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Kumar S, Ansari S, Narayanan S, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M. Antiviral activity of zinc against hepatitis viruses: current status and future prospects. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1218654. [PMID: 37908540 PMCID: PMC10613677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1218654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern globally. World health organization aims at eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Among the hepatitis causing viruses, hepatitis B and C are primarily transmitted via contaminated blood. Hepatitis A and E, which gets transmitted primarily via the feco-oral route, are the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis. Although vaccines are available against some of these viruses, new cases continue to be reported. There is an urgent need to devise a potent yet economical antiviral strategy against the hepatitis-causing viruses (denoted as hepatitis viruses) for achieving global elimination of viral hepatitis. Although zinc was known to mankind for a long time (since before Christ era), it was identified as an element in 1746 and its importance for human health was discovered in 1963 by the pioneering work of Dr. Ananda S. Prasad. A series of follow up studies involving zinc supplementation as a therapy demonstrated zinc as an essential element for humans, leading to establishment of a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 15 milligram zinc [United States RDA for zinc]. Being an essential component of many cellular enzymes and transcription factors, zinc is vital for growth and homeostasis of most living organisms, including human. Importantly, several studies indicate potent antiviral activity of zinc. Multiple studies have demonstrated antiviral activity of zinc against viruses that cause hepatitis. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the findings on antiviral activity of zinc against hepatitis viruses, discusses the mechanisms underlying the antiviral properties of zinc and summarizes the prospects of harnessing the therapeutic benefit of zinc supplementation therapy in reducing the disease burden due to viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shabnam Ansari
- Virology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - C. T. Ranjith-Kumar
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Virology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, Therapeutics and Vaccines, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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2
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Hara T, Yoshigai E, Ohashi T, Fukada T. Zinc in Cardiovascular Functions and Diseases: Epidemiology and Molecular Mechanisms for Therapeutic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087152. [PMID: 37108314 PMCID: PMC10139119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that plays an important physiological role in numerous cellular processes. Zinc deficiency can result in diverse symptoms, such as impairment of the immune response, skin disorders, and impairments in cardiovascular functions. Recent reports have demonstrated that zinc acts as a signaling molecule, and its signaling pathways, referred to as zinc signals, are related to the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular functions. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of the significance of zinc-mediated signaling pathways is vital as a function of zinc as a nutritional component and of its molecular mechanisms and targets. Several basic and clinical studies have reported the relationship between zinc level and the onset and pathology of cardiovascular diseases, which has attracted much attention in recent years. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the effects of zinc on cardiovascular function. We also discuss the importance of maintaining zinc homeostasis in the cardiovascular system and its therapeutic potential as a novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hara
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Emi Yoshigai
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Takuto Ohashi
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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3
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Willekens J, Runnels LW. Impact of Zinc Transport Mechanisms on Embryonic and Brain Development. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122526. [PMID: 35745255 PMCID: PMC9231024 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace element zinc (Zn) binds to over ten percent of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Zn flexible chemistry allows it to regulate the activity of hundreds of enzymes and influence scores of metabolic processes in cells throughout the body. Deficiency of Zn in humans has a profound effect on development and in adults later in life, particularly in the brain, where Zn deficiency is linked to several neurological disorders. In this review, we will summarize the importance of Zn during development through a description of the outcomes of both genetic and early dietary Zn deficiency, focusing on the pathological consequences on the whole body and brain. The epidemiology and the symptomology of Zn deficiency in humans will be described, including the most studied inherited Zn deficiency disease, Acrodermatitis enteropathica. In addition, we will give an overview of the different forms and animal models of Zn deficiency, as well as the 24 Zn transporters, distributed into two families: the ZIPs and the ZnTs, which control the balance of Zn throughout the body. Lastly, we will describe the TRPM7 ion channel, which was recently shown to contribute to intestinal Zn absorption and has its own significant impact on early embryonic development.
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Recent development in chemosensor probes for the detection and imaging of zinc ions: a systematic review. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hara T, Yoshigai E, Ohashi T, Fukada T. Zinc transporters as potential therapeutic targets: An updated review. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:221-228. [PMID: 35063137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that plays important roles in the regulation of various physiological responses in the body. Zinc deficiency is known to cause various health problems, including dysgeusia, skin disorders, and immune disorders. Therefore, the maintenance of healthy zinc content in the body is critical to our healthy life. Zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled by two of the solute carrier protein families SLC30A and SLC39A, called zinc transporters. In the last decade, research on zinc biology has made dramatic progress based on the physiological and functional analysis of zinc transporters in the fields of molecular biology, human genetics, and drug discovery. In particular, since the association between zinc transporters and human diseases was recently reported using human genetics and gene knockout mouse studies, zinc and zinc signals controlled by zinc transporters have been considered useful therapeutic targets. In this review, we introduce the importance of zinc homeostasis based on the findings of zinc transporter functions and their signals in relation to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Emi Yoshigai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuto Ohashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan.
