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Wietschel KA, Fechtner K, Antileo E, Abdurrahman G, Drechsler CA, Makuvise MK, Rose R, Voß M, Krumbholz A, Michalik S, Weiss S, Ulm L, Franikowski P, Fickenscher H, Bröker BM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination - kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382911. [PMID: 38807606 PMCID: PMC11130424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity. While the serum antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied in depth, our knowledge of the underlying plasmablast and memory B cell (Bmem) responses is still incomplete. Here, we determined the antibody and B cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in a naïve population and contrasted it with the response to a single influenza vaccination in a primed cohort. In addition, we analyzed the antibody and B cell responses against the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Methods Measurement of specific plasma IgG antibodies was combined with functional analyses of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and Bmems. SARS-CoV-2- and HCoV-specific IgG antibodies were quantified with an in-house bead-based multiplexed immunoassay. Results The antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination reflected the kinetics of a prime-boost immunization, characterized by a slow and moderate primary response and a faster and stronger secondary response. In contrast, the influenza vaccinees possessed robust immune memory for the vaccine antigens prior to vaccination, and the recall vaccination moderately boosted antibody production and Bmem responses. Antibody levels and Bmem responses waned several months after the 2nd COVID-19 vaccination, but were restored upon the 3rd vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies mainly targeted novel, non-cross-reactive S1 epitopes of the viral spike protein, while cross-reactive S2 epitopes were less immunogenic. Booster vaccination not only strongly enhanced neutralizing antibodies against an original SARS-CoV-2 strain, but also induced neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 variant. We observed a 100% plasma antibody prevalence against the S1 subunits of HCoVs, which was not affected by vaccination. Discussion Overall, by complementing classical serology with a functional evaluation of plasmablasts and memory B cells we provide new insights into the specificity of COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian A. Wietschel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elmer Antileo
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Goran Abdurrahman
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chiara A. Drechsler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Voß
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Franikowski
- Institute for Educational Quality Improvement, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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2
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Tripodi D, Dominici R, Sacco D, Pozzobon C, Spiti S, Falbo R, Brambilla P, Mascagni P, Leoni V. Antibody Response against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA Vaccine in a Cohort of Hospital Healthy Workers Followed for 17 Months. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:506. [PMID: 38793757 PMCID: PMC11125999 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The assessment of antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of critical importance to verify the protective efficacy of available vaccines. Hospital healthcare workers play an essential role in the care and treatment of patients and were particularly at risk of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic. The vaccination protocol introduced in our hospital protected the workers and contributed to the containment of the infection' s spread and transmission, although a reduction in vaccine efficacy against symptomatic and breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals was observed over time. Here, we present the results of a longitudinal and prospective analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at multiple time points over a 17-month period to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection and vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 before (T0-T4) and after the spread of the omicron variant (T5-T6), analyzing the antibody response of 232 healthy workers at the Pio XI hospital in Desio. A General Estimating Equation model indicated a significant association of the antibody response with time intervals and hospital area, independent of age and sex. Specifically, a similar pattern of antibody response was observed between the surgery and administrative departments, and a different pattern with higher peaks of average antibody response was observed in the emergency and medical departments. Furthermore, using a logistic model, we found no differences in contracting SARS-CoV-2 after the third dose based on the hospital department. Finally, analysis of antibody distribution following the spread of the omicron variant, subdividing the cohort of positive individuals into centiles, highlighted a cut-off of 550 BAU/mL and showed that subjects with antibodies below this are more susceptible to infection than those with a concentration above the established cut-off value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tripodi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (R.D.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Dominici
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (R.D.)
| | - Davide Sacco
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Centro Diagnostico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pozzobon
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (R.D.)
| | - Simona Spiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (R.D.)
| | - Rosanna Falbo
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (R.D.)
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (R.D.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Paolo Mascagni
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Health, Desio Hospital, ASST Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Toxicology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy; (D.T.); (R.D.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
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3
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Schlotheuber LJ, Lüchtefeld I, Eyer K. Antibodies, repertoires and microdevices in antibody discovery and characterization. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1207-1225. [PMID: 38165819 PMCID: PMC10898418 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00887h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are paramount in treating a wide range of diseases, particularly in auto-immunity, inflammation and cancer, and novel antibody candidates recognizing a vast array of novel antigens are needed to expand the usefulness and applications of these powerful molecules. Microdevices play an essential role in this challenging endeavor at various stages since many general requirements of the overall process overlap nicely with the general advantages of microfluidics. Therefore, microfluidic devices are rapidly taking over various steps in the process of new candidate isolation, such as antibody characterization and discovery workflows. Such technologies can allow for vast improvements in time-lines and incorporate conservative antibody stability and characterization assays, but most prominently screenings and functional characterization within integrated workflows due to high throughput and standardized workflows. First, we aim to provide an overview of the challenges of developing new therapeutic candidates, their repertoires and requirements. Afterward, this review focuses on the discovery of antibodies using microfluidic systems, technological aspects of micro devices and small-scale antibody protein characterization and selection, as well as their integration and implementation into antibody discovery workflows. We close with future developments in microfluidic detection and antibody isolation principles and the field in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Johannes Schlotheuber
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ines Lüchtefeld
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
- ETH Laboratory for Tumor and Stem Cell Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ahmed N, Athavale A, Tripathi AH, Subramaniam A, Upadhyay SK, Pandey AK, Rai RC, Awasthi A. To be remembered: B cell memory response against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13345. [PMID: 38441373 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease has plagued the world economy and affected the overall well-being and life of most of the people. Natural infection as well as vaccination leads to the development of an immune response against the pathogen. This involves the production of antibodies, which can neutralize the virus during future challenges. In addition, the development of cellular immune memory with memory B and T cells provides long-lasting protection. The longevity of the immune response has been a subject of intensive research in this field. The extent of immunity conferred by different forms of vaccination or natural infections remained debatable for long. Hence, understanding the effectiveness of these responses among different groups of people can assist government organizations in making informed policy decisions. In this article, based on the publicly available data, we have reviewed the memory response generated by some of the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly B cell memory in different groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Atharv Athavale
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Adarsh Subramaniam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ramesh Chandra Rai
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Kulemzin SV, Guselnikov SV, Nekrasov BG, Molodykh SV, Kuvshinova IN, Murasheva SV, Belovezhets TN, Gorchakov AA, Chikaev AN, Chikaev NA, Volkova OY, Yurina AA, Najakshin AM, Taranin AV. Hybrid Immunity from Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination and Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Confers Broader Neutralizing Activity against Omicron Lineage VOCs Than Revaccination or Reinfection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:55. [PMID: 38250868 PMCID: PMC10818410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has a relatively high mutation rate, with the frequent emergence of new variants of concern (VOCs). Each subsequent variant is more difficult to neutralize by the sera of vaccinated individuals and convalescents. Some decrease in neutralizing activity against new SARS-CoV-2 variants has also been observed in patients vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac. In the present study, we analyzed the interplay between the history of a patient's repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the breadth of neutralization activity. Our study includes four cohorts of patients: Gam-COVID-Vac booster vaccinated individuals (revaccinated, RV), twice-infected unvaccinated individuals (reinfected, RI), breakthrough infected (BI), and vaccinated convalescents (VC). We assessed S-protein-specific antibody levels and the ability of sera to neutralize lentiviral particles pseudotyped with Spike protein from the original Wuhan variant, as well as the Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.4/5. Individuals with hybrid immunity (BI and VC cohorts) exhibited significantly higher levels of virus-binding IgG and enhanced breadth of virus-neutralizing activity compared to individuals from either the revaccination or reinfection (RV and RI) cohorts. These findings suggest that a combination of infection and vaccination, regardless of the sequence, results in significantly higher levels of S-protein-specific IgG antibodies and the enhanced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants, thereby underscoring the importance of hybrid immunity in the context of emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Sergey V. Guselnikov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | | | | | | | - Svetlana V. Murasheva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Tatyana N. Belovezhets
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Anton N. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Nikolai A. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Olga Y. Volkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Anna A. Yurina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexander M. Najakshin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
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6
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Islas-Vazquez L, Alvarado-Alvarado YC, Cruz-Aguilar M, Velazquez-Soto H, Villalobos-Gonzalez E, Ornelas-Hall G, Perez-Tapia SM, Jimenez-Martinez MC. Evaluation of the Abdala Vaccine: Antibody and Cellular Response to the RBD Domain of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1787. [PMID: 38140191 PMCID: PMC10748004 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdala is a recently released RBD protein subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. A few countries, including Mexico, have adopted Abdala as a booster dose in their COVID-19 vaccination schemes. Despite that, most of the Mexican population has received full-scheme vaccination with platforms other than Abdala; little is known regarding Abdala's immunological features, such as its antibody production and T- and B-cell-specific response induction. This work aimed to study antibody production and the adaptive cellular response in the Mexican population that received the Abdala vaccine as a booster. We recruited 25 volunteers and evaluated their RBD-specific antibody production, T- and B-cell-activating profiles, and cytokine production. Our results showed that the Abdala vaccine increases the concentration of RBD IgG-specific antibodies. Regarding the cellular response, after challenging peripheral blood cultures with RBD, the plasmablast (CD19+CD27+CD38High) and transitional B-cell (CD19+CD21+CD38High) percentages increased significantly, while T cells showed an increased activated phenotype (CD3+CD4+CD25+CD69+ and CD3+CD4+CD25+HLA-DR+). Also, IL-2 and IFN-γ increased significantly in the supernatant of the RBD-stimulated cells. Our results suggest that Abdala vaccination, used as a booster, evokes antibody production and the activation of previously generated memory against the SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Islas-Vazquez
- Department of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (L.I.-V.)
