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Sibilia F, Jost-Mousseau C, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Büchel C, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Bokde AL. The relationship between negative life events and cortical structural connectivity in adolescents. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:201-210. [PMID: 38348392 PMCID: PMC10859284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a crucial period for physical and psychological development. The impact of negative life events represents a risk factor for the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders. This study aims to investigate the relationship between negative life events and structural brain connectivity, considering both graph theory and connectivity strength. A group (n = 487) of adolescents from the IMAGEN Consortium was divided into Low and High Stress groups. Brain networks were extracted at an individual level, based on morphological similarity between grey matter regions with regions defined using an atlas-based region of interest (ROI) approach. Between-group comparisons were performed with global and local graph theory measures in a range of sparsity levels. The analysis was also performed in a larger sample of adolescents (n = 976) to examine linear correlations between stress level and network measures. Connectivity strength differences were investigated with network-based statistics. Negative life events were not found to be a factor influencing global network measures at any sparsity level. At local network level, between-group differences were found in centrality measures of the left somato-motor network (a decrease of betweenness centrality was seen at sparsity 5%), of the bilateral central visual and the left dorsal attention network (increase of degree at sparsity 10% at sparsity 30% respectively). Network-based statistics analysis showed an increase in connectivity strength in the High stress group in edges connecting the dorsal attention, limbic and salience networks. This study suggests negative life events alone do not alter structural connectivity globally, but they are associated to connectivity properties in areas involved in emotion and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sibilia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Coline Jost-Mousseau
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - IMAGEN Consortium
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, VT, USA
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; and AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité; and Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, France
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Ow N, Marchand K, Liu G, Mallia E, Mathias S, Sutherland J, Barbic SP. Patterns of service utilization among youth with substance use service need: a cohort study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:62. [PMID: 37924116 PMCID: PMC10623844 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated youth services (IYS) are vital to addressing the needs of youth who use substances. Evidence on the characteristics of youths accessing these services and the types of services accessed have been limited. The objectives were to identify sociodemographic, self-reported health and mental health, patterns of service utilization (service type and frequency of visits) among youths with different levels of substance use service needs (low, moderate, and high), and to estimate the extent to which substance use service needs, self-reported health and mental health influenced the frequency of visits and types of service utilized. METHODS Data were collected from youth (12-24 years) accessing IYS centres in Canada. Information on socio-demographic factors, substance use in the last month, self-rated health measures, number of service visits, and type of services utilized were included. Poisson regression was used to estimate the relationship between substance use needs and number of service visits and the different type of services utilized. RESULTS Of 6181 youths, 48.0% were categorized as low substance use service needs, 30.6% had moderate needs and 21.4% had high needs, with higher proportion of men in the high needs group. Mental health and substance use (MHSU) services were utilized the most across all three groups, followed by counseling. The median number of visits was 4 for the low and moderate needs group and 5 in the high needs group. People with high service needs had 10% higher rate of service visits and utilized 10% more services than people with low service needs (service visits: RR = 1.1 (95%CI: 1.1-1.2); service type: RR = 1.1 (95%CI:1.0-1.1)). The rate of service visits increased by 30 to 50% and the number of services increased by 10-20% for people who rated their health good/fair/poor. Similarly, the rate of service visits increased by 40 to 60% and the number of services increased by 20% for people who rated their mental health good/fair/poor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPACTS Our study highlighted that regardless of service needs, youth who use alcohol and drugs have complex intersecting needs that present once they access integrated youth services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Ow
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, 570-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
- Providence Research, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Kirsten Marchand
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, 570-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Providence Research, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Guiping Liu
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, 570-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Emilie Mallia
- Foundry Central Office, 201-1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2K5, Canada
| | - Steve Mathias
- Foundry Central Office, 201-1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2K5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jason Sutherland
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, 570-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Skye Pamela Barbic
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, 570-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Providence Research, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Foundry Central Office, 201-1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2K5, Canada
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Vera Cruz G, Barrault-Méthy AM, Bove MD, Nauge M. Relationship between gamer profiles, gaming behavior, sociodemographic characteristics, and big five personality traits among French law students. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:285. [PMID: 37737215 PMCID: PMC10515229 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 10 years, gamer profiles have been developed to understand the reason underlying players' intrinsic motivation. While the research undertaken has led to the creation of distinct models (e.g., BrainHex and Hexad typologies), there is a lack of studies on the prevalence of these profiles among a specific population and the association between the target population's profiles and their personality traits, gaming behavior, and sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS Thus, the present study aimed to (a) establish the gamer profiles of French undergraduate law students, (b) examine the relationships between the participants' profiles and their personality traits, gaming behavior, and sociodemographic characteristics, with a view to the development of serious games specifically intended for this population. In total, 753 French undergraduate students participated in the study, completing an online questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA), chi-square, and ANOVA. RESULTS The main findings show that among participants, the two most prevalent gamers' profiles are Mastermind (45%) and Seeker (22.7%); followed by three less represented archetypes: Conqueror (12.9%), Daredevil (9.7%), and Achiever (9.7%). These archetypes are associated with the participants' Big Five personality traits. Specifically, Daredevils, Masterminds, and Seekers have high mean scores on Extraversion (p < .001); Achievers and Seekers have high mean scores on Agreeableness (p < .001); Seekers and Achievers have high mean scores on Neuroticism (p < .001); and Seekers, Masterminds, and Achievers have high mean scores on Openness (p < .001). The unveiled profiles are also significantly associated with the participants' gaming behavior including their playing frequency (p < .001), game types (p = .031), and sociodemographic characteristics (p < .001). For example, Masterminds are more likely to be female than the other four profiles (p < .001), while Conquerors and Daredevils are more likely to have a low socio-economic status compared to those with intermediate and high socio-economic status (p = .49). CONCLUSION These findings can be used to design serious/educational games tailored to the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Vera Cruz
- Department of Psychology, UR7273 CRP-CPO, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Campus Chemin du Thil, Amiens, 80000, France.
| | - Anne-Marie Barrault-Méthy
- Department of Law, U. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 4600 CERFAPS, France
- UR15076 FoReLLIS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marion Del Bove
- Linguistics Research Center - Corpus, Discourse and Societies, University Jean Moulin Lyon 3, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Nauge
- UR15076 FoReLLIS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Rios JM, Miller AL, Lumeng JC, Rosenblum K, Appugliese DP, Kaciroti N, Gearhardt AN. Behavioral Responses to Sucrose as an Indicator of Positive Hedonic Response Across the First Six Months of Infancy. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112914. [PMID: 32450104 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral responses to sucrose provide an index of positive hedonic response in newborns. In 118 infants, the current study used repeated assessments to explore behavioral responses to sucrose solutions (24%/50% sucrose) compared to water across the first six months of infancy. Lip smacking and bringing fingers to mouth are more likely to occur in response to 24% sucrose relative to water. Tongue protrusions are also more likely to occur for 50% sucrose relative to water. Behavioral responses to sucrose may provide an index of positive hedonic response and could be used to investigate individual differences in the first six months of infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Rios
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Alison L Miller
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Danielle P Appugliese
- Appugliese Professional Advisors, LLC, P.O. Box 71, North Easton, MA, United States.