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6
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Unal O, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Avunduk MC. Effect of pinealectomy and melatonin supplementation on metallothionein, ZnT2, ZIP2, ZIP4 and zinc levels in rat small intestine. Biotech Histochem 2021; 96:623-635. [PMID: 33615931 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1885738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relations among levels of metallothionein (MT); zinc (Zn) transport proteins, ZnT2, ZIP2 (ZRT and IRT-like proteins); and ZIP4, which enable Zn absorption in the small intestine of rats. We also investigated tissue Zn levels in the small intestine. We used four groups of adult male rats: group 1, control; group 2, pinealectomy (Px); group 3, Px + melatonin (MEL); group 4, MEL only. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were administered 5 mg/kg/day MEL for four weeks. At the end of the study, all animals were sacrificed and samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were harvested to analyze ZnT2, ZIP2, ZIP4 and MT levels using immunohistochemistry, and tissue Zn levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The lowest ZnT2 levels in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and the lowest ZIP2 levels in the duodenum and ileum were found in group 2. The lowest ZIP4 levels were found in the duodenum and jejunum, and the lowest MT levels in the duodenum and ileum were found in group 2. The highest MT values in the ileum were found in group 4. We found that ZnT2, ZIP2, ZIP4 and MT levels were reduced in the ileum compared to controls following Px, but levels approached control values after MEL administration. By its effects on ZnT2, ZIP2, ZIP4 and MT levels, MEL participates in the absorption of Zn in the rat small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Unal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cihat Avunduk
- Faculty of Meram Medicine, Department of Pathology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Growth Modulatory Role of Zinc in Prostate Cancer and Application to Cancer Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082991. [PMID: 32340289 PMCID: PMC7216164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a group IIB heavy metal. It is an important regulator of major cell signaling pathways in most mammalian cells, functions as an antioxidant and plays a role in maintaining genomic stability. Zinc deficiency leads to severe diseases in the brain, pancreas, liver, kidneys and reproductive organs. Zinc loss occurs during tumor development in a variety of cancers. The prostate normally contains abundant intracellular zinc and zinc loss is a hallmark of the development of prostate cancer development. The underlying mechanism of this loss is not clearly understood. The knowledge that excess zinc prevents the growth of prostate cancers suggests that zinc-mediated therapeutics could be an effective approach for cancer prevention and treatment, although challenges remain. This review summarizes the specific roles of zinc in several cancer types focusing on prostate cancer. The relationship between prostate cancer and the dysregulation of zinc homeostasis is examined in detail in an effort to understand the role of zinc in prostate cancer.
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Ohashi W, Hara T, Takagishi T, Hase K, Fukada T. Maintenance of Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis by Zinc Transporters. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2404-2415. [PMID: 30830525 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for normal organ function, and dysregulation of zinc metabolism has been implicated in a wide range of diseases. Emerging evidence has revealed that zinc transporters play diverse roles in cellular homeostasis and function by regulating zinc trafficking via organelles or the plasma membrane. In the gastrointestinal tract, zinc deficiency leads to diarrhea and dysfunction of intestinal epithelial cells. Studies also showed that zinc transporters are very important in intestinal epithelial homeostasis. In this review, we describe the physiological roles of zinc transporters in intestinal epithelial functions and relevance of zinc transporters in gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Ohashi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hara
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro, Tokushima, 770-8055, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Takagishi
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro, Tokushima, 770-8055, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro, Tokushima, 770-8055, Japan.
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0042, Japan.
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Du L, Zhang H, Zhao H, Cheng X, Qin J, Teng T, Yang Q, Xu Z. The critical role of the zinc transporter Zip2 (SLC39A2) in ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 132:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Klocke C, Sherina V, Graham UM, Gunderson J, Allen JL, Sobolewski M, Blum JL, Zelikoff JT, Cory-Slechta DA. Enhanced cerebellar myelination with concomitant iron elevation and ultrastructural irregularities following prenatal exposure to ambient particulate matter in the mouse. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:381-396. [PMID: 30572762 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1533053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates the developing central nervous system (CNS) is a target of air pollution toxicity. Epidemiological reports increasingly demonstrate that exposure to the particulate matter (PM) fraction of air pollution during neurodevelopment is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These observations are supported by animal studies demonstrating prenatal exposure to concentrated ambient PM induces neuropathologies characteristic of ASD, including ventriculomegaly and aberrant corpus callosum (CC) myelination. Given the role of the CC and cerebellum in ASD etiology, this study tested whether prenatal exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) produced pathological features in offspring CC and cerebella consistent with ASD. Analysis of cerebellar myelin density revealed male-specific hypermyelination in CAPs-exposed offspring at postnatal days (PNDs) 11-15 without alteration of cerebellar area. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) revealed elevated iron (Fe) in the cerebellum of CAPs-exposed female offspring at PNDs 11-15, which connects with previously observed elevated Fe in the female CC. The presence of Fe inclusions, along with aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) inclusions, were confirmed at nanoscale resolution in the CC along with ultrastructural myelin sheath damage. Furthermore, RNAseq and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses revealed cerebellar gene expression was significantly affected by sex and prenatal CAPs exposure with significant enrichment in inflammation and transmembrane transport processes that could underlie observed myelin and metal pathologies. Overall, this study highlights the ability of PM exposure to disrupt myelinogenesis and elucidates novel molecular targets of PM-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Klocke
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Valeriia Sherina
- b Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Uschi M Graham
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Jakob Gunderson
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Joshua L Allen
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jason L Blum
- d Department of Environmental Medicine , New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo , NY , USA
| | - Judith T Zelikoff
- d Department of Environmental Medicine , New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo , NY , USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY , USA
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11
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The Role of Zinc and Zinc Homeostasis in Macrophage Function. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6872621. [PMID: 30622979 PMCID: PMC6304900 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6872621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc has long been recognized as an essential trace element, playing roles in the growth and development of all living organisms. In recent decades, zinc homeostasis was also found to be important for the innate immune system, especially for maintaining the function of macrophages. It is now generally accepted that dysregulated zinc homeostasis in macrophages causes impaired phagocytosis and an abnormal inflammatory response. However, many questions remain with respect to the mechanisms that underlie these processes, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles that zinc and zinc transporters play in regulating macrophage function.