| | - Yan Carlos Alvarado-Alvarado
- Department of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (L.I.-V.)
| | - Marisa Cruz-Aguilar
- Department of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (L.I.-V.)
| | - Henry Velazquez-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (L.I.-V.)
| | - Eduardo Villalobos-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Hospitalaria, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Gloria Ornelas-Hall
- Unidad de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Hospitalaria, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Sonia Mayra Perez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (L.I.-V.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Dissection of Antibody Responses of Gam-COVID-Vac-Vaccinated Subjects Suggests Involvement of Epitopes Outside RBD in SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065104. [PMID: 36982183 PMCID: PMC10049224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people have been vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac but fine specificities of induced antibodies have not been fully studied. Plasma from 12 naïve and 10 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent subjects was obtained before and after two immunizations with Gam-COVID-Vac. Antibody reactivity in the plasma samples (n = 44) was studied on a panel of micro-arrayed recombinant folded and unfolded severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins and 46 peptides spanning the spike protein (S) and by immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ability of Gam-COVID-Vac-induced antibodies to inhibit binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) to its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was investigated in a molecular interaction assay (MIA). The virus-neutralizing capacity of antibodies was studied by the pseudo-typed virus neutralization test (pVNT) for Wuhan-Hu-1 and Omicron. We found that Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination induced significant increases of IgG1 but not of other IgG subclasses against folded S, spike protein subunit 1 (S1), spike protein subunit 2 (S2), and RBD in a comparable manner in naïve and convalescent subjects. Virus neutralization was highly correlated with vaccination-induced antibodies specific for folded RBD and a novel peptide (i.e., peptide 12). Peptide 12 was located close to RBD in the N-terminal part of S1 and may potentially be involved in the transition of the pre- to post-fusion conformation of the spike protein. In summary, Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination induced S-specific IgG1 antibodies in naive and convalescent subjects in a comparable manner. Besides the antibodies specific for RBD, the antibodies induced against a peptide close to the N-terminus of RBD were also associated with virus-neutralization.
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8
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Akhtar M, Basher SR, Nizam NN, Kamruzzaman M, Khaton F, Banna HA, Kaisar MH, Karmakar PC, Hakim A, Akter A, Ahmed T, Tauheed I, Islam S, Ahmmed F, Mahamud S, Hasnat MA, Sumon MA, Rashed A, Ghosh S, Calderwood SB, Harris JB, Charles RC, LaRocque RC, Ryan ET, Banu S, Shirin T, Chowdhury F, Bhuiyan TR, Qadri F. Longevity of memory B cells and antibodies, as well as the polarization of effector memory helper T cells, are associated with disease severity in patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1052374. [PMID: 36578502 PMCID: PMC9791541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1052374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The longevity of immune responses induced by different degrees of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection provides information important to understanding protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we report the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) specific antibodies and memory B cells recognizing this antigen in sequential samples from patients in Bangladesh with asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 out to six months following infection. Since the development of long-lived memory B cells, as well as antibody production, is likely to be dependent on T helper (Th) cells, we also investigated the phenotypic changes of Th cells in COVID-19 patients over time following infection. Our results show that patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 mounted significant levels of IgG antibodies out to six months following infection, while patients with asymptomatic or mild disease had significant levels of IgG antibodies out to 3 months following infection, but these then fell more rapidly at 6 months than in patients with higher disease severity. Patients from all severity groups developed circulating memory B cells (MBCs) specific to SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD by 3 months following infection, and these persisted until the last timepoint measured at 6 months. A T helper cell response with an effector memory phenotype was observed following infection in all symptomatic patients, while patients with asymptomatic infection had no significant increases in effector Th1, Th2 and Th17 effector memory cell responses. Our results suggest that the strength and magnitude of antibody and memory B cells induced following SARS-CoV-2 infection depend on the severity of the disease. Polarization of the Th cell response, with an increase in Th effector memory cells, occurs in symptomatic patients by day 7 following infection, with increases seen in Th1, Th2, Th17 and follicular helper T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjahan Akhtar
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Salima Raiyan Basher
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nuder Nower Nizam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Kamruzzaman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Khaton
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Al Banna
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Hasanul Kaisar
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Polash Chandra Karmakar
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Al Hakim
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnuva Ahmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Imam Tauheed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shaumik Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faisal Ahmmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shakil Mahamud
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abul Hasnat
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Oncology, Kurmitola General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mostafa Aziz Sumon
- Department of Cardiology, Department of Oncology, Kurmitola General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Rashed
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Mugda Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shuvro Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Mugda Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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9
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Clonal diversity predicts persistence of SARS-CoV-2 epitope-specific T-cell response. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1351. [PMID: 36494499 PMCID: PMC9734123 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in reducing disease severity during SARS-CoV-2 infection and formation of long-term immune memory. We studied 50 COVID-19 convalescent patients and found that T cell response was induced more frequently and persisted longer than circulating antibodies. We identified 756 clonotypes specific to nine CD8+ T cell epitopes. Some epitopes were recognized by highly similar public clonotypes. Receptors for other epitopes were extremely diverse, suggesting alternative modes of recognition. We tracked persistence of epitope-specific response and individual clonotypes for a median of eight months after infection. The number of recognized epitopes per patient and quantity of epitope-specific clonotypes decreased over time, but the studied epitopes were characterized by uneven decline in the number of specific T cells. Epitopes with more clonally diverse TCR repertoires induced more pronounced and durable responses. In contrast, the abundance of specific clonotypes in peripheral circulation had no influence on their persistence.
