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Szczupak D, Schaeffer DJ, Tian X, Choi SH, Fang-Cheng, Iack PM, Campos VP, Mayo JP, Patsch J, Mitter C, Haboosheh A, Kwon HS, Vieira MAC, Reich DS, Jacobson S, Kasprian G, Tovar-Moll F, Lent R, Silva AC. Direct interhemispheric cortical communication via thalamic commissures: a new white matter pathway in the primate brain. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad394. [PMID: 37950874 PMCID: PMC10793074 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons of eutherian mammals project to the contralateral hemisphere, crossing the midline primarily via the corpus callosum and the anterior, posterior, and hippocampal commissures. We recently reported and named the thalamic commissures (TCs) as an additional interhemispheric axonal fiber pathway connecting the cortex to the contralateral thalamus in the rodent brain. Here, we demonstrate that TCs also exist in primates and characterize the connectivity of these pathways with high-resolution diffusion-weighted MRI, viral axonal tracing, and fMRI. We present evidence of TCs in both New World (Callithrix jacchus and Cebus apella) and Old World primates (Macaca mulatta). Further, like rodents, we show that the TCs in primates develop during the embryonic period, forming anatomical and functionally active connections of the cortex with the contralateral thalamus. We also searched for TCs in the human brain, showing their presence in humans with brain malformations, although we could not identify TCs in healthy subjects. These results pose the TCs as a vital fiber pathway in the primate brain, allowing for more robust interhemispheric connectivity and synchrony and serving as an alternative commissural route in developmental brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David J Schaeffer
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Tian
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Fang-Cheng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Vinicius P Campos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 400 Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - J Patrick Mayo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 1622 Locust Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Janina Patsch
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy of the Medical University of Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Mitter
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy of the Medical University of Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amit Haboosheh
- Department of Radiology Hadassah Ein Karem Hospital, Kalman Ya'akov Man St, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Ha Seung Kwon
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Marcelo A C Vieira
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 400 Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Reich
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Steve Jacobson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy of the Medical University of Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D’Or Institute of Research and Education, 30 Rua Diniz Cordeiro Street, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Roberto Lent
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 373 Carlos Chagas Filho Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
- D’Or Institute of Research and Education, 30 Rua Diniz Cordeiro Street, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Afonso C Silva
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Szczupak D, Schaeffer DJ, Tian X, Choi SH, Fang-Cheng, Iack PM, Campos VP, Mayo JP, Patsch J, Mitter C, Haboosheh A, Vieira MA, Kasprian G, Tovar-Moll F, Lent R, Silva AC. Direct interhemispheric cortical communication via thalamic commissures: a new white-matter pathway in the primate brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545128. [PMID: 37398056 PMCID: PMC10312754 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cortical neurons of eutherian mammals project to the contralateral hemisphere, crossing the midline primarily via the corpus callosum and the anterior, posterior, and hippocampal commissures. We recently reported an additional commissural pathway in rodents, termed the thalamic commissures (TCs), as another interhemispheric axonal fiber pathway that connects cortex to the contralateral thalamus. Here, we demonstrate that TCs also exist in primates and characterize the connectivity of these pathways with high-resolution diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, viral axonal tracing, and functional MRI. We present evidence of TCs in both New World (Callithrix jacchus and Cebus apella) and Old World primates (Macaca mulatta). Further, like rodents, we show that the TCs in primates develop during the embryonic period, forming anatomical and functionally active connections of the cortex with the contralateral thalamus. We also searched for TCs in the human brain, showing their presence in humans with brain malformations, although we could not identify TCs in healthy subjects. These results pose the TCs as an important fiber pathway in the primate brain, allowing for more robust interhemispheric connectivity and synchrony and serving as an alternative commissural route in developmental brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David J. Schaeffer
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Tian
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Fang-Cheng
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Department of Neurological Surgery University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - J. Patrick Mayo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Janina Patsch
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided therapy of the Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Christian Mitter
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided therapy of the Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Amit Haboosheh
- Department Of Radiology Hadassah Ein Karem Hospital, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Marcelo A.C. Vieira
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided therapy of the Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Roberto Lent
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
- D’Or Institute of Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Afonso C. Silva
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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3
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Szczupak D, Lent R, Tovar-Moll F, Silva AC. Heterotopic connectivity of callosal dysgenesis in mice and humans. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1191859. [PMID: 37274193 PMCID: PMC10232863 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1191859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC), the largest brain commissure and the primary white matter pathway for interhemispheric cortical connectivity, was traditionally viewed as a predominantly homotopic structure, connecting mirror areas of the cortex. However, new studies verified that most callosal commissural fibers are heterotopic. Recently, we reported that ~75% of the callosal connections in the brains of mice, marmosets, and humans are heterotopic, having an essential role in determining the global properties of brain networks. In the present study, we leveraged high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and graph network modeling to investigate the relationship between heterotopic and homotopic callosal fibers in human subjects and in a spontaneous mouse model of Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis (CCD), a congenital developmental CC malformation that leads to widespread whole-brain reorganization. Our results show that the CCD brain is more heterotopic than the normotypical brain, with both mouse and human CCD subjects displaying highly variable heterotopicity maps. CCD mice have a clear heterotopicity cluster in the anterior CC, while hypoplasic humans have strongly variable patterns. Graph network-based connectivity profile showed a direct impact of heterotopic connections on CCD brains altering several network-based statistics. Our collective results show that CCD directly alters heterotopic connections and brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Afonso C. Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Szczupak D, Iack PM, Rayêe D, Liu C, Lent R, Tovar-Moll F, Silva AC. The relevance of heterotopic callosal fibers to interhemispheric connectivity of the mammalian brain. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4752-4760. [PMID: 36178137 PMCID: PMC10110439 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white matter structure and the primary pathway for interhemispheric brain communication. Investigating callosal connectivity is crucial to unraveling the brain's anatomical and functional organization in health and disease. Classical anatomical studies have characterized the bulk of callosal axonal fibers as connecting primarily homotopic cortical areas. Whenever detected, heterotopic callosal fibers were ascribed to altered sprouting and pruning mechanisms in neurodevelopmental diseases such as CC dysgenesis (CCD). We hypothesized that these heterotopic connections had been grossly underestimated due to their complex nature and methodological limitations. We used the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas and high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging to identify and quantify homotopic and heterotopic callosal connections in mice, marmosets, and humans. In all 3 species, we show that ~75% of interhemispheric callosal connections are heterotopic and comprise the central core of the CC, whereas the homotopic fibers lay along its periphery. We also demonstrate that heterotopic connections have an essential role in determining the global properties of brain networks. These findings reshape our view of the corpus callosum's role as the primary hub for interhemispheric brain communication, directly impacting multiple neuroscience fields investigating cortical connectivity, neurodevelopment, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rayêe
- Institute of Ophtalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, United States
