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Ghafoori B, Triliva S, Chrysikopoulou P, Vavvos A. Resilience, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Healthcare Workers Who Work with Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Greece. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:509. [PMID: 38920841 PMCID: PMC11200621 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to occupational exposure to potentially traumatic events, health care workers (HCWs) may be at risk of developing posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms or probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined probable PTSD, coping, and resilience among national HCWs working in Greece. A total of 17.9% of the sample of participants (N = 112) met the screening criteria for probable PTSD. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess if trauma coping self-efficacy (CSE) and resilience predicted probable PTSD, and the results indicated that lower trauma CSE significantly predicted probable PTSD in unadjusted models (OR = 0.89, 95% CI, 0.82, 0.96, p < 0.01) and adjusted models (OR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.83, 0.97, p < 0.01). Our study findings suggest that organizations that employ HCWs may support their workers through ongoing screening, assessment, and training that enhances coping self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Ghafoori
- Department of Advanced Studies in Education and Counseling, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840-2201, USA
| | - Sofia Triliva
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 74150 Rethymno, Greece; (S.T.); (P.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Panagiota Chrysikopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 74150 Rethymno, Greece; (S.T.); (P.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Andreas Vavvos
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 74150 Rethymno, Greece; (S.T.); (P.C.); (A.V.)
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Maeno Y, Fuchikami M, Fujimaki K, Liberzon I, Morinobu S. Long-term mental health and resilience of the first responders in Japanese ground self-defense forces engaging body recovery after the great east Japan earthquake. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:381-386. [PMID: 38593697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Handling human remains is extremely difficult and stressful task, and it can contribute to the development of stress-related mental health problems. To prevent disaster from the development of mental disorders in first responders, it will be important to elucidate factors sustaining psychological well-being following the events requiring handling of human remains. Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces (JGSDF) first responders (n = 146), involved in human remains recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) participated. We examined the psychological resilience (S-H Resilience Test), depressive symptoms (SDS), and psychological distress (GHQ-28) 6 years after GEJE, in three groups; Group A: no contact no view of human remains, B: view only of human remains, and C: direct handling of human remains. S-H Resilience test evaluated the 3 subclasses of resilience; Social Support, Self Efficacy, Sociality. One-way ANOVA revealed the significant difference in resilience scores between Group B and C without any differences in depressive symptoms or psychological distress among the 3 groups. Multiple regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms and resilience were associated with psychological distress in all participants. Path analyses showed that whereas one subtype of resilience indirectly reduced psychological distress through lower depressive symptoms in Group A (Social Support) and Group B (Sociality), both subtypes of resilience indirectly reduced psychological distress by lowering depressive symptoms in Group C. These findings suggest that exposure to higher stressful situation may decrease the psychological resilience based on the S-H Resilience test, and two subtypes of resilience may be necessary to sustain the psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Maeno
- The Institute for Psychotherapy in Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, Fukushima College, Japan; Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Psychology, Kibi International University, Japan
| | - Manabu Fuchikami
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Division of Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Koichiro Fujimaki
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Shigeru Morinobu
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Psychology, Kibi International University, Japan.
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Saar-Ashkenazy R, Bergman YS, Ashkenazy O, Guez J. Traumatic stress, active engagement and resilience in first responders and civilians in the outbreak of war. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2328506. [PMID: 38516952 PMCID: PMC10962308 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2328506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The outbreak of war in Israel on 7 October and the unique events of that day have presented unprecedented challenges to first responders (FRs), who are professionally trained to engage in providing assistance in such circumstances. Moreover, while research demonstrates the long-term psychological consequences of FRs, little is known regarding how FR's engagement in providing assistance relates to stress and resilience levels as events continue to unfold.Objective: The current study examined the relationship between traumatic stress symptoms (TSS) and resilience levels among FRs and controls during the first weeks of the Iron Swords war, while focusing on the moderating role of active engagement in providing assistance.Method: Data were collected during the first month of the Iron Swords war from 374 participants living in Southern Israel, of whom 77 (20.6%) were FRs. All participants filled out scales assessing TSS and resilience and provided relevant background information.Results: High TSS levels were associated with reduced resilience in FRs and non-FRs. Moreover, both the study group and active engagement were significant moderators for the TSS-resilience link, which was insignificant among FRs who provided assistance and for civilians who did not provide assistance. However, the TSS-resilience association remained significant for FRs who did not engage in providing assistance and for civilians who did.Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of examining the extent to which FRs act in line with their duties during times of adverse stress. Clinical interventions aimed towards FRs who did not engage in providing assistance are needed and should focus on the extent to which their moral values, beliefs and expectations are met, as these appear critical parameters in preserving resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoav S. Bergman
- Faculty of Social-Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Omer Ashkenazy
- Department of Criminology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Jonathan Guez
- Department of Psychology, Achva Academic College, Arugot, Israel
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Javidi Z, Prior KN, Bond MJ. Dimensions of Resilience and Their Predictive Utility Among Clients With Anxiety Disorders or Depressive Disorders: A Factor Analytic Study. J Nurs Meas 2024; 32:117-128. [PMID: 37348886 DOI: 10.1891/jnm-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale is a commonly used measure of resilience. However, while resilience is considered multidimensional, the specific dimensions embedded within this scale remain equivocal. The aim of this article was to contribute to this debate by analyzing responses from a large sample obtained within a mental health setting. Baseline data from 672 consecutive referrals to a publicly funded outpatient service for adults with anxiety and depression were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. Outcome data from 349 of these participants who had completed treatment were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. Both analytical strategies suggested that two dimensions were evident (Adaptability and Tenacity), although comparisons of Adaptability and Tenacity across sociodemographic, diagnostic, psychological distress, and functional impairment variables provided little support for their discriminability. The practical utility to mental health nurses of subcomponents of resilience remains clinically persuasive yet empirically elusive with current instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Javidi
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kirsty N Prior
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Malcolm J Bond
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Bhuptani PH, López G, Peterson R, Orchowski LM. Associations Among Online Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization, Coping and Social Isolation. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2024; 33:146-168. [PMID: 38339999 PMCID: PMC11034772 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2314287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Social reactions to the disclosure of sexual victimization are critical to post-assault recovery. The popular social media hashtag "#MeToo" resulted in numerous survivors of sexual victimization disclosing their experience online. Whereas previous research has examined the association between social reactions to in-person disclosure of sexual victimization and factors commonly associated with adjustment among survivors - such as coping and social support - research is needed to examine correlates of social reactions to online disclosure of sexual victimization. Accordingly, the current study investigated the relationship between online social reactions to the disclosure of sexual victimization via #MeToo and engagement in various coping strategies (problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping) and social isolation among a sample of 195 adults with a history of sexual victimization. Results indicated that the provision of online resources was associated with lower use of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Receipt of online emotional and informational support was associated with increased use of emotion-focused coping strategies. Further, receipt of online social reactions that turned against the survivor and receipt of online social reactions that "made fun of you, insulted you, or said something to hurt you" were associated with higher levels of social isolation. Lastly, online unsupportive acknowledgment and "sharing your tweet with other people" were associated with lower levels of social isolation. Results highlight how online social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization via #MeToo intersect with coping and social support among survivors of sexual victimization and help to give context to the experience of online disclosure of sexual victimization.