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10
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Anti-Ad26 humoral immunity does not compromise SARS-COV-2 neutralizing antibody responses following Gam-COVID-Vac booster vaccination. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:145. [DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractReplication-incompetent adenoviral vectors have been extensively used as a platform for vaccine design, with at least four anti-COVID-19 vaccines authorized to date. These vaccines elicit neutralizing antibody responses directed against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and confer significant level of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunization with adenovirus-vectored vaccines is known to be accompanied by the production of anti-vector antibodies, which may translate into reduced efficacy of booster or repeated rounds of revaccination. Here, we used blood samples from patients who received an adenovirus-based Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine to address the question of whether anti-vector antibodies may influence the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral response after booster vaccination. We observed that rAd26-based prime vaccination with Gam-COVID-Vac induced the development of Ad26-neutralizing antibodies, which persisted in circulation for at least 9 months. Our analysis further indicates that high pre-boost Ad26 neutralizing antibody titers do not appear to affect the humoral immunogenicity of the Gam-COVID-Vac boost. The titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgGs and antibodies, which neutralized both the wild type and the circulating variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 such as Delta and Omicron, were independent of the pre-boost levels of Ad26-neutralizing antibodies. Thus, our results support the development of repeated immunization schedule with adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines.
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11
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Mendez-Cortina Y, Rodriguez-Perea AL, Chvatal-Medina M, Lopera TJ, Alvarez-Mesa N, Rodas-Marín JK, Moncada DC, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Dynamics of humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with different clinical stages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007068. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic remains a global health problem. As in other viral infections, the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be crucial for controlling the infection. However, the dynamic of B cells in the clinical spectrum of this disease is still controversial. This study aimed to characterize B cell subsets and neutralizing responses in COVID-19 patients according to disease severity through a one-month follow-up.MethodsA cohort of 71 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR were recruited and classified into four groups: i) asymptomatic; ii) symptomatic outpatients; iii) hospitalized in ward, and iv) intensive care unit patients (ICU). Samples were taken at days 0 (inclusion to the study), 7 and 30. B cell subsets and neutralizing antibodies were assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry and plaque reduction neutralization, respectively.ResultsOlder age, male gender and body mass index over 25 were common factors among hospitalized and ICU patients, compared to those with milder clinical presentations. In addition, those requiring hospitalization had more comorbidities. A significant increase in the frequencies of CD19+ cells at day 0 was observed in hospitalized and ICU patients compared to asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Likewise, the frequency of plasmablasts was significantly increased at the first sample in the ICU group compared to the asymptomatic group, but then waned over time. The frequency of naïve B cells decreased at days 7 and 30 compared to day 0 in hospitalized and ICU patients. The neutralizing antibody titers were higher as the severity of COVID-19 increased; in asymptomatic individuals, it was strongly correlated with the percentage of IgM+ switched memory B cells, and a moderate correlation was found with plasmablasts.ConclusionThe humoral immune response is variable among SARS-CoV-2 infected people depending on the severity and time of clinical evolution. In severe COVID-19 patients, a higher plasmablast frequency and neutralizing antibody response were observed, suggesting that, despite having a robust humoral immunity, this response could be late, having a low impact on disease outcome.
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12
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Hartley GE, Edwards ESJ, O’Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. New insights into human immune memory from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Allergy 2022; 77:3553-3566. [PMID: 36048132 PMCID: PMC9538469 DOI: 10.1111/all.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since early 2020, the world has been embroiled in an ongoing viral pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants resulting in mass morbidity and an estimated 6 million deaths globally. The scientific community pivoted rapidly, providing unique and innovative means to identify infected individuals, technologies to evaluate immune responses to infection and vaccination, and new therapeutic strategies to treat infected individuals. Never before has immunology been so critically at the forefront of combatting a global pandemic. It has now become evident that not just antibody responses, but formation and durability of immune memory cells following vaccination are associated with protection against severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the emergence of variants of concern (VoC) highlight the need for immunological markers to quantify the protective capacity of Wuhan-based vaccines. Thus, harnessing and modulating the immune response is key to successful vaccination and treatment of disease. We here review the latest knowledge about immune memory generation and durability following natural infection and vaccination, and provide insights into the attributes of immune memory that may protect from emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E. Hartley
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Emily S. J. Edwards
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robyn E. O’Hehir
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology ServiceAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology ServiceAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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13
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Khairullin B, Zakarya K, Orynbayev M, Abduraimov Y, Kassenov M, Sarsenbayeva G, Sultankulova K, Chervyakova O, Myrzakhmetova B, Nakhanov A, Nurpeisova A, Zhugunissov K, Assanzhanova N, Nurabayev S, Kerimbayev A, Yershebulov Z, Burashev Y, Kulmagambetov I, Davlyatshin T, Sergeeva M, Buzitskaya Z, Stukova M, Kutumbetov L. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion vaccine against COVID-19, QazCovid-in®, in healthy adults: A multicentre, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial with a 6-month follow-up. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 50:101526. [PMID: 35770251 PMCID: PMC9233449 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination remains the primary measure to prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, further necessitating the use of effective licensed vaccines. METHODS From Dec 25, 2020, to July 11, 2021, we conducted a multicenter, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 efficacy trial of the QazCovid-in® vaccine with a 180-day follow-up period in three clinical centres in Kazakhstan. A total of 3000 eligible participants aged 18 years or older were randomly assigned (4:1) to receive two doses of the vaccine (5 μg each, 21 days apart) or placebo administered intramuscularly. QazCovid-in® is a whole-virion formaldehyde-inactivated anti-COVID-19 vaccine, adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide. The primary endpoint was the incidence of symptomatic cases of the SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR starting from day 14 after the first immunisation. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04691908. FINDINGS The QazCovid-in® vaccine was safe over the 6-month monitoring period after two intramuscular immunisations inducing only local short-lived adverse events. The concomitant diseases of participants did not affect the vaccine safety. Out of 2400 vaccinated participants, 31 were diagnosed with COVID-19; 43 COVID-19 cases were recorded in 600 placebo participants with onset of 14 days after the first dose within the 180-day observation period. Only one severe COVID-19 case was identified in a vaccine recipient with a comorbid chronic heart failure. The protective efficacy of the QazCovid-in® vaccine reached 82·0% (95% CI 71.1-88.5) within the 180-day observation period. INTERPRETATION Two immunisations with the inactivated QazCovid-in® vaccine achieved 82·0% (95% CI 71.1-88.5) protective efficacy against COVID-19 within a 180-day follow-up period. FUNDING The work was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan within the framework of the Scientific and Technical Program "Development of a vaccine against coronavirus infection COVID-19". State registration number 0.0927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berik Khairullin
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
- Corresponding author at: Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, 080409, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Mukhit Orynbayev
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Yergali Abduraimov
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulbanu Sarsenbayeva
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Kulyaisan Sultankulova
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Olga Chervyakova
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Balzhan Myrzakhmetova
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Aziz Nakhanov
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Nurpeisova
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuandyk Zhugunissov
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurika Assanzhanova
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergazy Nurabayev
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Aslan Kerimbayev
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Zakir Yershebulov
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Burashev