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Lao-Kaim NP, Giampietro VP, Williams SCR, Simmons A, Tchanturia K. Functional MRI investigation of verbal working memory in adults with anorexia nervosa. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 29:211-8. [PMID: 23849992 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLiterature regarding verbal working memory (vWM) in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been inconsistent due to a misunderstanding of the key components of vWM and introduction of confounding stimuli. Furthermore, there are no studies looking at how brain function in people with AN relates to vWM performance. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a letter n-back paradigm to study the effect of increasing vWM task difficulty on cortical functioning in the largest AN sample to date (n = 31). Although the AN group had low BMI and higher anxious and depressive symptomology compared to age-matched controls (HC), there were no between-group differences in accuracy and speed at any task difficulty. fMRI data revealed no regions exhibiting significant differences in activation when groups were compared at each difficulty separately and no regions showing group x condition interaction. Although there was a trend towards lower accuracy as duration of illness increased, this was not correlated with activity in regions associated with vWM. These findings indicate that vWM in AN is as efficient and performed using the same cognitive strategy as HC, and that there may not be a need for therapies to pursue remediation of this particular neurocognitive faculty.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Lao-Kaim
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - V P Giampietro
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroimaging, SE5 8AF London, United Kingdom
| | - S C R Williams
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroimaging, SE5 8AF London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London, Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Simmons
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroimaging, SE5 8AF London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London, Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Tchanturia
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Sex Differences in Adolescent Neurobiological Risk for Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Brain and Cognitive Development in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review of fMRI Studies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081907. [PMID: 31443192 PMCID: PMC6723243 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder often occurring in adolescence. AN has one of the highest mortality rates amongst psychiatric illnesses and is associated with medical complications and high risk for psychiatric comorbidities, persisting after treatment. Remission rates range from 23% to 33%. Moreover, weight recovery does not necessarily reflect cognitive recovery. This issue is of particular interest in adolescence, characterized by progressive changes in brain structure and functional circuitries, and fast cognitive development. We reviewed existing literature on fMRI studies in adolescents diagnosed with AN, following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies had to: (1) be written in English; (2) include only adolescent participants; and (3) use block-design fMRI. We propose a pathogenic model based on normal and AN-related neural and cognitive maturation during adolescence. We propose that underweight and delayed puberty-caused by genetic, environmental, and neurobehavioral factors-can affect brain and cognitive development and lead to impaired cognitive flexibility, which in turn sustains the perpetuation of aberrant behaviors in a vicious cycle. Moreover, greater punishment sensitivity causes a shift toward punishment-based learning, leading to greater anxiety and ultimately to excessive reappraisal over emotions. Treatments combining physiological and neurobehavioral rationales must be adopted to improve outcomes and prevent relapses.
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Kiriishi K, Doi H, Magata N, Torisu T, Tanaka M, Ohkubo M, Haneda M, Okatomi M, Shinohara K, Ayuse T. Occlusal force predicts global motion coherence threshold in adolescent boys. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:331. [PMID: 30336772 PMCID: PMC6194662 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beneficial effects of mastication on cognitive abilities in the elderly have been shown in human studies. However, little is currently known about the effect of masticatory stimulation on cognitive and perceptual ability in younger populations. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influences of masticatory stimulation on perceptual ability in adolescent boys. Methods The present study examined the relationship between occlusal force (i.e., masticatory stimulation) and visual perception ability in adolescent boys. Visual perception ability was quantified by measuring global motion coherence threshold using psychophysical method. As an index of masticatory stimulation, occlusal force was measured by pressure sensitive film. We also measured participants’ athletic ability, e.g. aerobic capacity and grip strength, as potential confounding factor. Results The multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between global motion coherence threshold and occlusal force, which persisted after controlling for confounding factors such as age and aerobic capacity. Conclusions This finding indicates that masticatory stimulation enhances visual perception in adolescent boys, indicating the possibility that beneficial effects of masticatory stimulation are observed not only in the elderly but in developing population consistently with the findings of the previous animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kiriishi
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Doi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Magata
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Torisu
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mihoko Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuyuki Shinohara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takao Ayuse
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
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The development of functional network organization in early childhood and early adolescence: A resting-state fNIRS study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:223-235. [PMID: 29631206 PMCID: PMC6969083 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood (7–8 years old) and early adolescence (11–12 years old) constitute two landmark developmental stages that comprise considerable changes in neural cognition. However, very limited information from functional neuroimaging studies exists on the functional topological configuration of the human brain during specific developmental periods. In the present study, we utilized continuous resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (rs-fNIRS) imaging data to examine topological changes in network organization during development from early childhood and early adolescence to adulthood. Our results showed that the properties of small-worldness and modularity were not significantly different across development, demonstrating the developmental maturity of important functional brain organization in early childhood. Intriguingly, young children had a significantly lower global efficiency than early adolescents and adults, which revealed that the integration of the distributed networks strengthens across the developmental stages underlying cognitive development. Moreover, local efficiency of young children and adolescents was significantly lower than that of adults, while there was no difference between these two younger groups. This finding demonstrated that functional segregation remained relatively steady from early childhood to early adolescence, and the brain in these developmental periods possesses no optimal network configuration. Furthermore, we found heterogeneous developmental patterns in the regional nodal properties in various brain regions, such as linear increased nodal properties in the frontal cortex, indicating increasing cognitive capacity over development. Collectively, our results demonstrated that significant topological changes in functional network organization occurred during these two critical developmental stages, and provided a novel insight into elucidating subtle changes in brain functional networks across development.
