is even considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek D Badwaik
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Jessica LaRocca
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Chengli Zu
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Kamin J Johnson
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Özokan G, Bilginer A, Mızrak Z, Işıkoğlu S, Beler M, Ünal İ, Cansız D, Alturfan AA, Emekli-Alturfan E. Comparison of the cytotoxicity and zebrafish embryo toxicity of insect repellent ingredients: p-Menthane-3,8-diol synthesized by green chemistry from Eucalyptus citriodora and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38738628 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2350664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Bio-sourced insect repellents are becoming more popular due to their safer applications. Known for its strong fly-repellent property, Cis, trans-para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) is the main component of the lemon eucalyptus essential oil and is synthesized from citronellal. In April 2005, US Centers for Disease Control approved two fly repellents that do not contain N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), including PMD. Due to the intentional and pervasive human exposure caused by DEET as insect repellent, concerns have been raised about its toxicological profile and potential harm to people. We hypothesized PMD would have a different toxicological profile than DEET. We synthesized PMD from Eucalyptus citriodora using green chemistry methods and analyzed its structures by 1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and GC/MS spectral methods. We used MTS assay to determine the percentage inhibition of PMD and DEET on keratinocyte (human epidermal keratinocyte [HaCaT]) cells. The xCelligence system was used and followed at real time. Effects of PMD and DEET on zebrafish embryo development were monitored and levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) were evaluated at 72 h post-fertilization using spectrophotometric methods. Our results showed that while DEET inhibited human keratinocyte cell growth, while imporved cell viability and proliferation was exposed in PMD exposed group. In zebrafish embryos, PMD was less toxic in terms of development, oxidant-antioxidant status, and AChE activities than DEET. Based on these results we suggest an efficient method using green chemistry for the synthesis of PMD, which is found to be less toxic in zebrafish embryos and human keratinocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Özokan
- BioArge Laboratories, Yıldız Technical University Technocity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkerim Bilginer
- BioArge Laboratories, Yıldız Technical University Technocity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zülal Mızrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semanur Işıkoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merih Beler
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Ata Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Smoot J, Padilla S, Kim YH, Hunter D, Tennant A, Hill B, Lowery M, Knapp BR, Oshiro W, Hazari MS, Hays MD, Preston WT, Jaspers I, Gilmour MI, Farraj AK. Burn pit-related smoke causes developmental and behavioral toxicity in zebrafish: Influence of material type and emissions chemistry. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29675. [PMID: 38681659 PMCID: PMC11053193 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Combustion of mixed materials during open air burning of refuse or structural fires in the wildland urban interface produces emissions that worsen air quality, contaminate rivers and streams, and cause poor health outcomes including developmental effects. The zebrafish, a freshwater fish, is a useful model for quickly screening the toxicological and developmental effects of agents in such species and elicits biological responses that are often analogous and predictive of responses in mammals. The purpose of this study was to compare the developmental toxicity of smoke derived from the burning of 5 different burn pit-related material types (plywood, cardboard, plastic, a mixture of the three, and the mixture plus diesel fuel as an accelerant) in zebrafish larvae. Larvae were exposed to organic extracts of increasing concentrations of each smoke 6-to-8-hr post fertilization and assessed for morphological and behavioral toxicity at 5 days post fertilization. To examine chemical and biological determinants of toxicity, responses were related to emissions concentrations of polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAH). Emissions from plastic and the mixture containing plastic caused the most pronounced developmental effects, including mortality, impaired swim bladder inflation, pericardial edema, spinal curvature, tail kinks, and/or craniofacial deformities, although all extracts caused concentration-dependent effects. Plywood, by contrast, altered locomotor responsiveness to light changes to the greatest extent. Some morphological and behavioral responses correlated strongly with smoke extract levels of PAHs including 9-fluorenone. Overall, the findings suggest that material type and emissions chemistry impact the severity of zebrafish developmental toxicity responses to burn pit-related smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Smoot
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Yong Ho Kim
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Deborah Hunter
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alan Tennant
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bridgett Hill
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Morgan Lowery
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Bridget R. Knapp
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Wendy Oshiro
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mehdi S. Hazari
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael D. Hays
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - M. Ian Gilmour
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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11
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Rachamalla M, Salahinejad A, Kodzhahinchev V, Niyogi S. Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Sex-Specific Chronic Exposure to Dietary Arsenic in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). TOXICS 2024; 12:302. [PMID: 38668525 PMCID: PMC11053724 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the reproductive and developmental effects of sex-specific chronic exposure to dietary arsenic in zebrafish. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to environmentally realistic doses of arsenic via diet [0 (control; no added arsenic), 30 (low), 60 (medium), and 100 (high) μg/g dry weight, as arsenite] for 90 days. Following exposure, arsenic-exposed females from each dietary treatment were mated with control males, and similarly, arsenic-exposed males from each dietary treatment were mated with control females. In females, arsenic exposure resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in reproductive performance (fecundity, fertilization success, and hatching success). Moreover, a dose-dependent increase in developmental toxicity (larval deformities and larval mortality) was observed with maternal exposure to arsenic. In contrast, in males, arsenic exposure also induced similar reproductive and developmental toxicity; however, the adverse effects were mainly evident only in the medium and high dietary arsenic treatment groups. We also examined the sex-specific effects of dietary arsenic exposure on the expression of genes that regulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPG-L) axis in fish. The gene expression results indicated the downregulation of HPG-L axis genes in females irrespective of the arsenic treatment dose; however, the reduced expression of HPG-L axis genes in males was recorded only in the medium and high arsenic treatment groups. These observations suggest that chronic arsenic exposure in either females or males causes reproductive and developmental toxicity in zebrafish. However, these toxic effects are markedly higher in females than in males. Our results also suggest that arsenic can act as an endocrine disruptor and mediate reproductive and developmental toxicity by disrupting the HPG-L axis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (A.S.); (V.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Arash Salahinejad
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (A.S.); (V.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Vladimir Kodzhahinchev
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (A.S.); (V.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (A.S.); (V.K.); (S.N.)