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12
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Paskavitz AL, Quintana J, Cangussu D, Tavera-Montañez C, Xiao Y, Ortiz-Miranda S, Navea JG, Padilla-Benavides T. Differential expression of zinc transporters accompanies the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:27-34. [PMID: 29895369 PMCID: PMC6082398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc transporters facilitate metal mobilization and compartmentalization, playing a key role in cellular development. Little is known about the mechanisms and pathways of Zn movement between Zn transporters and metalloproteins during myoblast differentiation. We analyzed the differential expression of ZIP and ZnT transporters during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Zn transporters account for a transient decrease of intracellular Zn upon myogenesis induction followed by a gradual increase of Zn in myotubes. Considering the subcellular localization and function of each of the Zn transporters, our findings indicate that a fine regulation is necessary to maintain correct metal concentrations in the cytosol and subcellular compartments to avoid toxicity, maintain homeostasis, and for loading metalloproteins needed during myogenesis. This study advances our basic understanding of the complex Zn transport network during muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Paskavitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Julia Quintana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Daniella Cangussu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Cristina Tavera-Montañez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Sonia Ortiz-Miranda
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Juan G Navea
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Kamei S, Fujikawa H, Nohara H, Ueno-Shuto K, Maruta K, Nakashima R, Kawakami T, Matsumoto C, Sakaguchi Y, Ono T, Suico MA, Boucher RC, Gruenert DC, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Li JD, Kai H, Shuto T. Zinc Deficiency via a Splice Switch in Zinc Importer ZIP2/SLC39A2 Causes Cystic Fibrosis-Associated MUC5AC Hypersecretion in Airway Epithelial Cells. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:304-316. [PMID: 29289532 PMCID: PMC5828551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus hyperproduction and fluid imbalance are important hallmarks of cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-shortening genetic disorder in Caucasians. Dysregulated expression and/or function of airway ion transporters, including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), have been implicated as causes of CF-associated mucus hypersecretory phenotype. However, the contributory roles of other substances and transporters in the regulation of CF airway pathogenesis remain unelucidated. Here, we identified a novel connection between CFTR/ENaC expression and the intracellular Zn2 + concentration in the regulation of MUC5AC, a major secreted mucin that is highly expressed in CF airway. CFTR-defective and ENaC-hyperactive airway epithelial cells specifically and highly expressed a unique, alternative splice isoform of the zinc importer ZIP2/SLC39A2 (ΔC-ZIP2), which lacks the C-terminal domain. Importantly, ΔC-ZIP2 levels correlated inversely with wild-type ZIP2 and intracellular Zn2 + levels. Moreover, the splice switch to ΔC-ZIP2 as well as decreased expression of other ZIPs caused zinc deficiency, which is sufficient for induction of MUC5AC; while ΔC-ZIP2 expression per se induced ENaC expression and function. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the novel splicing switch contributes to CF lung pathology via the novel interplay of CFTR, ENaC, and ZIP2 transporters. Zinc deficiency is a common feature in both CFTR-defective (CF) and ENaC-hyperactive (CF-like) airway epithelial cells. A splice switch from WT-ZIP2 to ΔC-ZIP2 as well as other ZIPs down-regulation caused zinc deficiency in CF and CF-like cells. Lower intracellular Zn2 + levels contributed to CF-associated MUC5AC hypersecretion in airway epithelial cells.
The role of zinc in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease is not well understood. We utilized human CF patient-derived cell lines and primary cells as well as murine CF model, and identified zinc deficiency as a common characteristic in CF models. Down-regulation of several zinc importers (ZIPs) in CF cells caused zinc deficiency, which is sufficient for induction of MUC5AC, a major secreted mucin that exacerbates CF pathogenesis. Especially, strong contribution of ΔC-ZIP2, a novel ZIP2 splice isoform, in the regulation of CF-associated MUC5AC hypersecretion was clearly demonstrated. The study refined the importance of zinc in airway homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kamei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Haruka Fujikawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nohara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Program for Leading Graduate Schools "HIGO (Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented) Program", Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Keiko Ueno-Shuto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Division of Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Kasumi Maruta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taisei Kawakami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Chizuru Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakaguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ono
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dieter C Gruenert
- Head and Neck Stem Cell Lab, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St, Box 1330, N331, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 714 Petit Science Center, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta GA30303, USA
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Recent Advances in the Role of SLC39A/ZIP Zinc Transporters In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122708. [PMID: 29236063 PMCID: PMC5751309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn), which is an essential trace element, is involved in numerous mammalian physiological events; therefore, either a deficiency or excess of Zn impairs cellular machineries and influences physiological events, such as systemic growth, bone homeostasis, skin formation, immune responses, endocrine function, and neuronal function. Zn transporters are thought to mainly contribute to Zn homeostasis within cells and in the whole body. Recent genetic, cellular, and molecular studies of Zn transporters highlight the dynamic role of Zn as a signaling mediator linking several cellular events and signaling pathways. Dysfunction in Zn transporters causes various diseases. This review aims to provide an update of Zn transporters and Zn signaling studies and discusses the remaining questions and future directions by focusing on recent progress in determining the roles of SLC39A/ZIP family members in vivo.