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Maria Sergeeva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zhanna Buzitskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Stukova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lespek Kutumbetov
- Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeysk, Kazakhstan
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14
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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15
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Kudryavtsev IV, Golovkin AS, Totolian AA. T helper cell subsets and related target cells in acute COVID-19. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2022. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-thc-1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current review presents a brief overview of the immune system dysregulation during acute COVID-19 and illustrates the main alterations in peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell (Th) subsets as well as related target cells. Effects of dendritic cell dysfunction induced by SARS-CoV-2 exhibited decreased expression of cell-surface HLA-DR, CCR7 as well as co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, suggesting reduced antigen presentation, migratory and activation capacities of peripheral blood dendritic cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific Th cells could be detected as early as days 24 post-symptom onset, whereas the prolonged lack of SARS-CoV-2-specific Th cells was associated with severe and/or poor COVID-19 outcome. Firstly, in acute COVID-19 the frequency of Th1 cell was comparable with control levels, but several studies have reported about upregulated inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors and exhaustion-associated molecules (TIM3, PD-1, BTLA, TIGIT etc.) on circulating CD8+ T-cells and NK-cells, whereas the macrophage count was increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Next, type 2 immune responses are mediated mainly by Th2 cells, and several studies have revealed a skewing towards dominance of Th2 cell subset in peripheral blood samples from patients with acute COVID-19. Furthermore, the decrease of circulating main Th2 target cells basophiles and eosinophils were associated with severe COVID-19, whereas the lung tissue was enriched with mast cells and relevant mediators released during degranulation. Moreover, the frequency of peripheral blood Th17 cells was closely linked to COVID-19 severity, so that low level of Th17 cells was observed in patients with severe COVID-19, but in BAL the relative number of Th17 cells as well as the concentrations of relevant effector cytokines were dramatically increased. It was shown that severe COVID-19 patients vs. healthy control had higher relative numbers of neutrophils if compared, and the majority of patients with COVID-19 had increased frequency and absolute number of immature neutrophils with altered ROS production. Finally, the frequency of Tfh cells was decreased during acute COVID-19 infection. Elevated count of activated Tfh were found as well as the alterations in Tfh cell subsets characterized by decreased regulatory Tfh1 cell and increased pro-inflammatory Tfh2 as well as Tfh17 cell subsets were revealed. Descriptions of peripheral blood B cells during an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection werev reported as relative B cell lymphopenia with decreased frequency of nave and memory B cell subsets, as well as increased level of CD27hiCD38hiCD24 plasma cell precursors and atypical CD21low B cells. Thus, the emerging evidence suggests that functional alterations occur in all Th cell subsets being linked with loss-of-functions of main Th cell subsets target cells. Furthermore, recovered individuals could suffer from long-term immune dysregulation and other persistent symptoms lasting for many months even after SARS-CoV-2 elimination, a condition referred to as post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.
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16
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Astakhova EA, Byazrova MG, Yusubalieva GM, Kulemzin SV, Kruglova NA, Prilipov AG, Baklaushev VP, Gorchakov AA, Taranin AV, Filatov AV. Functional Profiling of In Vitro Reactivated Memory B Cells Following Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination. Cells 2022; 11:1991. [PMID: 35805076 PMCID: PMC9265778 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination have previously been demonstrated to elicit robust, yet somewhat limited immunity against the evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, reports performing side-by-side comparison of immune responses following infection vs. vaccination have been relatively scarce. The aim of this study was to compare B-cell response to adenovirus-vectored vaccination in SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals with that observed in the COVID-19 convalescent patients six months after the first encounter with the viral antigens. We set out to use a single analytical platform and performed comprehensive analysis of serum levels of receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies, frequencies of RBD-binding circulating memory B cells (MBCs), MBC-derived antibody-secreting cells, as well as RBD-specific and virus-neutralizing activity of MBC-derived antibodies after Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) vaccination and/or natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, natural immunity was superior to Gam-COVID-Vac vaccination. The levels of neutralizing MBC-derived antibodies in the convalescent patients turned out to be significantly higher than those found following vaccination. Our results suggest that after six months, SARS-CoV-2-specific MBC immunity is more robust in COVID-19 convalescent patients than in Gam-COVID-Vac recipients. Collectively, our data unambiguously indicate that natural immunity outperforms Gam-COVID-Vac-induced immunity six months following recovery/vaccination, which should inform healthcare and vaccination decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Astakhova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G. Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gaukhar M. Yusubalieva
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.Y.); (V.P.B.)
| | - Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Natalia A. Kruglova
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy of Socially Significant Diseases, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey G. Prilipov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Baklaushev
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.M.Y.); (V.P.B.)
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.V.K.); (A.A.G.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander V. Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.A.); (M.G.B.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Calcoen B, Callewaert N, Vandenbulcke A, Kerstens W, Imbrechts M, Vercruysse T, Dallmeier K, Van Weyenbergh J, Maes P, Bossuyt X, Zapf D, Dieckmann K, Callebaut K, Thibaut HJ, Vanhoorelbeke K, De Meyer SF, Maes W, Geukens N. High Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern Breakthrough Infections Despite Residual Humoral and Cellular Immunity Induced by BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study in Belgium. Viruses 2022; 14:1257. [PMID: 35746728 PMCID: PMC9228150 DOI: 10.3390/v14061257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the massive COVID-19 burden caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), several vaccination campaigns were initiated. We performed a single-center observational trial to monitor the mid- (3 months) and long-term (10 months) adaptive immune response and to document breakthrough infections (BTI) in healthcare workers (n = 84) upon BNT162b2 vaccination in a real-world setting. Firstly, serology was determined through immunoassays. Secondly, antibody functionality was analyzed via in vitro binding inhibition and pseudovirus neutralization and circulating receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific B cells were assessed. Moreover, the induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was investigated by an interferon-γ release assay combined with flowcytometric profiling of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Within individuals that did not experience BTI (n = 62), vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses were not correlated. Interestingly, waning over time was more pronounced within humoral compared to cellular immunity. In particular, 45 of these 62 subjects no longer displayed functional neutralization against the delta variant of concern (VoC) at long-term follow-up. Noteworthily, we reported a high incidence of symptomatic BTI cases (17.11%) caused by alpha and delta VoCs, although vaccine-induced immunity was only slightly reduced compared to subjects without BTI at mid-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Calcoen
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (B.C.); (A.V.); (K.V.); (S.F.D.M.)
| | - Nico Callewaert
- AZ Groeninge Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (K.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Aline Vandenbulcke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (B.C.); (A.V.); (K.V.); (S.F.D.M.)
| | - Winnie Kerstens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (W.K.); (T.V.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Maya Imbrechts
- PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.I.); (N.G.)
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (W.K.); (T.V.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (J.V.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (J.V.W.); (P.M.)
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorinja Zapf
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23552 Lübeck, Germany; (D.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Kersten Dieckmann
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23552 Lübeck, Germany; (D.Z.); (K.D.)
| | - Kim Callebaut
- AZ Groeninge Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (K.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (W.K.); (T.V.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (B.C.); (A.V.); (K.V.); (S.F.D.M.)
- PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.I.); (N.G.)
| | - Simon F. De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (B.C.); (A.V.); (K.V.); (S.F.D.M.)
| | - Wim Maes
- PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.I.); (N.G.)
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.I.); (N.G.)