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Nguyet Trang TT, Thang PC. Development and validation of Vietnam teachers' resilience scale instrument: A four-factor model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22730. [PMID: 38107296 PMCID: PMC10724667 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing studies on resilience measures tailored explicitly to teachers are relatively scarce, and the development of teacher resilience scales in developing Asian nations is lacking. To address this gap, we developed the Vietnam Teachers' Resilience Scale (VITRS), drawing on the Teachers' Resilience Scale (Daniilidou & Platsidou, 2018) and the Multidimensional Teachers' Resilience Scale (Mansfield & Wosnitza, 2015; Peixoto et al., 2020). The VITRS comprises 20 items across four dimensions (Social, Professional, Emotional, and Motivational resilience), demonstrating psychometric properties. The VITRS exhibits high reliability and validity and can serve as a significant assessment tool for high school and university teachers. This enables them to measure their resilience and prepare effectively to face and adapt to adversity. Despite these limitations, this study opens new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pham Chien Thang
- Faculty of Journalism and Communication, TNU-University of Sciences, Viet Nam
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Chao E, Chen SJ, Hong YC, Chiang HH. Influence of resilience on perceived stress and depression among Taiwanese army military personnel. Stress Health 2023; 39:1072-1081. [PMID: 37036123 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Resilience has been reported to attenuate psychological burden and promote mental health. Military personnel constitute a population with a high psychological burden and poor sleep quality and are thus at a high risk of depression. This study is aim to examine the mechanism underlying the effects of resilience on perceived stress, sleep quality, and depression among Taiwanese army military personnel. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between May 2020 and February 2021. Participants comprised 1505 voluntary army military service personnel aged 20 years or older; they completed self-reported questionnaires measuring their perceived stress, resilience, sleep quality, and depression. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results indicated that the association between resilience and depression was partially mediated by perceived stress and sleep quality. Perceived stress is a significant mediator on the association between resilience and depression. A high level of sleep disturbance was observed in this population and results found that sleep quality showed a slight partial mediation effect on the association between resilience and depression. Resilience can alleviate the effects of stress, which in turn alleviates depression among military personnel. Promoting resilience-enhancing education and mitigating environmental barriers to sleep is essential for reducing depressive symptoms among military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Chao
- Center of General Education, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jou Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Hong
- Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsun Chiang
- School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Palace M, Zamazii O, Terbeck S, Bokszczanin A, Berezovski T, Gurbisz D, Szwejka L. Mapping the factors behind ongoing war stress in Ukraine-based young civilian adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023. [PMID: 37727930 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
While the literature on well-being and stress following natural disasters is well-developed, it is less so when it comes to ongoing war experiences. Between September and October of 2022, 223 Ukraine-based civilian adults (156 women and 67 men) completed a survey measuring symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), peritraumatic experiences, paranoia, quality of life, death anxiety, anxiety about weapons of mass destruction and depression (i.e. assumed 'war consequence' factors), as well as perceived social support, resilience, loneliness and expected military support from the West (i.e. assumed 'buffer' factors). Our exploratory structural equation model (SEM) suggests that Perceived Social Support predicted fewer PTSD Symptoms and more Peritraumatic Experiences. The regression modelling, however, shows that Perceived Social Support was also positively correlated with Peritraumatic Experiences. Highlighting the need for a civilian war stress buffer disruption theory, we argue that when composed of one's circle of family and friends, social support could likely mean greater exposure to war stressors through the mutual sharing of ongoing war experiences with no end in sight. Such a possible war stress sharing deterioration effect would imply that Perceived Social Support may compound peritraumatic distress if the support in question is offered by those facing the same grim reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Palace
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Oksana Zamazii
- Department of Accounting, Audit and Taxation, Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
| | - Sylvia Terbeck
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Tetyana Berezovski
- Department of Mathematics, St Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominica Gurbisz
- Doctoral School of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szwejka
- Institute of Pedagogy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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9
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Georgescu T, Nedelcea C. Pretrauma risk factors and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following subsequent exposure: Multilevel and univariate meta-analytical approaches. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37690794 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The endeavour to comprehend why certain individuals develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms subsequent to experiencing traumatic events, while others do not, underscores the paramount importance of pretraumatic risk factors. This meta-analysis summarises the extant results of studies assessing risk factors prior exposure and PTSD symptoms following an index event on the same participants. It includes 43 studies (N = 19,239) yielding 174 effect sizes of pretraumatic risk factors categories such as demographic factors, cognitive factors, personality traits, coping styles, psychopathology, psychophysiological and environmental factors, which were examined using a three-level meta-analysis. Additionally, univariate random-effects meta-analyses were performed to separately investigate individual risk factors reported in more than one study. The findings revealed significant, small and medium associations for all categories, except for demographic factors and coping styles, also highlighting that certain individual risk factor domains (i.e. previous mental disorders, negative emotionality, sleep complaints and PTSD symptoms) represent the strongest predictors for PTSD symptoms after subsequent exposure. Several moderators were also investigated for individual risk factors. Future research could benefit from considering the interplay of pretraumatic risk factors to draw a more complex picture of the aetiology and underlying mechanisms of PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Georgescu
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cătălin Nedelcea
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Cui T, Wang C, Xu J. Validation of Academic Resilience Scales Adapted in a Collective Culture. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1114285. [PMID: 36968698 PMCID: PMC10034376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to adapt and validate two popular instruments on academic resilience in a collectivistic culture. One is a brief unidimensional scale (ARS_SCV), and another is a context-specific multidimensional scale (ARS_MCV). The participants were 569 high school students in China. Based on Messick's validity framework, we provided evidence to support the construct validity of the newly developed scales. Results first indicated that both scales were reliable with high internal consistency and construct reliability. Then, the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFAs) showed that ARS_SCV had a unidimensional factor structure and ARS_MCV had a four-factor structure. Multi-group CFAs then showed that both models were invariant across gender and socio-economic status (SES) levels. Results of correlations demonstrated that both scales significantly correlated with each other and with other external constructs (grit, academic self-efficacy, and learning engagement). The findings of this study contribute to the literature by proposing two instruments, which provide practitioners with options for specific assessments to measure academic resilience in a collectivist culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxue Cui
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Foundations, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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Tsuno K, Tabuchi T. Risk factors for workplace bullying, severe psychological distress and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general working population in Japan: a large-scale cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059860. [PMID: 36323475 PMCID: PMC9638740 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the risk factors for workplace bullying and mental health outcomes among workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING A nationwide online survey was conducted from August to September 2020 in Japan. PARTICIPANTS 16 384 workers (men: n=9565; women: n=6789). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES Workplace bullying was measured by one item from the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire; severe psychological distress according to the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (≥13) and suicidal ideation by one item. Prevalence ratios were calculated by modified Poisson regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders such as gender, age, occupational characteristics and a prior history of depression. RESULTS Overall, 15% of workers experienced workplace bullying, 9% had severe psychological distress and 12% had suicidal ideation during the second and third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The results of this study showed men, executives, managers and permanent employees had a higher risk of bullying than women or part-time workers. Increased physical and psychological demands were common risk factors for bullying, severe psychological distress and suicidal ideation. Starting to work from home was a significant predictor for adverse mental health outcomes but a preventive factor against workplace bullying. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed different high-risk groups for bullying or mental health during the pandemic. Any intervention to decrease workplace bullying or mental health problems should focus not only on previously reported vulnerable workers but also workers who have experienced a change in work style or job demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Tsuno
- School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Osaka International Cancer Institute Cancer Control Center, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
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van Sint Fiet A, de la Rie S, van der Aa N, Bloemen E, Wind T. The relevance of social capital and sense of coherence for mental health of refugees. SSM Popul Health 2022; 20:101267. [PMID: 36281249 PMCID: PMC9587331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Migration puts refugees in a completely new social context when simultaneously some have to deal with previously experienced traumatic events and post-migration stressors. Social capital and sense of coherence could be key resources to improve mental health of refugees. This study aims to examine the interplay between social capital (structural and cognitive), sense of coherence and mental health of refugees in the Netherlands. Objective The present study was conducted to i) examine if social capital (structural and cognitive) and mental health are related in a population of Dutch refugees, and ii) test if sense of coherence has a moderating and/or a mediating effect on this relation. Method Data were collected through questionnaires (n = 154) in a cross-sectional survey at different locations throughout the Netherlands. The data were analysed with multiple regression analyses and nonparametric bootstrapping using SPSS. Results Social capital (structural and cognitive) was positively related to mental health. In addition a positive relation between sense of coherence and mental health of refugees was found. The relationship between cognitive social capital and mental health was completely mediated by sense of coherence. No moderation effect of sense of coherence on the relation between social capital and mental health was found. Conclusions The current study contributed to understanding the social mechanism that determines refugee mental health: participating in social groups (structural social capital) and having supportive and trusting relationships (cognitive social capital), whilst experiencing life as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful (sense of coherence) are positively related to better mental health of refugees. Findings indicate that preventive interventions aiming to enhance refugees' mental health may be more effective when targeting and promoting both social capital and sense of coherence, from a relatively early stage after arrival in the Netherlands. Structural and cognitive social capital are positively related to mental health of refugees. A positive relation is found between sense of coherence and mental health of refugees. Sense of coherence mediates this relation between cognitive social capital and mental health. Including resiliency factors and strengthening social mechanisms may create more effective mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine van Sint Fiet
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE, Diemen, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Arq Centrum ’45, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, the Netherlands.