| | - Cirong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- D’Or Institute Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D’Or Institute Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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Petanjek Z, Banovac I, Sedmak D, Hladnik A. Dendritic Spines: Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Pruning for the Developmental Organization of Brain Circuits. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:143-221. [PMID: 37962796 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic overproduction and elimination is a regular developmental event in the mammalian brain. In the cerebral cortex, synaptic overproduction is almost exclusively correlated with glutamatergic synapses located on dendritic spines. Therefore, analysis of changes in spine density on different parts of the dendritic tree in identified classes of principal neurons could provide insight into developmental reorganization of specific microcircuits.The activity-dependent stabilization and selective elimination of the initially overproduced synapses is a major mechanism for generating diversity of neural connections beyond their genetic determination. The largest number of overproduced synapses was found in the monkey and human cerebral cortex. The highest (exceeding adult values by two- to threefold) and most protracted overproduction (up to third decade of life) was described for associative layer IIIC pyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Therefore, the highest proportion and extraordinarily extended phase of synaptic spine overproduction is a hallmark of neural circuitry in human higher-order associative areas. This indicates that microcircuits processing the most complex human cognitive functions have the highest level of developmental plasticity. This finding is the backbone for understanding the effect of environmental impact on the development of the most complex, human-specific cognitive and emotional capacities, and on the late onset of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Banovac
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Liu T, Wu J, Zhao Z, Li M, Lv Y, Li M, Gao F, You Y, Zhang H, Ji C, Wu D. Developmental pattern of association fibers and their interaction with associated cortical microstructures in 0-5-month-old infants. Neuroimage 2022; 261:119525. [PMID: 35908606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Association fibers connect the cortical regions and experience rapid development involving myelination and axonal growth during infancy. Yet, the spatiotemporal patterns of microstructural changes along these tracts, as well as the developmental interaction between the white matter (WM) tracts and the cortical gray matter (cGM) connected to them, are mostly unknown during infancy. In this study, we performed a diffusion MRI-based tractography and microstructure study in a cohort of 89 healthy preterm-born infants with gestational age at birth between 28.1∼36.4 weeks and postmenstrual age at scan between 39.9∼59.9 weeks. Results revealed that several C-shaped fibers, such as the arcuate fasciculus, cingulum, and uncinate fasciculus, demonstrated symmetrical along-tract profiles; and the horizontally oriented running fibers, including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, demonstrated an anterior-posterior developmental gradient. This study characterized the along-tract profiles using fixel-based analysis and revealed that the fiber cross-section (FC) of all five association fibers demonstrated a fluctuating increase with age, while the fiber density (FD) monotonically increase with age. NODDI was utilized to analyze the microstructural development of cGM and indicated cGM connected to the anterior end of the association fibers developed faster than that of the posterior end during 0-5 months. Notably, a mediation analysis was used to explore the relation between the development of WM and associated cGM, and demonstrated a partial mediation effect of FD in WM on the development of intracellular volume (ICV) in cGM and a full mediation effect of ICV on the growth of FD in most fibers, suggesting a predominant mediation of cGM on the WM development. Furthermore, for assessing whether those results were biased by prematurity, we compared preterm- and term-born neonates with matched scan age, gender, and multiple births from the developing human connectome project (dHCP) dataset to assess the effect of preterm-birth, and the results indicated a similar developmental pattern of the association fibers and their attached cGM. These findings presented a comprehensive picture of the major association fibers during early infancy and deciphered the developmental interaction between WM and cGM in this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiani Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Child Health, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyan Li
- Department of Child Health, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fusheng Gao
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing You
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chai Ji
- Department of Child Health, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Abstract
During evolution, the cerebral cortex advances by increasing in surface and the introduction of new cytoarchitectonic areas among which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered to be the substrate of highest cognitive functions. Although neurons of the PFC are generated before birth, the differentiation of its neurons and development of synaptic connections in humans extend to the 3rd decade of life. During this period, synapses as well as neurotransmitter systems including their receptors and transporters, are initially overproduced followed by selective elimination. Advanced methods applied to human and animal models, enable investigation of the cellular mechanisms and role of specific genes, non-coding regulatory elements and signaling molecules in control of prefrontal neuronal production and phenotypic fate, as well as neuronal migration to establish layering of the PFC. Likewise, various genetic approaches in combination with functional assays and immunohistochemical and imaging methods reveal roles of neurotransmitter systems during maturation of the PFC. Disruption, or even a slight slowing of the rate of neuronal production, migration and synaptogenesis by genetic or environmental factors, can induce gross as well as subtle changes that eventually can lead to cognitive impairment. An understanding of the development and evolution of the PFC provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of congenital neuropsychiatric diseases as well as idiopathic developmental disorders that cause intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Kolk
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Campbell KA. The neurobiology of childhood trauma, from early physical pain onwards: as relevant as ever in today's fractured world. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2131969. [PMID: 36276555 PMCID: PMC9586666 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2131969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The situation in the world today, encompassing multiple armed conflicts, notably in Ukraine, the Coronavirus pandemic and the effects of climate change, increases the likelihood of childhood exposure to physical injury and pain. Other effects of these worldwide hardships include poverty, malnutrition and starvation, also bringing with them other forms of trauma, including emotional harm, neglect and deliberate maltreatment. Objective: To review the neurobiology of the systems in the developing brain that are most affected by physical and emotional trauma and neglect. Method: The review begins with those that mature first, such as the somatosensory system, progressing to structures that have a more protracted development, including those involved in cognition and emotional regulation. Explored next are developing stress response systems, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and its central regulator, corticotropin-releasing hormone. Also examined are reward and anti-reward systems and genetic versus environmental influences. The behavioural consequences of interpersonal childhood trauma, focusing on self-harm and suicide, are also surveyed briefly. Finally, pointers to effective treatment are proffered. Results: The low-threshold nature of circuitry in the developing brain and lack of inhibitory connections therein result in heightened excitability, making the consequences of both physical and emotional trauma more intense. Sensitive and critical periods in the development of structures such as the amygdala render the nervous system more vulnerable to insults occurring at those points, increasing the likelihood of psychiatric disorders, culminating in self-harm and even suicide. Conclusion: In view of the greater excitability of the developing nervous system, and its vulnerability to physical and psychological injuries, the review ends with an exhortation to consider the long-term consequences of childhood trauma, often underestimated or missed altogether when faced with adults suffering mental health problems.
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Natu VS, Rosenke M, Wu H, Querdasi FR, Kular H, Lopez-Alvarez N, Grotheer M, Berman S, Mezer AA, Grill-Spector K. Infants' cortex undergoes microstructural growth coupled with myelination during development. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1191. [PMID: 34650227 PMCID: PMC8516989 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cortical tissue during infancy is critical for the emergence of typical brain functions in cortex. However, how cortical microstructure develops during infancy remains unknown. We measured the longitudinal development of cortex from birth to six months of age using multimodal quantitative imaging of cortical microstructure. Here we show that infants' cortex undergoes profound microstructural tissue growth during the first six months of human life. Comparison of postnatal to prenatal transcriptomic gene expression data demonstrates that myelination and synaptic processes are dominant contributors to this postnatal microstructural tissue growth. Using visual cortex as a model system, we find hierarchical microstructural growth: higher-level visual areas have less mature tissue at birth than earlier visual areas but grow at faster rates. This overturns the prominent view that visual areas that are most mature at birth develop fastest. Together, in vivo, longitudinal, and quantitative measurements, which we validated with ex vivo transcriptomic data, shed light on the rate, sequence, and biological mechanisms of developing cortical systems during early infancy. Importantly, our findings propose a hypothesis that cortical myelination is a key factor in cortical development during early infancy, which has important implications for diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders and delays in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi S. Natu
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Mona Rosenke
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Hua Wu
- Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Francesca R. Querdasi
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Holly Kular
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Nancy Lopez-Alvarez
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Mareike Grotheer
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, 35039 Germany ,grid.513205.0Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior – CMBB, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Marburg, 35039 Germany
| | - Shai Berman
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel
| | - Aviv A. Mezer
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel
| | - Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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10
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Szczupak D, Iack PM, Liu C, Tovar-Moll F, Lent R, Silva AC. Direct Interhemispheric Cortical Communication via Thalamic Commissures: A New White-Matter Pathway in the Rodent Brain. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4642-4651. [PMID: 33999140 PMCID: PMC8408456 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC), the anterior (AC), and the posterior (PC) commissures are the principal axonal fiber bundle pathways that allow bidirectional communication between the brain hemispheres. Here, we used the Allen mouse brain connectivity atlas and high-resolution diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) to investigate interhemispheric fiber bundles in C57bl6/J mice, the most commonly used wild-type mouse model in biomedical research. We identified 1) commissural projections from the primary motor area through the AC to the contralateral hemisphere; and 2) intrathalamic interhemispheric fiber bundles from multiple regions in the frontal cortex to the contralateral thalamus. This is the first description of direct interhemispheric corticothalamic connectivity from the orbital cortex. We named these newly identified crossing points thalamic commissures. We also analyzed interhemispheric connectivity in the Balb/c mouse model of dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (CCD). Relative to C57bl6/J, Balb/c presented an atypical and smaller AC and weaker interhemispheric corticothalamic communication. These results redefine our understanding of interhemispheric brain communication. Specifically, they establish the thalamus as a regular hub for interhemispheric connectivity and encourage us to reinterpret brain plasticity in CCD as an altered balance between axonal reinforcement and pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Szczupak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Cirong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - IRC5 Consortium
- Researchers of the International Research Consortium for the Corpus Callosum and Cerebral Connectivity (IRC5), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Roberto Lent
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- D’Or Institute of Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Ribeiro Gomes AR, Olivier E, Killackey HP, Giroud P, Berland M, Knoblauch K, Dehay C, Kennedy H. Refinement of the Primate Corticospinal Pathway During Prenatal Development. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:656-671. [PMID: 31343065 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of the developmental refinement of the corticospinal (CS) pathway leads to motor disorders. While non-primate developmental refinement is well documented, in primates invasive investigations of the developing CS pathway have been confined to neonatal and postnatal stages when refinement is relatively modest. Here, we investigated the developmental changes in the distribution of CS projection neurons in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Injections of retrograde tracer at cervical levels of the spinal cord at embryonic day (E) 95 and E105 show that: (i) areal distribution of back-labeled neurons is more extensive than in the neonate and dense labeling is found in prefrontal, limbic, temporal, and occipital cortex; (ii) distributions of contralateral and ipsilateral projecting CS neurons are comparable in terms of location and numbers of labeled neurons, in contrast to the adult where the contralateral projection is an order of magnitude higher than the ipsilateral projection. Findings from one largely restricted injection suggest a hitherto unsuspected early innervation of the gray matter. In the fetus there was in addition dense labeling in the central nucleus of the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the adjacent region of the zona incerta, subcortical structures with only minor projections in the adult control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ribeiro Gomes
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Etienne Olivier
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Herbert P Killackey
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pascale Giroud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Michel Berland
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Kenneth Knoblauch
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Colette Dehay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.,Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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12
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Fenlon LR, Suarez R, Lynton Z, Richards LJ. The evolution, formation and connectivity of the anterior commissure. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:50-59. [PMID: 33958283 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The anterior commissure is the most ancient of the forebrain interhemispheric connections among all vertebrates. Indeed, it is the predominant pallial commissure in all non-eutherian vertebrates, universally subserving basic functions related to olfaction and survival. A key feature of the anterior commissure is its ability to convey connections from diverse brain areas, such as most of the neocortex in non-eutherian mammals, thereby mediating the bilateral integration of diverse functions. Shared developmental mechanisms between the anterior commissure and more evolutionarily recent commissures, such as the corpus callosum in eutherians, have led to the hypothesis that the former may have been a precursor for additional expansion of commissural circuits. However, differences between the formation of the anterior commissure and other telencephalic commissures suggest that independent developmental mechanisms underlie the emergence of these connections in extant species. Here, we review the developmental mechanisms and connectivity of the anterior commissure across evolutionarily distant species, and highlight its potential functional importance in humans, both in the course of normal neurodevelopment, and as a site of plastic axonal rerouting in the absence or damage of other connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Fenlon
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Rodrigo Suarez
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zorana Lynton
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia; The Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, The Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia; The School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia.
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13
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Individual differences in neonatal white matter are associated with executive function at 3 years of age. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3159-3169. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Scholtens LH, Feldman Barrett L, van den Heuvel MP. Cross-Species Evidence of Interplay Between Neural Connectivity at the Micro- and Macroscale of Connectome Organization in Human, Mouse, and Rat Brain. Brain Connect 2019; 8:595-603. [PMID: 30479137 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2018.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain describes a multiscale system. At the microscale, axonal, dendritic, and synaptic elements ensure neuron-to-neuron communication, and at the macroscale, large-scale projections form the anatomical wiring for communication between cortical areas. Although it is clear that both levels of neural organization play a crucial role in brain functioning, their interaction is not extensively studied. Connectome studies of the mammalian brain in cat, macaque, and human have recently shown that regions with larger and more complex pyramidal cells to have more macroscale corticocortical connections. In this study, we aimed to further validate these cross-scale findings in the human, mouse, and rat brain. We combined neuron reconstructions from the NeuroMorpho.org neuroarchitecture database with macroscale connectivity data derived from connectome mapping by means of tract-tracing (rat, mouse) and in vivo diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (human). Across these three mammalian species, we show cortical variation in neural organization to be associated with features of macroscale connectivity, with cortical variation in neuronal complexity explaining significant proportions of cortical variation in the number of white matter projections of cortical areas. Our findings converge on the notion of a relationship between features of micro- and macroscale neural connectivity to form a central aspect of mammalian neural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne H Scholtens
- 1 Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- 2 Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- 1 Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,4 Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Abnormal axon guidance signals and reduced interhemispheric connection via anterior commissure in neonates of marmoset ASD model. Neuroimage 2019; 195:243-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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16
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Nurturing the preterm infant brain: leveraging neuroplasticity to improve neurobehavioral outcomes. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:166-175. [PMID: 30531968 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An intrinsic feature of the developing brain is high susceptibility to environmental influence-known as plasticity. Research indicates cascading disruption to neurological development following preterm (PT) birth; yet, the interactive effects of PT birth and plasticity remain unclear. It is possible that, with regard to neuropsychological outcomes in the PT population, plasticity is a double-edged sword. On one side, high plasticity of rapidly developing neural tissue makes the PT brain more vulnerable to injury resulting from events, including inflammation, hypoxia, and ischemia. On the other side, plasticity may be a mechanism through which positive experience can normalize neurological development for PT children. Much of the available literature on PT neurological development is clinically weighted and focused on diagnostic utility for predicting long-term outcomes. Although diagnostic utility is valuable, research establishing neuroprotective factors is equally beneficial. This review will: (1) detail specific mechanisms through which plasticity is adaptive or maladaptive depending on the experience; (2) integrate research from neuroimaging, intervention, and clinical science fields in a summary of findings suggesting inherent plasticity of the PT brain as a mechanism to improve child outcomes; and (3) summarize how responsive caregiving experiences situate parents as agents of change in normalizing PT infant brain development.