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18
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Dysregulated Immune Responses in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051082. [PMID: 35632823 PMCID: PMC9147674 DOI: 10.3390/v14051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in humans more than two years ago and caused an unprecedented socio-economic burden on all countries around the world. Since then, numerous studies have attempted to identify various mechanisms involved in the alterations of innate and adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients, with the ultimate goal of finding ways to correct pathological changes and improve disease outcomes. State-of-the-art research methods made it possible to establish precise molecular mechanisms which the new virus uses to trigger multisystem inflammatory syndrome and evade host antiviral immune responses. In this review, we present a comprehensive analysis of published data that provide insight into pathological changes in T and B cell subsets and their phenotypes, accompanying the acute phase of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. This knowledge might help reveal new biomarkers that can be utilized to recognize case severity early as well as to provide additional objective information on the effective formation of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity and predict long-term complications of COVID-19, including a large variety of symptoms termed the ‘post-COVID-19 syndrome’.
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19
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Molodtsov IA, Kegeles E, Mitin AN, Mityaeva O, Musatova OE, Panova AE, Pashenkov MV, Peshkova IO, Alsalloum A, Asaad W, Budikhina AS, Deryabin AS, Dolzhikova IV, Filimonova IN, Gracheva AN, Ivanova OI, Kizilova A, Komogorova VV, Komova A, Kompantseva NI, Kucheryavykh E, Lagutkin DA, Lomakin YA, Maleeva AV, Maryukhnich EV, Mohammad A, Murugin VV, Murugina NE, Navoikova A, Nikonova MF, Ovchinnikova LA, Panarina Y, Pinegina NV, Potashnikova DM, Romanova EV, Saidova AA, Sakr N, Samoilova AG, Serdyuk Y, Shakirova NT, Sharova NI, Sheetikov SA, Shemetova AF, Shevkova LV, Shpektor AV, Trufanova A, Tvorogova AV, Ukrainskaya VM, Vinokurov AS, Vorobyeva DA, Zornikova KV, Efimov GA, Khaitov MR, Kofiadi IA, Komissarov AA, Logunov DY, Naigovzina NB, Rubtsov YP, Vasilyeva IA, Volchkov P, Vasilieva E. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and antibodies in COVID-19 protection: a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e1-e9. [PMID: 35435222 PMCID: PMC9047235 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many individuals were infected with and have cleared the virus, developing virus-specific antibodies and effector/memory T cells. An important unanswered question is what levels of T-cell and antibody responses are sufficient to protect from the infection. Methods In 5340 Moscow residents, we evaluated anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin M (IgM)/immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and frequencies of the T cells specific to the membrane, nucleocapsid, and spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, using interferon gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay. Additionally, we evaluated the fractions of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using intracellular staining of IFN-γ and interleukin 2 followed by flow cytometry. We analyzed the COVID-19 rates as a function of the assessed antibody and T-cell responses, using the Kaplan–Meier estimator method, for up to 300 days postinclusion. Results We showed that T-cell and antibody responses are closely interconnected and are commonly induced concurrently. Magnitudes of both responses inversely correlated with infection probability. Individuals positive for both responses demonstrated the highest levels of protectivity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. A comparable level of protection was found in individuals with antibody response only, whereas the T-cell response by itself granted only intermediate protection. Conclusions We found that the contribution of the virus-specific antibodies to protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is more pronounced than that of the T cells. The data on the virus-specific IgG titers may be instructive for making decisions in personalized healthcare and public anti–COVID-19 policies. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04898140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Molodtsov
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii Kegeles
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Alexander N Mitin
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Mityaeva
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Oksana E Musatova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E Panova
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pashenkov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iuliia O Peshkova
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Almaqdad Alsalloum
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Walaa Asaad
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Anna S Budikhina
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Deryabin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna V Dolzhikova
- Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, 18 Gamaleya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Ioanna N Filimonova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra N Gracheva
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana I Ivanova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kizilova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Viktoria V Komogorova
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Komova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia.,Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036, 11 Dmitry Ulyanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia I Kompantseva
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Denis A Lagutkin
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yakov A Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Maleeva
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Maryukhnich
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Afraa Mohammad
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Murugin
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina E Murugina
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Navoikova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Margarita F Nikonova
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leyla A Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Panarina
- The Government of Moscow, 125032, 13 Tverskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Pinegina
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M Potashnikova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Romanova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleena A Saidova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Nawar Sakr
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Anastasia G Samoilova
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Serdyuk
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Naina T Shakirova
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina I Sharova
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia
| | - Saveliy A Sheetikov
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia F Shemetova
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila V Shevkova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia.,Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036, 11 Dmitry Ulyanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Shpektor
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Trufanova
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Anna V Tvorogova
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria M Ukrainskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoliy S Vinokurov
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A Vorobyeva
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia V Zornikova
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory A Efimov
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, 125167, 4a Novy Zykovsky proezd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119997, 1 Ostrovityanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A Kofiadi
- National Research Center - Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115522, 24 Kashirskoye shosse, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119997, 1 Ostrovityanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Komissarov
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y Logunov
- Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, 18 Gamaleya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelli B Naigovzina
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury P Rubtsov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Vasilyeva
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127473, 4 Dostoevsky str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Genome Engineering lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudniy, Russia.,Research Institute of Personalized Medicine, National Center for Personalized Medicine of Endocrine Diseases, The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036, 11 Dmitry Ulyanov str., Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240, 11/6 Yauzskaya str., Moscow, Russia.,A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473, 20 Delegatskaya str., Moscow, Russia
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20