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
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12
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Liu X, Song J, Yan X, Li P, Zhang J, Wang B, Si J, Chen Y. N-nitrosodimethylamine exposure to zebrafish embryos/larvae causes cardiac and spinal developmental toxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109823. [PMID: 38158031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), one of the new nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products, is potentially cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic. Its potential toxicological effects have attracted a wide range of attention, but the mechanism is still not sufficiently understood. To better understand the toxicological mechanisms of NDMA, zebrafish embryos were exposed to NDMA from 3 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 120hpf. Mortality and malformation were significantly increased, and hatching rate, heart rate, and swimming behavior were decreased in the exposure groups. The result indicated that NDMA exposure causes cardiac and spinal developmental toxicity. mRNA levels of genes involved in the apoptotic pathway, including p53, bax, and bcl-2 were significantly affected by NDMA exposure. Moreover, the genes associated with spinal and cardiac development (myh6, myh7, nkx2.5, eph, bmp2b, bmp4, bmp9, run2a, and run2b) were significantly downregulated after treatment with NDMA. Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways, crucial for the development of diverse tissues and organs in the embryo and the establishment of the larval spine, were also significantly disturbed by NDMA treatment. In summary, the disinfection by-product, NDMA, exhibits spinal and cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos, providing helpful information for comprehensive analyses and a better understanding the mechanism of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Liu
- College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. https://twitter.com/@LanoLiu41230
| | - Jinge Song
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaotao Yan
- Lanzhou Urban Water Supply (Group) Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Lanzhou Urban Water Supply (Group) Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Si
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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13
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Durante LDS, Hollmann G, Nazari EM. Impact of exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide on morphological and physiological parameters in embryonic and larval development of zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:1822-1835. [PMID: 38083805 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) have been commonly used in agriculture to inhibit weed growth and increase yields. However, due to the high solubility of these herbicides in water, they can reach aquatic environments, by infiltration, erosion, and/or lixiviation, affecting non target organisms. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the toxicity of GBH Roundup WG® (RWG®) during the embryonic and larval development of Danio rerio. Embryos (3 hours post fertilization, hpf-until hatching) and larvae (3 days post fertilization, dpf to 6 dpf) were exposed to concentrations of 0.065 and 6.5 mg L-1 . They were evaluated for survival, hatching, spontaneous movements, heartbeat, morphology, and morphometry by in vivo photographs in microscope, cell proliferation and apoptosis by immunohistochemistry, and exploratory behavior and phototropism by video recording. Our results showed an increase in embryo and larvae mortality in those exposed to 0.065 mg L-1 , as well as a reduction in spontaneous embryo movements. The larval heartbeats showed a decrease at 4 dpf in the group exposed to 0.065 mg L-1 and an increase at 5 and 6 dpf in both exposed groups. Cell proliferation was reduced in both groups exposed in embryos and only in the 0.065 mg L-1 group in larvae, while cell death increased in embryos exposed to 6.5 mg L-1 . These results demonstrated the toxic effect of low concentrations of the herbicide RWG® during embryonic and larval development of non target organisms, as well as the importance of constantly reviewing acceptable limits for exposure in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laíse da Silva Durante
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Hollmann
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Evelise Maria Nazari
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
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14
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Schimith LE, Machado da Silva V, Costa-Silva DGD, Seregni Monteiro LK, Muccillo-Baisch AL, André-Miral C, Hort MA. Preclinical toxicological assessment of polydatin in zebrafish model. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38311823 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2311287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Polydatin (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene-3-β-D-glucoside, piceid), a natural stilbenoid found in different plant sources, has gained increasing attention for its potential health benefits. However, prior to its widespread adoption in human therapeutics and consumer products, a comprehensive investigation of its toxicological effects is crucial. In this study, the toxicity of polydatin was investigated in a developmental toxicity test using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a valuable model for preclinical assessments. We employed the Fish Embryo Test (FET test - OECD n°236) to investigate the effects of polydatin on survival, hatchability, development, and behavior of zebrafish embryo-larval stage. Remarkably, the results demonstrated that polydatin up to 435 μM showed no toxicity. Throughout the exposure period, zebrafish embryos exposed to polydatin exhibited normal development, with no significant mortality observed. Furthermore, hatching success and heartbeat rate were unaffected, and no morphological abnormalities were identified, signifying a lack of teratogenic effects and cardiotoxicity. Locomotion activity assessment revealed normal swimming patterns and response to stimuli, indicating no neurotoxic effects. Our study provides valuable insights into the toxicological profile of polydatin, suggesting that it may offer potential therapeutic benefits under a considerable concentration range. In addition, zebrafish model proves to be an efficient system for early-stage toxicological screening, guiding further investigations into the secure utilization of polydatin for human health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Emanueli Schimith
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Dennis Guilherme da Costa-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Ana Luiza Muccillo-Baisch
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Mariana Appel Hort
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil
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15
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Foster C, Wignall J, Kovach S, Choksi N, Allen D, Trgovcich J, Rochester JR, Ceger P, Daniel A, Hamm J, Truax J, Blake B, McIntyre B, Sutherland V, Stout MD, Kleinstreuer N. Standardizing Extracted Data Using Automated Application of Controlled Vocabularies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:27006. [PMID: 38349723 PMCID: PMC10863721 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extraction of toxicological end points from primary sources is a central component of systematic reviews and human health risk assessments. To ensure optimal use of these data, consistent language should be used for end point descriptions. However, primary source language describing treatment-related end points can vary greatly, resulting in large labor efforts to manually standardize extractions before data are fit for use. OBJECTIVES To minimize these labor efforts, we applied an augmented intelligence approach and developed automated tools to support standardization of extracted information via application of preexisting controlled vocabularies. METHODS We created and applied a harmonized controlled vocabulary crosswalk, consisting of Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) codes, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) DevTox harmonized terms, and The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) end point vocabularies, to roughly 34,000 extractions from prenatal developmental toxicology studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and 6,400 extractions from European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) prenatal developmental toxicology studies, all recorded based on the original study report language. RESULTS We automatically applied standardized controlled vocabulary terms to 75% of the NTP extracted end points and 57% of the ECHA extracted end points. Of all the standardized extracted end points, about half (51%) required manual review for potential extraneous matches or inaccuracies. Extracted end points that were not mapped to standardized terms tended to be too general or required human logic to find a good match. We estimate that this augmented intelligence approach saved > 350 hours of manual effort and yielded valuable resources including a controlled vocabulary crosswalk, organized related terms lists, code for implementing an automated mapping workflow, and a computationally accessible dataset. DISCUSSION Augmenting manual efforts with automation tools increased the efficiency of producing a findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) dataset of regulatory guideline studies. This open-source approach can be readily applied to other legacy developmental toxicology datasets, and the code design is customizable for other study types. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13215.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neepa Choksi
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dave Allen
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amber Daniel
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jon Hamm
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jim Truax
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bevin Blake
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barry McIntyre
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vicki Sutherland
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D. Stout
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), DTT, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Hamm JT, Hsieh JH, Roberts GK, Collins B, Gorospe J, Sparrow B, Walker NJ, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Dyballa S, Miñana R, Schiavone V, Terriente J, Weiner A, Muriana A, Quevedo C, Ryan KR. Interlaboratory Study on Zebrafish in Toxicology: Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology's (SEAZIT's) Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity. TOXICS 2024; 12:93. [PMID: 38276729 PMCID: PMC10820928 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Embryonic zebrafish represent a useful test system to screen substances for their ability to perturb development. The exposure scenarios, endpoints captured, and data analysis vary among the laboratories who conduct screening. A lack of harmonization impedes the comparison of the substance potency and toxicity outcomes across laboratories and may hinder the broader adoption of this model for regulatory use. The Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT) initiative was developed to investigate the sources of variability in toxicity testing. This initiative involved an interlaboratory study to determine whether experimental parameters altered the developmental toxicity of a set of 42 substances (3 tested in duplicate) in three diverse laboratories. An initial dose-range-finding study using in-house protocols was followed by a definitive study using four experimental conditions: chorion-on and chorion-off using both static and static renewal exposures. We observed reasonable agreement across the three laboratories as 33 of 42 test substances (78.6%) had the same activity call. However, the differences in potency seen using variable in-house protocols emphasizes the importance of harmonization of the exposure variables under evaluation in the second phase of this study. The outcome of the Def will facilitate future practical discussions on harmonization within the zebrafish research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon T. Hamm