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15
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Bafaro E, Liu Y, Xu Y, Dempski RE. The emerging role of zinc transporters in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17029. [PMID: 29218234 PMCID: PMC5661630 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays a role in the structural or enzymatic functions of many cellular proteins. Cellular zinc homeostasis involves the opposing action of two families of metal transporters: the ZnT (SLC30) family that functions to reduce cytoplasmic zinc concentrations and the ZIP (SLC39) family that functions to increase cytoplasmic zinc concentrations. Fluctuations in intracellular zinc levels mediated by these transporter families affect signaling pathways involved in normal cell development, growth, differentiation and death. Consequently, changes in zinc transporter localization and function resulting in zinc dyshomeostasis have pathophysiological effects. Zinc dyshomeostasis has been implicated in the progression of cancer. Here we review recent progress toward understanding the structural basis for zinc transport by ZnT and ZIP family proteins, as well as highlight the roles of zinc as a signaling molecule in physiological conditions and in various cancers. As zinc is emerging as an important signaling molecule in the development and progression of cancer, the ZnT and ZIP transporters that regulate cellular zinc homeostasis are promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bafaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert E Dempski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Richards CD, Warr CG, Burke R. A role for the Drosophila zinc transporter Zip88E in protecting against dietary zinc toxicity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181237. [PMID: 28704512 PMCID: PMC5509326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc absorption in animals is thought to be regulated in a local, cell autonomous manner with intestinal cells responding to dietary zinc content. The Drosophila zinc transporter Zip88E shows strong sequence similarity to Zips 42C.1, 42C.2 and 89B as well as mammalian Zips 1, 2 and 3, suggesting that it may act in concert with the apically-localised Drosophila zinc uptake transporters to facilitate dietary zinc absorption by importing ions into the midgut enterocytes. However, the functional characterisation of Zip88E presented here indicates that Zip88E may instead play a role in detecting and responding to zinc toxicity. Larvae homozygous for a null Zip88E allele are viable yet display heightened sensitivity to elevated levels of dietary zinc. This decreased zinc tolerance is accompanied by an overall decrease in Metallothionein B transcription throughout the larval midgut. A Zip88E reporter gene is expressed only in the salivary glands, a handful of enteroendocrine cells at the boundary between the anterior and middle midgut regions, and in two parallel strips of sensory cell projections connecting to the larval ventral ganglion. Zip88E expression solely in this restricted subset of cells is sufficient to rescue the Zip88E mutant phenotype. Together, our data suggest that Zip88E may be functioning in a small subset of cells to detect excessive zinc levels and induce a systemic response to reduce dietary zinc absorption and hence protect against toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coral G. Warr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Burke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Hara T, Takeda TA, Takagishi T, Fukue K, Kambe T, Fukada T. Physiological roles of zinc transporters: molecular and genetic importance in zinc homeostasis. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:283-301. [PMID: 28130681 PMCID: PMC10717645 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace mineral that regulates the expression and activation of biological molecules such as transcription factors, enzymes, adapters, channels, and growth factors, along with their receptors. Zn deficiency or excessive Zn absorption disrupts Zn homeostasis and affects growth, morphogenesis, and immune response, as well as neurosensory and endocrine functions. Zn levels must be adjusted properly to maintain the cellular processes and biological responses necessary for life. Zn transporters regulate Zn levels by controlling Zn influx and efflux between extracellular and intracellular compartments, thus, modulating the Zn concentration and distribution. Although the physiological functions of the Zn transporters remain to be clarified, there is growing evidence that Zn transporters are related to human diseases, and that Zn transporter-mediated Zn ion acts as a signaling factor, called "Zinc signal". Here we describe critical roles of Zn transporters in the body and their contribution at the molecular, biochemical, and genetic levels, and review recently reported disease-related mutations in the Zn transporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Takeda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Takagishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Fukue
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan.
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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18
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Hojyo S, Fukada T. Zinc transporters and signaling in physiology and pathogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Roles of Zinc Signaling in the Immune System. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6762343. [PMID: 27872866 PMCID: PMC5107842 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6762343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for basic cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Zn deficiency depresses both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the precise physiological mechanisms of the Zn-mediated regulation of the immune system have been largely unclear. Zn homeostasis is tightly controlled by the coordinated activity of Zn transporters and metallothioneins, which regulate the transport, distribution, and storage of Zn. There is growing evidence that Zn behaves like a signaling molecule, facilitating the transduction of a variety of signaling cascades in response to extracellular stimuli. In this review, we highlight the emerging functional roles of Zn and Zn transporters in immunity, focusing on how crosstalk between Zn and immune-related signaling guides the normal development and function of immune cells.