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Bartlett ML, Suwanmanee S, Peart Akindele N, Ghimire S, Chan AK, Guo C, Gould SJ, Cox AL, Griffin DE. Continued Virus-Specific Antibody-Secreting Cell Production, Avidity Maturation and B Cell Evolution in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:259-272. [PMID: 35285743 PMCID: PMC9063170 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the development and sustainability of the virus-specific protective immune response to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains incomplete with respect to the appearance and disappearance of virus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in circulation. Therefore, we performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma collected from 55 hospitalized patients up to 4 months after onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Spike (S)- and nucleocapsid (N)-specific IgM and IgG ASCs appeared within 2 weeks accompanied by flow cytometry increases in double negative plasmablasts consistent with a rapid extrafollicular B cell response. Total and virus-specific IgM and IgG ASCs peaked at 3-4 weeks and were still being produced at 3-4 months accompanied by increasing antibody avidity consistent with a slower germinal center B cell response. N-specific ASCs were produced for longer than S-specific ASCs and avidity maturation was greater for antibody to N than S. Patients with more severe disease produced more S-specific IgM and IgG ASCs than those with mild disease and had higher levels of N- and S-specific antibody. Women had more B cells in circulation than men and produced more S-specific IgA and IgG and N-specific IgG ASCs. Flow cytometry analysis of B cell phenotypes showed an increase in circulating B cells at 4-6 weeks with decreased percentages of switched and unswitched memory B cells. These data indicate ongoing antigen-specific stimulation, maturation, and production of ASCs for several months after onset of symptoms in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie L. Bartlett
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - San Suwanmanee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadine Peart Akindele
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andy K.P. Chan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L. Cox
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Byazrova MG, Kulemzin SV, Astakhova EA, Belovezhets TN, Efimov GA, Chikaev AN, Kolotygin IO, Gorchakov AA, Taranin AV, Filatov AV. Memory B Cells Induced by Sputnik V Vaccination Produce SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Upon Ex Vivo Restimulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840707. [PMID: 35280987 PMCID: PMC8907154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 remains a global health priority. Despite extensive use, the effects of Sputnik V on B cell immunity need to be explored in detail. We performed comprehensive profiling of humoral and B cell responses in a cohort of vaccinated subjects (n = 22), and demonstrate that Sputnik vaccination results in robust B cell immunity. We show that B memory cell (MBC) and antibody responses to Sputnik V were heavily dependent on whether the vaccinee had a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection or not. 85 days after the first dose of the vaccine, ex vivo stimulated MBCs from the vast majority of Sputnik V vaccinees produced antibodies that robustly neutralized the Wuhan Spike-pseudotyped lentivirus. MBC-derived antibodies from all previously infected and some of the naïve vaccine recipients could also cross-neutralize Beta (B.1.351) variant of SARS-CoV-2. Virus-neutralizing activity of MBC-derived antibodies correlated well with that of the serum antibodies, suggesting the interplay between the MBC and long-lived plasma cell responses. Thus, our in-depth analysis of MBC responses in Sputnik V vaccinees complements traditional serological approaches and may provide important outlook into future B cell responses upon re-encounter with the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kulemzin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Astakhova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana N Belovezhets
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Grigory A Efimov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton N Chikaev
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ilya O Kolotygin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey A Gorchakov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Taranin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Wieland E. Immunological Biomarkers in Blood to Monitor the Course and Therapeutic Outcomes of COVID-19. Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:148-165. [PMID: 34840314 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a great challenge to the medical community because little is known about its clinical course, therapeutic options, and laboratory monitoring tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and surveillance. This review focuses on immune biomarkers that can be measured in peripheral blood in a clinical laboratory under routine conditions to monitor the innate immune system response in the acute phase, as well as the adaptive immune response established both after infection and vaccination. METHODS A PubMed search was performed covering January 2020 to June 2021 to extract biomarkers suitable for monitoring the immune response and outcome of COVID-19 and therapeutic interventions, including vaccination. RESULTS To monitor the innate immune response, cytokines such as interleukin-6 or acute phase reactants such as C-reactive protein or procalcitonin can be measured on autoanalyzers complemented by automated white blood cell differential counts. The adaptive immune response can be followed by commercially available enzyme-linked immune spot assays to assess the specific activation of T cells or by monitoring immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG antibodies in serum to follow B-cell activation. As antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, spike and nucleocapsid proteins are particularly suitable and allow differentiation between the immune response after infection or vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Routine immune monitoring of COVID-19 is feasible in clinical laboratories with commercially available instruments and reagents. Strategies such as whether biomarkers reflecting the response of the innate and adaptive immune system can be used to make predictions and assist in individualizing therapeutic interventions or vaccination strategies need to be determined in appropriate clinical trials. Promising preliminary data are already available based on single-center reports and completed or ongoing vaccination trials.
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23
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Alterations in B Cell and Follicular T-Helper Cell Subsets in Patients with Acute COVID-19 and COVID-19 Convalescents. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 44:194-205. [PMID: 35723393 PMCID: PMC8929093 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Humoral immunity requires interaction between B cell and T follicular helper cells (Tfh) to produce effective immune response, but the data regarding a role of B cells and Tfh in SARS-CoV-2 defense are still sparse. Methods. Blood samples from patients with acute COVID-19 (n = 64), convalescents patients who had specific IgG to SARS-CoV-2 N-protein (n = 55), and healthy donors with no detectable antibodies to any SARS-CoV-2 proteins (HC, n = 44) were analyses by multicolor flow cytometry. Results. Patients with acute COVID-19 showed decreased levels of memory B cells subsets and increased proportion plasma cell precursors compared to HC and COVID-19 convalescent patients, whereas for the latter the elevated numbers of virgin naïve, Bm2′ and “Bm3+Bm4” was found if compared with HC. During acute COVID-19 CXCR3+CCR6− Tfh1-like cells were decreased and the levels of CXCR3−CCR6+ Tfh17-like were increased then in HC and convalescent patients. Finally, COVID-19 convalescent patients had increased levels of Tfh2-, Tfh17- and DP Tfh-like cells while comparing their amount with HC. Conclusions. Our data indicate that COVID-19 can impact the humoral immunity in the long-term.
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Brisotto G, Muraro E, Montico M, Corso C, Evangelista C, Casarotto M, Caffau C, Vettori R, Cozzi MR, Zanussi S, Turetta M, Ronchese F, Steffan A. IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 decay but persist 4 months after vaccination in a cohort of healthcare workers. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:476-482. [PMID: 34755649 PMCID: PMC8555109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Monitoring the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is pivotal in the evaluation of long-term vaccine efficacy. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies represent an advisable tool to reach this goal, especially for the still poorly defined antibody trend induced by the new class of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-Spike RBD IgG antibodies were monitored in a cohort of healthcare workers at CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, through MAGLUMI® chemiluminescence assay, at 1 and 4 months after full-schedule of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination. RESULTS At 1 month after vaccination, 99.9% of 767 healthcare workers showed a reactive antibody response, which was inversely correlated with age, and positively associated with a previous history of COVID-19, and mRNA-1273 vaccination. Serological response was maintained in 99.6% of the 516 subjects monitored also at follow-up. An antibody decay from 559.8 AU/mL (IQR 359.7-845.7) to 92.7 AU/mL (IQR 65.1-148.6; p < 0.001) was observed, independently from age and sex. CONCLUSION Our data supported the ability of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines to induce at least a 4 months-lasting IgG response, even outside the rules of clinical trials. The antibody decay observed at follow-up suggested to deepen the immune response characterization to identify subjects with low anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity possibly requiring a vaccination boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brisotto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy.