- Inotiv, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Georgia K. Roberts
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Bradley Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenni Gorospe
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | | | - Nigel J. Walker
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Rafael Miñana
- ZeClinics SL., 08980 Barcelona, Spain
- CTI Laboratory Services Spain SL., 48160 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | | | - Andrea Weiner
- BBD BioPhenix SL. (Biobide), 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Celia Quevedo
- BBD BioPhenix SL. (Biobide), 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kristen R. Ryan
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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17
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Mori K, Aoki Y, Mikashima F, Maki K, Tanaka T, Hayashi M, Sugimoto W, Ono M, Umekita S, Niino T, Fujiwara M, Ebata T, Hirata H, Kojima H. Validation of a new protocol for a zebrafish MEFL (malformation or embryo-fetal lethality) test method that conforms to the ICH S5 (R3) guideline. J Toxicol Sci 2024; 49:337-348. [PMID: 39098043 DOI: 10.2131/jts.49.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Detecting the toxic effects of chemicals on reproduction and development without using mammalian animal models is crucial in the exploitation of pharmaceuticals for human use. Zebrafish are a promising animal model for investigating pharmacological effects and toxicity during vertebrate development. Several studies have suggested the use of zebrafish embryos for the assessment of malformations or embryo-fetal lethality (MEFL). However, a reproducible protocol as a standard for the zebrafish MEFL test method that fulfills global requests has not been established based on the International Council of Harmonisation (ICH) S5 (R3) guidelines. To establish such a toxicity test method, we developed a new and easy protocol to detect MEFL caused by chemicals, especially those with teratogenic potential, using fertilized zebrafish eggs (embryos) within 5 days of development. Our toxicity test trials using the same protocol in two to four different laboratories corroborated the high inter-laboratory reproducibility. Our test method enabled the detection of 18 out of 22 test compounds that induced rat MEFL. Thus, the prediction rate of our zebrafish test method for MEFL was almost 82% compared with that of rat MEFL. Collectively, our study proposes the establishment of an easy and reproducible protocol for the zebrafish MEFL test method for reproductive and developmental toxicity that meets ICH guideline S5 (R3), which can be further considered in combination with information from other sources for regulatory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Mori
- Non-Clinical Biomedical Science, Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Yoshinobu Aoki
- Ideation & Creation Group, Discovery Accelerator, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | | | | | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University School of Medicine
| | - Mai Hayashi
- Drug Development Laboratories, Maruho Co., Ltd
| | | | - Mizuho Ono
- Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Research Corporation
| | - Saaya Umekita
- Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Research Corporation
| | - Tatsuhiro Niino
- Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Research Corporation
| | | | - Tomonori Ebata
- Research Department, Gotemba Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Divison of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Science
- Sanyo-Onoda City University
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18
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Alves-Pimenta S, Colaço B, Oliveira PA, Venâncio C. Development Features on the Selection of Animal Models for Teratogenic Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:67-104. [PMID: 38285334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Today, the use of animal models from different species continues to represent a fundamental step in teratogenic testing, despite the increase in alternative solutions that provide an important screening to the enormous quantity of new substances that aim to enter the market every year. The maintenance of these models is due to the sharing of similar development processes with humans, and in this way they represent an important contribution to the safety in the use of the compounds tested. Furthermore, the application of advances in embryology to teratology, although hampered by the complexity of reproductive processes, continues to prove the importance of sensitivity during embryonic and fetal development to detect potential toxicity, inducing mortality/abortion and malformations.In this chapter, essential periods of development in different models are outlined, highlighting the similarities and differences between species, the advantages and disadvantages of each group, and specific sensitivities for teratogenic testing. Models can be divided into invertebrate species such as earthworms of the species Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster, allowing for rapid results and minor ethical concerns. Vertebrate nonmammalian species Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio are important models to assess teratogenic potential later in development with fewer ethical requirements. Finally, the mammalian species Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Oryctolagus cuniculus, phylogenetically closer to humans, are essential for the assessment of complex specialized processes, occurring later in development.Regulations for the development of toxicology tests require the use of mammalian species. Although ethical concerns and costs limit their use in large-scale screening. On the other hand, invertebrate and vertebrate nonmammalian species are increasing as alternative animal models, as these organisms combine low cost, less ethical requirements, and culture conditions compatible with large-scale screening. Their main advantage is to allow high-throughput screening in a whole-animal context, in contrast to the in vitro techniques, not dependent on the prior identification of a target. Better knowledge of the development pathways of animal models will allow to maximize human translation and reduce the number of animals used, leading to a selection of compounds with an improved safety profile and reduced time to market for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Alves-Pimenta
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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19
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Chahardehi AM, Hosseini Y, Mahdavi SM, Naseh I. The Zebrafish Model as a New Discovery Path for Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:306-314. [PMID: 36999188 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent degenerative central nervous system disorders affecting older adults. Dopaminergic neuron failure in the substantia nigra is a pathological sign connected with the motor shortfall of PD. Due to their low teratogenic and adverse effect potential, medicinal herbs have emerged as a promising therapy option for preventing and curing PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism through which natural compounds provide neuroprotection against PD remains unknown. While testing compounds in vertebrates such as mice is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, zebrafish (Danio rerio) may offer an appealing alternative because they are vertebrates and share many of the same characteristics as humans. Zebrafish are commonly used as animal models for studying many human diseases, and their molecular history and bioimaging properties are appropriate for the study of PD. However, a literature review indicated that only six plants, including Alpinia oxyhylla, Bacopa monnieri, Canavalia gladiate, Centella asiatica, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Stachytarpheta indica had been investigated as potential PD treatments using the zebrafish model. Only C. asiatica and B. monnieri were found to have potential anti-PD activity. In addition to reviewing the current state of research in this field, these plants' putative mechanisms of action against PD are explored, and accessible assays for investigation are made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasaman Hosseini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mahdavi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT), Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Naseh
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Alves-Pimenta S, Félix L, Colaço B, Oliveira PA, Venâncio C. Guidelines on Developmental Toxicity Tests: Brief Insights. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:39-65. [PMID: 38285333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Developmental toxicology is a constantly evolving research field which needs to attend to a complex underlying regulatory network. In order to ensure human health and environmental safety, new substances have to be tested for toxic effects on reproduction and development, before being commercialized. Traditional in vivo mammalian models represent the intricacy of human development and provide more adequately an assessment of the interaction of chemical compounds with the reproductive system. However, in the last years, the directives are to reduce the use of vertebrate animals, promoting their use only as a last resort. Consequently, the interest on the development and validation of alternative tests, able to cover the various aspects of the reproductive cycle, has significantly increased. Reproductive toxicity is probably the most difficult endpoint to be replaced by alternative assays, since it should provide information on mechanism interactions essential for female and male fertility and also knowledge on the animal development during the first phases of its life cycle. This complexity explains the slow progress in implementing alternative models for reproductive toxicity safety assays. Alternative test models may be based on in vitro systems and nonmammalian animal models. Many biological processes have been successfully addressed using in vitro models, opening the possibility to study the interference of teratogenic compounds. Their validation and implementation have lagged behind, in part because of difficulties in establishing their predictability. Nevertheless, the advance toward the process of validation is crucial to replace and reduce the use of living animals. Based on the present state of the art, it is not probable that such testing strategies will completely replace the need to assess reproductive toxicity in vivo in the near future, but they will contribute to reduce animal tests and will provide important information. In this chapter, the approved guidelines for standard methods and alternative methods, according to their regulatory and scientific status, are enumerated and briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Alves-Pimenta
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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21