| | - Simone de la Rie
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE, Diemen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels van der Aa
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE, Diemen, the Netherlands
| | - Evert Bloemen
- Pharos, Dutch Centre of Expertise on Health Disparities, Arthur van Schendelstraat 600, 3511 MJ, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Wind
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE, Diemen, the Netherlands
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13
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Tang Y, Ma Y, Zhang J, Wang H. The relationship between negative life events and quality of life in adolescents: Mediated by resilience and social support. Front Public Health 2022; 10:980104. [PMID: 36211680 PMCID: PMC9538389 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.980104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quality of life has become an important indicator for assessing the health care of adolescents. This study aimed to explore the relationship between negative life events and quality of life in adolescents and the potential mediating roles of resilience and social support. Methods A stratified cluster sampling technique was used to select 3,860 adolescents as study participants. The Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, the Social Support Rating Scale, and the Adolescent Quality of Life Scale were used by participants to rate their negative life events, resilience, social support, quality of life, respectively. The correlations between study variables were analyzed by the Pearson correlation analyses. The AMOS 26.0 software was used to explore the mediating roles of resilience and social support in negative life events and quality of life. Results There was a negative correlation between negative life events and quality of life (β=-0.745, P < 0.05); resilience and social support played an important mediating role in the relationship between negative life events and quality of life (βResilience = -0.287, P < 0.05; βSocial support = -0.124, P < 0.05). The emotional adjustment dimension of resilience (β = -0.285, P < 0.05) and the subjective support dimension of social support (β = -0.100, P < 0.05) played the largest mediating roles, respectively. Conclusion Negative life events were negatively correlated with adolescents' quality of life. Strengthening resilience and social support is expected to weaken and reduce the adverse effects of negative life events on adolescents and further maintain and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Tang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingjie Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinglin Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Zonp Z, Saint Arnault D. The Reliability and Predictive Validity of Sense of Coherence Scale for American Survivors of Gender-Based Violence. Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221120445. [DOI: 10.1177/10778012221120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the reliability and predictive validity of the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale for 299 American survivors of gender-based violence (GBV). First, confirmatory factor analysis examined the construct validity of the SOC-13. Then, relationships between SOC and clinical scales were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the 3-factor solution, and Cronbach's alpha reliability values for comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness subscales and total score of SOC-13 were: .62, .53, .65, and .81, respectively. Multiple regression revealed that age, posttraumatic growth, depression, and posttraumatic stress scores explained 53% of the variance of SOC scores. We interpret this to suggest that SOC is a protective factor in GBV, especially in younger women. Clinical implications are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Zonp
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- TUBITAK, Turkey
- Multicultural Study of Trauma Recovery (MiStory), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Denise Saint Arnault
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Multicultural Study of Trauma Recovery (MiStory), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Linden B, Ecclestone A, Stuart H. A scoping review and evaluation of instruments used to measure resilience among post-secondary students. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101227. [PMID: 36177483 PMCID: PMC9513163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As mental health problems continue to increase among post-secondary populations, the need to develop effective initiatives designed to bolster students’ resilience has increasingly been identified as a priority. Therefore, access to valid tools with which to measure the efficacy of these interventions is imperative. To date, a comprehensive assessment of existing instruments used to evaluate the construct of resilience among post-secondary student populations has not been conducted. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap by conducting a scoping review of literature detailing the use of resilience instruments and evaluating their quality based on suitability for use in the post-secondary setting and associated psychometric evidence. We identified a total of 78 records published between 2010 and 2022, extracting a total of 12 instruments. Using detailed criteria frameworks, each instrument was assessed in terms of suitability and quality of associated psychometric evidence for validity and reliability. The results of our study suggest that many of the instruments currently being used to assess resilience among post-secondary students may not be appropriate. The majority of the instruments included in our review were developed for use among general adult populations and not specifically designed for use in the post-secondary setting. Most instruments did not assess resilience in a comprehensive, holistic matter that addressed the ability to bounce back from adversity by drawing upon psychological, social, cultural, and environmental resources, as defined by recent research. Further, no instruments included in our review had published evidence in support of a complete psychometric analysis. The results of our evaluation suggest that the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is the most suitable instrument for measuring resilience among post-secondary populations due to its suitability, comprehensive assessment of the construct of resilience, and demonstrably strong psychometric properties for both the 25- and 10-item versions of the tool. There is a need for access to valid and appropriate tools with which to measure post-secondary students’ resilience. We identified a total of 12 instruments evaluating resilience among post-secondary student populations. The majority of the instruments were not designed for use in the post-secondary setting and were not comprehensive· We recommend the CD-RISC as the most suitable. We recommend the CD-RISC as the most suitable instrument for measuring resilience among post-secondary students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Linden
- Health Services and Policy Research Institute, Queen's University, 21 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3L3, 343-333-6127, Canada
| | - Amy Ecclestone
- Health Services and Policy Research Institute, Queen's University, 21 Arch Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3L3, 343-333-6127, Canada
| | - Heather Stuart
- Health Services and Policy Research Institute, Departments of Public Health Sciences, Psychiatry and School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Canada
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16
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Grasser LR. Addressing Mental Health Concerns in Refugees and Displaced Populations: Is Enough Being Done? Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:909-922. [PMID: 35573980 PMCID: PMC9094640 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s270233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 82.4 million forcibly displaced people worldwide, about a quarter of whom are resettling as refugees. In the wake of the global refugee crisis spurred by conflict, religious and political persecution, human rights violations, and climate disasters, a mental health has crisis followed. Not only does trauma experienced in home countries and as part of forced migration affect mental health, so too do post-migration traumatic events, discrimination, lack of access to quality and affordable healthcare and housing, and acculturation. To address mental health concerns in refugees and displaced populations, collective action is needed not only from health care providers but also from mental health researchers, funders, journals, resettlement agencies, government entities, and humanitarian organizations. The present review highlights the work of numerous scholars and organizations with the goal of understanding the mental health concerns of forcibly displaced persons within and across ecological systems. The present review seeks to bring attention to the experiences of forcibly displaced persons, summarize the growing body of research understanding the acute and chronic effects of forced displacement and possible interventions, and give a call to action for all members of the global community at every level to engage in joint efforts to improve mental health in refugees and displaced persons. Notably, there is a need for more interventions at the familial and community level that serve not only as treatment but also as prevention. Smartphone-based interventions, mind-body modalities, and interventions delivered by lay and non-clinician community members hold promise. Numerous strides could be made in refugee mental health and treatment when funding agencies include these goals in their research priorities. Despite the challenges they have faced, persons who resettle as refugees are incredibly resilient and deserve to be afforded every right, opportunity, dignity, and respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Lana Ruvolo Grasser, 3901 Chrysler Dr., Suite 2C Room 273, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA, Tel +1 248 535 6371, Email
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17
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Ram D, Mushtaq NF, Honnugudi BD, Alammar MA. Level and Relationships of Life Satisfaction with Cognitive Flexibility and Resilience in IT Professionals. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2022; 26:84-90. [PMID: 35991196 PMCID: PMC9384874 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_213_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Information Technology (IT) professionals commonly encounter occupation-related issues that adversely affect psychological health and well-being. Aim and Objective: To study the level and relationships of life satisfaction with cognitive flexibility and resilience in IT professionals. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 457 IT professionals were assessed with Sociodemographic proforma, Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), Cognitive Resilience Scale (CRS), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, ANOVA, and linear regression analysis. Results: The mean score on CRS was high (4.5), whereas on CFS was low (49.36). The mean score on SWLS was also low (17.36) particularly with widowed and disrupted family status, positively linked to the scoring of CFS & CRS, and negatively linked to hours of work. Conclusions: Among Indian IT professionals, cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction are low and influenced by family. Life satisfaction is proportionately linked to cognitive flexibility and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushad Ram
- College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, KSA
| | - Neha Farheen Mushtaq
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India
| | - Bramaramba D Honnugudi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India
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18
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Yazawa A, Aida J, Kondo K, Kawachi I. Gender differences in risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms after disaster among older people: Differential exposure or differential vulnerability? J Affect Disord 2022; 297:447-454. [PMID: 34715197 PMCID: PMC8629870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women have been observed to have a higher risk of developing posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after disaster compared to men. In a study of survivors of an earthquake, we sought to investigate: whether there was differential exposure to disaster-related trauma by gender; whether women and men have differential vulnerability to trauma; and what factors could explain the gender difference in PTSS. METHODS Data from a cohort of community-dwelling older survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami was used. Data were obtained before (2010) and 2.5-years after the disaster (n = 3,334). RESULTS Women suffered 1.6 times higher prevalence of PTSS than men (31.0% vs. 19.4%). Women were more likely to experience loss of relatives (29.2% vs. 23.2%), while men were more likely to report loss of friends (17.1% vs. 14.5%) and separation from work (7.5% vs. 4.6%). We did not find evidence for differential vulnerability to disaster-related trauma. Indeed, the gender gap in PTSS was larger among individuals who did not experience trauma. Women experienced greater deterioration of non-kin instrumental support, which significantly mediated the association between gender and PTSS. LIMITATIONS We have no information on PTSS prior to the earthquake. Nor do we have clinician diagnoses of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Women experienced housing damages and loss of relatives more often than men, which explained ∼21% of the gender gap in PTSS after disaster. Women reported more non-kin support prior to the disaster, but they also experienced greater deterioration of it, which explained ∼21% of the gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Yazawa
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun Aida
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Division for Regional Community Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Department of Social Preventive Medical Sciences, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Gerontological Evaluation, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Choi AWM, Lo BCY, Lo RTF, To PYL, Wong JYH. Intimate Partner Violence Victimization, Social Support, and Resilience: Effects on the Anxiety Levels of Young Mothers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP12299-NP12323. [PMID: 31789087 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Young mothers face considerable challenges that can affect their mental health, with anxiety being one of the most common mental health problems observed in this population. Furthermore, pregnancy is one of the risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV). There is thus an urgent need to explore the IPV risk faced by young mothers and its association with their mental health, anxiety in particular. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between IPV victimization and anxiety in young mothers, as well as the protective effects of social support and resilience. A total of 79 young Chinese mothers aged 16 to 25 were recruited from a special service project for young parents in Hong Kong. Just more than half (50.6%) were found to have experienced psychological aggression by their current partner, with 26.6% and 13.9%, respectively, having experienced physical assault and sexual abuse. Roughly a quarter (25.3%) perceived themselves to suffer from moderate or severe generalized anxiety disorder. Logistic regression further showed the young mothers who had experienced physical assault and/or sexual abuse by their current partners to be at least six times likelier to have moderate or severe anxiety disorder (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.51, p < .05) than those who had experienced no such violence. Young mothers with less perceived social support (aOR = 0.77, p < .01), a lower secondary level of education or below (aOR = 12.99, p < .05), and in receipt of social security assistance (aOR = 5.69, p < .05) were also likelier to have moderate or severe anxiety disorder. The results indicate the importance of social support during the critical period of young motherhood. Health care professionals need to remain alert to the impacts of IPV victimization and the risk of anxiety in young mothers with a low level of education and/or receiving financial support.