| | - Marcella Montico
- Clinical Trial Office, Scientific Direction, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Chiara Corso
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Chiara Evangelista
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Casarotto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Cristina Caffau
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettori
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Cozzi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Stefania Zanussi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Matteo Turetta
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Federico Ronchese
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
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25
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Jeewandara C, Guruge D, Pushpakumara PD, Kamaladasa A, Aberathna IS, Ramu ST, Gunasekera B, Wijesinghe A, Dissanayake O, Kuruppu H, Ranasinghe T, Jayathilaka D, Dayarathna S, Ekanayake D, Jayamali J, Gamalath N, Mudunkotiwa A, Somathilake G, Dissanayake M, Harvie M, Nimasha T, Madusanka D, Jayadas T, Wijayamuni R, Schimanski L, Rijal P, Tan TK, Townsend A, Ogg GS, Malavige GN. Immune Responses to a Single Dose of the AZD1222/Covishield Vaccine at 16 Weeks in Individuals in Sri Lanka. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2681-2687. [PMID: 34750205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to limited access to vaccines, many countries have only administered a single dose of the AZD1222, whereas the dosage intervals have increased ≥4 wk. We sought to investigate the immunogenicity of a single dose of vaccine at ≥16 wk postimmunization. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific Abs in 553 individuals and Abs to the receptor-binding domain of the Wuhan virus (wild-type) and the variants of concern, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor blocking Abs ex vivo and cultured IFN-γ T cell (Homo sapiens) responses and B cell (H. sapiens) ELISPOT responses, were investigated in a subcohort. The seropositivity rates in those >70 y of age (93.7%) was not significantly different compared with other age groups (97.7-98.2; Pearson χ2 = 7.8; p = 0.05). The Ab titers (Ab index) significantly declined (p < 0.0001) with increase in age. A total of 18 of 69 (26.1%) of individuals did not have angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor-blocking Abs, whereas responses to the receptor-binding domain of wild-type (p = 0.03), B.1.1.7 (p = 0.04), and B.1.617.2 (p = 0.02) were significantly lower in those who were >60 y. Ex vivo IFN-γ T cell ELISPOT responses were seen in 10 of 66 (15.1%), whereas only a few expressed CD107a. However, >85% had a high frequency of cultured IFN-γ T cell ELISPOT responses and B cell ELISPOTs. Virus-specific Abs were maintained at ≥16 wk after receiving a single dose of AZD1222, although levels were lower to variants of concern, especially in older individuals. A single dose induced a high frequency of memory T and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandima Jeewandara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Pradeep Darshana Pushpakumara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Achala Kamaladasa
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoka Sepali Aberathna
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shyrar Tanussiya Ramu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Banuri Gunasekera
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayesha Wijesinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Osanda Dissanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Heshan Kuruppu
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thushali Ranasinghe
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshni Jayathilaka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Shashika Dayarathna
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinithi Ekanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Jeewantha Jayamali
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayanathara Gamalath
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Anushika Mudunkotiwa
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayasha Somathilake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Madhushika Dissanayake
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Harvie
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thashmi Nimasha
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Deshan Madusanka
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Tibutius Jayadas
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiong K Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
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Vigón L, García-Pérez J, Rodríguez-Mora S, Torres M, Mateos E, Castillo de la Osa M, Cervero M, Malo De Molina R, Navarro C, Murciano-Antón MA, García-Gutiérrez V, Planelles V, Alcamí J, Pérez-Olmeda M, Coiras M, López-Huertas MR. Impaired Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in a Spanish Cohort of Patients With COVID-19 Admitted to the ICU. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742631. [PMID: 34616404 PMCID: PMC8488389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19, ranging from mild to critical disease in symptomatic subjects. It is essential to better understand the immunologic responses occurring in patients with the most severe outcomes. In this study, parameters related to the humoral immune response elicited against SARS-CoV-2 were analysed in 61 patients with different presentations of COVID-19 who were recruited in Hospitals and Primary Healthcare Centres in Madrid, Spain, during the first pandemic peak between April and June 2020. Subjects were allocated as mild patients without hospitalization, severe patients hospitalized or critical patients requiring ICU assistance. Critical patients showed significantly enhanced levels of B cells with memory and plasmablast phenotypes, as well as higher levels of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 with neutralization ability, which were particularly increased in male gender. Despite all this, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was defective in these individuals. Besides, patients with critical COVID-19 also showed increased IgG levels against herpesvirus such as CMV, EBV, HSV-1 and VZV, as well as detectable CMV and EBV viremia in plasma. Altogether, these results suggest an enhanced but ineffectual immune response in patients with critical COVID-19 that allowed latent herpesvirus reactivation. These findings should be considered during the clinical management of these patients due to the potential contribution to the most severe disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Vigón
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torres
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Elena Mateos
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Castillo de la Osa
- Serology Laboratory, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Miguel Cervero
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Spain
| | - Rosa Malo De Molina
- Neumology Service, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- Serology Laboratory, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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27
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Ligotti ME, Pojero F, Accardi G, Aiello A, Caruso C, Duro G, Candore G. Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, the Immunological Key Words of Severe COVID-19. Is There a Role for Stem Cell Transplantation? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725606. [PMID: 34595175 PMCID: PMC8477205 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vary depending on the age, health status and sex of an individual, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal. From an immunologic viewpoint, the final severe lung damage observed in COVID-19 should be caused by cytokine storm, driven mainly by interleukin-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, which immunopathogenic status precedes this "cytokine storm" and why the male older population is more severely affected, are currently unanswered questions. The aging of the immune system, i.e., immunosenescence, closely associated with a low-grade inflammatory status called "inflammageing," should play a key role. The remodeling of both innate and adaptive immune response observed with aging can partly explain the age gradient in severity and mortality of COVID-19. This review discusses how aging impacts the immune response to the virus, focusing on possible strategies to rejuvenate the immune system with stem cell-based therapies. Indeed, due to immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a worth-considering option against COVID-19 adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fanny Pojero
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- International Society on Aging and Disease, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Giovanni Duro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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28
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Asao H. Interleukin-21 in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179521. [PMID: 34502427 PMCID: PMC8430989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 is a cytokine that affects the differentiation and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells and regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition to regulating the immune response to tumor and viral infections, IL-21 also has a profound effect on the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. IL-21 is produced mainly from CD4+ T cells-in particular, follicular helper T (Tfh) cells-which have a great influence on the regulation of antibody production. It is also an important cytokine for the activation of CD8+ T cells, and its role in recovering the function of CD8+ T cells exhausted by chronic microbial infections and cancer has been clarified. Thus, IL-21 plays an extremely important role in viral infections, especially chronic viral infections. In this review, I will introduce the findings to date on how IL-21 is involved in some typical viral infections and the potential of treating viral diseases with IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata City 990-9585, Japan
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29
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Köppert S, Wolf C, Becza N, Sautto GA, Franke F, Kuerten S, Ross TM, Lehmann PV, Kirchenbaum GA. Affinity Tag Coating Enables Reliable Detection of Antigen-Specific B Cells in Immunospot Assays. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081843. [PMID: 34440612 PMCID: PMC8394687 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents is typically restricted to detecting antigen-specific antibodies in the serum. Rarely does immune monitoring entail assessment of the memory B-cell compartment itself, although it is these cells that engage in secondary antibody responses capable of mediating immune protection when pre-existing antibodies fail to prevent re-infection. There are few techniques that are capable of detecting rare antigen-specific B cells while also providing information regarding their relative abundance, class/subclass usage and functional affinity. In theory, the ELISPOT/FluoroSpot (collectively ImmunoSpot) assay platform is ideally suited for antigen-specific B-cell assessments since it provides this information at single-cell resolution for individual antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here, we tested the hypothesis that antigen-coating efficiency could be universally improved across a diverse set of viral antigens if the standard direct (non-specific, low affinity) antigen absorption to the membrane was substituted by high-affinity capture. Specifically, we report an enhancement in assay sensitivity and a reduction in required protein concentrations through the capture of recombinant proteins via their encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) affinity tag. Affinity tag antigen coating enabled detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD)-reactive ASC, and also significantly improved assay performance using additional control antigens. Collectively, establishment of a universal antigen-coating approach streamlines characterization of the memory B-cell compartment after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccinations, and facilitates high-throughput immune-monitoring efforts of large donor cohorts in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Köppert
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Carla Wolf
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Noémi Becza
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (G.A.S.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Fridolin Franke
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (G.A.S.); (T.M.R.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(216)-791-5084
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30
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Gushchin VA, Dolzhikova IV, Shchetinin AM, Odintsova AS, Siniavin AE, Nikiforova MA, Pochtovyi AA, Shidlovskaya EV, Kuznetsova NA, Burgasova OA, Kolobukhina LV, Iliukhina AA, Kovyrshina AV, Botikov AG, Kuzina AV, Grousova DM, Tukhvatulin AI, Shcheblyakov DV, Zubkova OV, Karpova OV, Voronina OL, Ryzhova NN, Aksenova EI, Kunda MS, Lioznov DA, Danilenko DM, Komissarov AB, Tkachuck AP, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Neutralizing Activity of Sera from Sputnik V-Vaccinated People against Variants of Concern (VOC: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.617.3) and Moscow Endemic SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:779. [PMID: 34358195 PMCID: PMC8310330 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 2021 year, all the main six vaccines against COVID-19 have been used in mass vaccination companies around the world. Virus neutralization and epidemiological efficacy drop obtained for several vaccines against the B.1.1.7, B.1.351 P.1, and B.1.617 genotypes are of concern. There is a growing number of reports on mutations in receptor-binding domain (RBD) increasing the transmissibility of the virus and escaping the neutralizing effect of antibodies. The Sputnik V vaccine is currently approved for use in more than 66 countries but its activity against variants of concern (VOC) is not extensively studied yet. Virus-neutralizing activity (VNA) of sera obtained from people vaccinated with Sputnik V in relation to internationally relevant genetic lineages B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.617.3 and Moscow endemic variants B.1.1.141 (T385I) and B.1.1.317 (S477N, A522S) with mutations in the RBD domain has been assessed. The data obtained indicate no significant differences in VNA against B.1.1.7, B.1.617.3 and local genetic lineages B.1.1.141 (T385I), B.1.1.317 (S477N, A522S) with RBD mutations. For the B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2 statistically significant 3.1-, 2.8-, and 2.5-fold, respectively, VNA reduction was observed. Notably, this decrease is lower than that reported in publications for other vaccines. However, a direct comparative study is necessary for a conclusion. Thus, sera from "Sputnik V"-vaccinated retain neutralizing activity against VOC B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.617.3 as well as local genetic lineages B.1.1.141 and B.1.1.317 circulating in Moscow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Gushchin
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna V. Dolzhikova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Alexey M. Shchetinin
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Alina S. Odintsova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Andrei E. Siniavin
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signalling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Nikiforova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Andrei A. Pochtovyi
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Shidlovskaya
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Nadezhda A. Kuznetsova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Olga A. Burgasova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
- Moscow Healthcare Department, 127006 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila V. Kolobukhina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
- Moscow Healthcare Department, 127006 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna A. Iliukhina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Anna V. Kovyrshina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Andrey G. Botikov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Aleksandra V. Kuzina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Daria M. Grousova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Amir I. Tukhvatulin
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Olga V. Zubkova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | | | - Olga L. Voronina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Natalia N. Ryzhova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Ekaterina I. Aksenova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Marina S. Kunda
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Dmitry A. Lioznov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.L.); (D.M.D.); (A.B.K.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, First Pavlov State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria M. Danilenko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.L.); (D.M.D.); (A.B.K.)