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Sheth C, McGlade E, Yurgelun-Todd D. Chronic Stress in Adolescents and Its Neurobiological and Psychopathological Consequences: An RDoC Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 29527590 PMCID: PMC5841253 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017715645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative provides a strategy for classifying psychopathology based on behavioral dimensions and neurobiological measures. Neurodevelopment is an orthogonal dimension in the current RDoC framework; however, it has not yet been fully incorporated into the RDoC approach. A combination of both a neurodevelopmental and RDoC approach offers a multidimensional perspective for understanding the emergence of psychopathology during development. Environmental influence (e.g., stress) has a profound impact on the risk for development of psychiatric illnesses. It has been shown that chronic stress interacts with the developing brain, producing significant changes in neural circuits that eventually increase the susceptibility for development of psychiatric disorders. This review highlights effects of chronic stress on the adolescent brain, as adolescence is a period characterized by a combination of significant brain alterations, high levels of stress, and emergence of psychopathology. The literature synthesized in this review suggests that chronic stress-induced changes in neurobiology and behavioral constructs underlie the shared vulnerability across a number of disorders in adolescence. The review particularly focuses on depression and substance use disorders; however, a similar argument can also be made for other psychopathologies, including anxiety disorders. The summarized findings underscore the need for a framework to integrate neurobiological findings from disparate psychiatric disorders and to target transdiagnostic mechanisms across disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Sheth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin McGlade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRREC), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRREC), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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11
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ANGELES CPLEWISDELOS, WILLIAMS PL, HUO Y, WANG SD, UBAN KA, HERTING MM, MALEE K, YOGEV R, CSERNANSKY JG, NICHOLS S, VAN DYKE RB, SOWELL ER, WANG L. Lower total and regional grey matter brain volumes in youth with perinatally-acquired HIV infection: Associations with HIV disease severity, substance use, and cognition. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:100-109. [PMID: 28089557 PMCID: PMC5373952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improved survival due to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) show cognitive deficits and developmental delay at increased rates. HIV affects the brain during critical periods of development, and the brain may be a persistent reservoir for HIV due to suboptimal blood brain barrier penetration of cART. We conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and cognitive testing in 40 PHIV youth (mean age=16.7years) recruited from the NIH Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) who are part of the first generation of PHIV youth surviving into adulthood. Historical and current HIV disease severity and substance use measures were also collected. Total and regional cortical grey matter brain volumes were compared to a group of 334 typically-developing, HIV-unexposed and uninfected youth (frequency-matched for age and sex) from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics (PING) study (mean age=16.1years). PHIV youth had smaller (2.8-5.1%) total and regional grey matter volumes than HIV-unexposed and uninfected youth, with smallest volumes seen among PHIV youth with higher past peak viral load (VL) and recent unsuppressed VL. In PHIV youth, worse cognitive performance correlated with smaller volumes. This pattern of smaller grey matter volumes suggests that PHIV infection may influence brain development and underlie cognitive dysfunction seen in this population. Among PHIV youth, smaller volumes were also linked to substance use (alcohol use: 9.0-13.4%; marijuana use: 10.1-16.0%). In this study, collection of substance use information was limited to the PHIV cohort; future studies should also collect substance use information in controls to further address interactions between HIV and substance use on brain volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Paula LEWIS-DE LOS ANGELES
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Paige L. WILLIAMS
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yanling HUO
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Shirlene D. WANG
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kristina A. UBAN
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Megan M. HERTING
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathleen MALEE
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Ram YOGEV
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John G. CSERNANSKY
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sharon NICHOLS
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Russell B. VAN DYKE
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Elizabeth R. SOWELL
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lei WANG
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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12
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Lago T, Davis A, Grillon C, Ernst M. Striatum on the anxiety map: Small detours into adolescence. Brain Res 2017; 1654:177-184. [PMID: 27276526 PMCID: PMC5140771 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is the most sensitive period for the development of pathological anxiety. Moreover, specific neural changes associated with the striatum might be related to adolescent vulnerability to anxiety. Up to now, the study of anxiety has primarily focused on the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), while the striatum has typically not been considered as part of the anxiety system. This review proposes the addition of the striatum, a complex, multi-component structure, to the anxiety network by underscoring two lines of research. First, the co-occurrence of the adolescent striatal development with the peak vulnerability of adolescents to anxiety disorders might potentially reflect a causal relationship. Second, the recognition of the role of the striatum in fundamental behavioral processes that do affect anxiety supports the putative importance of the striatum in anxiety. These behavioral processes include (1) attention, (2) conditioning/prediction error, and (3) motivation. This review proposes a simplistic schematic representation of the anxiety circuitry that includes the striatum, and aims to promote further work in this direction, as the role of the striatum in shaping an anxiety phenotype during adolescence could have critical implications for understanding and preventing the peak onset of anxiety disorders during this period. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Lago
- The National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety (SNFA), National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
| | - Andrew Davis
- The National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety (SNFA), National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
| | - Christian Grillon
- The National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety (SNFA), National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
| | - Monique Ernst
- The National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety (SNFA), National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
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13
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Romeo RD. The impact of stress on the structure of the adolescent brain: Implications for adolescent mental health. Brain Res 2017; 1654:185-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Silveri MM, Dager AD, Cohen-Gilbert JE, Sneider JT. Neurobiological signatures associated with alcohol and drug use in the human adolescent brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:244-259. [PMID: 27377691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques provide opportunities to non-invasively characterize neurobiological milestones of adolescent brain development. Juxtaposed to the critical finalization of brain development is initiation of alcohol and substance use, and increased frequency and quantity of use, patterns that can lead to abuse and addiction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of existing MR studies of adolescent alcohol and drug users. The most common alterations reported across substance used and MR modalities are in the frontal lobe (63% of published studies). This is not surprising, given that this is the last region to reach neurobiological adulthood. Comparatively, evidence is less consistent regarding alterations in regions that mature earlier (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus), however newer techniques now permit investigations beyond regional approaches that are uncovering network-level vulnerabilities. Regardless of whether neurobiological signatures exist prior to the initiation of use, this body of work provides important direction for ongoing prospective investigations of adolescent brain development, and the significant impact of alcohol and substance use on the brain during the second decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Silveri
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alecia D Dager
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julia E Cohen-Gilbert
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Sneider
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Hammerslag LR, Gulley JM. Sex differences in behavior and neural development and their role in adolescent vulnerability to substance use. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:15-26. [PMID: 25882721 PMCID: PMC4603997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are especially prone to risky behavior and to the emergence of psychological disorders like substance abuse, anxiety and depression. However, there is a sex (or gender) difference in this vulnerability, with females being more prone to developing internalizing disorders and males being more likely to engage in risky behavior and drug use. While several researchers have proposed that there is a relationship between corticolimbic circuit development and adolescent vulnerability, the current proposed models do not take sex differences into account. In this review, we explore recent findings from both human and rodent studies of sex differences during adolescence. In particular, we consider epidemiological studies on the factors that contribute to the development of substance abuse and internalizing disorders, laboratory studies on reward-related and decision-making behavior, and neuroanatomical studies on the development of several structures in the corticolimbic circuit (i.e., prefrontal cortex [PFC], amygdala and striatum). We then integrate these recent findings into models of adolescent vulnerability to substance use that have previously not addressed sex differences. Lastly, we discuss methodological considerations for the interpretation and design of studies on sex (or gender) differences during adolescence while highlighting some opportunities for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Gulley
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA; Department of Psychology University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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16