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17
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Verdejo-Román J, Björnholm L, Muetzel RL, Torres-Espínola FJ, Lieslehto J, Jaddoe V, Campos D, Veijola J, White T, Catena A, Nikkinen J, Kiviniemi V, Järvelin MR, Tiemeier H, Campoy C, Sebert S, El Marroun H. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and offspring white matter microstructure: results from three birth cohorts. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1995-2006. [PMID: 30518826 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Prepregnancy maternal obesity is a global health problem and has been associated with offspring metabolic and mental ill-health. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding potential neurobiological factors related to these associations. This study explored the relation between maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and offspring brain white matter microstructure at the age of 6, 10, and 26 years in three independent cohorts. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study used data from three European birth cohorts (n = 116 children aged 6 years, n = 2466 children aged 10 years, and n = 437 young adults aged 26 years). Information on maternal prepregnancy BMI was obtained before or during pregnancy and offspring brain white matter microstructure was measured at age 6, 10, or 26 years. We used magnetic resonance imaging-derived fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) as measures of white matter microstructure in the brainstem, callosal, limbic, association, and projection tracts. Linear regressions were fitted to examine the association of maternal BMI and offspring white matter microstructure, adjusting for several socioeconomic and lifestyle-related confounders, including education, smoking, and alcohol use. RESULTS Maternal BMI was associated with higher FA and lower MD in multiple brain tracts, for example, association and projection fibers, in offspring aged 10 and 26 years, but not at 6 years. In each cohort maternal BMI was related to different white matter tract and thus no common associations across the cohorts were found. CONCLUSIONS Maternal BMI was associated with higher FA and lower MD in multiple brain tracts in offspring aged 10 and 26 years, but not at 6 years of age. Future studies should examine whether our observations can be replicated and explore the potential causal nature of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Verdejo-Román
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lassi Björnholm
- The Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- The Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.,The Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco José Torres-Espínola
- EURISTIKOS, Excellence Center for Pediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Johannes Lieslehto
- The Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vincent Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands.,The Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Campos
- EURISTIKOS, Excellence Center for Pediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juha Veijola
- The Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tonya White
- The Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juha Nikkinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Institute of Diagnostics, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- The Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands.,The Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS, Excellence Center for Pediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- The Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands. .,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands. .,The Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, 3000 CB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Vasung L, Raguz M, Kostovic I, Takahashi E. Spatiotemporal Relationship of Brain Pathways during Human Fetal Development Using High-Angular Resolution Diffusion MR Imaging and Histology. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:348. [PMID: 28744187 PMCID: PMC5504538 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify major fiber pathways and their spatiotemporal relationships within transient fetal zones in the human fetal brain by comparing postmortem high-angular resolution diffusion MR imaging (HARDI) in combination with deterministic streamline tractography and histology. Diffusion weighted imaging was performed on postmortem human fetal brains [N = 9, age = 18–34 post-conceptual weeks (PCW)] that were grossly normal with no pathologic abnormalities. After HARDI was performed, the fibers were reconstructed using Q-ball algorithm and deterministic streamline tractography. The position of major fiber pathways within transient fetal zones was identified both on diffusion weighted images and on histological sections. Our major findings include: (1) the development of massive projection fibers by 18 PCW, as compared to most association fibers (with the exception of limbic fibers) which have only begun to emerge, (2) the characteristic laminar distribution and sagittal plane geometry of reconstructed fibers throughout development, (3) the protracted prenatal development shown of the corpus collosum and its' associated fibers, as well as the association fibers, and (4) the predomination of radial coherence in the telencephalon (i.e., majority of streamlines in the telencephalic wall were radially oriented) during early prenatal period (24 PCW). In conclusion, correlation between histology and HARDI (in combination with Q-ball reconstruction and deterministic streamline tractography) allowed us to detect sequential development of fiber systems (projection, callosal, and association), their spatial relations with transient fetal zones, and their geometric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Vasung
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States
| | - Marina Raguz
- School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of ZagrebZagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kostovic
- School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of ZagrebZagreb, Croatia
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, United States
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19
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van den Heuvel MP, Scholtens LH, de Reus MA. Topological organization of connectivity strength in the rat connectome. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:1719-36. [PMID: 25697666 PMCID: PMC4819781 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is a complex network of anatomically interconnected regions. Animal studies allow for an invasive measurement of the connections of these networks at the macroscale level by means of neuronal tracing of axonal projections, providing a unique opportunity for the formation of detailed 'connectome maps'. Here we analyzed the macroscale connectome of the rat brain, including detailed information on the macroscale interregional pathways between 67 cortical and subcortical regions as provided by the high-quality, open-access BAMS-II database on rat brain anatomical projections, focusing in particular on the non-uniform distribution of projection strength across pathways. First, network analysis confirmed a small-world, modular and rich club organization of the rat connectome; findings in clear support of previous studies on connectome organization in other mammalian species. More importantly, analyzing network properties of different connection weight classes, we extend previous observations by showing that pathways with different topological roles have significantly different levels of connectivity strength. Among other findings, intramodular connections are shown to display a higher connectivity strength than intermodular connections and hub-to-hub rich club connections are shown to include significantly stronger pathways than connections spanning between peripheral nodes. Furthermore, we show evidence indicating that edges of different weight classes display different topological structures, potentially suggesting varying roles and origins of pathways in the mammalian brain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Room: A01.126, 3508 GA, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lianne H Scholtens
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Room: A01.126, 3508 GA, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A de Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Room: A01.126, 3508 GA, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Bick J, Nelson CA. Early Adverse Experiences and the Developing Brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:177-96. [PMID: 26334107 PMCID: PMC4677140 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Children exposed to various forms of adversity early in life are at increased risk for a broad range of developmental difficulties, affecting both cognitive and emotional adjustment. We review a growing body of evidence suggesting that exposure to adverse circumstances affects the developing brain in ways that increase risk for a myriad of problems. We focus on two forms of adversity, one in which children are exposed to childhood maltreatment in family environments, and another in which children are exposed to extreme psychosocial deprivation in contexts of institutional rearing. We discuss ways in which each of these experiences represent violations of species-expected caregiving conditions, thereby imposing challenges to the developing brain. We also review emerging data pointing to the effectiveness of early intervention in remediating neurodevelopmental consequences associated with maltreatment or institutional rearing. We conclude by discussing implications of this work for public health efforts and highlight important directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bick
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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van den Heuvel MP, Kersbergen KJ, de Reus MA, Keunen K, Kahn RS, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS, Benders MJNL. The Neonatal Connectome During Preterm Brain Development. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:3000-13. [PMID: 24833018 PMCID: PMC4537441 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human connectome is the result of an elaborate developmental trajectory. Acquiring diffusion-weighted imaging and resting-state fMRI, we studied connectome formation during the preterm phase of macroscopic connectome genesis. In total, 27 neonates were scanned at week 30 and/or week 40 gestational age (GA). Examining the architecture of the neonatal anatomical brain network revealed a clear presence of a small-world modular organization before term birth. Analysis of neonatal functional connectivity (FC) showed the early formation of resting-state networks, suggesting that functional networks are present in the preterm brain, albeit being in an immature state. Moreover, structural and FC patterns of the neonatal brain network showed strong overlap with connectome architecture of the adult brain (85 and 81%, respectively). Analysis of brain development between week 30 and week 40 GA revealed clear developmental effects in neonatal connectome architecture, including a significant increase in white matter microstructure (P < 0.01), small-world topology (P < 0.01) and interhemispheric FC (P < 0.01). Computational analysis further showed that developmental changes involved an increase in integration capacity of the connectivity network as a whole. Taken together, we conclude that hallmark organizational structures of the human connectome are present before term birth and subject to early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, The Netherlands
| | - Karina J Kersbergen
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A de Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Keunen
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Groenendaal
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, The Netherlands
| | - Linda S de Vries
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, The Netherlands
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22
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Degnan AJ, Wisnowski JL, Choi S, Ceschin R, Bhushan C, Leahy RM, Corby P, Schmithorst VJ, Panigrahy A. Altered Structural and Functional Connectivity in Late Preterm Preadolescence: An Anatomic Seed-Based Study of Resting State Networks Related to the Posteromedial and Lateral Parietal Cortex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130686. [PMID: 26098888 PMCID: PMC4476681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Late preterm birth confers increased risk of developmental delay, academic difficulties and social deficits. The late third trimester may represent a critical period of development of neural networks including the default mode network (DMN), which is essential to normal cognition. Our objective is to identify functional and structural connectivity differences in the posteromedial cortex related to late preterm birth. METHODS Thirty-eight preadolescents (ages 9-13; 19 born in the late preterm period (≥32 weeks gestational age) and 19 at term) without access to advanced neonatal care were recruited from a low socioeconomic status community in Brazil. Participants underwent neurocognitive testing, 3-dimensional T1-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging and resting state functional MRI (RS-fMRI). Seed-based probabilistic diffusion tractography and RS-fMRI analyses were performed using unilateral seeds within the posterior DMN (posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus) and lateral parietal DMN (superior marginal and angular gyri). RESULTS Late preterm children demonstrated increased functional connectivity within the posterior default mode networks and increased anti-correlation with the central-executive network when seeded from the posteromedial cortex (PMC). Key differences were demonstrated between PMC components with increased anti-correlation with the salience network seen only with posterior cingulate cortex seeding but not with precuneus seeding. Probabilistic tractography showed increased streamlines within the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus within late preterm children while decreased intrahemispheric streamlines were also observed. No significant differences in neurocognitive testing were demonstrated between groups. CONCLUSION Late preterm preadolescence is associated with altered functional connectivity from the PMC and lateral parietal cortex to known distributed functional cortical networks despite no significant executive neurocognitive differences. Selective increased structural connectivity was observed in the setting of decreased posterior interhemispheric connections. Future work is needed to determine if these findings represent a compensatory adaptation employing alternate neural circuitry or could reflect subtle pathology resulting in emotional processing deficits not seen with neurocognitive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Degnan