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Lee H, An G, Park J, You J, Song G, Lim W. Mevinphos induces developmental defects via inflammation, apoptosis, and altered MAPK and Akt signaling pathways in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 275:109768. [PMID: 37858660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mevinphos, an organophosphate insecticide, is widely used to control pests and enhance crop yield. Because of its high solubility, it can easily flow into water and threaten the aquatic environment, and it is known to be hazardous to non-target organisms. However, little is known about its developmental toxicity and the underlying toxic mechanisms. In this study, we utilized zebrafish, which is frequently used for toxicological research to estimate the toxicity in other aquatic organisms or vertebrates including humans, to elucidate the developmental defects induced by mevinphos. Here, we observed that mevinphos induced various phenotypical abnormalities, such as diminished eyes and head sizes, shortened body length, loss of swim bladder, and increased pericardiac edema. Also, exposure to mevinphos triggered inflammation, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation in zebrafish larvae. In addition, MAPK and Akt signaling pathways, which control apoptosis, inflammation, and proper development of various organs, were also altered by the treatment of mevinphos. Furthermore, these factors induced various organ defects which were confirmed by various transgenic models. We identified neuronal toxicity through transgenic olig2:dsRed zebrafish, cardiovascular toxicity through transgenic fli1:eGFP zebrafish, and hepatotoxicity and pancreatic toxicity through transgenic lfabp:dsRed;elastase:GFP zebrafish. Overall, our results elucidated the developmental toxicities of mevinphos in zebrafish and provided the parameters for the assessment of toxicities in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeankyoung You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Kasprzak A, Zuchowska A, Romanczuk P, Kowalczyk A, Grudzinski IP, Malkowska A, Nowicka AM, Sakurai H. Oxidation-derived anticancer potential of sumanene-ferrocene conjugates. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:56-64. [PMID: 38078478 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03810f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
An effective synthetic protocol towards the oxidation of sumanene-ferrocene conjugates bearing one to four ferrocene moieties has been established. The oxidation protocol was based on the transformation of FeII from ferrocene to FeIII-containing ferrocenium cations by means of the treatment of the title organometallic buckybowls with a mild oxidant. Successful isolation of these ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives 5-7 gave rise to the biological evaluation of the first, buckybowl-based anticancer agents, as elucidated by in vitro assays with human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) and embryotoxicity trials in zebrafish embryos supported with in silico toxicology studies. The designed ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives featured attractive properties in terms of their use in cancer treatments in humans. The tetra-ferrocenium sumanene derivative 7 featured especially beneficial biological features, elucidated by low (<40% for 10 μM) viabilities of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells together with a 1.4-1.7-fold higher viability of normal cells (human mammary fibroblasts, HMF) for respective concentrations. Compound 7 featured significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells thanks to the presence of sumanene and ferrocenium moieties; the latter motif also provided the selectivity of anticancer action. The biological properties of 7 were also improved in comparison with those of native building blocks, which suggested the effects of the presence of the sumanene skeleton towards the anticancer action of this molecule. Ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives exhibited potential towards the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for biological damage to the cancer cells, with the most efficient generation of the tetra-ferrocenium sumanene derivative 7. Derivative 7 also did not show any embryotoxicity in zebrafish embryos at the tested concentrations, which supports its potential as an effective and cancer-specific anticancer agent. In silico computational analysis also showed no chromosomal aberrations and no mutation with AMES tests for the compound 7 tested with and without microsomal rat liver fractions, which supports its further use as a potent drug candidate in detailed anticancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zuchowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Malkowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Rivero-Wendt CLG, Miranda Vilela AL, GarciaFernandes L, Negreli Santos A, Leal I, Jaques J, Fernandes CE. Cytogenotoxic potential and toxicity in adult Danio rerio (zebrafish) exposed to chloramine T. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16452. [PMID: 38077413 PMCID: PMC10702335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chloramine-T (CL-T) is a synthetic sodium salt used as a disinfectant in fish farms to combat bacterial infections in fish gills and skin. While its efficacy in pathogen control is well-established, its reactivity with various functional groups has raised concerns. However, limited research exists on the toxicity of disinfection by-products to aquatic organisms. Therefore, this study aims to assess the sublethal effects of CL-T on adult zebrafish by examining biomarkers of nucleus cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, and histopathological changes. Methods Male and female adult zebrafish (wildtype AB lineage) specimens were exposed to 70, 140, and 200 mg/L of CL-T and evaluated after 96 h. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were evaluated by estimating the frequencies of nuclear abnormalities (NA), micronuclei (MN), and integrated optical density (IOD) of nuclear erythrocytes. Histopathological changes in the gills and liver were assessed using the degree of tissue changes (DTC). AChE activity was measured in brain samples. Results and conclusions At a concentration of 200 mg/L, NA increased, indicating the cytogenotoxic potential of CL-T in adult zebrafish. Morphological alterations in the nuclei were observed at both 70 and 200 mg/L concentrations. Distinct IOD profiles were identified across the three concentrations. There were no changes in AChE activity in adult zebrafish. The DTC scores were high in all concentrations, and histological alterations suggested low to moderate toxicity of CL-T for adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Letícia Gediel Rivero-Wendt
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Luana GarciaFernandes
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andreza Negreli Santos
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Igor Leal
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jeandre Jaques
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eurico Fernandes
- Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Abstract
Major advances in scientific discovery and insights that stem from the development and use of new techniques and models can bring remarkable progress to conventional toxicology. Although animal testing is still considered as the "gold standard" in traditional toxicity testing, there is a necessity for shift from animal testing to alternative methods regarding the drug safety testing owing to the emerging state-of-art techniques and the proposal of 3Rs (replace, reduce, and refine) towards animal welfare. This review describes some recent research methods in drug discovery toxicology, including in vitro cell and organ-on-a-chip, imaging systems, model organisms (C. elegans, Danio rerio, and Drosophila melanogaster), and toxicogenomics in modern toxicology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Tang
- PTC Therapeutics Inc, South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | - Vijay More
- PTC Therapeutics Inc, South Plainfield, NJ, USA
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25
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Park J, An G, You J, Park H, Hong T, Song G, Lim W. Dimethenamid promotes oxidative stress and apoptosis leading to cardiovascular, hepatic, and pancreatic toxicities in zebrafish embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 273:109741. [PMID: 37689173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Dimethenamid, one of the acetamide herbicides, is widely used on soybeans and corns to inhibit weed growth. Although other acetamide herbicides have been reported to have several toxicities in non-target organisms including developmental toxicity, the toxicity of dimethenamid has not yet been studied. In this research, we utilized the zebrafish animal model to verify the developmental toxicity of dimethenamid. It not only led to morphological abnormalities in zebrafish larvae but also reduced their viability. ROS production and inflammation responses were promoted in zebrafish larvae. Also, uncontrolled apoptosis occurred when the gene expression level related to the cell cycle and apoptosis was altered by dimethenamid. These changes resulted in toxicities in the cardiovascular system, liver, and pancreas are observed in transgenic zebrafish models including fli1a:EGFP and L-fabp:dsRed;elastase:GFP. Dimethenamid triggered morphological defects in the heart and vasculature by altering the mRNA levels related to cardiovascular development. The liver and pancreas were also damaged through not only the changes of their morphology but also through the dysregulation in their function related to metabolic activity. This study shows the developmental defects induced by dimethenamid in zebrafish larvae and the possibility of toxicity in other non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeankyoung You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Liu S, Kawanishi T, Shimada A, Ikeda N, Yamane M, Takeda H, Tasaki J. Identification of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for chemical-induced craniofacial anomalies using the transgenic zebrafish model. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:38-51. [PMID: 37531284 PMCID: PMC10614053 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are one of the most frequent birth defects worldwide and are often caused by genetic and environmental factors such as pharmaceuticals and chemical agents. Although identifying adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) is a central issue for evaluating the teratogenicity, the AOP causing craniofacial anomalies has not been identified. Recently, zebrafish has gained interest as an emerging model for predicting teratogenicity because of high throughput, cost-effectiveness and availability of various tools for examining teratogenic mechanisms. Here, we established zebrafish sox10-EGFP reporter lines to visualize cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and have identified the AOPs for craniofacial anomalies. When we exposed the transgenic embryos to teratogens that were reported to cause craniofacial anomalies in mammals, CNCC migration and subsequent morphogenesis of the first pharyngeal arch were impaired at 24 hours post-fertilization. We also found that cell proliferation and apoptosis of the migratory CNCCs were disturbed, which would be key events of the AOP. From these results, we propose that our sox10-EGFP reporter lines serve as a valuable model for detecting craniofacial skeletal abnormalities, from early to late developmental stages. Given that the developmental process of CNCCs around this stage is highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals, our findings can be extrapolated to mammalian craniofacial development and thus help in predicting craniofacial anomalies in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Liu
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Tasaki