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Nees F, Heinrich A, Flor H. A mechanism-oriented approach to psychopathology: The role of Pavlovian conditioning. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:351-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Brown MRG, Benoit JRA, Juhás M, Dametto E, Tse TT, MacKay M, Sen B, Carroll AM, Hodlevskyy O, Silverstone PH, Dolcos F, Dursun SM, Greenshaw AJ. fMRI investigation of response inhibition, emotion, impulsivity, and clinical high-risk behavior in adolescents. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:124. [PMID: 26483645 PMCID: PMC4586270 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk behavior in adolescents is associated with injury, mental health problems, and poor outcomes in later life. Improved understanding of the neurobiology of high-risk behavior and impulsivity shows promise for informing clinical treatment and prevention as well as policy to better address high-risk behavior. We recruited 21 adolescents (age 14–17) with a wide range of high-risk behavior tendencies, including medically high-risk participants recruited from psychiatric clinics. Risk tendencies were assessed using the Adolescent Risk Behavior Screen (ARBS). ARBS risk scores correlated highly (0.78) with impulsivity scores from the Barratt Impulsivity scale (BIS). Participants underwent 4.7 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an emotional Go/NoGo task. This task presented an aversive or neutral distractor image simultaneously with each Go or NoGo stimulus. Risk behavior and impulsivity tendencies exhibited similar but not identical associations with fMRI activation patterns in prefrontal brain regions. We interpret these results as reflecting differences in response inhibition, emotional stimulus processing, and emotion regulation in relation to participant risk behavior tendencies and impulsivity levels. The results are consistent with high impulsivity playing an important role in determining high risk tendencies in this sample containing clinically high-risk adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James R A Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michal Juhás
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ericson Dametto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tiffanie T Tse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marnie MacKay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bhaskar Sen
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alan M Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Florin Dolcos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Psychology Department, Neuroscience Program, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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Feasibility of functional neuroimaging to understand adolescent women's sexual decision making. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56:389-95. [PMID: 25595129 PMCID: PMC4794319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For young women, new sexual experiences normatively increase after puberty and coincide with extensive changes to brain regions governing self-regulation of risk behavior. These neurodevelopmental changes could leave some young women vulnerable for negative sexual outcomes, including sexually transmitted infection and unintended pregnancy. We evaluated the feasibility of using functional neuroimaging to understand the sexual decision making of adolescent women. METHODS Adolescent women (N = 14; 14-15 years) completed enrollment interviews, a neuroimaging task gauging neural activation to appetitive stimuli, and 30 days of prospective diaries following the scan characterizing daily affect and sexual behaviors. Descriptive and inferential statistics assessed the association between imaging and behavioral data. RESULTS Young women were highly compliant with neuroimaging and diary protocol. Neural activity in a cognitive-affective network, including prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, was significantly greater during low-risk decisions. Compared with other decisions, high-risk sexual decisions elicited greater activity in the anterior cingulate, and low-risk sexual decision elicited greater activity in regions of the visual cortex. Young women's sexual decision ratings were linked to their sexual history characteristics and daily self-reports of sexual emotions and behaviors. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to recruit and retain a cohort of female participants to perform a functional magnetic resonance imaging task focused on making decisions about sex, on the basis of varying levels of hypothetical sexual risk, and to complete longitudinal prospective diaries following this task. Preliminary evidence suggests that risk level differentially impacts brain activity related to sexual decision making in these women, which may be related to past and future sexual behaviors.
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19
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Brown MRG, Benoit JRA, Juhás M, Lebel RM, MacKay M, Dametto E, Silverstone PH, Dolcos F, Dursun SM, Greenshaw AJ. Neural correlates of high-risk behavior tendencies and impulsivity in an emotional Go/NoGo fMRI task. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:24. [PMID: 25805975 PMCID: PMC4354310 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved neuroscientific understanding of high-risk behaviors such as alcohol binging, drug use, and unsafe sex will lead to therapeutic advances for high-risk groups. High-risk behavior often occurs in an emotionally-charged context, and behavioral inhibition and emotion regulation play important roles in risk-related decision making. High impulsivity is an important potential contributor to high-risk behavior tendencies. We explored the relationships between high-risk behavior tendencies, impulsivity, and fMRI brain activations in an emotional Go/NoGo task. This task presented emotional distractor pictures (aversive vs. neutral) simultaneously with Go/NoGo stimuli (square vs. circle) that required a button press or withholding of the press, respectively. Participants' risk behavior tendencies were assessed with the Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events (CARE) scale. The Barratt Impulsivity Scale 11 (BIS) was used to assess participant impulsivity. Individuals with higher CARE risk scores exhibited reduced activation related to response inhibition (NoGo-Go) in right orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These regions did not show a significant relationship with impulsivity scores. Conversely, more impulsive individuals showed reduced emotion-related activity (aversive-neutral distractors) in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, and right posterior OFC. There were distinct neural correlates of high-risk behavior tendency and impulsivity in terms of brain activity in the emotional Go/NoGo task. This dissociation supports the conception of high-risk behavior tendency as a distinct construct from that of impulsivity. Our results suggest that treatment for high-risk behavior may be more effective with a nuanced approach that does not conflate high impulsivity necessarily with high-risk behavior tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James R A Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michal Juhás
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R M Lebel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marnie MacKay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ericson Dametto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Florin Dolcos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Serdar M Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Ernst M, Torrisi S, Balderston N, Grillon C, Hale EA. fMRI functional connectivity applied to adolescent neurodevelopment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2015; 11:361-77. [PMID: 25581237 PMCID: PMC4990783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The exponential rise in the number of functional brain connectivity studies, particularly those examining intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) at rest, and the promises of this work for unraveling the ontogeny of functional neural systems motivate this review. Shortly before this explosion in functional connectivity research, developmental neuroscientists had proposed theories based on neural systems models to explain behavioral changes, particularly in adolescence. The current review presents recent advances in imaging in brain connectivity research, which provides a unique tool for the study of neural systems. Understanding the potential of neuroimaging for refining neurodevelopmental models of brain function requires a description of various functional connectivity approaches. In this review, we describe task-based and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analytic strategies, but we focus on iFC findings from resting-state data to describe general developmental trajectories of brain network organization. Finally, we use the example of drug addiction to frame a discussion of psychopathology that emerges in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nicholas Balderston
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Christian Grillon
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Elizabeth A. Hale
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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21
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Self-disturbances as a possible premorbid indicator of schizophrenia risk: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:73-80. [PMID: 23932148 PMCID: PMC3877695 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-disturbances (SDs) are increasingly identified in schizophrenia and are theorized to confer vulnerability to psychosis. Neuroimaging research has shed some light on the neural correlates of SDs in schizophrenia. But, the onset and trajectory of the neural alterations underlying SDs in schizophrenia remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that the aberrant structure and function of brain areas (e.g., prefrontal, lateral temporal, and parietal cortical structures) comprising the "neural circuitry of self" may represent an early, premorbid (i.e., pre-prodromal) indicator of schizophrenia risk. Consistent with neurodevelopmental models, we argue that "early" (i.e., perinatal) dysmaturational processes (e.g., abnormal cortical neural cell migration and mini-columnar formation) affecting key prefrontal (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex), lateral temporal cortical (e.g., superior temporal sulcus), and parietal (e.g., inferior parietal lobule) structures involved in self-processing may lead to subtle disruptions of "self" during childhood in persons at risk for schizophrenia. During adolescence, progressive neurodevelopmental alterations (e.g., aberrant synaptic pruning) affecting the neural circuitry of self may contribute to worsening of SDs. This could result in the emergence of prodromal symptoms and, eventually, full-blown psychosis. To highlight why adolescence may be a period of heightened risk for SDs, we first summarize the literature regarding the neural correlates of self in typically developing children. Next, we present evidence from neuroimaging studies in genetic high-risk youth suggesting that fronto-temporal-parietal structures mediating self-reflection may be abnormal in the premorbid period. Our goal is that the ideas presented here might provide future directions for research into the neurobiology of SDs during the pre-psychosis development of youth at risk for schizophrenia.