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 3950 Presby South Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Wisnowski
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States of America
| | - SoYoung Choi
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Rafael Ceschin
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Chitresh Bhushan
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Leahy
- Signal and Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Patricia Corby
- Twins Institute for Genetics Research, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39400–115, Brazil
- New York University Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, 421 1st Ave, New York, NY 10010, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Schmithorst
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Floor 2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, United States of America
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, 3620A McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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23
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Merlini L, Anooshiravani M, Kanavaki A, Hanquinet S. Microstructural changes in thickened corpus callosum in children: contribution of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:896-901. [PMID: 25467432 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thickened corpus callosum is a rare finding and its pathophysiology is not well known. An anomalous supracallosal bundle has been depicted by fiber tracking in some cases but no diffusion tensor imaging metrics of thickened corpus callosum have been reported. OBJECTIVE To use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in cases of thickened corpus callosum to help in understanding its clinical significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS During a 7-year period five children (ages 6 months to 15 years) with thickened corpus callosum were studied. We determined DTI metrics of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, and axial (λ1) and radial (λ2, λ3) diffusivity and performed 3-D fiber tracking reconstruction of the thickened corpus callosum. We compared our results with data from the literature and 24 age-matched controls. RESULTS Brain abnormalities were seen in all cases. All children had at least three measurements of corpus callosum thickness above the 97th percentile according to age. In all children 3-D fiber tracking showed an anomalous supracallosal bundle and statistically significant decrease in FA (P = 0.003) and λ1 (P = 0.001) of the corpus callosum compared with controls, but no significant difference in mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity. CONCLUSION Thickened corpus callosum was associated with abnormal bundles, suggesting underlying axonal guidance abnormality. DTI metrics suggested abnormal fiber compactness and density, which may be associated with alterations in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Merlini
- Pediatric Radiology Unit, University of Geneva Children's Hospital, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland,
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24
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Dubois J, Poupon C, Thirion B, Simonnet H, Kulikova S, Leroy F, Hertz-Pannier L, Dehaene-Lambertz G. Exploring the Early Organization and Maturation of Linguistic Pathways in the Human Infant Brain. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2283-98. [PMID: 25924951 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dubois
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif-sur-Yvette, France CEA, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Cyril Poupon
- CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNIRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Thirion
- CEA, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France University Paris Sud, Orsay, France INRIA, Parietal, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hina Simonnet
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif-sur-Yvette, France CEA, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sofya Kulikova
- INSERM, U1129, Paris, France CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNIACT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - François Leroy
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif-sur-Yvette, France CEA, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Lucie Hertz-Pannier
- INSERM, U1129, Paris, France CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNIACT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz
- INSERM, U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif-sur-Yvette, France CEA, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France University Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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25
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Peters BD, Karlsgodt KH. White matter development in the early stages of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:61-9. [PMID: 24893908 PMCID: PMC4250450 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a disorder of both neurodevelopment and a disorder of connectivity. One important aspect of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis is that schizophrenia is no longer thought to have discrete illness time points, but rather a long trajectory of brain changes, spanning many years, across a series of stages of the disease including the prodrome, first episode, and chronic period. As the disease progresses, there is a complex relationship between age related changes and disease related changes. Therefore, neural changes, and specifically white matter based connectivity changes, in schizophrenia may be best conceptualized based on a lifespan trajectory. In this selective review, we discuss healthy changes in white matter integrity that occur with age, as well as changes that occur across illness stages. We further propose a set of models that might explain lifespan changes in white matter integrity in schizophrenia, with the conclusion that the evidence most strongly supports a pattern of disrupted maturation during adolescence, with the potential for later changes that may be a result of disease neurotoxicity, abnormal or excessive aging effects, as well as medication, cohort or other effects. Thus, when considering white matter integrity in psychosis, it is critical to consider age in addition to other contributing factors including disease specific effects. Discovery of the factors driving healthy white matter development across the lifespan and deviations from the normal developmental trajectory may provide insights relevant to the discovery of early treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart D. Peters
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, NorthShore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY
| | - Katherine H. Karlsgodt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, NorthShore-LIJ Health System, Glen Oaks, NY,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra NorthShore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
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26
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Worbe Y, Marrakchi-Kacem L, Lecomte S, Valabregue R, Poupon F, Guevara P, Tucholka A, Mangin JF, Vidailhet M, Lehericy S, Hartmann A, Poupon C. Altered structural connectivity of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 138:472-82. [PMID: 25392196 PMCID: PMC4306818 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
See Jackson (doi:10.1093/brain/awu338) for a scientific commentary on this article. The neural substrate of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is unknown. Worbe et al. use probabilistic tractography to demonstrate widespread structural abnormalities in cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic white matter pathways—likely arising from abnormal brain development—in patients with this syndrome. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a childhood-onset syndrome characterized by the presence and persistence of motor and vocal tics. A dysfunction of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical networks in this syndrome has been supported by convergent data from neuro-pathological, electrophysiological as well as structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Here, we addressed the question of structural integration of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. We specifically tested the hypothesis that deviant brain development in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome could affect structural connectivity within the input and output basal ganglia structures and thalamus. To this aim, we acquired data on 49 adult patients and 28 gender and age-matched control subjects on a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. We used and further implemented streamline probabilistic tractography algorithms that allowed us to quantify the structural integration of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical networks. To further investigate the microstructure of white matter in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, we also evaluated fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity in these pathways, which are both sensitive to axonal package and to myelin ensheathment. In patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome compared to control subjects, we found white matter abnormalities in neuronal pathways connecting the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia and the thalamus. Specifically, striatum and thalamus had abnormally enhanced structural connectivity with primary motor and sensory cortices, as well as paracentral lobule, supplementary motor area and parietal cortices. This enhanced connectivity of motor cortex positively correlated with severity of tics measured by the Yale Global Tics Severity Scale and was not influenced by current medication status, age or gender of patients. Independently of the severity of tics, lateral and medial orbito-frontal cortex, inferior frontal, temporo-parietal junction, medial temporal and frontal pole also had enhanced structural connectivity with the striatum and thalamus in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. In addition, the cortico-striatal pathways were characterized by elevated fractional anisotropy and diminished radial diffusivity, suggesting microstructural axonal abnormalities of white matter in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. These changes were more prominent in females with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome compared to males and were not related to the current medication status. Taken together, our data showed widespread structural abnormalities in cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic white matter pathways in patients with Gilles de la Tourette, which likely result from abnormal brain development in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Worbe
- 1 Centre de Référence National Maladie Rare 'Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette', Pôle des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM 75, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 3 Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), INSERM, ICM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Linda Marrakchi-Kacem
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM 75, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 NeuroSpin, CEA, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France 5 Inria, Aramis project-team, Centre Paris-Rocquencourt, France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM 75, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 NeuroSpin, CEA, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France 5 Inria, Aramis project-team, Centre Paris-Rocquencourt, France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM 75, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 6 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie Vidailhet
- 1 Centre de Référence National Maladie Rare 'Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette', Pôle des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM 75, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 3 Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), INSERM, ICM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Lehericy
- 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM 75, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 6 Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- 1 Centre de Référence National Maladie Rare 'Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette', Pôle des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM 75, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 3 Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), INSERM, ICM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences, CIC-1422, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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27