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20
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Claro da Silva T, Hiller C, Gai Z, Kullak-Ublick GA. Vitamin D3 transactivates the zinc and manganese transporter SLC30A10 via the Vitamin D receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:77-87. [PMID: 27107558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 regulates genes critical for human health and its deficiency is associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, hypertension, inflammatory and immunological diseases. To study the impact of vitamin D3 on genes relevant for the transport and metabolism of nutrients and drugs, we employed next-generation sequencing (NGS) and analyzed global gene expression of the human-derived Caco-2 cell line treated with 500nM vitamin D3. Genes involved in neuropeptide signaling, inflammation, cell adhesion and morphogenesis were differentially expressed. Notably, genes implicated in zinc, manganese and iron homeostasis were largely increased by vitamin D3 treatment. An ∼10-fold increase in ceruloplasmin and ∼4-fold increase in haptoglobin gene expression suggested a possible association between vitamin D and iron homeostasis. SLC30A10, the gene encoding the zinc and manganese transporter ZnT10, was the chiefly affected transporter, with ∼15-fold increase in expression. SLC30A10 is critical for zinc and manganese homeostasis and mutations in this gene, resulting in impaired ZnT10 function or expression, cause manganese intoxication, with Parkinson-like symptoms. Our NGS results were validated by real-time PCR in Caco-2 cells, as well as in duodenal biopsies taken from healthy human subjects treated with 0.5μg vitamin D3 daily for 10 days. In addition to increasing gene expression of SLC30A10 and the positive control TRPV6, vitamin D3 also increased ZnT10 protein expression, as indicated by Western blot and cytofluorescence. In silico identification of potential vitamin D responsive elements (VDREs) in the 5'-flanking region of the SLC30A10 promoter and dual-luciferase reporter assay showed enhanced promoter activity in the presence of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) constructs, as well as vitamin D3, but not when one of these factors was absent. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and competition EMSA revealed binding of select sequences, namely, nt -1623/-1588 and nt -1758/-1723 relative to the transcription start site, to VDR-containing nuclear extracts. In conclusion, we have shown that vitamin D3 transactivates the SLC30A10 gene in a VDR-dependent manner, resulting in increased ZnT10 protein expression. Because SLC30A10 is highly expressed in the small intestine, it is possible that the control of zinc and manganese systemic levels is regulated by vitamin D3 in the intestine. Zinc, manganese and vitamin D are important for bone metabolism and brain health. Future examination of a possible role for supplementation or chelation of zinc and manganese, alongside vitamin D3 administration, will further our understanding of its potential benefit in the treatment of specific illnesses, such as osteoporosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Claro da Silva
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Hiller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Xiao G, Zhou B. What can flies tell us about zinc homeostasis? Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:134-141. [PMID: 27136711 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for all organisms. For multicellular organisms, zinc uptake, storage, distribution and export are tightly regulated at both cellular and organismal levels, to cope with the multiple requirements versus the toxicity of the metal ion. During the past decade, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become an important model organism for the elucidation of metazoan zinc homeostasis. This review describes our current knowledge of various zinc transporters in Drosophila, with an emphasis on the process of dietary zinc uptake in the fly. We also discuss how Drosophila was used as a model to facilitate our understanding of the role of zinc in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiran Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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22
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Kimura T, Kambe T. The Functions of Metallothionein and ZIP and ZnT Transporters: An Overview and Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:336. [PMID: 26959009 PMCID: PMC4813198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 3000 proteins are thought to bind zinc in vivo, which corresponds to ~10% of the human proteome. Zinc plays a pivotal role as a structural, catalytic, and signaling component that functions in numerous physiological processes. It is more widely used as a structural element in proteins than any other transition metal ion, is a catalytic component of many enzymes, and acts as a cellular signaling mediator. Thus, it is expected that zinc metabolism and homeostasis have sophisticated regulation, and elucidating the underlying molecular basis of this is essential to understanding zinc functions in cellular physiology and pathogenesis. In recent decades, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered critical roles of a number of proteins in zinc metabolism and homeostasis through influxing, chelating, sequestrating, coordinating, releasing, and effluxing zinc. Metallothioneins (MT) and Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIP) and Zn transporters (ZnT) are the proteins primarily involved in these processes, and their malfunction has been implicated in a number of inherited diseases such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. The present review updates our current understanding of the biological functions of MTs and ZIP and ZnT transporters from several new perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan.