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20
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Ciuluvica (Neagu) C, Gualdi G, Dal Canton M, Fantini F, Paradisi A, Sbano P, Simonacci M, Dusi D, Vezzoni GM, D’Acunto C, Lombardo M, Zanchi M, Alfredo Z, Eisendle K, Prignano F, Amerio P. Mental Health Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic Long-Term Exposure in Italian Dermatologists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11239. [PMID: 34769757 PMCID: PMC8583040 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at assessing the consequences of prolonged exposure to COVID-19 distress on mental health in non-frontline health care workers. For this purpose, we have conducted a survey on 425 Italian dermatologists, in the period February-March 2021. The psychopathological symptoms, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSD), as well as resilience, have been evaluated. The main factors that influence the physician's psychological health have been also investigated. Our study showed that the physicians older than 40 years, as well as those who lived this period in company, reported more personal resources, better managing the distress. Resilience, COVID-19 beliefs, COVID-19 working difficulties, and age were the common predictors of the severe psychopathological symptoms. An interesting result is that the lower level of resilience was the most powerful predictor of a more severe depression, as well as of a higher severity of generalized anxiety disorder, but not of COVID-19 PTSD. The fear of COVID-19 was the most powerful predictor of COVID-19 PTSD. Home conditions and previous SARS-CoV2 infection constituted significant predictors of severe depressive symptoms, but not of anxiety and COVID-19 PTSD. These results are useful in a better understanding of protective and risk factors involved in COVID-19 long-term distress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ciuluvica (Neagu)
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Giulio Gualdi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marco Dal Canton
- Ambulatory of Medical and Surgical Dermatology Belluno, 32100 Belluno, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Fantini
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital “A. Manzoni”, 23100 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Andrea Paradisi
- Dermatology Unit, General Hospital “Cristo Re”, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Sbano
- Dermatology Unit, General Hospital “Belcolle”, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Marco Simonacci
- Department of Dermatology, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Daniele Dusi
- Department of Dermatology, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (D.D.)
| | | | - Carmine D’Acunto
- Department of Emergency, Burn Center and Dermatology, “M. Bufalini” Hospital, 47100 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Lombardo
- Unit of Dermatological Diseases, ASST “Sette Laghi”, Hospital of “Circolo”, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Malvina Zanchi
- Ambulatory of Medical and Surgical Dermatology Venice, 30100 Venice, Italy;
| | - Zucchi Alfredo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy;
| | - Klaus Eisendle
- Clinic of Dermatology, Central Hospital of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Francesca Prignano
- Department of Health Science, Section of Dermatology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Paolo Amerio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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21
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Bravo-Tobar ID, Fernández P, Sáez JC, Dagnino-Subiabre A. Long-term effects of stress resilience: Hippocampal neuroinflammation and behavioral approach in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2493-2510. [PMID: 34184764 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Resilience to stress is the ability to quickly adapt to adversity. There is evidence that exposure to prolonged stress triggers neuroinflammation what produces individual differences in stress vulnerability. However, the relationship between stress resilience, neuroinflammation, and depressive-like behaviors remains unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term effects of social defeat stress (SDS) on neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and depressive-like behaviors. Male rats were subjected to the SDS paradigm. Social interaction was analyzed 1 and 2 weeks after ending the SDS to determine which animals were susceptible or resilient to stress. Neuroinflammation markers glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, and elevated membrane permeability in astrocytes and microglia, as well as depressive-like behaviors in the sucrose preference test and forced swim test were evaluated in all rats. One week after SDS, resilient rats increased their sucrose preference, and time spent in the floating behavior decreased in the forced swim test compared to susceptible rats. Surprisingly, resilient rats became susceptible to stress, and presented neuroinflammation 2 weeks after SDS. These findings suggest that SDS-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation persists in post-stress stages, regardless of whether rats were initially resilient or not. Our study opens a new approach to understanding the neurobiology of stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván D Bravo-Tobar
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paola Fernández
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Centre for Integrative Neurobiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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22
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Cénat JM, Dalexis RD, Derivois D, Hébert M, Hajizadeh S, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Guerrier M, Rousseau C. The Transcultural Community Resilience Scale: Psychometric Properties and Multinational Validity in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:713477. [PMID: 34489816 PMCID: PMC8417301 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few instruments assess community resilience. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the capacity of communities to support resilience of members deserves to be assessed to develop programs for improving mental health of affected populations. This article presents the development of the Ottawa-Community Resilience Scale (O-CRS), its underlying factorial structure and transcultural validity with a multilingual (English, French, Creole, Kinyarwanda), multinational (DR Congo, Haiti, Rwanda, Togo) and multicultural sample affected by this pandemic. A sample of 1,267 participants (40.9% women) were recruited in the four countries: DRC (n = 626, 43.4% women), Haiti (n = 225, 42.0% women), Rwanda (n = 174, 40.5% women), and Togo (n = 242, 33.2% women), with a mean age of 32 (SD = 10.1). They completed measures assessing individual resilience, depression and the O-CRS. Exploratory and confirmatory Factor Analyses, Cronbach alpha, coefficient H and the McDonald's Omega, and bivariate regression were used to estimate the underlying components of the O-CRS, its internal consistency and concurrent validity. Parallel factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis results revealed an excellent fit 3-factor structure. Internal consistency coefficients varied between 0.82 and 0.95. The O-CRS showed a good construct validity with a positive association with individual resilience and negative association with depression score. Developed with a collaborative approach involving researchers, practitioners, and clients/patients, the O-CRS and its three factors (community strengths and support, community trust and faith, and community values) demonstrated excellent psychometric properties for assessing community resilience among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Martine Hébert
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Saba Hajizadeh
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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23
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Pascual-Leone A, Bartres-Faz D. Human Brain Resilience: A Call to Action. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:336-349. [PMID: 34219268 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
At present, resilience refers to a highly heterogeneous concept with ill-defined determinants, mechanisms, and outcomes. This call for action argues for the need to define resilience as a person-centered multidimensional metric, informed by a dynamic lifespan perspective and combining observational and interventional experimental studies to identify specific neural markers and correlated behavioral measures. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent need of such an effort with the ultimate goal of defining a new vital sign, an individual index of resilience, as a life-long metric with the capacity to predict an individual's risk for disability in the face of a stressor, insult, injury, or disease. ANN NEUROL 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health at Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.,Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Bartres-Faz
- Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut - Campus Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Javida Z, Prior KN, Bond MJ. Predictive Validity of Resilience in the Treatment of Individuals With Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2021; 59:35-41. [PMID: 34228571 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20210322-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to evaluate the predictive validity of resilience among individuals with anxiety and/or depressive disorders. Receiver operating characteristics were calculated for each of the 25-item and 10-item versions of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, evaluated against psychological distress and treatment response, at screening and post-treatment. New referrals to an anxiety and related disorders clinic were recruited for this purpose (N = 672 at screening, N = 349 post-treatment). Robust cross-sectional associations between resilience and psychological distress and treatment response were noted and were strongest at post-treatment. However, the related sensitivity (63% to 66% at screening, 69% to 76% post-treatment), specificity (78% to 83% at screening, approximately 73% post-treatment), and areas under the curve (AUC; approximately 73% at screening, 78% to 82% post-treatment) were modest. Furthermore, there was minimal support for resilience as a predictor of recovery using the longitudinal data (sensitivity and specificity could not be determined, with AUC of approximately 68% for psychological distress and 56% for treatment response). Although a relatively large homogeneous sample was available for this study, analyses of specific diagnostic subgroups may offer valuable further insight. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(7), 35-41.].