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Ouyang A, Jeon T, Sunkin SM, Pletikos M, Sedmak G, Sestan N, Lein ES, Huang H. Spatial mapping of structural and connectional imaging data for the developing human brain with diffusion tensor imaging. Methods 2014; 73:27-37. [PMID: 25448302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During human brain development from fetal stage to adulthood, the white matter (WM) tracts undergo dramatic changes. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a widely used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality, offers insight into the dynamic changes of WM fibers as these fibers can be noninvasively traced and three-dimensionally (3D) reconstructed with DTI tractography. The DTI and conventional T1 weighted MRI images also provide sufficient cortical anatomical details for mapping the cortical regions of interests (ROIs). In this paper, we described basic concepts and methods of DTI techniques that can be used to trace major WM tracts noninvasively from fetal brain of 14 postconceptional weeks (pcw) to adult brain. We applied these techniques to acquire DTI data and trace, reconstruct and visualize major WM tracts during development. After categorizing major WM fiber bundles into five unique functional tract groups, namely limbic, brain stem, projection, commissural and association tracts, we revealed formation and maturation of these 3D reconstructed WM tracts of the developing human brain. The structural and connectional imaging data offered by DTI provides the anatomical backbone of transcriptional atlas of the developing human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Ouyang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Tina Jeon
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Goran Sedmak
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States; University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Salata 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hao Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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28
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Yeatman JD, Wandell BA, Mezer AA. Lifespan maturation and degeneration of human brain white matter. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4932. [PMID: 25230200 PMCID: PMC4238904 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Properties of human brain tissue change across the lifespan. Here we model these changes in the living human brain by combining quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of R1 (1/T1) with diffusion MRI and tractography (N=102, ages 7-85). The amount of R1 change during development differs between white-matter fascicles, but in each fascicle the rate of development and decline are mirror-symmetric; the rate of R1 development as the brain approaches maturity predicts the rate of R1 degeneration in aging. Quantitative measurements of macromolecule tissue volume (MTV) confirm that R1 is an accurate index of the growth of new brain tissue. In contrast to R1, diffusion development follows an asymmetric time-course with rapid childhood changes but a slow rate of decline in old age. Together, the time-courses of R1 and diffusion changes demonstrate that multiple biological processes drive changes in white-matter tissue properties over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Yeatman
- Stanford University Department of Psychology, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian A. Wandell
- Stanford University Department of Psychology, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aviv A. Mezer
- Stanford University Department of Psychology, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford, CA, USA
- Hebrew University Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Jerusalm, Israel
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29
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Brown RA, Narayanan S, Banwell B, Arnold DL. Magnetization transfer ratio recovery in new lesions decreases during adolescence in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis patients. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 6:237-42. [PMID: 25379436 PMCID: PMC4215523 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents diagnosed with multiple sclerosis rarely accrue physical disability early in their disease. This could be explained by greater remyelination in children, a capacity that may be lost in adolescence or early adulthood. Magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) MRI can be used to quantify changes in myelin in MS. We used serial MTR imaging and longitudinal random effects analysis to quantify recovery of MTR in acute lesions and to evaluate MTR changes in normal-appearing tissue in 19 adolescent MS patients. Our objective was to determine whether younger adolescents have a greater capacity for remyelination and whether this decreases as patients approach adulthood. We detected a significant decrease in MTR recovery between ages 16 and 20 years (p = 0.023), with older subjects approaching typical recovery levels for adult-onset MS. MTR recovery in acute MS lesions decreases with age in adolescents, suggesting loss of remyelination capacity. This may be related to the conclusion of primary myelination or other developmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Brown
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital 3801 Rue University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sridar Narayanan
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital 3801 Rue University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital 3801 Rue University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
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30
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Sinner B, Becke K, Engelhard K. General anaesthetics and the developing brain: an overview. Anaesthesia 2014; 69:1009-22. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Sinner
- Department of Anaesthesiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - K. Becke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care; Cnopf Childrens’ Hospital/Hospital Hallerwiese; Nuremberg Germany
| | - K. Engelhard
- Department of Anaesthesiology; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz Germany
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31
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Lim S, Han CE, Uhlhaas PJ, Kaiser M. Preferential detachment during human brain development: age- and sex-specific structural connectivity in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:1477-89. [PMID: 24343892 PMCID: PMC4428296 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human brain maturation is characterized by the prolonged development of structural and functional properties of large-scale networks that extends into adulthood. However, it is not clearly understood which features change and which remain stable over time. Here, we examined structural connectivity based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 121 participants between 4 and 40 years of age. DTI data were analyzed for small-world parameters, modularity, and the number of fiber tracts at the level of streamlines. First, our findings showed that the number of fiber tracts, small-world topology, and modular organization remained largely stable despite a substantial overall decrease in the number of streamlines with age. Second, this decrease mainly affected fiber tracts that had a large number of streamlines, were short, within modules and within hemispheres; such connections were affected significantly more often than would be expected given their number of occurrences in the network. Third, streamline loss occurred earlier in females than in males. In summary, our findings suggest that core properties of structural brain connectivity, such as the small-world and modular organization, remain stable during brain maturation by focusing streamline loss to specific types of fiber tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Lim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea School of Computing Science and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Cheol E Han
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, South Korea
| | - Peter J Uhlhaas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QB, UK Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt a. M., Germany Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstr. 46, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea School of Computing Science and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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32
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Huang H, Shu N, Mishra V, Jeon T, Chalak L, Wang ZJ, Rollins N, Gong G, Cheng H, Peng Y, Dong Q, He Y. Development of human brain structural networks through infancy and childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:1389-404. [PMID: 24335033 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During human brain development through infancy and childhood, microstructural and macrostructural changes take place to reshape the brain's structural networks and better adapt them to sophisticated functional and cognitive requirements. However, structural topological configuration of the human brain during this specific development period is not well understood. In this study, diffusion magnetic resonance image (dMRI) of 25 neonates, 13 toddlers, and 25 preadolescents were acquired to characterize network dynamics at these 3 landmark cross-sectional ages during early childhood. dMRI tractography was used to construct human brain structural networks, and the underlying topological properties were quantified by graph-theory approaches. Modular organization and small-world attributes are evident at birth with several important topological metrics increasing monotonically during development. Most significant increases of regional nodes occur in the posterior cingulate cortex, which plays a pivotal role in the functional default mode network. Positive correlations exist between nodal efficiencies and fractional anisotropy of the white matter traced from these nodes, while correlation slopes vary among the brain regions. These results reveal substantial topological reorganization of human brain structural networks through infancy and childhood, which is likely to be the outcome of both heterogeneous strengthening of the major white matter tracts and pruning of other axonal fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center Department of Radiology
| | - Ni Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | | | - Lina Chalak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8542, USA
| | - Zhiyue J Wang
- Department of Radiology Department of Radiology, Children's Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Nancy Rollins
- Department of Radiology Department of Radiology, Children's Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China and
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China and
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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33
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Collin G, van den Heuvel MP. The ontogeny of the human connectome: development and dynamic changes of brain connectivity across the life span. Neuroscientist 2013; 19:616-28. [PMID: 24047610 DOI: 10.1177/1073858413503712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human brain comprises distributed cortical regions that are structurally and functionally connected into a network that is known as the human connectome. Elaborate developmental processes starting in utero herald connectome genesis, with dynamic changes in its architecture continuing throughout life. Connectome changes during development, maturation, and aging may be governed by a set of biological rules or algorithms, forming and shaping the macroscopic architecture of the brain's wiring network. To explore the presence of developmental patterns indicative of such rules, this review considers insights from studies on the cellular and the systems level into macroscopic connectome genesis and dynamics across the life span. We observe that in parallel with synaptogenesis, macroscopic connectome formation and transformation is characterized by an initial overgrowth and subsequent elimination of cortico-cortical axonal projections. Furthermore, dynamic changes in connectome organization throughout the life span are suggested to follow an inverted U-shaped pattern, with an increasingly integrated topology during development, a plateau lasting for the majority of adulthood and an increasingly localized topology in late life. Elucidating developmental patterns in brain connectivity is crucial for our understanding of the human connectome and how it may give rise to brain function, including the occurrence of brain network disorders across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje Collin
- 1Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Causal effect of disconnection lesions on interhemispheric functional connectivity in rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13982-7. [PMID: 23924609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305062110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of external stimuli or task demands, correlations in spontaneous brain activity (functional connectivity) reflect patterns of anatomical connectivity. Hence, resting-state functional connectivity has been used as a proxy measure for structural connectivity and as a biomarker for brain changes in disease. To relate changes in functional connectivity to physiological changes in the brain, it is important to understand how correlations in functional connectivity depend on the physical integrity of brain tissue. The causal nature of this relationship has been called into question by patient data suggesting that decreased structural connectivity does not necessarily lead to decreased functional connectivity. Here we provide evidence for a causal but complex relationship between structural connectivity and functional connectivity: we tested interhemispheric functional connectivity before and after corpus callosum section in rhesus monkeys. We found that forebrain commissurotomy severely reduced interhemispheric functional connectivity, but surprisingly, this effect was greatly mitigated if the anterior commissure was left intact. Furthermore, intact structural connections increased their functional connectivity in line with the hypothesis that the inputs to each node are normalized. We conclude that functional connectivity is likely driven by corticocortical white matter connections but with complex network interactions such that a near-normal pattern of functional connectivity can be maintained by just a few indirect structural connections. These surprising results highlight the importance of network-level interactions in functional connectivity and may cast light on various paradoxical findings concerning changes in functional connectivity in disease states.