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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23
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Smits K, De Coninck DIM, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Govaere J, Van Poucke M, Peelman L, Deforce D, Van Soom A. The Equine Embryo Influences Immune-Related Gene Expression in the Oviduct. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:36. [PMID: 26740593 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.136432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the equine oviduct clearly affects early embryo development and the selective transport of equine embryos through the oviduct indicates a reciprocal interaction, the influence of the embryo on gene expression in the oviduct remains to be determined in the horse. The aim of this study was to examine this by means of RNA sequencing. Four days after ovulation, epithelial cells ipsilateral and contralateral to the ovulation side from five cyclic and five pregnant mares were collected from the oviduct. RNA was extracted, samples were sequenced, and data analysis was performed to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (P value ≤0.05 and absolute fold change ≥2) and to provide functional interpretation. A total of 10 743 transcripts were identified and 253 genes were found to be upregulated and 108 to be downregulated in the pregnant ipsilateral oviduct when compared to the cyclic ipsilateral oviduct. Comparison of the ipsilateral and the contralateral oviduct indicated 164 DEGs in pregnant mares and 77 DEGs in cyclic mares. Enriched functional categories were detected only in the comparison of pregnant and cyclic ipsilateral oviducts and showed that the equine embryo affects the expression of immune response-related genes in the oviduct, with marked upregulation of interferon-associated genes. This research represents the foundation for further assessment of the role of specific genes in the early embryo-maternal dialogue of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Smits
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dieter I M De Coninck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Govaere
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mario Van Poucke
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Peelman
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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24
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Kambe T, Tsuji T, Hashimoto A, Itsumura N. The Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Roles of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis and Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:749-84. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is involved in a variety of biological processes, as a structural, catalytic, and intracellular and intercellular signaling component. Thus zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled at the whole body, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels by a number of proteins, with zinc transporters being particularly important. In metazoan, two zinc transporter families, Zn transporters (ZnT) and Zrt-, Irt-related proteins (ZIP) function in zinc mobilization of influx, efflux, and compartmentalization/sequestration across biological membranes. During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular properties, expression, regulation, and cellular and physiological roles of ZnT and ZIP transporters, which underpin the multifarious functions of zinc. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that malfunctioning zinc homeostasis due to zinc transporter dysfunction results in the onset and progression of a variety of diseases. This review summarizes current progress in our understanding of each ZnT and ZIP transporter from the perspective of zinc physiology and pathogenesis, discussing challenging issues in their structure and zinc transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tokuji Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Hagmeyer S, Haderspeck JC, Grabrucker AM. Behavioral impairments in animal models for zinc deficiency. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 8:443. [PMID: 25610379 PMCID: PMC4285094 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from teratogenic and pathological effects of zinc deficiency such as the occurrence of skin lesions, anorexia, growth retardation, depressed wound healing, altered immune function, impaired night vision, and alterations in taste and smell acuity, characteristic behavioral changes in animal models and human patients suffering from zinc deficiency have been observed. Given that it is estimated that about 17% of the worldwide population are at risk for zinc deficiency and that zinc deficiency is associated with a variety of brain disorders and disease states in humans, it is of major interest to investigate, how these behavioral changes will affect the individual and a putative course of a disease. Thus, here, we provide a state of the art overview about the behavioral phenotypes observed in various models of zinc deficiency, among them environmentally produced zinc deficient animals as well as animal models based on a genetic alteration of a particular zinc homeostasis gene. Finally, we compare the behavioral phenotypes to the human condition of mild to severe zinc deficiency and provide a model, how zinc deficiency that is associated with many neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders might modify the disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hagmeyer
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Department, Neurocenter of Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Jasmin Carmen Haderspeck
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Department, Neurocenter of Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Martin Grabrucker
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Department, Neurocenter of Ulm University Ulm, Germany ; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
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26
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Inoue Y, Hasegawa S, Ban S, Yamada T, Date Y, Mizutani H, Nakata S, Tanaka M, Hirashima N. ZIP2 protein, a zinc transporter, is associated with keratinocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21451-62. [PMID: 24936057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.560821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is essential for the proper functioning of various enzymes and transcription factors, and its homeostasis is rigorously controlled by zinc transporters (SLC39/ZIP, importers; SLC30/ZnT, exporters). Skin disease is commonly caused by a zinc deficiency. Dietary and inherited zinc deficiencies are known to cause alopecia and the development of vesicular or pustular dermatitis. A previous study demonstrated that zinc played crucial roles in the survival of keratinocytes and their unique functions. High levels of zinc have been detected in the epidermis. Epidermal layers are considered to use a mechanism that preferentially takes in zinc, which is involved with the unique functions of keratinocytes. However, few studies have investigated the ZIP (Zrt- and Irt-like protein) proteins specifically expressed in keratinocytes and their functions. We explored the ZIP proteins specifically expressed in the epidermis and analyzed their functions. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression of ZIP2 was consistently higher in the epidermis than in the dermis. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the expression of ZIP2 in differentiating keratinocytes. The expression of ZIP2 was found to be up-regulated by the differentiation induction of cultured keratinocytes. Intracellular zinc levels were decreased in keratinocytes when ZIP2 was knocked down by siRNA, and this subsequently inhibited the differentiation of keratinocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated that ZIP2 knockdown inhibited the normal formation of a three-dimensional cultured epidermis. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ZIP2, a zinc transporter expressed specifically in the epidermis, and zinc taken up by ZIP2 are necessary for the differentiation of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Inoue
- From the Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimicho, Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 451-0071, Japan, the Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabedori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan,
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- From the Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimicho, Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 451-0071, Japan, the Departments of Dermatology and the Menard Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560, Japan
| | - Sadanori Ban