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25
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Reed K, Cochran KL, Edelblute A, Manzanares D, Sinn H, Henry M, Moss M. Creative Arts Therapy as a Potential Intervention to Prevent Burnout and Build Resilience in Health Care Professionals. AACN Adv Crit Care 2021; 31:179-190. [PMID: 32526006 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2020619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of health care is undergoing a rapid evolution that is dramatically changing the way health care professionals perform their job responsibilities. In this increasingly stressful work environment, professionals are experiencing alarming rates of burnout. Recent efforts to enhance wellness have been directed toward organizations. However, because of the nature of the work performed in intensive care units, interventions to develop individual resilience are also needed. Currently, medical centers are environments in which the emotional impact of work-related trauma is often minimized and rarely processed. Some individuals may struggle to describe or express the impact of those traumas. Through nonverbal interventions, creative arts therapy can help people access, explore, and share authentic emotion in visual, musical, physical, or written form. By reconstructing meaning through transformative methods, participants may confront, reflect, and better cope with traumatic experiences while catalyzing social support networks and deepening relational bonds in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Reed
- Katherine Reed is Manager and Art Therapist for the Ponzio Creative Arts Therapy Program, Gary Pavilion, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kathryn L Cochran
- Kathryn L. Cochran is the CORAL Program Manager, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Marc Moss is the Roger S. Mitchell Professor of Medicine and Vice Chair of Clinical Research for the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anthony Edelblute
- Anthony Edelblute is a Music Therapist and Hillary Sinn is a Dance/Movement Therapist for the Ponzio Creative Arts Therapy Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel Manzanares
- Daniel Manzanares is Community Programs Coordinator, and Michael Henry is Executive Director and Co-founder, Lighthouse Writers Workshop, Denver, Colorado
| | - Hillary Sinn
- Anthony Edelblute is a Music Therapist and Hillary Sinn is a Dance/Movement Therapist for the Ponzio Creative Arts Therapy Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael Henry
- Daniel Manzanares is Community Programs Coordinator, and Michael Henry is Executive Director and Co-founder, Lighthouse Writers Workshop, Denver, Colorado
| | - Marc Moss
- Kathryn L. Cochran is the CORAL Program Manager, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Marc Moss is the Roger S. Mitchell Professor of Medicine and Vice Chair of Clinical Research for the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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26
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Wong SMY, Hui CLM, Wong CSM, Suen YN, Chan SKW, Lee EHM, Chang WC, Chen EYH. Prospective prediction of PTSD and depressive symptoms during social unrest and COVID-19 using a brief online tool. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113773. [PMID: 33545423 PMCID: PMC9754713 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale protracted population stressors, such as social unrest and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are associated with increased symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Cost-effective mental health screening is prerequisite for timely intervention. We developed an online tool to identify prospective predictors of PTSD and depressive symptoms in the context of co-occurring social unrest and COVID-19 in Hong Kong. 150 participants completed baseline and follow-up assessments, with a median duration of 29 days. Three logistic regression models were constructed to assess its discriminative power in predicting PTSD and depressive symptoms at one month. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was performed for each model to determine their optimal decision thresholds. Sensitivity and specificity of the models were 87.1% and 53.8% for probable PTSD, 77.5% and 63.3% for high-risk depressive symptoms, and 44.7% and 96.4% for no significant depressive symptoms. The models performed well in discriminating outcomes (AUCs range: 0.769-0.811). Probable PTSD was predicted by social unrest-related traumatic events, high rumination, and low resilience. Rumination and resilience also predicted high-risk and no significant depressive symptoms, with COVID-19-related events also predicting no significant depression risk. Accessible screening of probable mental health outcomes with good predictive capability may be important for early intervention opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie MY Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christy LM Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Corine SM Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - YN Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sherry KW Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Edwin HM Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - WC Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eric YH Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, 2/F New Clinical Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073541. [PMID: 33805475 PMCID: PMC8037542 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Child welfare workers often experience work-related traumatic events and may be at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can hinder early interventions for child abuse. This study examined the association between each single work-related traumatic event experienced by child welfare workers and the cumulative number of traumatic event types with PTSD symptoms. A checklist of traumatic events was used to investigate work-related traumatic events. The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was used to screen for PTSD symptoms. Two multivariate analyses were performed. A total of 140 workers were included in the analyses. In the first multivariate analysis, the event, “Witnessed a parent violently beating, hitting, kicking, or otherwise injuring a child or the other parent during work” (β = 11.96; 95% CI, 2.11–21.80; p < 0.05) and resilience (β = −0.60; 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.36; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms, as was resilience in the second multivariate analysis (β = −0.60; 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.36; p < 0.01). The association between the cumulative number of event types and PTSD symptoms was not significant, but it was stronger when the cumulative number was four or more. The findings suggest the importance of reducing child welfare worker exposure to traumatic events.
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Sumner RC, Kinsella EL. Grace Under Pressure: Resilience, Burnout, and Wellbeing in Frontline Workers in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 11:576229. [PMID: 33584412 PMCID: PMC7874970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has necessitated extraordinary human resilience in order to preserve and prolong life and social order. Risks to health and even life are being confronted by workers in health and social care, as well as those in roles previously never defined as "frontline," such as individuals working in community supply chain sectors. The strategy adopted by the United Kingdom (UK) government in facing the challenges of the pandemic was markedly different from other countries. The present study set out to examine what variables were associated with resilience, burnout, and wellbeing in all sectors of frontline workers, and whether or not these differed between the UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI). Individuals were eligible if they were a frontline worker (in health and social care, community supply chain, or other emergency services) in the UK or RoI during the pandemic. Part of a larger, longitudinal study, the participants completed an online survey to assess various aspects of their daily and working lives, along with their attitudes toward their government's handling of the crisis, and measurement of psychological variables associated with heroism (altruism, meaning in life, and resilient coping). A total of 1,305 participants (N = 869, 66.6% from the UK) provided sufficient data for analysis. UK-based workers reported lower wellbeing than the RoI-based participants. In multivariate models, both psychological and pandemic-related variables were associated with levels of resilience, burnout, and wellbeing in these workers, but which pandemic-related variables were associated with outcomes differed depending on the country. The judgment of lower timeliness in their government's response to the pandemic appeared to be a key driver of each outcome for the UK-based frontline workers. These findings provide initial evidence that the different strategies adopted by each country may be associated with the overall wellbeing of frontline workers, with higher detriment observed in the UK. The judgment of the relatively slow response of the UK government to instigate their pandemic measures appears to be associated with lower resilience, higher burnout, and lower wellbeing in frontline workers in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Sumner
- HERA Lab, School of Natural & Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine L Kinsella
- Department of Psychology, RISE Lab, Health Research Institute, Centre for Social Issues Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Ramdhonee-Dowlot K, Balloo K, Essau CA. Effectiveness of the Super Skills for Life programme in enhancing the emotional wellbeing of children and adolescents in residential care institutions in a low- and middle-income country: A randomised waitlist-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2021; 278:327-338. [PMID: 32980656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined the effectiveness of a transdiagnostic prevention programme, Super Skills for Life (SSL), among children and adolescents with emotional problems in residential care institutions (RCIs) in the low- and middle-income country of Mauritius using a randomised waitlist-controlled trial (RCT). SSL is based on the principles of cognitive behavioural therapy, behavioural activation, social skills training, and uses video-feedback and cognitive preparation as part of the treatment. METHODS The RCT involved 100 children and adolescents aged 9 to 14 years, from six RCIs, randomly allocated to either an SSL intervention group (IG) or a waitlist-control (WLC) group. A set of questionnaires measuring internalising and externalising problems, emotion regulation and self-esteem, and experimental tasks measuring attentional bias and inhibitory control, were completed at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. Participants also completed a 2-min video speech task during the first and final sessions of the SSL intervention. RESULTS Children and adolescents in the IG showed significant improvements in internalising symptoms (e.g. anxiety and depression), externalising symptoms (e.g. conduct problems and hyperactivity), and inhibitory control, and an increase in adaptive (except putting into perspective strategy) and decrease in maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, at both post-intervention and follow-up. These findings were not replicated among children in the WLC. LIMITATIONS The small sample size and lack of an active control group were the major limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of a transdiagnostic prevention programme for emotional problems in RCIs in a low- and middle-income country.