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Frequency specific interactions of MEG resting state activity within and across brain networks as revealed by the multivariate interaction measure. Neuroimage 2013; 79:172-83. [PMID: 23631996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting state networks (RSNs) are sets of brain regions exhibiting temporally coherent activity fluctuations in the absence of imposed task structure. RSNs have been extensively studied with fMRI in the infra-slow frequency range (nominally <10(-1)Hz). The topography of fMRI RSNs reflects stationary temporal correlation over minutes. However, neuronal communication occurs on a much faster time scale, at frequencies nominally in the range of 10(0)-10(2)Hz. We examined phase-shifted interactions in the delta (2-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) frequency bands of resting-state source space MEG signals. These analyses were conducted between nodes of the dorsal attention network (DAN), one of the most robust RSNs, and between the DAN and other networks. Phase shifted interactions were mapped by the multivariate interaction measure (MIM), a measure of true interaction constructed from the maximization of imaginary coherency in the virtual channels comprised of voxel signals in source space. Non-zero-phase interactions occurred between homologous left and right hemisphere regions of the DAN in the delta and alpha frequency bands. Even stronger non-zero-phase interactions were detected between networks. Visual regions bilaterally showed phase-shifted interactions in the alpha band with regions of the DAN. Bilateral somatomotor regions interacted with DAN nodes in the beta band. These results demonstrate the existence of consistent, frequency specific phase-shifted interactions on a millisecond time scale between cortical regions within RSN as well as across RSNs.
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Abstract
Adolescent brain maturation is characterized by the emergence of executive function mediated by the prefrontal cortex, e.g., goal planning, inhibition of impulsive behavior and set shifting. Synaptic pruning of excitatory contacts is the signature morphologic event of late brain maturation during adolescence. Mounting evidence suggests that glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity, in particular long-term depression (LTD), is important for elimination of synaptic contacts in brain development. This review examines the possibility (1) that LTD mechanisms are enhanced in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence due to ongoing synaptic pruning in this late developing cortex and (2) that enhanced synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex represents a key molecular substrate underlying the critical period for maturation of executive function. Molecular sites of interaction between environmental factors, such as alcohol and stress, and glutamate receptor mediated plasticity are considered. The accentuated negative impact of these factors during adolescence may be due in part to interference with LTD mechanisms that refine prefrontal cortical circuitry and when disrupted derail normal maturation of executive function. Diminished prefrontal cortical control over risk-taking behavior could further exacerbate negative outcomes associated with these behaviors, as for example addiction and depression. Greater insight into the neurobiology of the adolescent brain is needed to fully understand the molecular basis for heightened vulnerability during adolescence to the injurious effects of substance abuse and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Selemon
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8001, USA.
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Wandell BA, Yeatman JD. Biological development of reading circuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:261-8. [PMID: 23312307 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human neuroimaging is expanding our understanding of the biological processes that are essential for healthy brain function. Methods such as diffusion weighted imaging provide insights into white matter fascicles, growth and pruning of dendritic arbors and axons, and properties of glia. This review focuses on what we have learned from diffusion imaging about these processes and the development of reading circuitry in the human brain. Understanding reading circuitry development may suggest ways to improve how we teach children to read.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Wandell
- Psychology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Perinatal and early postnatal reorganization of the subplate and related cellular compartments in the human cerebral wall as revealed by histological and MRI approaches. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 219:231-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yeatman JD, Dougherty RF, Ben-Shachar M, Wandell BA. Development of white matter and reading skills. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E3045-53. [PMID: 23045658 PMCID: PMC3497768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206792109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter tissue properties are highly correlated with reading proficiency; we would like to have a model that relates the dynamics of an individual's white matter development to their acquisition of skilled reading. The development of cerebral white matter involves multiple biological processes, and the balance between these processes differs between individuals. Cross-sectional measures of white matter mask the interplay between these processes and their connection to an individual's cognitive development. Hence, we performed a longitudinal study to measure white-matter development (diffusion-weighted imaging) and reading development (behavioral testing) in individual children (age 7-15 y). The pattern of white-matter development differed significantly among children. In the left arcuate and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus, children with above-average reading skills initially had low fractional anisotropy (FA) that increased over the 3-y period, whereas children with below-average reading skills had higher initial FA that declined over time. We describe a dual-process model of white matter development comprising biological processes with opposing effects on FA, such as axonal myelination and pruning, to explain the pattern of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Yeatman
- Department of Psychology and Stanford Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035, USA.
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41
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Pacagnella PAP, Parpinelli PMSD, Lachat JJ. The morphological and developmental changes of the anterior commissure of male Wistar rats submitted to protein malnutrition in the postnatal period. Nutr Neurosci 2012; 16:61-8. [PMID: 22889551 DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this project was to study the effects of protein malnutrition in the anterior commissure of male albino Wistar rats, submitted to diets with different levels of protein to evaluate the possible morphological and developmental changes of the myelinated nervous fibers and glial cells of this important neural structure during the postnatal period until 120 days of age. In this study the animals (dams and pups) were divided into three groups: the control group which received a commercial diet from the laboratory (22% protein); the nourished group which received a diet of 16% of protein (casein); and the malnourished group which received a diet of 6% of protein (casein). Rat pups were fed by lactating females during the lactation period. After weaning the pups received the same diet until 120 days of age. The results obtained showed that the malnourished animals presented less body and brain growth and important morphological changes in the anterior commissure such as the retard in the myelination, damaged myelinic nervous fibers, and the increase of the interstitial space characterizing edema and vacuolization. The current study shows that the effects of protein malnutrition in the anterior commissure cause a bigger alteration in the posterior limb of the referred commissure, indicating that it is more vulnerable to malnutrition and more susceptible to damages of the anterior limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Aparecida Pereira Pacagnella
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Yeatman JD, Dougherty RF, Rykhlevskaia E, Sherbondy AJ, Deutsch GK, Wandell BA, Ben-Shachar M. Anatomical properties of the arcuate fasciculus predict phonological and reading skills in children. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3304-17. [PMID: 21568636 PMCID: PMC3214008 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, neurologists have hypothesized that the arcuate fasciculus carries signals that are essential for language function; however, the relevance of the pathway for particular behaviors is highly controversial. The primary objective of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging to examine the relationship between individual variation in the microstructural properties of arcuate fibers and behavioral measures of language and reading skills. A second objective was to use novel fiber-tracking methods to reassess estimates of arcuate lateralization. In a sample of 55 children, we found that measurements of diffusivity in the left arcuate correlate with phonological awareness skills and arcuate volume lateralization correlates with phonological memory and reading skills. Contrary to previous investigations that report the absence of the right arcuate in some subjects, we demonstrate that new techniques can identify the pathway in every individual. Our results provide empirical support for the role of the arcuate fasciculus in the development of reading skills.