- From the Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimicho, Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- From the Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimicho, Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 451-0071, Japan, the Departments of Dermatology and Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Nagoya, Aichi 470-1192, Japan, and
| | - Yasushi Date
- From the Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimicho, Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizutani
- From the Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimicho, Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakata
- From the Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., 2-7 Torimicho, Nishi-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 451-0071, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- the Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabedori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- the Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1, Tanabedori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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27
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Zhao L, Xia Z, Wang F. Zebrafish in the sea of mineral (iron, zinc, and copper) metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 24639652 PMCID: PMC3944790 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron, copper, zinc, and eight other minerals are classified as essential trace elements because they present in minute in vivo quantities and are essential for life. Because either excess or insufficient levels of trace elements can be detrimental to life (causing human diseases such as iron-deficiency anemia, hemochromatosis, Menkes syndrome and Wilson's disease), the endogenous levels of trace minerals must be tightly regulated. Many studies have demonstrated the existence of systems that maintain trace element homeostasis, and these systems are highly conserved in multiple species ranging from yeast to mice. As a model for studying trace mineral metabolism, the zebrafish is indispensable to researchers. Several large-scale mutagenesis screens have been performed in zebrafish, and these screens led to the identification of a series of metal transporters and the generation of several mutagenesis lines, providing an in-depth functional analysis at the system level. Moreover, because of their developmental advantages, zebrafish have also been used in mineral metabolism-related chemical screens and toxicology studies. Here, we systematically review the major findings of trace element homeostasis studies using the zebrafish model, with a focus on iron, zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, and iodine. We also provide a homology analysis of trace mineral transporters in fish, mice and humans. Finally, we discuss the evidence that zebrafish is an ideal experimental tool for uncovering novel mechanisms of trace mineral metabolism and for improving approaches to treat mineral imbalance-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhidan Xia
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
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Wex T, Grungreiff K, Schutte K, Stengritt M, Reinhold D. Expression analysis of zinc transporters in resting and stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:217-222. [PMID: 24649099 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular zinc homeostasis is tightly regulated under physiological conditions; however, dysregulation of zinc levels has been reported in various chronic inflammatory and malignant diseases. In this study, we aimed to assess the expression pattern of the 24 currently known zinc transporters in resting and stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The cells were isolated from healthy probands and subsequently stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days. The expression levels of zinc transporters [Zrt/IRT-like protein (ZIP) and cation diffusion facilitator/zinc transporter protein (CDF/ZnT) families] were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Of the 24 genes encoding for zinc transporters, 19 were found to be ubiquitously expressed in PBMCs. ZIP5 and ZnT10 were not found in all 5 samples, whereas ZIP12, ZnT3 and ZIP2 were expressed in only 1-2 out of 5 PBMC samples. Of note, stimulation by PHA led to an overall downregulation of zinc transporters in the PBMCs of 4 out of the 5 subjects. Notably, the transcript levels of ZIP14 were consistently induced and those of ZIP3 and ZIP4 consistently downregulated in all 5 subjects, whereas the corresponding levels of the remaining 21 genes varied. Data from this study may facilitate a better understanding of the pathophysiological role of deregulated zinc transporters in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wex
- Medical Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Genetics, Otto von Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany ; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kurt Grungreiff
- Practice of Hepatology, Otto von Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schutte
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maren Stengritt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Huang L. Zinc and its transporters, pancreatic β-cells, and insulin metabolism. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:365-90. [PMID: 24559925 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace metal for life. Two families of zinc transporters, SLC30A (ZNT) and SLC39A (ZIP) are required for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. ZNTs function to decrease cytoplasmic zinc concentrations whereas ZIPs do the opposite. Expression of zinc transporters can be tissue/cell-type specific or ubiquitous. Zinc transporters that are limited in tissue/cell distributions usually perform specialized tasks to satisfy biological processes in a given cell. For example, ZNT8 is mainly expressed in β-cells and functions to deliver zinc into granules for insulin maturation and secretion. Many other zinc transporters are also expressed in β-cells. Defects in these zinc transporters have been associated with abnormalities in insulin synthesis, maturation, and secretion and subsequent glucose metabolism. This review focuses on the specific roles of zinc and its transporters in insulin metabolism and describes the current knowledge of the function of zinc transporters in β-cell health in animal knockout mouse models with respect to diabetes development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, Davis, California, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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The zinc transporter Zip5 (Slc39a5) regulates intestinal zinc excretion and protects the pancreas against zinc toxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82149. [PMID: 24303081 PMCID: PMC3841122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ZIP5 localizes to the baso-lateral membranes of intestinal enterocytes and pancreatic acinar cells and is internalized and degraded coordinately in these cell-types during periods of dietary zinc deficiency. These cell-types are thought to control zinc excretion from the body. The baso-lateral localization and zinc-regulation of ZIP5 in these cells are unique among the 14 members of the Slc39a family and suggest that ZIP5 plays a role in zinc excretion. Methods/Principal Findings We created mice with floxed Zip5 genes and deleted this gene in the entire mouse or specifically in enterocytes or acinar cells and then examined the effects on zinc homeostasis. We found that ZIP5 is not essential for growth and viability but total knockout of ZIP5 led to increased zinc in the liver in mice fed a zinc-adequate (ZnA) diet but impaired accumulation of pancreatic zinc in mice fed a zinc-excess (ZnE) diet. Loss-of-function of enterocyte ZIP5, in contrast, led to increased pancreatic zinc in mice fed a ZnA diet and increased abundance of intestinal Zip4 mRNA. Finally, loss-of-function of acinar cell ZIP5 modestly reduced pancreatic zinc in mice fed a ZnA diet but did not impair zinc uptake as measured by the rapid accumulation of 67zinc. Retention of pancreatic 67zinc was impaired in these mice but the absence of pancreatic ZIP5 sensitized them to zinc-induced pancreatitis and exacerbated the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles containing secretory protein in acinar cells. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that ZIP5 participates in the control of zinc excretion in mice. Specifically, they reveal a paramount function of intestinal ZIP5 in zinc excretion but suggest a role for pancreatic ZIP5 in zinc accumulation/retention in acinar cells. ZIP5 functions in acinar cells to protect against zinc-induced acute pancreatitis and attenuate the process of zymophagy. This suggests that it may play a role in autophagy.