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22
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Brent BK, Thermenos HW, Keshavan MS, Seidman LJ. Gray Matter Alterations in Schizophrenia High-Risk Youth and Early-Onset Schizophrenia: A Review of Structural MRI Findings. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2013; 22:689-714. [PMID: 24012081 PMCID: PMC3767930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on structural magnetic resonance imaging findings in pediatric and young adult populations at clinical or genetic high-risk for schizophrenia and early-onset schizophrenia. The implications of this research are discussed for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and for early intervention strategies. The evidence linking brain structural changes in prepsychosis development and early-onset schizophrenia with disruptions of normal neurodevelopmental processes during childhood or adolescence is described. Future directions are outlined for research to address knowledge gaps regarding the neurobiological basis of brain structural abnormalities in schizophrenia and to improve the usefulness of these abnormalities for preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Brent
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Public Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, 75 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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23
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Hoogendam JM, Kahn RS, Hillegers MHJ, van Buuren M, Vink M. Different developmental trajectories for anticipation and receipt of reward during adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2013; 6:113-24. [PMID: 24055865 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical adolescent behaviour such as increased risk-taking and novelty-seeking is probably related to developmental changes in the brain reward system. This functional MRI study investigated how brain activation related to two components of reward processing (Reward Anticipation and Reward Outcome) changes with age in a sample of 39 children, adolescents and young adults aged 10-25. Our data revealed age-related changes in brain activity during both components of reward processing. Activation related to Reward Anticipation increased with age, while activation related to Reward Outcome decreased in various regions of the reward network. This shift from outcome to anticipation was confirmed by subsequent analyses showing positive correlations between age and the difference in activation between Reward Anticipation and Reward Outcome. The shift was predominantly present in striatal regions and was accompanied by a significant effect of age on behaviour, with older participants showing more response speeding on potentially rewarding trials than younger participants. This study provides evidence for functional changes in the reward system which may underlie typical adolescent behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Marie Hoogendam
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Carlisi C, Pavletic N, Ernst M. New perspectives on neural systems models of adolescent behavior: Functional brain connectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurenf.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Vetter NC, Weigelt S, Döhnel K, Smolka MN, Kliegel M. Ongoing neural development of affective theory of mind in adolescence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1022-9. [PMID: 23716712 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective Theory of Mind (ToM), an important aspect of ToM, involves the understanding of affective mental states. This ability is critical in the developmental phase of adolescence, which is often related with socio-emotional problems. Using a developmentally sensitive behavioral task in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging, the present study investigated the neural development of affective ToM throughout adolescence. Eighteen adolescent (ages 12-14 years) and 18 young adult women (aged 19-25 years) were scanned while evaluating complex affective mental states depicted by actors in video clips. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) showed significantly stronger activation in adolescents in comparison to adults in the affective ToM condition. Current results indicate that the vmPFC might be involved in the development of affective ToM processing in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora C Vetter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Weigelt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, SwitzerlandDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Döhnel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, and Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Eiland L, Romeo RD. Stress and the developing adolescent brain. Neuroscience 2012; 249:162-71. [PMID: 23123920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of continued brain maturation, particularly in limbic and cortical regions, which undoubtedly plays a role in the physiological and emotional changes coincident with adolescence. An emerging line of research has indicated that stressors experienced during this crucial developmental stage may affect the trajectory of this neural maturation and contribute to the increase in psychological morbidities, such as anxiety and depression, often observed during adolescence. In this review, we discuss the short- and long-term effects of periadolescent stress exposure on the structure and function of the brain. More specifically, we examine how stress at prepubertal and early adolescent stages of development affects the morphological plasticity of limbic and cortical brain regions, as well as the enduring effects of adolescent stress exposure on these brain regions in adulthood. We suggest that, due to a number of converging factors during this period of maturation, the adolescent brain may be particularly sensitive to stress-induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions with important consequences on an individual's immediate and long-term health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eiland
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Richards JM, Plate RC, Ernst M. Neural systems underlying motivated behavior in adolescence: implications for preventive medicine. Prev Med 2012; 55 Suppl:S7-S16. [PMID: 22198622 PMCID: PMC3480556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a time of increased independence and autonomy, adolescence is also a time of vulnerabilities, through increased risk-taking and the emergence of psychopathology. Neurodevelopmental changes during this period may provide a neurobiological basis for this normative rise in deleterious behaviors. Thus, the objective of this review was to identify neurodevelopmental processes underlying the emergence of risk-taking and psychopathology in adolescence, and discuss implications of these findings for prevention. METHOD This article reviews literature examining developmental and contextual factors influencing neural functioning in systems mediating threat, reward, and cognitive control. This literature is discussed from the perspective of the Triadic Neural Systems Model of motivated behavior. RESULTS Neuroimaging research suggests that neurodevelopmental and contextual factors both contribute to a shift in the functional equilibrium among the Triadic nodes. This equilibrium shift may contribute to negative outcomes of adolescent risk behavior. Most importantly, the balance of this equilibrium and its sensitivity to social and appetitive contexts may be exploited to facilitate prevention of deleterious outcomes. CONCLUSION Understanding developmental and contextual factors that influence functioning in motivational neural circuits can inform research on adolescent risk-taking, and may provide targets for novel preventions, for example through the use of incentives to reduce deleterious outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, 2103R Cole Field House, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20741, USA
| | - Rista C. Plate
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH-Building 15-K, Room 110, MSC-2670, Bethesda, MD 20817-2670, USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH-Building 15-K, Room 110, MSC-2670, Bethesda, MD 20817-2670, USA
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Goddings AL, Burnett Heyes S, Bird G, Viner RM, Blakemore SJ. The relationship between puberty and social emotion processing. Dev Sci 2012; 15:801-11. [PMID: 23106734 PMCID: PMC3795450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The social brain undergoes developmental change during adolescence, and pubertal hormones are hypothesized to contribute to this development. We used fMRI to explore how pubertal indicators (salivary concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol and DHEA; pubertal stage; menarcheal status) relate to brain activity during a social emotion task. Forty-two females aged 11.1 to 13.7 years underwent fMRI scanning while reading scenarios pertaining either to social emotions, which require the representation of another person’s mental states, or to basic emotions, which do not. Pubertal stage and menarcheal status were used to assign girls to early or late puberty groups. Across the entire sample, the contrast between social versus basic emotion resulted in activity within the social brain network, including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), the posterior superior temporal sulcus, and the anterior temporal cortex (ATC) in both hemispheres. Increased hormone levels (independent of age) were associated with higher left ATC activity during social emotion processing. More advanced age (independent of hormone levels) was associated with lower DMPFC activity during social emotion processing. Our results suggest functionally dissociable effects of pubertal hormones and age on the adolescent social brain.