| | - Andrey B. Komissarov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.A.L.); (D.M.D.); (A.B.K.)
| | - Artem P. Tkachuck
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (A.S.O.); (A.E.S.); (M.A.N.); (A.A.P.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (O.A.B.); (L.V.K.); (A.A.I.); (A.V.K.); (A.G.B.); (A.V.K.); (D.M.G.); (A.I.T.); (D.V.S.); (O.V.Z.); (O.L.V.); (N.N.R.); (E.I.A.); (M.S.K.); (A.P.T.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Infectiology and Virology, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
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Valgardsdottir R, Cattaneo I, Napolitano G, Raglio A, Spinelli O, Salmoiraghi S, Castilletti C, Lapa D, Capobianchi MR, Farina C, Golay J. Identification of Human SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies from Convalescent Patients Using EBV Immortalization. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:26. [PMID: 34287229 PMCID: PMC8293222 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of two human IgG1k monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These mAbs were isolated from two donors who had recovered from COVID-19 infection during the first pandemic peak in the Lombardy region of Italy, the first European and initially most affected region in March 2020. We used the method of EBV immortalization of purified memory B cells and supernatant screening with a spike S1/2 assay for mAb isolation. This method allowed rapid isolation of clones, with one donor showing about 7% of clones positive against spike protein, whereas the other donor did not produce positive clones out of 91 tested. RNA was extracted from positive clones 39-47 days post-EBV infection, allowing VH and VL sequencing. The same clones were sequenced again after a further 100 days in culture, showing that no mutation had taken place during in vitro expansion. The B cell clones could be expanded in culture for more than 4 months after EBV immortalization and secreted the antibodies stably during that time, allowing to purify mg quantities of each mAb for functional assays without generating recombinant proteins. Unfortunately, neither mAb had significant neutralizing activity in a virus infection assay with several different SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The antibody sequences are made freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valgardsdottir
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gavino Napolitano
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Annibale Raglio
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Salmoiraghi
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | | | - Claudio Farina
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Josee Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
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De Giorgi V, West KA, Henning AN, Chen LN, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Liang J, Postnikova E, Trenbeath J, Pogue S, Scinto T, Alter HJ, Cantilena CC. Naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity persists for up to 11 months following infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1294-1304. [PMID: 34089610 PMCID: PMC8195007 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Characterizing the kinetics of the antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is of critical importance to developing strategies that may mitigate the public health burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors at multiple time points over an 11-month period to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection. Methods From April 2020 to February 2021, we enrolled 228 donors. At each study visit, subjects either donated plasma or had study samples drawn only. Anti–SARS-CoV-2 donor testing was performed using the VITROS Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Total and IgG assays and an in-house fluorescence reduction neutralization assay. Results Anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified in 97% of COVID-19 convalescent donors at initial presentation. In follow-up analyses, of 116 donors presenting at repeat time points, 91.4% had detectable IgG levels up to 11 months after symptom recovery, while 63% had detectable neutralizing titers; however, 25% of donors had neutralizing levels that dropped to an undetectable titer over time. Conclusions Our data suggest that immunological memory is acquired in most individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in a majority of patients for up to 11 months after recovery. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04360278.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Giorgi
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kamille A West
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amanda N Henning
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonard N Chen
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joni Trenbeath
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah Pogue
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tania Scinto
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Harvey J Alter
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cathy Conry Cantilena
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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De Giorgi V, West KA, Henning AN, Chen L, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Liang J, Postnikova E, Trenbeath J, Pogue S, Scinto T, Alter HJ, Cantilena CC. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Serology persistence over time in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donors. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33758897 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.08.21253093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Characterizing the kinetics of the antibody response to SARS□CoV□2 is of critical importance to developing strategies that may mitigate the public health burden of COVID-19. We sought to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection. Methods/Materials We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donors at multiple time points over a 9-month period. At each study visit, subjects either donated plasma or only had study samples drawn. In all cases, anti-SARS-CoV-2 donor testing was performed using semi-quantitative chemiluminescent immunoassays (ChLIA) targeting subunit 1 (S1) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, and an in-house fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA). Results From April to November 2020 we enrolled 202 donors, mean age 47.3 ±14.7 years, 55% female, 75% Caucasian. Most donors reported a mild clinical course (91%, n=171) without hospitalization. One hundred and five (105) (52%) donors presented for repeat visits with a median 42 (12-163) days between visits. The final visit occurred at a median 160 (53-273) days post-symptom resolution. Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Ab), SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected in 97.5%, 91.1%, and 74% of donors respectively at initial presentation. Neutralizing Ab titers based on FRNA 50 were positively associated with mean IgG levels (p = <0.0001). Mean IgG levels and neutralizing titers were positively associated with COVID-19 severity, increased donor age and BMI (p=0.0006 and p=0.0028, p=0.0083 and p=0.0363, (p=0.0008 and p=0.0018, respectively). Over the course of repeat visits, IgG decreased in 74.1% of donors; FRNA 50 decreased in 44.4% and remained unchanged in 33.3% of repeat donors. A weak negative correlation was observed between total Ab levels and number of days post-symptom recovery (r = 0.09). Conclusion Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified in 97% of convalescent donors at initial presentation. In a cohort that largely did not require hospitalization. IgG and neutralizing antibodies were positively correlated with age, BMI and clinical severity, and persisted for up to 9 months post-recovery from natural infection. On repeat presentation, IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 levels decreased in 56% of repeat donors. Overall, these data suggest that CP donors possess a wide range of IgG and neutralizing antibody levels that are proportionally distributed across demographics, with the exception of age, BMI and clinical severity.
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