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Cénat JM, McIntee SE, Blais-Rochette C. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:55-85. [PMID: 32421623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2010 earthquake in Haiti caused significant human and material damages, thousands of deaths and injuries, and 1.5 million homeless. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize research on the prevalence and factors associated with PTSD, depression, anxiety symptoms, and other mental health problems among survivors. METHODS We searched six databases and retained 50 articles for the systematic review, 28 of which were included in three random effects meta-analyses on the prevalence of PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms in survivors. RESULTS Following the earthquake, more than one out of four individuals (28.44%,CI 95%,17.68%-42.37%; k = 24) reported severe symptoms of PTSD, one out of three reported severe symptoms of depression (32.16%,CI 95%,23.60%-42.11%; K=14), and one out of five reported severe symptoms of anxiety (20.49%,CI 95%,15.74%-26.24%;k=5). Studies revealed important rates of other mental health problems (including psychological distress and disturbance, suicidal ideations, and increased alcohol consumption) in survivors. Females were 41.38% more likely than males to experience severe symptoms of PTSD (OR = 1.41,CI 95%,1.22-1.64). Time was a moderator for depression and anxiety but not for PTSD, while the average age of participants only moderated depression. LIMITATIONS The studies included are observational and most used self-reported measures. CONCLUSIONS In a global context where natural disasters tripled since 1980, this first systematic review showed that human and material damages associated with the earthquake were sufficiently traumatic to induce severe symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems. Clinical and research implications are discussed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018115430.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Nurse resilience is attracting increasing attention in research and practice. Possession of a high level of resilience is cited as being crucial for nurses to succeed professionally and manage workplace stressors. There is no agreed definition of nurse resilience. A concept analysis was undertaken to examine nurse resilience using a priori selected analysis framework. This concept analysis aims to systematically analyse resilience as it relates to nurses and establish a working definition of nurse resilience. Sixty-nine papers met the search criteria for inclusion. Key attributes of nurse resilience were social support, self-efficacy, work-life balance/self-care, humour, optimism, and being realistic. Resilience enables nurses to positively adapt to stressors and adversity. It is a complex and dynamic process which varies over time and context and embodies both individual attributes and external resources. Sustaining nurse resilience requires action and engagement from both individuals and organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah L Cooper
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- St John of God Subiaco Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janie A Brown
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Clare S Rees
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin D Leslie
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Cochran KL, Moss M, Mealer M. Prevalence of Coping Strategy Training in Nursing School Curricula. Am J Crit Care 2020; 29:104-110. [PMID: 32114608 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress and burnout are plaguing critical care nurses across the globe and leading to high levels of turnover. Resilience-building strategies such as mindfulness, self-care, and well-being can help shield nurses from the negative effects of workplace stress. As the first line of defense, nursing schools could provide students with strategies that build resilience; however, little is known about the availability of such resources in nursing education. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of resources and curricula targeting resilience training and stress reduction at nursing schools across the United States. METHODS Raters analyzed publicly available college/ university websites and course catalogs of a sample of nursing schools in the United States to determine the availability of resilience resources and curricula. RESULTS None of the schools surveyed regularly screened their students for burnout syndrome, and only 9% of schools had a formal curriculum that included resilience training. CONCLUSIONS Training in practices to build resilience and prevent burnout is essentially absent from accredited nursing schools. This highlights an important opportunity to modify existing curricula to include preventative strategies-such as developing positive coping skills- that could mitigate symptoms of workplace stress in future generations of nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Cochran
- Kathryn L. Cochran is the senior behavioral health program coordinator, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - Marc Moss
- Marc Moss is the Roger S. Mitchell Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Meredith Mealer
- Meredith Mealer is an associate professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
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Sisto A, Vicinanza F, Campanozzi LL, Ricci G, Tartaglini D, Tambone V. Towards a Transversal Definition of Psychological Resilience: A Literature Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55110745. [PMID: 31744109 PMCID: PMC6915594 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: This paper addresses psychological resilience, a multidisciplinary theoretical construct with important practical implications for health sciences. Although many definitions have been proposed in several contexts, an essential understanding of the concept is still lacking up to now. This negatively affects comparisons among research results and makes objective measurement difficult. The aim of this review is to identify shared elements in defining the construct of resilience across the literature examined in order to move toward a conceptual unification of the term. Materials and methods: A literature review was performed using the electronic databases ‘PubMed’ and ‘PsycINFO’. Scientific studies written in English between 2002 and May 2019 were included according to the following key terms: ‘Psychological’, ‘resilience’, and ‘definition’. Results: The review identifies five macro-categories that summarize what has been reported in the recent literature concerning the resilience phenomenon. They serve as a preliminary and necessary step toward a conceptual clarification of the construct. Conclusions: We propose a definition of psychological resilience as the ability to maintain the persistence of one’s orientation towards existential purposes. It constitutes a transversal attitude that can be understood as the ability to overcome the difficulties experienced in the different areas of one’s life with perseverance, as well as good awareness of oneself and one’s own internal coherence by activating a personal growth project. The conceptual clarification proposed will contribute to improving the accuracy of research on this topic by suggesting future paths of investigation aimed at deeply exploring the issues surrounding the promotion of resilience resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sisto
- Clinical Psychological Service, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Flavia Vicinanza
- Clinical Psychological Service, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Laura Leondina Campanozzi
- Institute of Philosophy of Scientific and Technological Practice, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06225-49072
| | - Giovanna Ricci
- School of Law, Medico-Legal Section, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (Macerata), Italy;
| | - Daniela Tartaglini
- Department of Professional Health Care Services, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vittoradolfo Tambone
- Institute of Philosophy of Scientific and Technological Practice, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy;
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Arenson MB, McCaslin SE, Cohen BE. Predictors of multiple domains of functioning in Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from the Mind Your Heart Study. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:1026-1035. [PMID: 31356711 DOI: 10.1002/da.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have lower overall functioning than healthy controls. However, this population is not homogenous, and those with PTSD have a wide range of functional outcomes. To our knowledge, only one other study has evaluated the predictors of better functioning within patients with PTSD. METHODS We examined 254 veterans with likely PTSD, using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale to assess PTSD symptom severity, and the SF-36 and single-item question to assess aspects of current functioning and quality of life. RESULTS In fully adjusted models (controlling for age, gender, and PTSD score, and including all significant psychosocial predictors of the outcome of interest), greater sleep quality (p = .03), lower C-reactive protein (p < .01), and lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.04) were associated with greater physical functioning; lower depression (p < .01) and greater perceived social support (p = .05) were associated with greater social functioning; lower depression (p = .02) was associated with greater occupational functioning; and greater combat exposure (p = .04), greater optimism (p < .01) and greater perceived social support (p = .05) were associated with greater quality of life. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the differential impact of psychosocial predictors on multiple functional outcomes. As such, they provide important information for clinicians about aspects of veterans' lives that can be targeted during the treatment to improve specific types of functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Arenson
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Shannon E McCaslin
- Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, Menlo Park, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Beth E Cohen
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Maheri M, Alipour M, Rohban A, Garmaroudi G. The association of resilience with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescent students. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2019; 34:ijamh-2019-0050. [PMID: 31665118 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Identifying the factors associated with HRQoL in adolescents is a prerequisite of interventions aimed at improving the overall quality of life and health status among them. Studies have identified many factors associated with HRQoL in different populations; however, very little is known about the role of resilience on HRQoL in adolescent students. Subjects This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1500 high school students (750 boys and 750 girls) in Tehran. The subjects were selected through the cluster and multistage sampling methods. Methods The data collection tool included three questionnaires; a demographic information questionnaire, the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (KIDSCREEN-27), and the Children and Youth Resilience Measurement (CYRM-28). Data were analyzed with SPSS 23 software. Regression analysis was performed to determine the association of resilience with HRQoL. Results The mean score of overall health-related quality of life and overall resilience were 57.51 ± 15.03 and 98.35 ± 16.48, respectively. Individual sub-scale (β = 0.402, p < 0.001), caregiver sub-scale (β = 0.279, p < 0.001) and context sub-scale (β = 0.122, p < 0.001) of resilience were, respectively, the positive and significant predictors of HRQoL in students. The resilience sub-scales explained 49% of the total variance of HRQoL, and the individual sub-scale was the strongest predictive factor for HRQoL in students. Conclusion It is recommended to incorporate resilience training programs into the regular school education in order to improve the quality of life and health of students in all high schools and educational centers of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Maheri
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Reproductive Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Alipour
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rohban
- Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Garmaroudi
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Phone: +982188989128
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Li Y, Bai H, Lou F, Cao F. A conceptual model of posttraumatic growth of nursing students with a disabled parent. Int J Nurs Sci 2019; 6:406-413. [PMID: 31728393 PMCID: PMC6838924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine a conceptual model of posttraumatic growth (PTG) with the inclusion of family resilience as a mediator, and social support, individual resilience, maternal care, and family members’ intimacy after trauma as protective factors. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in a sample of 134 college nursing students who had a parent with a non-congenital disability. The Socio-demographic Information Questionnaire, the Chinese version of Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10), Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) were used to collect data. Results Results showed that social support, individual resilience, maternal care, and family members’ intimacy after trauma positively predicted family resilience (β = 0.41, 0.20, 0.20, 0.22, all P<0.01), respectively, and indirectly predicted PTG through family resilience. Family resilience positively predicted PTG (β = 0.25, P<0.01). Moreover, individual resilience directly positively predicted PTG (β = 0.25, P<0.001). Conclusions Family resilience could facilitate PTG in nursing students in the face of parental disability. Interventions to promote PTG among college nursing students who have experienced parental disability should consider individual or family resilience-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Li
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Huayu Bai
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Ji'nan, China
| | - Fenglan Lou
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- School of Nursing, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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Ayed N, Toner S, Priebe S. Conceptualizing resilience in adult mental health literature: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Psychol Psychother 2019; 92:299-341. [PMID: 29888437 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to identify how the term 'resilience' is conceptualized across adult mental health research due to ongoing criticism regarding the lack of consistency in its conceptualization. METHOD A systematic search, including hand searches of book chapters, was conducted using search terms ('resilien*') AND ('mental illness' OR 'mental health problem'). Papers were excluded if they did not meet the following criteria: written in English, provide a clear conceptualization of resilience, include only adults (aged 18 + ) in the sample, solely focus on individuals with a primary diagnosis of mental illness, and peer-reviewed. Data were extracted on conceptualizations of resilience, demographic, and diagnostic variables of the study population, publication year, and the research design used. Conceptualizations were combined and collapsed into overarching themes and then refined through joint discussion, consultation with a third reviewer, and input from a larger multidisciplinary team. RESULTS Thirty-one texts (6 book chapters, 4 reviews, 2 appraisals/critical evaluations, 1 editorial, and 18 research projects) were included. Two broad understandings of resilience were identified: resilience as a process and resilience as a characteristic of an individual. Processes comprise three themes: 'immunity', 'bouncing back', and 'growth', whilst characteristics are captured in two themes 'personal resources' and 'social resources'. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that resilience can be conceptualized in a clear and meaningful manner in adult mental health research. The five themes reflect distinct ways of using the term resilience. Whilst each one of them may have merit in future research, it appears beneficial to make clear in research which exact conceptualization of resilience has been adopted. PRACTITIONER POINTS When considering and reading about 'resilience', one should be aware that there are different concepts of it. The main difference is between resilience as a personal characteristic and resilience as a process. Therapy may address resilience as a personal characteristic by utilizing individual and social resources. The therapeutic process may be understood as resilience in form of bouncing back and personal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ayed