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Ohira K, Hayashi M. A new aspect of the TrkB signaling pathway in neural plasticity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 7:276-85. [PMID: 20514207 PMCID: PMC2811861 DOI: 10.2174/157015909790031210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), the expression of molecules is strictly regulated during development. Control of the spatiotemporal expression of molecules is a mechanism not only to construct the functional neuronal network but also to adjust the network in response to new information from outside of the individual, i.e., through learning and memory. Among the functional molecules in the CNS, one of the best-studied groups is the neurotrophins, which are nerve growth factor (NGF)-related gene family molecules. Neurotrophins include NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and NT-4/5 in the mammal. Among neurotrophins and their receptors, BDNF and tropomyosin-related kinases B (TrkB) are enriched in the CNS. In the CNS, the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway fulfills a wide variety of functions throughout life, such as cell survival, migration, outgrowth of axons and dendrites, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, and remodeling of synapses. Although the same ligand and receptor, BDNF and TrkB, act in these various developmental events, we do not yet understand what kind of mechanism provokes the functional multiplicity of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the mechanism that elicits the variety of functions performed by the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in the CNS as a tool of pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohira
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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Willette AA, Lubach GR, Knickmeyer RC, Short SJ, Styner M, Gilmore JH, Coe CL. Brain enlargement and increased behavioral and cytokine reactivity in infant monkeys following acute prenatal endotoxemia. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219:108-15. [PMID: 21192986 PMCID: PMC3662233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections and inflammatory conditions during pregnancy can dysregulate neural development and increase the risk for developing autism and schizophrenia. The following research utilized a nonhuman primate model to investigate the potential impact of a mild endotoxemia during pregnancy on brain maturation and behavioral reactivity as well as the infants' hormone and immune physiology. Nine pregnant female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were administered nanogram concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on two consecutive days, 6 weeks before term, and their offspring were compared to nine control animals. When tested under arousing challenge conditions, infants from the LPS pregnancies were more behaviorally disturbed, including a failure to show a normal attenuation of startle responses on tests of prepulse inhibition. Examination of their brains at 1 year of age with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the unexpected finding of a significant 8.8% increase in global white matter volume distributed across many cortical regions compared to controls. More selective changes in regional gray matter volume and cortical thickness were noted in parietal, medial temporal, and frontal areas. While inhibited neural growth has been described previously after prenatal infection and LPS administration at higher doses in rodents, this low dose endotoxemia in the monkey is the first paradigm to produce a neural phenotype associated with augmented gray and white matter growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A Willette
- Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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Abstract
Development of the human brain follows a complex trajectory of age-specific anatomical and physiological changes. The application of network analysis provides an illuminating perspective on the dynamic interregional and global properties of this intricate and complex system. Here, we provide a critical synopsis of methods of network analysis with a focus on developing brain networks. After discussing basic concepts and approaches to network analysis, we explore the primary events of anatomical cortical development from gestation through adolescence. Upon this framework, we describe early work revealing the evolution of age-specific functional brain networks in normal neurodevelopment. Finally, we review how these relationships can be altered in disease and perhaps even rectified with treatment. While this method of description and inquiry remains in early form, there is already substantial evidence that the application of network models and analysis to understanding normal and abnormal human neural development holds tremendous promise for future discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Chu-Shore
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Vasung L, Huang H, Jovanov-Milošević N, Pletikos M, Mori S, Kostović I. Development of axonal pathways in the human fetal fronto-limbic brain: histochemical characterization and diffusion tensor imaging. J Anat 2011; 217:400-17. [PMID: 20609031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cortical axonal pathways in the human brain begins during the transition between the embryonic and fetal period, happens in a series of sequential events, and leads to the establishment of major long trajectories by the neonatal period. We have correlated histochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, antibody against synaptic protein SNAP-25 (SNAP-25-immunoreactivity) and neurofilament 200) with the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) database in order to make a reconstruction of the origin, growth pattern and termination of the pathways in the period between 8 and 34 postconceptual weeks (PCW). Histological sections revealed that the initial outgrowth and formation of joined trajectories of subcortico-frontal pathways (external capsule, cerebral stalk-internal capsule) and limbic bundles (fornix, stria terminalis, amygdaloid radiation) occur by 10 PCW. As early as 11 PCW, major afferent fibers invade the corticostriatal junction. At 13-14 PCW, axonal pathways from the thalamus and basal forebrain approach the deep moiety of the cortical plate, causing the first lamination. The period between 15 and 18 PCW is dominated by elaboration of the periventricular crossroads, sagittal strata and spread of fibers in the subplate and marginal zone. Tracing of fibers in the subplate with DTI is unsuccessful due to the isotropy of this zone. Penetration of the cortical plate occurs after 24-26 PCW. In conclusion, frontal axonal pathways form the periventricular crossroads, sagittal strata and 'waiting' compartments during the path-finding and penetration of the cortical plate. Histochemistry is advantageous in the demonstration of a growth pattern, whereas DTI is unique for demonstrating axonal trajectories. The complexity of fibers is the biological substrate of selective vulnerability of the fetal white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Vasung
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 12, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
Neural communication is disrupted in autism by unknown mechanisms. Here, we examined whether in autism there are changes in axons, which are the conduit for neural communication. We investigated single axons and their ultrastructure in the white matter of postmortem human brain tissue below the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), which are associated with attention, social interactions, and emotions, and have been consistently implicated in the pathology of autism. Area-specific changes below ACC (area 32) included a decrease in the largest axons that communicate over long distances. In addition, below ACC there was overexpression of the growth-associated protein 43 kDa accompanied by excessive number of thin axons that link neighboring areas. In OFC (area 11), axons had decreased myelin thickness. Axon features below LPFC (area 46) appeared to be unaffected, but the altered white matter composition below ACC and OFC changed the relationships among all prefrontal areas examined, and could indirectly affect LPFC function. These findings provide a mechanism for disconnection of long-distance pathways, excessive connections between neighboring areas, and inefficiency in pathways for emotions, and may help explain why individuals with autism do not adequately shift attention, engage in repetitive behavior, and avoid social interactions. These changes below specific prefrontal areas appear to be linked through a cascade of developmental events affecting axon growth and guidance, and suggest targeting the associated signaling pathways for therapeutic interventions in autism.
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Peters BD, Blaas J, de Haan L. Diffusion tensor imaging in the early phase of schizophrenia: what have we learned? J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:993-1004. [PMID: 20554292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dysconnectivity model suggests that disturbed integration of neural communication is central to schizophrenia. The integrity of macro-structural brain circuits can be examined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), an MRI application sensitive to microstructural abnormalities of brain white matter. DTI studies in first-episode schizophrenia patients and individuals at high-risk of psychosis can provide insight into the role of structural dysconnectivity in the liability, onset and early course of psychosis. This review discusses (i) views on the role of white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia, (ii) DTI and its application in schizophrenia, (iii) DTI findings in first-episode patients and subjects at high-risk of psychosis; their timing, anatomical location and early course, (iv) the hypothesized underlying pathological substrate and possible causes of DTI white matter alterations, including effects of adolescent cannabis use, and (v) some methodological issues and future recommendations. In summary, there is evidence that DTI abnormalities convey a liability for psychosis and additional abnormalities occur around onset of psychosis. However, findings in first-episode patients are less robust than in chronic patients, and progression of disturbances may occur in the early course of poor-outcome patients. In addition, acceleration of the normal aging process may occur. Adolescent cannabis use has specific effects on DTI measures. An unresolved issue is the underlying pathology of DTI abnormalities, and combining DTI with other MRI indices can provide more insight. More research is needed on which genetic and environmental factors play a role in the variability of current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart D Peters
- Rivierduinen, Langevelderweg 27, 2211 AB Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
White matter occupies almost half of the human brain. It contains axons connecting spatially segregated modules and, as such, it is essential for the smooth flow of information in functional networks. Structural maturation of white matter continues during adolescence, as reflected in age-related changes in its volume, as well as in its microstructure. Here I review recent observations obtained with magnetic resonance imaging in typically developing adolescents and point out some of the known variations in structural properties of white matter vis-à-vis brain function in health and disease. I conclude by re-focusing the interpretations of MR-based studies of white matter from myelin to axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Paus
- Brain and Body Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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Paus T, Toro R. Could Sex Differences in White Matter be Explained by g ratio? Front Neuroanat 2009; 3:14. [PMID: 19753325 PMCID: PMC2742663 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.014.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies with magnetic resonance imaging suggest that age-related changes in white matter during male adolescence may indicate an increase in g ratio wherein the radial growth of an axon outpaces a corresponding increase in myelin thickness. We review the original Rushton (1951) model where a g ratio of approximately 0.6 represents an optimal relationship between the axon and fibre diameters vis-à-vis conduction velocity, and point out evidence indicating slightly higher g ratio in large-diameter fibres. We estimate that fibres with a diameter larger than 9.6 mum will have a relatively thinner myelin sheath, and brains with increasingly larger proportions of such large-diameter fibres will have progressively lower concentration of myelin. We conclude by pointing out possible implications of "suboptimal" g ratio for the emergence of "disconnection" disorders, such as schizophrenia, in late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Paus
- Brain and Body Centre, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMontreal, QC, Canada
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