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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Wang H, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Zhao Y. The toxicity of microplastics and their leachates to embryonic development of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 190:106114. [PMID: 37517918 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution has been widely detected across the global ocean, posing a major threat to a wide variety of marine biota. To date, the deleterious impacts of microplastics have predominantly been linked to their direct exposure, while the potential risks posed by the leachates emanating from microplastics have received comparatively less attention. Here, the toxicity of virgin plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microspheres and their leachates were evaluated on the embryo-larval development of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using an in-vitro assay. Results showed that a significant toxic effect of both PVC microspheres and their leachates on the embryo development and larval growth of sea cucumbers follows a dose-dependent and time-dependent pattern. Nonetheless, the toxicity of PVC leachates surpasses that of the microspheres themselves. Abnormal developmental phenotypes, such as aberrant gastrulation, misaligned mesenchymal cells, and delayed arm development, were also observed in embryos and larvae treated with PVC. Further chemical analyses of PVC microspheres and leachates revealed the existence of five distinct phthalate esters (PAEs), with DIBP (diisobutyl phthalate) and DBP (dibutyl phthalate) exhibiting higher concentrations in the PVC leachates. This finding suggests that the elevated toxicity of plastic leachate may be attributed to the leaching of phthalate additives from the plastic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haona Wang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Yanying Zhang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Ye Zhao
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
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28
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Rossino G, Marra A, Listro R, Peviani M, Poggio E, Curti D, Pellavio G, Laforenza U, Dondio G, Schepmann D, Wünsch B, Bedeschi M, Marino N, Tesei A, Ha HJ, Kim YH, Ann J, Lee J, Linciano P, Di Giacomo M, Rossi D, Collina S. Discovery of RC-752, a Novel Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist with Antinociceptive Activity: A Promising Tool for Fighting Neuropathic Pain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:962. [PMID: 37513874 PMCID: PMC10386076 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic condition resulting from damaged pain-signaling pathways. It is a debilitating disorder that affects up to 10% of the world's population. Although opioid analgesics are effective in reducing pain, they present severe risks; so, there is a pressing need for non-opioid pain-relieving drugs. One potential alternative is represented by sigma-1 receptor (S1R) antagonists due to their promising analgesic effects. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of S1R antagonists based on a 2-aryl-4-aminobutanol scaffold. After assessing affinity toward the S1R and selectivity over the sigma-2 receptor (S2R), we evaluated the agonist/antagonist profile of the compounds by investigating their effects on nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth and aquaporin-mediated water permeability in the presence and absence of oxidative stress. (R/S)-RC-752 emerged as the most interesting compound for S1R affinity (Ki S1R = 6.2 ± 0.9) and functional antagonist activity. Furthermore, it showed no cytotoxic effect in two normal human cell lines or in an in vivo zebrafish model and was stable after incubation in mouse plasma. (R/S)-RC-752 was then evaluated in two animal models of NP: the formalin test and the spinal nerve ligation model. The results clearly demonstrated that compound (R/S)-RC-752 effectively alleviated pain in both animal models, thus providing the proof of concept of its efficacy as an antinociceptive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Marra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Listro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Peviani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Poggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Curti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pellavio
- Human Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Laforenza
- Human Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulio Dondio
- Aphad SrL, Via della Resistenza, 65, 20090 Buccinasco, Italy
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martina Bedeschi
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Noemi Marino
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Hee-Jin Ha
- Medifron DBT, Seoul 08502, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- JMackem Co. Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- JMackem Co. Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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29
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Morsli S, Henriques CM, Ellis PS, Mortiboys H, Baxendale S, Loynes CA, Renshaw SA, Bellantuono I. A p21-GFP zebrafish model of senescence for rapid testing of senolytics in vivo. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13835. [PMID: 37039087 PMCID: PMC10265157 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence drives the onset and severity of multiple ageing-associated diseases and frailty. As a result, there has been an increased interest in mechanistic studies and in the search for compounds targeting senescent cells, known as senolytics. Mammalian models are commonly used to test senolytics and generate functional and toxicity data at the level of organs and systems, yet this is expensive and time consuming. Zebrafish share high homology in genes associated with human ageing and disease. They can be genetically modified relatively easily. In larvae, most organs develop within 5 days of fertilisation and are transparent, which allows tracking of fluorescent cells in vivo in real time, testing drug off-target toxicity and assessment of cellular and phenotypic changes. Here, we have generated a transgenic zebrafish line that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the promoter of a key senescence marker, p21. We show an increase in p21:GFP+ cells in larvae following exposure to ionising radiation and with natural ageing. p21:GFP+ cells display other markers of senescence, including senescence-associated β-galactosidase and IL6. The observed increase in senescent cells following irradiation is associated with a reduction in the thickness of muscle fibres and mobility, two important ageing phenotypes. We also show that quercetin and dasatinib, two senolytics currently in clinical trials, reduce the number of p21:GFP+ cells, in a rapid 5-day assay. This model provides an important tool to study senescence in a living organism, allowing the rapid selection of senolytics before moving to more expensive and time-consuming mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Morsli
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield385a Glossop RoadSheffieldS10 2HQUK
- Present address:
Early Cancer InstituteUniversity of CambridgeHutchison BuildingCambridgeCB2 0XZUK
| | - Catarina M. Henriques
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Pamela S. Ellis
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield385a Glossop RoadSheffieldS10 2HQUK
| | - Sarah Baxendale
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2THUK
| | - Catherine A. Loynes
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
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30
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Park J, An G, Park H, Hong T, Lim W, Song G. Developmental defects induced by thiabendazole are mediated via apoptosis, oxidative stress and alteration in PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107973. [PMID: 37196567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thiabendazole, a benzimidazole fungicide, is widely used to prevent yield loss in agricultural land by inhibiting plant diseases derived from fungi. As thiabendazole has a stable benzimidazole ring structure, it remains in the environment for an extended period, and its toxic effects on non-target organisms have been reported, indicating the possibility that it could threaten public health. However, little research has been conducted to elucidate the comprehensive mechanisms of its developmental toxicity. Therefore, we used zebrafish, a representative toxicological model that can predict toxicity in aquatic organisms and mammals, to demonstrate the developmental toxicity of thiabendazole. Various morphological malformations were observed, including decreased body length, eye size, and increased heart and yolk sac edema. Apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory response were also triggered by thiabendazole exposure in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways important for appropriate organogenesis were significantly changed by thiabendazole. These results led to toxicity in various organs and a reduction in the expression of related genes, including cardiovascular toxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatic and pancreatic toxicity, which were detected in flk1:eGFP, olig2:dsRED, and L-fabp:dsRed;elastase:GFP transgenic zebrafish models, respectively. Overall, this study partly determined the developmental toxicity of thiabendazole in zebrafish and provided evidence of the environmental hazards of this fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Lee H, An G, Park J, Lim W, Song G. Molinate induces organ defects by promoting apoptosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress during the developmental stage of zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163768. [PMID: 37146827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Molinate is classified as a thiocarbamate herbicide and is mainly used in paddy fields to culture rice. However, the toxic effects of molinate and the associated mechanisms in the process of development have not been completely elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we demonstrated that molinate reduced the viability of zebrafish larvae and the probability of successful hatching using zebrafish (Danio rerio), one of the remarkable in vivo models for testing the toxicity of chemicals. In addition, molinate treatment triggered the occurrence of apoptosis, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, we identified that an abnormal cardiovascular phenotype through wild type zebrafish, neuronal defects through transgenic olig2:dsRed zebrafish, and developmental toxicity in the liver through transgenic lfabp:dsRed zebrafish. Collectively, these results provide evidence of the hazardous effects of molinate on the developmental stage of non-target organisms by elucidating the toxic mechanisms of molinate in developing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojun Lee
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Hsieh JH, Nolte S, Hamm JT, Wang Z, Roberts GK, Schmitt CP, Ryan KR. Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT): Developing a Data Analysis Pipeline for the Assessment of Developmental Toxicity with an Interlaboratory Study. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050407. [PMID: 37235222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic zebrafish is a useful vertebrate model for assessing the effects of substances on growth and development. However, cross-laboratory developmental toxicity outcomes can vary and reported developmental defects in zebrafish may not be directly comparable between laboratories. To address these limitations for gaining broader adoption of the zebrafish model for toxicological screening, we established the Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT) program to investigate how experimental protocol differences can influence chemical-mediated effects on developmental toxicity (i.e., mortality and the incidence of altered phenotypes). As part of SEAZIT, three laboratories were provided a common and blinded dataset (42 substances) to evaluate substance-mediated effects on developmental toxicity in the embryonic zebrafish model. To facilitate cross-laboratory comparisons, all the raw experimental data were collected, stored in a relational database, and analyzed with a uniform data analysis pipeline. Due to variances in laboratory-specific terminology for altered phenotypes, we utilized ontology terms available from the Ontology Lookup Service (OLS) for Zebrafish Phenotype to enable additional cross-laboratory comparisons. In this manuscript, we utilized data from the first phase of screening (dose range finding, DRF) to highlight the methodology associated with the development of the database and data analysis pipeline, as well as zebrafish phenotype ontology mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sue Nolte
- Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Zicong Wang
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Georgia K Roberts
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charles P Schmitt
- Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kristen R Ryan
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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33
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Park J, Hong T, An G, Park H, Song G, Lim W. Triadimenol promotes the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis with cardiotoxicity and developmental abnormalities in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160761. [PMID: 36502969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Various types of fungicides, especially triazole fungicides, are used to prevent fungal diseases on farmlands. However, the developmental toxicity of one of the triazole fungicides, triadimenol, remains unclear. Therefore, we used the zebrafish animal model, a representative toxicological model, to investigate it. Triadimenol induced morphological alterations in the eyes and body length along with yolk sac and heart edema. It also stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species and expression of inflammation-related genes and caused apoptosis in the anterior regions of zebrafish, especially in the heart. The phosphorylation levels of Akt, ERK, JNK, and p38 proteins involved in the PI3K and MAPK pathways, which are important for the development process, were also reduced by triadimenol. These changes led to malformation of the heart and vascular structures, as observed in the flk1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish models and a reduction in the heart rate. In addition, the expression of genes associated with cardiac and vascular development was also reduced. Therefore, we elucidated the mechanisms associated with triadimenol toxicity that leads to various abnormalities and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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34
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MacRae CA, Peterson RT. Zebrafish as a Mainstream Model for In Vivo Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:43-64. [PMID: 36151053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051421-105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacology and toxicology are part of a much broader effort to understand the relationship between chemistry and biology. While biomedicine has necessarily focused on specific cases, typically of direct human relevance, there are real advantages in pursuing more systematic approaches to characterizing how health and disease are influenced by small molecules and other interventions. In this context, the zebrafish is now established as the representative screenable vertebrate and, through ongoing advances in the available scale of genome editing and automated phenotyping, is beginning to address systems-level solutions to some biomedical problems. The addition of broader efforts to integrate information content across preclinical model organisms and the incorporation of rigorous analytics, including closed-loop deep learning, will facilitate efforts to create systems pharmacology and toxicology with the ability to continuously optimize chemical biological interactions around societal needs. In this review, we outline progress toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A MacRae
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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35
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Hong T, Park H, An G, Song G, Lim W. Ethalfluralin induces developmental toxicity in zebrafish via oxidative stress and inflammation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158780. [PMID: 36115403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethalfluralin, of dinitroaniline herbicide family, is an effective weed controller. Following residue detection in herbicide-treated fields, ethalfluralin was reported to interfere with early stages of implantation in some vertebrate species. However, the role of ethalfluralin in the development of zebrafish embryos has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the morphological and physiological changes that occur in the embryonic development of zebrafish due to ethalfluralin exposure. Results indicated that ethalfluralin decreased survival rate along with reduction in the hatching ratio and heartbeat. It was observed to cause edema in the heart and yolk sac, and apoptosis in the anterior region of the developing zebrafish larvae; as visualized through acridine orange and TUNEL staining. In addition, ethalfluralin increased the expression of the apoptosis-associated genes including tp53, cyc1, casp8, casp9, and casp3. The Seahorse Mito Stress analysis revealed that ethalfluralin slightly reduced mitochondrial respiration in live zebrafish embryos. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was also observed to be elevated in zebrafish larvae in response to ethalfluralin. Treatment with ethalfluralin decreased blood vessel formation in brain and intestine in flk1 transgenic zebrafish embryos. The decrease in angiogenesis related gene expression was specifically observed in vegfc, flt1, and kdrl, and in the intestinal vasculature related genes apoa4a, aqp3, fabp2, and vil1. Moreover, an increase in inflammatory genes such as cox2a, cox2b, cxcl-c1c, il8, mcl1a, mcl1b, and nf-κb was observed using real-time PCR analysis. Collectively, these results indicate that oxidative stress generated by exposure to ethalfluralin induced ROS generation, apoptosis, inflammation and anti-angiogenic effects, and therefore, ethalfluralin may be toxic to the development of zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Li X, Li M. The application of zebrafish patient-derived xenograft tumor models in the development of antitumor agents. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:212-236. [PMID: 36029178 DOI: 10.1002/med.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cost of antitumor drug development is enormous, yet the clinical outcomes are less than satisfactory. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop effective drug screening methods that enable accurate, rapid, and high-throughput discovery of lead compounds in the process of preclinical antitumor drug research. An effective solution is to use the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor animal models, which are applicable for the elucidation of tumor pathogenesis and the preclinical testing of novel antitumor compounds. As a promising screening model organism, zebrafish has been widely applied in the construction of the PDX tumor model and the discovery of antineoplastic agents. Herein, we systematically survey the recent cutting-edge advances in zebrafish PDX models (zPDX) for studies of pathogenesis mechanisms and drug screening. In addition, the techniques used in the construction of zPDX are summarized. The advantages and limitations of the zPDX are also discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects of zPDX in drug discovery, translational medicine, and clinical precision medicine treatment are well presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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37
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Samrani LMM, Pennings JLA, Hallmark N, Bars R, Tinwell H, Pallardy M, Piersma AH. Dynamic regulation of gene expression and morphogenesis in the zebrafish embryo test after exposure to all-trans retinoic acid. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 115:8-16. [PMID: 36375755 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) is widely used in developmental toxicology. The analysis of gene expression regulation in ZET after chemical exposure provides mechanistic information about the effects of chemicals on morphogenesis in the test. The gene expression response magnitude has been shown to change with exposure duration. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the exposure duration on the magnitude of gene expression changes in the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) signaling pathway in the ZET. Retinoic acid regulation is a key driver of morphogenesis and is therefore employed here as an indicator for the regulation of developmental genes. A teratogenic concentration of 7.5 nM of ATRA was given at 3 hrs post fertilization (hpf) for a range of exposure durations until 120 hrs of development. The expression of a selection of genes related to ATRA signaling and downstream developmental genes was determined. The highest magnitudes of gene expression regulation were observed after 2-24 hrs exposure with an optimal response after 4 hrs. Longer exposures showed a decrease in the gene expression response, although continued exposure to 120 hpf caused malformations and lethality. This study shows that assessment of gene expression regulation at early time points after the onset of exposure in the ZET may be optimal for the prediction of developmental toxicity. We believe these results could help optimize sensitivity in future studies with ZET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M M Samrani
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Université Paris-Saclay, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM, Faculté Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM, Faculté Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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38
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Schultz B, Wehr M, Witters H, Escher S, Jacobs M. P01-03 Integration of adverse outcome pathways with knowledge graphs. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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39
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Chen Y, Song W, Ge W, Yan R. Metabolic competency of larval zebrafish in drug-induced liver injury: a case study of acetaminophen poisoning. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:175-185. [PMID: 35944217 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval zebrafish is emerging as a new model organism for studying drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with superiorities in visual assessment, genetic engineering as well as high throughput. Metabolic bioactivation to form reactive intermediates is a common event that triggers DILI. This study first addressed the correlation between acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity in zebrafish larvae (3 days post-fertilization) and demonstrated the occurrence of cytochrome P450 enzymes-mediated APAP bioactivation at early developmental stage through characterizing the dose-effect (0-1.6 mg/mL) and the time-course (0-72 h) of liver injury and metabolism in the AB strain and LiPan transgenic line Tg(lfabp10a: DsRed; elaA: egfp) expressing liver-specific fluorescent protein. APAP caused multi-organ developmental retardation and elicited dose- and time-dependent hepatotoxicity. Liver imaging revealed significant changes earlier than histological and biochemical measurements. APAP bioactivation in larval zebrafish was first confirmed by the detection of the glutathione conjugate of the reactive intermediate NAPQI (NAPQI-GSH) and subsequent mercapturate derivatives NAPQI-cysteine and NAPQI-N-acetylcysteine after even short (0.5-hour post exposure) or low (0.2 mg/mL) APAP exposure. APAP overdose impaired metabolic function, in particular sulfation, while facilitated GSH depletion and APAP sulfate excretion. Meanwhile, APAP displayed triphasic accumulation in the larvae, agreeing with fluctuating metabolic capabilities with sulfation dominating the early larval developmental stage. Most importantly, the dose-response effects and time-course of APAP accumulation and metabolism agree well with those of the liver injury development. Overall, larval zebrafish has developed mammalian-like metabolic function, enabling it an ideal model organism for high throughput screening hepatotoxicity and mechanistic study of bioactivation-based DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Weiyi Song