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Yaxley RH, Van Voorhees EE, Bergman S, Hooper SR, Huettel SA, De Bellis MD. Behavioral risk elicits selective activation of the executive system in adolescents: clinical implications. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2:68. [PMID: 22194728 PMCID: PMC3242169 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated adolescent brain processing of decisions under conditions of varying risk, reward, and uncertainty. Adolescents (n = 31) preformed a Decision-Reward Uncertainty task that separates decision uncertainty into behavioral and reward risk, while they were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Behavioral risk trials involved uncertainty about which action to perform to earn a fixed monetary reward. In contrast, during reward risk the decision that might lead to a reward was known, but the likelihood of earning a reward was probabilistically determined. Behavioral risk trials evoked greater activation than the reward risk and no risk conditions in the anterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, bilateral frontal poles, bilateral inferior parietal lobe, precuneus, bilateral superior-middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and insula. Our results were similar to those of young adults using the same task (Huettel, 2006) except that adolescents did not show significant activation in the posterior supramarginal gyrus during behavioral risk. During the behavioral risk condition regardless of reward outcome, overall mean frontal pole activity showed a positive correlation with age during the behavioral and reward risk conditions suggesting a developmental difference of this region of interest. Additionally, reward response to the Decision-Reward Uncertainty task in adolescents was similar to that seen in young adults (Huettel, 2006). Our data did not show a correlation between age and mean ventral striatum activity during the three conditions. While our results came from a healthy high functioning non-maltreated sample of adolescents, this method can be used to address types of risks and reward processing in children and adolescents with predisposing vulnerabilities and add to the paucity of imaging studies of risk and reward processing during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Yaxley
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Van Voorhees
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | - Sara Bergman
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R. Hooper
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott A. Huettel
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | - Michael D. De Bellis
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
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Burnett S, Thompson S, Bird G, Blakemore SJ. Pubertal development of the understanding of social emotions: Implications for education. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011; 21:681-689. [PMID: 22211052 PMCID: PMC3219830 DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent developmental cognitive neuroscience research has supported the notion that puberty and adolescence are periods of profound socio-emotional development. The current study was designed to investigate whether the onset of puberty marks an increase in the awareness of complex, or "mixed," emotions. Eighty-three female participants (aged 9-16 years) were divided into three groups according to a self-report measure of puberty stage (early-, mid- and post-puberty). Participants were presented with emotional scenarios, and used four linear scales to rate their emotional response to each scenario. Scenarios were designed to evoke social emotions (embarrassment or guilt) or basic emotions (anger or fear), where social emotions are defined as those which require the representation of others' mental states. We measured the relative complexity or "mixedness" of emotional responses, that is, the degree to which participants reported feeling more than one emotion for a given scenario. We found that mixed emotion reporting increased between early- and post-puberty for social emotion scenarios, and showed no relationship with age, whereas there was no change in mixed emotion reporting for basic emotion scenarios across age or puberty groups. This suggests that the awareness of mixed emotions develops during the course of puberty, and that this development is specific to social emotions. Results are discussed in the context of brain development across puberty and adolescence, with speculation regarding the potential implications for education.
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Mueller SC. The influence of emotion on cognitive control: relevance for development and adolescent psychopathology. Front Psychol 2011; 2:327. [PMID: 22275904 PMCID: PMC3223617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an explosion of research into the neural mechanisms underlying emotion processing on the one hand, and cognitive control and executive function on the other hand. More recently, studies have begun to directly examine how concurrent emotion processing influences cognitive control performance but many questions remain currently unresolved. Interestingly, parallel to investigations in healthy adults, research in developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental affective disorders has provided some intriguing findings that complement the adult literature. This review provides an overview of current research on cognitive control and emotion interactions. It integrates parallel lines of research in adulthood and development and will draw on several lines of evidence ranging from behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging work in healthy adults and extend these to work in pediatric development and patients with affective disorders. Particular emphasis is given to studies that provide information on the neurobiological underpinnings of emotional and cognitive control processes using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The findings are then summarized and discussed in relation to neurochemical processes and the dopamine hypothesis of prefrontal cortical function. Finally, open areas of research for future study are identified and discussed within the context of cognitive control emotion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C. Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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32
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Context- and Prosody-Driven ERP Markers for Dialog Focus Perception in Children. Brain Topogr 2011; 24:229-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-011-0194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Holzer L, Halfon O, Thoua V. La maturation cérébrale à l’adolescence. Arch Pediatr 2011; 18:579-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Beebe DW, Ris MD, Kramer ME, Long E, Amin R. The association between sleep disordered breathing, academic grades, and cognitive and behavioral functioning among overweight subjects during middle to late childhood. Sleep 2010; 33:1447-56. [PMID: 21102986 PMCID: PMC2954694 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/33.11.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES (1) to determine the associations of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) with behavioral functioning, cognitive test scores, and school grades during middle- to late-childhood, an under-researched developmental period in the SDB literature, and (2) to clarify whether associations between SDB and school grades are mediated by deficits in cognitive or behavioral functioning. DESIGN cross-sectional correlative study. SETTING Office/hospital, plus reported functioning at home and at school. PARTICIPANTS 163 overweight subjects aged 10-16.9 years were divided into 4 groups based upon their obstructive apnea+hypopnea index (AHI) during overnight polysomnography and parent report of snoring: Moderate-Severe OSA (AHI > 5, n = 42), Mild OSA (AHI = 1-5, n = 58), Snorers (AHI < 1 + snoring, n = 26), and No SDB (AHI < 1 and nonsnoring, n = 37). MEASUREMENTS inpatient overnight polysomnography, parent- and self-report of school grades and sleep, parent- and teacher-report of daytime behaviors, and office-based neuropsychological testing. RESULTS The 4 groups significantly differed in academic grades and parent- and teacher-reported behaviors, particularly inattention and learning problems. These findings remained significant after adjusting for subject sex, race, socioeconomic status, and school night sleep duration. Associations with SDB were confined to reports of behavioral difficulties in real-world situations, and did not extend to office-based neuropsychological tests. Findings from secondary analyses were consistent with, but could not definitively confirm, a causal model in which SDB affects school grades via its impact on behavioral functioning. CONCLUSIONS SDB during middle- to late-childhood is related to important aspects of behavioral functioning, especially inattention and learning difficulties, that may result in significant functional impairment at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean W Beebe
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 05229, USA.