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Toner
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development), Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Stefan Priebe
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development), Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Chisholm-Burns MA, Spivey CA, Sherwin E, Williams J, Phelps S. Development of an Instrument to Measure Academic Resilience Among Pharmacy Students. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:6896. [PMID: 31507286 PMCID: PMC6718499 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To develop a valid and reliable academic resilience scale for use in the didactic portion of the Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum to identify those pharmacy students who have greater capacity to overcome academic adversity. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among first-year, second-year, and third-year pharmacy students to assess psychometric properties of a 30-item adapted academic resilience scale. Data were also collected using the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S). Demographic characteristics were collected from student records. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to determine the number of underlying factors responsible for data covariation. Principal components analysis was used as the extraction method. Varimax rotation method was used, and the Cronbach alpha was estimated. Validity testing was conducted by calculating Pearson's r correlations between the adapted academic resilience scale and Grit-S. Results. The survey response rate was 84%. The final version of the scale, the Academic Pharmacy Resilience Scale (APRS-16), had four subscales and 16 items (14 items failed to load on any of the factors and were deleted). The Cronbach alpha was .84, indicating strong internal consistency. The APRS-16 and its subscales were significantly correlated to the Grit-S and its subscales, providing evidence of effective convergent validity. Conclusion. Evidence supports the reliability and validity of the APRS-16 as a measure of academic resilience in pharmacy students. Future studies should use the APRS-16 to investigate the relationship between academic resilience and performance outcomes among pharmacy students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Chisholm-Burns
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christina A Spivey
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Erin Sherwin
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer Williams
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephanie Phelps
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee
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McLafferty M, O’Neill S, Armour C, Murphy S, Ferry F, Bunting B. The impact of childhood adversities on the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the Northern Ireland population. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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El-Solh AA, O'Brien N, Akinnusi M, Patel S, Vanguru L, Wijewardena C. Predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes for insomnia in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep Breath 2019; 23:635-643. [PMID: 31025272 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-019-01840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia is a well-recognized co-morbid condition in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with negative personal and social consequences. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered an efficacious treatment, yet little attention has been devoted to treatment response in this population. The aim of this study was to identify factors that may predict clinical response to CBT for insomnia (CBT-I) in veterans with PTSD. METHODS A retrospective chart review of 136 veterans with PTSD-related insomnia was conducted. Epworth Sleepiness Score (ESS), PTSD Checklist (PCL), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were assessed at baseline. We converted prescribed antidepressant and hypnotic dosages before and after CBT-I to dose equivalent of fluoxetine diazepam, respectively. A 6-point reduction or greater in ISI scores at 6-month follow-up visit was defined as CBT-I responsiveness. RESULTS CBT-I responsiveness was observed in 47% of veterans with PTSD. Seventy-seven percent completed treatment. Lack of perceived benefit was the most given reason for failure to return for follow-up. In contrast to hypnotics, antidepressants usage decreased in those who had experienced benefit from CBT-I (p = 0.001). Younger age, non-white race, and use of hypnotics prior to behavioral therapy were independently associated with lack of response to CBT-I. CONCLUSIONS While CBT-I ameliorates insomnia in veterans with PTSD, the use of hypnotics prior to instituting behavioral therapy may negatively affect the response rate to CBT-I. Future studies should examine whether racial and cultural influences on the generation of insomnia in veterans with PTSD affects the response to CBT-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A El-Solh
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jacob School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Nathan O'Brien
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sumit Patel
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jacob School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leela Vanguru
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jacob School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Chathura Wijewardena
- VA Western New York Healthcare System, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jacob School of Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Active avoidance learning differentially activates ERK phosphorylation in the primary auditory and visual cortices of Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Physiol Behav 2019; 201:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oehme K, Perko A, Clark J, Ray EC, Arpan L, Bradley L. A Trauma-Informed Approach to Building College Students' Resilience. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED SOCIAL WORK (2019) 2019; 16:93-107. [PMID: 30373486 DOI: 10.1080/23761407.2018.1533503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper describes the development of a new psychoeducational universal prevention resilience program ( https://strong.fsu.edu ) designed to complement existing mental health services at a large public university. The first set of descriptive data (n = 229) from the project's student surveys is discussed. METHODS A voluntary and anonymous online questionnaire was used to determine student attitudes toward the new program. RESULTS A large majority of participants (more than 80%) perceived the website to be credible, rating it as believable, trustworthy, and accurate. 90% believe the university resources included in the project would help themselves and others overcome struggles and challenges. Other results are also discussed. DISCUSSION This data from a unique project shows the promise of using an online, integrative tool for a campus resilience initiative. The project is dynamic; analysis of student responses will inform ongoing revisions and refinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Oehme
- a Institute for Family Violence Studies , College of Social Work, Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Ann Perko
- a Institute for Family Violence Studies , College of Social Work, Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - James Clark
- b College of Social Work , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Elizabeth C Ray
- c School of Communication , College of Communication and Information, Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Laura Arpan
- c School of Communication , College of Communication and Information, Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Lyndi Bradley
- a Institute for Family Violence Studies , College of Social Work, Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
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Schäfer SK, Becker N, King L, Horsch A, Michael T. The relationship between sense of coherence and post-traumatic stress: a meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1562839. [PMID: 30693079 PMCID: PMC6338278 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1562839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antonovsky's concept of sense of coherence (SOC) - as a global orientation reflecting an individual's feeling of confidence in both the predictability of their internal and external environment and their ability to cope with stressful and challenging situations in life - shows a negative association with symptoms of post-traumatic stress. However, single studies varying in study characteristics provide heterogeneous effect size estimations. Objective: The purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between SOC and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity for the first time on a meta-analytical level. Method: The random-effects meta-analysis is based on zero-order correlations (r) and consists of 47 independent samples out of 45 studies (N = 10,883). Results: After correcting for sampling error, the mean correlation between SOC and PTSD symptoms was M(r) = -.41 (excluding four outliers: -.39). However, this effect could not be generalized to all types of PTSD samples owing to substantial remaining heterogeneity. Subsequent moderator analyses investigating the influence of different SOC and PTSD measures, trauma type and duration, mean age and gender imbalances per sample did not reveal significant moderating effects. Conclusions: The meta-analysis reveals a substantial correlation between SOC and PTSD symptom severity: higher SOC levels are associated with lower symptom severity. Thus, future research should progress to the question of whether the relationship between SOC and post-traumatic stress is causal, and by which factors it is moderated. Abbreviations: CD, Cook's distance; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; (G)RR, general (and specific) resistance resources; IES(-R), Impact of Event Scale (Revised); PDS, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SDR, standard deleted residual; SOC, sense of coherence; SOC-R, Sense of Coherence Scale - Revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Schäfer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - N Becker
- Individual Differences & Psychodiagnostics, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - L King
- The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training, Isis Education Centre, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A Horsch
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Higher Education in Healthcare Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Michael
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Sarrionandia A, Ramos-Díaz E, Fernández-Lasarte O. Resilience as a Mediator of Emotional Intelligence and Perceived Stress: A Cross-Country Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2653. [PMID: 30622503 PMCID: PMC6308158 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing literature provides evidence of the connection between emotional intelligence and resilience, both concepts being adversely related to perceived stress. Nevertheless, there is little evidence from cross-cultural and/or cross-country studies of the simultaneous relationship between these psychological variables. The objective of this study was to address this lack of research, examining the associations between emotional intelligence, resilience and perceived stress in a cross-country context. A total sample of 696 undergraduate students from two universities in the United States and the Basque Country (an autonomous community in northern Spain) participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the effects of emotional intelligence and resilience that may affect students’ perceived stress. The results revealed that emotional intelligence functions as a negative predictor of perceived stress through the mediating variable resilience for the American and Basque students. The findings suggest that university students with better emotional intelligence and resilience present lower perceived stress. Thus, improving emotional intelligence and resilience could prevent students from suffering perceived stress in higher education. Implications and directions for further research are discussed; in particular, it is highlighted that intervention programs that improve both EI and resilience could be helpful in reducing perceived stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainize Sarrionandia
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Ramos-Díaz
- Developmental and Educational Psychology Department, Education and Sport Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Oihane Fernández-Lasarte
- Didactics and School Organization, Education and Sport Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Sabri B, Granger DA. Gender-based violence and trauma in marginalized populations of women: Role of biological embedding and toxic stress. Health Care Women Int 2018; 39:1038-1055. [PMID: 30906110 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2018.1491046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) and trauma can dysregulate and recalibrate environmentally sensitive physiological (i.e. central nervous, endocrine, and immune) systems placing survivors at risk for multiple health problems. The researchers build the case that the effects of GBV are likely to be particularly high impact and contribute to health disparities for marginalized survivors of GBV. Further, the researchers underscore a need for a multi-level bio-socio-ecological model that deciphers, characterizes, and explains individual differences in these effects and the need to establish an evidence base from which to derive interventions that address biological effects of toxic stress among marginalized survivors of GBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Sabri
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine,CA, USA.,Department of Community and Public Health Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine,CA, USA.,Department of Community and Public Health Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins, University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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46
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Psychometric properties of the 10-item Conner-Davidson resilience scale on toxic chemical-exposed workers in South Korea. Ann Occup Environ Med 2018; 30:52. [PMID: 30123513 PMCID: PMC6090704 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-018-0265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resilient individuals have a comprehensive ability to adapt to various life circumstances. Psychological resilience predicts an individual's physiological response to stress. The 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a widely used measure to quantify the level of self-perceived resilience. This study examined the psychometric properties of a Korean version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item K-CD-RISC) on workers in Gumi, South Korea, exposed to hydrofluoric acid (HF). Methods The questionnaires included the 10-item K-CD-RISC and Beck Anxiety Inventor (BAI), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised-Korean version (IES-R-K), the Rosen-berg Self Esteem Scale (RSES), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). These were randomly distributed at 237 workplaces near the HF-spill site, in the Gumi 4 complex. The responses of 991 (67.3%) workers were analyzed. Results The exploratory factor analysis shown that a single-factor model was consistent with the original design of the 10-item CD-RISC. The scale also demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95). Scores on the scale reflected different levels of resilience with respect to personal factors (age, gender, marital status, and education and income levels) that are thought to be differentiated. Differences of resilience were also reflected by psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and depression). Moreover, the total score of scale positively correlated with RSES, whereas the IES-R-K, BAI, CES-D, and the PSS negatively correlated with the 10-item K-CD-RISC. Conclusions The 10-item K-CD-RISC has good psychometric properties and is applicable for victims exposed to noxious chemical such as HF.