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ru Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China.,Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, 519080, China
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40
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Brotzmann K, Escher SE, Walker P, Braunbeck T. Potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test to discriminate between chemicals of similar molecular structure-a study with valproic acid and 14 of its analogues. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3033-3051. [PMID: 35920856 PMCID: PMC9525359 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid is a frequently used antiepileptic drug and known pediatric hepatotoxic agent. In search of pharmaceuticals with increased effectiveness and reduced toxicity, analogue chemicals came into focus. So far, toxicity and teratogenicity data of drugs and metabolites have usually been collected from mammalian model systems such as mice and rats. However, in an attempt to reduce mammalian testing while maintaining the reliability of toxicity testing of new industrial chemicals and drugs, alternative test methods are being developed. To this end, the potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo to discriminate between valproic acid and 14 analogues was investigated by exposing zebrafish embryos for 120 h post fertilization in the extended version of the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET; OECD TG 236), and analyzing liver histology to evaluate the correlation of liver effects and the molecular structure of each compound. Although histological evaluation of zebrafish liver did not identify steatosis as the prominent adverse effect typical in human and mice, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) derived was comparable not only to human HepG2 cells, but also to available in vivo mouse and rat data. Thus, there is evidence that zebrafish embryos might serve as a tool to bridge the gap between subcellular, cell-based systems and vertebrate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brotzmann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery, No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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41
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Xu Y, Jang J, Gye MC. The Xenopus laevis teratogenesis assay for developmental toxicity of phthalate plasticizers and alternatives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118985. [PMID: 35167930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of phthalate ester plasticizers threatens the wildlife as well as human health. To evaluate the developmental toxicity of commonly used phthalate esters and emerging alternatives, the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) was conducted for dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzyl-butyl-phthalate (BBP), dioctyl-terephthalate (DOTP), di(2-propylheptyl)-phthalate (DPHP), diisononyl-phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl-phthalate (DIDP), diethyl hexyl cyclohexane (DEHCH), and diisononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). The 96-hrs LC50 for DBP, BBP, DOTP, DIDP, DINCH, DINP, DPHP, and DEHCH were 18.3, 20.1, 588.7, 718.0, 837.5, 859.3, 899.0, and 899.0 mg/L, respectively. The 96-hrs EC50 of developmental abnormality of DBP, BBP, DPHP, DOTP, DINP, DEHCH, DINCH, and DIDP were 7.5, 18.2, 645.1, 653.6, 664.4, 745.6, 813.7, and 944.5 mg/L, respectively. The lowest observed effective concentration for embryonic survival, malformation, and growth was DINP, DBP, BBP, DIDP, DPHP, DINCH, DEHCH, and DOTP in increasing order. In tadpoles, DBP, BBP, DEHCH, DINP, and DIDP caused inositol-requiring enzyme 1 or protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase pathway endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in order, and BBP, DBP, DOTP, DPHP, DINP, and DIDP caused long term ERS-related apoptosis or mitochondrial apoptosis in order. Together, in Xenopus embryos, the developmental toxicity and the cellular stress-inducing potential of tested plasticizers were DEHCH, DINCH, DPHP, DIDP, DINP, DOTP, BBP, and DBP in increasing order. In consideration of public as well as environmental health this information would be helpful for industrial choice of phthalate ester plasticizers and their alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Jang
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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42
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Hoyberghs J, Bars C, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Foubert K, Van Cruchten S. DMSO Concentrations up to 1% are Safe to be Used in the Zebrafish Embryo Developmental Toxicity Assay. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:804033. [PMID: 35295145 PMCID: PMC8915880 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.804033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a popular solvent for developmental toxicity testing of chemicals and pharmaceuticals in zebrafish embryos. In general, it is recommended to keep the final DMSO concentration as low as possible for zebrafish embryos, preferably not exceeding 100 μL/L (0.01%). However, higher concentrations of DMSO are often required to dissolve compounds in an aqueous medium. The aim of this study was to determine the highest concentration of DMSO that can be safely used in our standardized Zebrafish Embryo Developmental Toxicity Assay (ZEDTA). In the first part of this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations (0–2%) of DMSO. No increase in lethality or malformations was observed when using DMSO concentrations up to 1%. In a follow-up experiment, we assessed whether compounds that cause no developmental toxicity in the ZEDTA remain negative when dissolved in 1% DMSO, as false positive results due to physiological disturbances by DMSO should be avoided. To this end, zebrafish embryos were exposed to ascorbic acid and hydrochlorothiazide dissolved in 1% DMSO. Negative control groups were also included. No significant increase in malformations or lethality was observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, DMSO concentrations up to 1% can be safely used to dissolve compounds in the ZEDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Hoyberghs
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chloé Bars
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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43
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von Hellfeld R, Pannetier P, Braunbeck T. Specificity of time- and dose-dependent morphological endpoints in the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test for substances with diverse modes of action: the search for a "fingerprint". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16176-16192. [PMID: 34643865 PMCID: PMC8827326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo according to OECD TG 236 was originally developed as an alternative test method for acute fish toxicity testing according to, e.g., OECD TG 203. Given the versatility of the protocol, however, the FET test has found application beyond acute toxicity testing as a common tool in environmental hazard and risk assessment. Whereas the standard OECD guideline is restricted to four core endpoints (coagulation as well as lack of somite formation, heartbeat, and tail detachment) for simple, rapid assessment of acute toxicity, further endpoints can easily be integrated into the FET test protocol. This has led to the hypothesis that an extended FET test might allow for the identification of different classes of toxicants via a "fingerprint" of morphological observations. To test this hypothesis, the present study investigated a set of 18 compounds with highly diverse modes of action with respect to acute and sublethal endpoints. Especially at higher concentrations, most observations proved toxicant-unspecific. With decreasing concentrations, however, observations declined in number, but gained in specificity. Specific observations may at best be made at test concentrations ≤ EC10. The existence of a "fingerprint" based on morphological observations in the FET is, therefore, highly unlikely in the range of acute toxicity, but cannot be excluded for experiments at sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca von Hellfeld
- Center for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, 23 St Machar Drive, AB24 3UU, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Pauline Pannetier
- Center for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Center for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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44
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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45
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Sánchez-Aceves LM, Pérez-Alvarez I, Gómez-Oliván LM, Islas-Flores H, Barceló D. Developmental alterations, teratogenic effects, and oxidative disruption induced by ibuprofen, aluminum, and their binary mixture on Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118078. [PMID: 34534830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies highlighted the ubiquitous presence of ibuprofen and aluminum in the aquatic environment around the world and demonstrated their potential to induce embryotoxic and teratogenic defects on aquatic species individually. Although studies that evaluate developmental alterations induced by mixtures of these pollutants are scarce; and, since environmental contamination presented in the form of a mixture of toxicants with different chemical properties and toxicity mechanisms capable of generating interactions; the objective of this study was to evaluate the developmental defects, teratogenic alterations, and oxidative stress induced by individual forms and the mixture of ibuprofen (IBU) and aluminum (Al) on zebrafish embryos. Oocytes exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of IBU (0.1-20 μg L-1) and Al (0.01-8 mg L-1) and one binary mixture. The LC50 and EC50 were obtained to calculate the teratogenic index (TI). The IBU LC50, EC50, and TI were 8.06 μg L-1, 2.85 μg L-1 and 2.82. In contrast, Al LC50 was 5.0 mg L-1with an EC50 of 3.58 mg L-1 and TI of 1.39. The main alterations observed for individual compounds were hatching alterations, head malformation, skeletal deformities, hypopigmentation, pericardial edema, and heart rate impairment. The mixture also showed significant delays to embryonic development. Moreover, oxidative stress biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidant defenses at 72 and 96 hpf significantly increased. Results show that environmentally relevant concentrations of ibuprofen (IBU), aluminum (Al), and their mixture promote a series of developmental defects, teratogenic effects, and oxidative disruption on D. rerio embryos, and the interaction of both substances altered the response. In conclusion, morphological and biochemical tests are suitable tools for assessing the health risk of aquatic wildlife by exposure to individual and mixed pollutants in freshwater bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livier M Sánchez-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Itzayana Pérez-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Meador JP. The fish early-life stage sublethal toxicity syndrome - A high-dose baseline toxicity response. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118201. [PMID: 34740289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A large number of toxicity studies report abnormalities in early life-stage (ELS) fish that are described here as a sublethal toxicity syndrome (TxSnFELS) and generally include a reduced heart rate, edemas (yolk sac and cardiac), and a variety of morphological abnormalities. The TxSnFELS is very common and not diagnostic for any chemical or class of chemicals. This sublethal toxicity syndrome is mostly observed at high exposure concentrations and appears to be a baseline, non-specific toxicity response; however, it can also occur at low doses by specific action. Toxicity metrics for this syndrome generally occur at concentrations just below those causing mortality and have been reported for a large number of diverse chemicals. Predictions based on tissue concentrations or quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) models support the designation of baseline toxicity for many of the tested chemicals, which is confirmed by observed values. Given the sheer number of disparate chemicals causing the TxSnFELS and correlation with QSAR derived partitioning; the only logical conclusion for these high-dose responses is baseline toxicity by nonspecific action and not a lock and key type receptor response. It is important to recognize that many chemicals can act both as baseline toxicants and specific acting toxicants likely via receptor interaction and it is not possible to predict those threshold doses from baseline toxicity. We should search out these specific low-dose responses for ecological risk assessment and not rely on high-concentration toxicity responses to guide environmental protection. The goal for toxicity assessment should not be to characterize toxic responses at baseline toxicity concentrations, but to evaluate chemicals for their most toxic potential. Additional aspects of this review evaluated the fish ELS teratogenic responses in relation to mammalian oral LD50s and explored potential key events responsible for baseline toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Meador
- Ecotoxicology Program, Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
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47
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Bars C, Hoyberghs J, Valenzuela A, Buyssens L, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Labro AJ, Foubert K, Van Cruchten SJ. Developmental Toxicity and Biotransformation of Two Anti-Epileptics in Zebrafish Embryos and Early Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12696. [PMID: 34884510 PMCID: PMC8657848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo is gaining interest as a bridging tool between in-vitro and in-vivo developmental toxicity studies. However, cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated drug metabolism in this model is still under debate. Therefore, we investigated the potential of zebrafish embryos and larvae to bioactivate two known anti-epileptics, carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHE), to carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (E-CBZ) and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), respectively. First, zebrafish were exposed to CBZ, PHE, E-CBZ and HPPH from 5¼- to 120-h post fertilization (hpf) and morphologically evaluated. Second, the formations of E-CBZ and HPPH were assessed in culture medium and in whole-embryo extracts at different time points by targeted LC-MS. Finally, E-CBZ and HPPH formation was also assessed in adult zebrafish liver microsomes and compared with those of human, rat, and rabbit. The present study showed teratogenic effects for CBZ and PHE, but not for E-CBZ and HPPH. No HPPH was detected during organogenesis and E-CBZ was only formed at the end of organogenesis. E-CBZ and HPPH formation was also very low-to-negligible in adult zebrafish compared with the mammalian species. As such, other metabolic pathways than those of mammals are involved in the bioactivation of CBZ and PHE, or, these anti-epileptics are teratogens and do not require bioactivation in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Bars
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Jente Hoyberghs
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Alain J. Labro
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Steven J. Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
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48
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Di Paolo C, Hoffmann S, Witters H, Carrillo JC. Minimum reporting standards based on a comprehensive review of the zebrafish embryo teratogenicity assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105054. [PMID: 34653553 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity chemical safety assessment involves extensive use of vertebrate animals for regulatory testing purposes. Although alternative methods such as the zebrafish embryo teratogenicity assay (identified in the present manuscript by the acronym ZETA) are promising for replacing tests with mammals, challenges to regulatory application involve lack of standardization and incomplete validation. To identify key protocol aspects and ultimately support improving this situation, a comprehensive review of the literature on the level of harmonization/standardization and validation status of the ZETA has been conducted. The gaps and needed advances of the available ZETA protocols were evaluated and discussed with respect to its applicability as an alternative approach for teratogenicity assessment. Based on the review outcomes, a set of minimum reporting standards for the experimental protocol is proposed. Together with other initiatives towards implementation of alternative approaches at the screening and regulatory levels, the application of minimum reporting requirements is anticipated to support future method standardization and validation, as well as identifying potential improvement aspects. Present findings are expected to ultimately support advancing the ongoing validation initiatives towards the regulatory acceptance of the ZETA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Di Paolo
- Shell Health, Shell International, B.V. Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596, HR, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Hilda Witters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Unit Health, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell Health, Shell International, B.V. Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596, HR, The Hague, the Netherlands
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49
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Quevedo AC, Ellis LJA, Lynch I, Valsami-Jones E. Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticle Uptake by Embryonic Zebrafish Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2699. [PMID: 34685144 PMCID: PMC8541679 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of the uptake pathways in cells during exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) is key for risk assessment and the development of safer nanomaterials, as the internalisation and fate of NPs is linked to their toxicity and mode of action. Here, we determined the uptake mechanisms activated during the internalisation of 10, 30, and 100 nm AgNPs by embryonic zebrafish cells (ZF4). The uptake results demonstrated an NP size- and time-dependent uptake, showing the highest total silver uptake for the smallest AgNP (10 nm) at the lowest exposure concentration (2.5 μg/mL) after 2 h, while after 24 h, the highest exposure concentration (10 μg/mL) of the 10 nm AgNPs revealed the highest cellular load at 8 pg/cell. Inhibition of the caveolae, clathrin, and macropinocytosis endocytic pathways by pharmaceutical inhibitors (genistein, chlorpromazine, and wortmannin respectively) revealed that uptake was mainly via macropinocytosis for the 10 nm AgNPs and via the caveolae-mediated pathway for the 30 and 100 nm AgNPs. The induction of autophagy was also strongly related to the NP size, showing the highest percentage of induction for the 10 nm (around 3%) compared to naive cells, suggesting that autophagy can be activated along with endocytosis to deal with exposure to NPs. TEM imaging revealed the distribution of NPs across the cytoplasm inside intracellular vesicles. An increase in Early Endosome formation (EE) was observed for the 30 and 100 nm sizes, whereas the 10 nm AgNPs disrupted the activity of EE. The data supports the establishment of adverse outcome pathways by increasing knowledge on the link between a molecular initiating event such as receptor-mediated endocytosis and an adverse outcome, as well as supporting the reduction of animal testing by using alternative testing models, such as fish cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Quevedo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (L.-J.A.E.); (E.V.-J.)
| | - Laura-Jayne A. Ellis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (L.-J.A.E.); (E.V.-J.)
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (L.-J.A.E.); (E.V.-J.)
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50
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Song YS, Dai MZ, Zhu CX, Huang YF, Liu J, Zhang CD, Xie F, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Li CQ, Zhang LJ. Validation, Optimization, and Application of the Zebrafish Developmental Toxicity Assay for Pharmaceuticals Under the ICH S5(R3) Guideline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:721130. [PMID: 34595173 PMCID: PMC8476914 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.721130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish as an alternative animal model for developmental toxicity testing has been extensively investigated, but its assay protocol was not harmonized yet. This study has validated and optimized the zebrafish developmental toxicity assay previously reported by multiple inter-laboratory studies in the United States and Europe. In this study, using this classical protocol, of 31 ICH-positive compounds, 23 compounds (74.2%) were teratogenic in zebrafish, five had false-negative results, and three were neither teratogenic nor non-teratogenic according to the protocol standard; of 14 ICH-negative compounds, 12 compounds (85.7%) were non-teratogenic in zebrafish and two had false-positive results. After we added an additional TI value in the zebrafish treated with testing compounds at 2 dpf along with the original 5 dpf, proposed a new category as the uncategorized compounds for those TI values smaller than the cutoff both at 2 dpf and 5 dpf but inducing toxic phenotypes, refined the testing concentration ranges, and optimized the TI cut-off value from ≥ 10 to ≥ 3 for compounds with refined testing concentrations, this optimized zebrafish developmental assay reached 90.3% sensitivity (28/31 positive compounds were teratogenic in zebrafish) and 88.9% (40/45) overall predictability. Our results from this study strongly support the use of zebrafish as an alternative in vivo method for screening and assessing the teratogenicity of candidate drugs for regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Song
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chen-Xia Zhu
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Da Zhang
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China.,Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China.,Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jiang Zhang
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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