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Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: a longitudinal twin study. Behav Genet 2010; 41:175-83. [PMID: 20700643 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-010-9384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting (DD) refers to the preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger but delayed rewards, and is considered to be a distinct component of a broader "impulsivity" construct. Although greater propensity for discounting the value of delayed gratification has been associated with a range of problem behaviors and substance abuse, particularly in adolescents, the origins of individual differences in DD remain unclear. We examined genetic and environmental influences on a real-life behavioral measure of DD using a longitudinal twin design. Adolescent participants were asked to choose between a smaller ($7) reward available immediately and a larger ($10) reward to be received in 7 days. Biometrical genetic analysis using linear structural equation modeling showed significant heritability of DD at ages 12 and 14 (30 and 51%, respectively) and suggested that the same genetic factors influenced the trait at both ages. DD was significantly associated with symptoms of conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and with higher novelty seeking and poor self-regulation. This study provides the first evidence for heritability of DD in humans and suggests that DD can be a promising endophenotype for genetic studies of addiction and externalizing disorders.
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Dale PS, Harlaar N, Hayiou-Thomas ME, Plomin R. The etiology of diverse receptive language skills at 12 years. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2010; 53:982-92. [PMID: 20605943 PMCID: PMC4040409 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0108)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the 2nd decade of life, language skills expand in both quantitative and qualitative ways. The etiology of these new skills and the relationships among them have been little explored. METHOD Taking advantage of widespread access to inexpensive and fast Internet connections in the United Kingdom, we administered four Web-based measures of receptive language development--Vocabulary, Listening Grammar, Figurative Language, and Making Inferences--to a sample of 12-year-old twin pairs (N=4,892) participating in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS; Oliver & Plomin, 2007). RESULTS The 4 measures showed moderate phenotypic intercorrelation. All 4 showed moderate genetic influence (a2 between .25 and .36) and low shared environmental influence (c2 between .13 and .19). The median genetic correlation among the 4 measures was .87, indicating strong genetic overlap among them. A latent factor score for Language, based on the common variance among the measures, showed substantial genetic influence (a2=.59) and moderate shared environmental influence (c2=.28). A small but significant sex difference favored females on the Listening Grammar and Making Inferences tests, but there was no evidence for sex differences in the etiology of any of the measures. CONCLUSION Despite the emergence of new skills at this developmental period, from the etiological perspective, language skills remain relatively undifferentiated at an etiological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Dale
- University of New Mexico, Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, 1700 Lomas Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Mueller SC, Maheu FS, Dozier M, Peloso E, Mandell D, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Ernst M. Early-life stress is associated with impairment in cognitive control in adolescence: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3037-44. [PMID: 20561537 PMCID: PMC2916226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress (ES) has been associated with diverse forms of psychopathology. Some investigators suggest that these associations reflect the effects of stress on the neural circuits that support cognitive control. However, very few prior studies have examined the associations between ES, cognitive control, and underlying neural architecture. The present study compares adolescents with a documented history of ES to typical adolescents on a cognitive control task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twelve ES adolescents who were adopted because of early caregiver deprivation (9 females, age=13 years+/-2.58) and 21 healthy control adolescents without a history of ES (10 females, age=13 years+/-1.96) who resided with their biological parents performed the change task (Nelson, Vinton et al., 2007)--a variant of the stop task--during fMRI. Behaviourally, ES adolescents took longer to switch from a prepotent response ("go") to an alternative response ("change") than control adolescents. During correct "change" responses vs. correct "go" responses, this behavioural group difference was accompanied by higher activation in ES subjects than controls. These differences were noted in regions involved in primary sensorimotor processes (pre- and postcentral gyri), conflict monitoring (dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus), inhibitory and response control (inferior prefrontal cortex and striatum), and somatic representations (posterior insula). Furthermore, correct "change" responses vs. incorrect "change" responses recruited the inferior prefrontal cortex (BA 44/46) more strongly in ES subjects than controls. These data suggest impaired cognitive control in youth who experienced ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C Mueller
- Section of Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 15K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ballard E, Bosk A, Pao M. Invited commentary: understanding brain mechanisms of pain processing in adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury. J Youth Adolesc 2010; 39:327-34. [PMID: 19830534 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-009-9457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Whereas non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) is reported in 13-23% of adolescents and is an increasingly studied topic, there has been little investigation into the pathophysiology behind self-injury. This commentary examines recent research into pain and emotional distress to discuss implications for the manner we should understand, research, and treat NSSI in the future. Research indicates that adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to NSSI behaviors due to neurodevelopmental changes in the processing of distress and pain. Additionally, emotional distress and physical pain neural pathways may have been altered in these individuals, leading to the development of NSSI behaviors during adolescence when changes in ongoing brain development may lead to further emotional dysregulation and poor impulse control. Further studies that directly characterize the relationship between emotional distress and physical pain in adolescence, as well as the neural differences between self-injurers and non-self-injurers, are needed.