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Jalilianhasanpour R, Williams B, Gilman I, Burke MJ, Glass S, Fricchione GL, Keshavan MS, LaFrance WC, Perez DL. Resilience linked to personality dimensions, alexithymia and affective symptoms in motor functional neurological disorders. J Psychosom Res 2018; 107:55-61. [PMID: 29502765 PMCID: PMC5856107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced resilience, a construct associated with maladaptive stress coping and a predisposing vulnerability for Functional Neurological Disorders (FND), has been under-studied compared to other neuropsychiatric factors in FND. This prospective case-control study investigated self-reported resilience in patients with FND compared to controls and examined relationships between resilience and affective symptoms, personality traits, alexithymia, health status and adverse life event burden. METHODS 50 individuals with motor FND and 47 healthy controls participated. A univariate test followed by a logistic regression analysis investigated group-level differences in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) scores. For within-group analyses performed separately in patients with FND and controls, univariate screening tests followed by multivariate linear regression analyses examined factors associated with self-reported resilience. RESULTS Adjusting for age, gender, education status, ethnicity and lifetime adverse event burden, patients with FND reported reduced resilience compared to controls. Within-group analyses in patients with FND showed that individual-differences in mental health, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness positively correlated with CD-RISC scores; post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity, depression, anxiety, alexithymia and neuroticism scores negatively correlated with CD-RISC scores. Extraversion independently predicted resilience scores in patients with FND. In control subjects, univariate associations were appreciated between CD-RISC scores and gender, personality traits, anxiety, alexithymia and physical health; conscientiousness independently predicted resilience in controls. CONCLUSION Patients with FND reported reduced resilience, and CD-RISC scores covaried with other important predisposing vulnerabilities for the development of FND. Future research should investigate if the CD-RISC is predictive of clinical outcomes in patients with FND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Jalilianhasanpour
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Williams
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabelle Gilman
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Burke
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean Glass
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory L Fricchione
- Department of Psychiatry, Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Curt LaFrance
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Brown University, Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David L Perez
- Department of Neurology, Functional Neurology Research Group, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Mul JD. Voluntary exercise and depression-like behavior in rodents: are we running in the right direction? J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R77-R95. [PMID: 29330149 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute or chronic exposure to stress can increase the risk to develop major depressive disorder, a severe, recurrent and common psychiatric condition. Depression places an enormous social and financial burden on modern society. Although many depressed patients are treated with antidepressants, their efficacy is only modest, underscoring the necessity to develop clinically effective pharmaceutical or behavioral treatments. Exercise training produces beneficial effects on stress-related mental disorders, indicative of clinical potential. The pro-resilient and antidepressant effects of exercise training have been documented for several decades. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the brain circuitries involved remain poorly understood. Preclinical investigations using voluntary wheel running, a frequently used rodent model that mimics aspects of human exercise training, have started to shed light on the molecular adaptations, signaling pathways and brain nuclei underlying the beneficial effects of exercise training on stress-related behavior. In this review, I highlight several neurotransmitter systems that are putative mediators of the beneficial effects of exercise training on mental health, and review recent rodent studies that utilized voluntary wheel running to promote our understanding of exercise training-induced central adaptations. Advancements in our mechanistic understanding of how exercise training induces beneficial neuronal adaptations will provide a framework for the development of new strategies to treat stress-associated mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram D Mul
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hughes JM, Ulmer CS, Gierisch JM, Nicole Hastings S, Howard MO. Insomnia in United States military veterans: An integrated theoretical model. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 59:118-125. [PMID: 29180102 PMCID: PMC5930488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Marked by difficulty falling or staying asleep and/or poor sleep leading to daytime dysfunction, insomnia contributes to functional impairment, poor health, and increased healthcare utilization when left untreated. As many as two-thirds of Iraq and Afghanistan military veterans complain of insomnia. Older veterans of prior conflicts report insomnia occurring since initial service, suggesting a chronic nature to insomnia in this population. Despite insomnia's high prevalence and severe consequences, there is no theoretical model to explain either the onset or chronicity of insomnia in this growing patient population. Existing theories view insomnia as an acute, unidirectional phenomenon and do little to elucidate long-term consequences of such problems. Existing theories also fail to address mechanisms by which acute insomnia becomes chronic. This paper presents an original, integrated theoretical model that draws upon constructs from several prominent behavioral medicine theories to reconceptualize insomnia as a chronic, cyclical problem that is both a consequence and predictor of stress. Additional research examining the relationships between stress, sleep, resilience, and outcomes of interest could inform clinical and research practices. Addressing sleep problems early could potentially enhance adaptive capacity, thereby reducing the risk for subsequent negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Hughes
- Health Services Research & Development, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Christi S Ulmer
- Health Services Research & Development, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer M Gierisch
- Health Services Research & Development, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S Nicole Hastings
- Health Services Research & Development, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Matthew O Howard
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Sheerin CM, Lind MJ, Brown EA, Gardner CO, Kendler KS, Amstadter AB. The impact of resilience and subsequent stressful life events on MDD and GAD. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:140-147. [PMID: 29172241 PMCID: PMC5794521 DOI: 10.1002/da.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There remains a dearth of research examining the "buffering" effect of resilience, wherein resilience at one point in time would be expected to protect an individual against development of psychopathology following future adverse life events. METHODS Using longitudinal data from an epidemiological twin sample (N = 7463), this study tested whether resilience would act as a buffer for stressful life events (SLEs) against risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Resilience, demographics, and psychopathology were measured at Time 1 and recent SLEs and current MDD and GAD were measured at Time 2. RESULTS Final models, controlling for demographic covariates and Time 1 diagnosis, examined the impact of Time 1 resilience, recent SLEs, their interaction, and a three-way interaction adding sex on MDD and GAD. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of findings was the same for MDD and GAD, wherein main effects and two-way interactions of resilience and SLEs were significant, such that greater resilience was protective even in the context of high numbers of past-year SLEs. The three-way interaction was not significant, suggesting that the relationship between SLEs and resilience on psychopathology was the same for both men and women. Findings support the conceptualization of resilience as a buffer against the impact of future life stressors on common internalizing psychopathology. Longitudinal designs and trajectory-based studies that include recurring measures of SLEs could inform conceptualizations of resilience in the context of ongoing adversity and aid in developing interventions aimed at fostering healthy adaptation in the face of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Lind
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Emily A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles O Gardner
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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