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Kuhn C, Johnson M, Thomae A, Luo B, Simon SA, Zhou G, Walker QD. The emergence of gonadal hormone influences on dopaminergic function during puberty. Horm Behav 2010; 58:122-37. [PMID: 19900453 PMCID: PMC2883625 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is the developmental epoch during which children become adults-intellectually, physically, hormonally and socially. Brain development in critical areas is ongoing. Adolescents are risk-taking and novelty-seeking and they weigh positive experiences more heavily and negative experiences less than adults. This inherent behavioral bias can lead to risky behaviors like drug taking. Most drug addictions start during adolescence and early drug-taking is associated with an increased rate of drug abuse and dependence. The hormonal changes of puberty contribute to physical, emotional, intellectual and social changes during adolescence. These hormonal events do not just cause maturation of reproductive function and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics. They contribute to the appearance of sex differences in non-reproductive behaviors as well. Sex differences in drug use behaviors are among the latter. The male predominance in overall drug use appears by the end of adolescence, while girls develop the rapid progression from first use to dependence (telescoping) that represent a female-biased vulnerability. Sex differences in many behaviors including drug use have been attributed to social and cultural factors. A narrowing gap in drug use between adolescent boys and girls supports this thesis. However, some sex differences in addiction vulnerability reflect biologic differences in brain circuits involved in addiction. The purpose of this review is to summarize the contribution of sex differences in the function of ascending dopamine systems that are critical to reinforcement, to briefly summarize the behavioral, neurochemical and anatomical changes in brain dopaminergic functions related to addiction that occur during adolescence and to present new findings about the emergence of sex differences in dopaminergic function during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Burnett S, Bault N, Coricelli G, Blakemore SJ. Adolescents' heightened risk-seeking in a probabilistic gambling task. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2010; 25:183-196. [PMID: 20689728 PMCID: PMC2896475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated adolescent males’ decision-making under risk, and the emotional response to decision outcomes, using a probabilistic gambling task designed to evoke counterfactually mediated emotions (relief and regret). Participants were 20 adolescents (aged 9–11), 26 young adolescents (aged 12–15), 20 mid-adolescents (aged 15–18) and 17 adults (aged 25–35). All were male. The ability to maximize expected value improved with age. However, there was an inverted U-shaped developmental pattern for risk-seeking. The age at which risk-taking was highest was 14.38 years. Although emotion ratings overall did not differ across age, there was an increase between childhood and young adolescence in the strength of counterfactually mediated emotions (relief and regret) reported after receiving feedback about the gamble outcome. We suggest that continuing development of the emotional response to outcomes may be a factor contributing to adolescents’ risky behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Burnett
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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41
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Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by increased reward-seeking behavior. Investigators have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with reward paradigms to test two opposing hypotheses about adolescent developmental changes in the striatum, a region implicated in reward processing. One hypothesis posits that the striatum is relatively hypo-responsive to rewards during adolescence, such that heightened reward-seeking behavior is necessary to achieve the same activation as adults. Another view suggests that during adolescence the striatal reward system is hyper-responsive, which subsequently results in greater reward-seeking. While evidence for both hypotheses has been reported, the field has generally converged on this latter hypothesis based on compelling evidence. In this review, I describe the evidence to support this notion, speculate on the disparate fMRI findings and conclude with future areas of inquiry to this fascinating question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Galvan
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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42
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Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by increased reward-seeking behavior. Investigators have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with reward paradigms to test two opposing hypotheses about adolescent developmental changes in the striatum, a region implicated in reward processing. One hypothesis posits that the striatum is relatively hypo-responsive to rewards during adolescence, such that heightened reward-seeking behavior is necessary to achieve the same activation as adults. Another view suggests that during adolescence the striatal reward system is hyper-responsive, which subsequently results in greater reward-seeking. While evidence for both hypotheses has been reported, the field has generally converged on this latter hypothesis based on compelling evidence. In this review, I describe the evidence to support this notion, speculate on the disparate fMRI findings and conclude with future areas of inquiry to this fascinating question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Galvan
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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43
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Ballard E, Bosk A, Pao M. Invited commentary: understanding brain mechanisms of pain processing in adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury. J Youth Adolesc 2009. [PMID: 19830534 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-009-9457-1.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whereas non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) is reported in 13-23% of adolescents and is an increasingly studied topic, there has been little investigation into the pathophysiology behind self-injury. This commentary examines recent research into pain and emotional distress to discuss implications for the manner we should understand, research, and treat NSSI in the future. Research indicates that adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to NSSI behaviors due to neurodevelopmental changes in the processing of distress and pain. Additionally, emotional distress and physical pain neural pathways may have been altered in these individuals, leading to the development of NSSI behaviors during adolescence when changes in ongoing brain development may lead to further emotional dysregulation and poor impulse control. Further studies that directly characterize the relationship between emotional distress and physical pain in adolescence, as well as the neural differences between self-injurers and non-self-injurers, are needed.
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Davis OS, Haworth CM, Plomin R. Learning abilities and disabilities: generalist genes in early adolescence. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2009; 14:312-31. [PMID: 19634033 PMCID: PMC2886509 DOI: 10.1080/13546800902797106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The new view of cognitive neuropsychology that considers not just case studies of rare severe disorders but also common disorders, as well as normal variation and quantitative traits, is more amenable to recent advances in molecular genetics, such as genome-wide association studies, and advances in quantitative genetics, such as multivariate genetic analysis. A surprising finding emerging from multivariate quantitative genetic studies across diverse learning abilities is that most genetic influences are shared: they are "generalist", rather than "specialist". METHODS We exploited widespread access to inexpensive and fast Internet connections in the United Kingdom to assess over 5000 pairs of 12-year-old twins from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) on four distinct batteries: reading, mathematics, general cognitive ability (g) and, for the first time, language. RESULTS Genetic correlations remain high among all of the measured abilities, with language as highly correlated genetically with g as reading and mathematics. CONCLUSIONS Despite developmental upheaval, generalist genes remain important into early adolescence, suggesting optimal strategies for molecular genetic studies seeking to identify the genes of small effect that influence learning abilities and disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S.P. Davis
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK,Corresponding author: Oliver S.P. Davis Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry King's College London De Crespigny Park London SE5 8AF UK Telephone: +44 (0)207 848 5415 Fax: +44 (0)207 848 0895
| | - Claire M.A. Haworth
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
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45
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Paus T, Keshavan M, Giedd JN. Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:947-57. [PMID: 19002191 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1889] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The peak age of onset for many psychiatric disorders is adolescence, a time of remarkable physical and behavioural changes. The processes in the brain that underlie these behavioural changes have been the subject of recent investigations. What do we know about the maturation of the human brain during adolescence? Do structural changes in the cerebral cortex reflect synaptic pruning? Are increases in white-matter volume driven by myelination? Is the adolescent brain more or less sensitive to reward? Finding answers to these questions might enable us to further our understanding of mental health during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Paus
- Brain & Body Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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