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Qin Q, Wang X, Zhou B. Functional studies of Drosophila zinc transporters reveal the mechanism for dietary zinc absorption and regulation. BMC Biol 2013; 11:101. [PMID: 24063361 PMCID: PMC4015762 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is key to the function of many proteins, but the process of dietary zinc absorption is not well clarified. Current knowledge about dietary zinc absorption is fragmented, and mostly derives from incomplete mammalian studies. To gain a comprehensive picture of this process, we systematically characterized all zinc transporters (that is, the Zip and ZnT family members) for their possible roles in dietary zinc absorption in a genetically amenable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. RESULTS A set of plasma membrane-resident zinc transporters was identified to be responsible for absorbing zinc from the lumen into the enterocyte and the subsequent exit of zinc to the circulation. dZip1 and dZip2, two functionally overlapping zinc importers, are responsible for absorbing zinc from the lumen into the enterocyte. Exit of zinc to the circulation is mediated through another two functionally overlapping zinc exporters, dZnT1, and its homolog CG5130 (dZnT77C). Somewhat surprisingly, it appears that the array of intracellular ZnT proteins, including the Golgi-resident dZnT7, is not directly involved in dietary zinc absorption. By modulating zinc status in different parts of the body, we found that regulation of dietary zinc absorption, in contrast to that of iron, is unresponsive to bodily needs or zinc status outside the gut. The zinc transporters that are involved in dietary zinc absorption, including the importers dZip1 and dZip2, and the exporter dZnT1, are respectively regulated at the RNA and protein levels by zinc in the enterocyte. CONCLUSIONS Our study using the model organism Drosophila thus starts to reveal a comprehensive sketch of dietary zinc absorption and its regulatory control, a process that is still incompletely understood in mammalian organisms. The knowledge gained will act as a reference for future mammalian studies, and also enable an appreciation of this important process from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Jeong J, Eide DJ. The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:612-9. [PMID: 23506894 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a trace element nutrient that is essential for life. This mineral serves as a cofactor for enzymes that are involved in critical biochemical processes and it plays many structural roles as well. At the cellular level, zinc is tightly regulated and disruption of zinc homeostasis results in serious physiological or pathological issues. Despite the high demand for zinc in cells, free or labile zinc must be kept at very low levels. In humans, two major zinc transporter families, the SLC30 (ZnT) family and SLC39 (ZIP) family control cellular zinc homeostasis. This review will focus on the SLC39 transporters. SLC39 transporters primarily serve to pass zinc into the cytoplasm, and play critical roles in maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. These proteins are also significant at the organismal level, and studies are revealing their link to human diseases. Therefore, we will discuss the function, structure, physiology, and pathology of SLC39 transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyon Jeong
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Up-regulation of Slc39A2(Zip2) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4979-84. [PMID: 23686108 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is the most common trace mineral after iron in the human body. In organisms, zinc transporters help zinc influx and efflux from cells. A previous study has reported that Zip2 was up-regulated over 27-fold in human monocytic THP-1 cells, when intracellular zinc was depleted by TPEN. Our study found Zip2 was over-expressed in leukocytes of asthmatic infants, especially those in which the serum zinc level was lower than those in healthy infants. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients have significantly low serum zinc levels. Here we investigated whether Zip2 level was changed in the patients with PTB. Zip2 mRNA and protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from PTB (n1=23) and healthy controls (n2=42) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. mRNA expression levels of another four zinc transporters, Zip1, Zip6, Zip8 and ZnT1, were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Zip2 mRNA level was significantly up-regulated in PTB patients (P=0.001), and Zip8 mRNA level was significantly down-regulated compared with control individuals (P<0.001). In contrast, there were no significant changes in mRNA levels of Zip1, Zip6 and ZnT1 in either group (P>0.05). Zip2 protein expression levels increased in PTB patients compared with control individuals. Our study found that knockdown of ZIP2 with siRNA caused a decrease in Zip2 levels in PBMC of PTB patients, while reducing the expression of INF-γ (P<0.01) and increasing the expression of IL-6(P<0.01). These data provide evidence that increased expression of Zip2 gene is closely associated with immunity of PTB patients, suggesting that the Zip2 gene may play a key role in the initial infection control of the human body, by promoting and maintaining the immune response of adaptive T cells.
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Abstract
After iron, zinc is the most abundant essential trace metal. Intracellular zinc ([Zn]i) is maintained across a wide range of cells and species in a tight quota (100 to 500 μM) by a dynamic process of transport, intracellular vesicular storage, and binding to a large number of proteins (estimated at 3-10% of human proteome). As such, zinc is an integral component of numerous metalloenzymes, structural proteins, and transcription factors. It is generally assumed that a vanishingly small component of [Zn]i, referred to as free or labile zinc, and operationally defined as the pool sensitive to chelation (by agents such as N, N, N’, N’-tetrakis [2-pyridylmethyl] ethylenediamine [TPEN]) and capable of detection by a variety of chemical and genetic sensors, participates in signal transduction pathways. Zinc deficiencies, per se, can arise from acquired (malnutrition, alcoholism) or genetic (mutations in molecules affecting zinc homeostasis, the informative and first example being acrodermatitis enteropathica) factors or as a component of various diseases (e.g., sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, sepsis). Hypozincemia has profound effects on developing humans, and all facets of physiological function (neuronal, endocrine, immunological) are affected, although considerably less is known regarding cardiovascular pathophysiology. In this review, we provide an update on current knowledge of molecular and cellular aspects of zinc homeostasis and then focus on implications of zinc signaling in pulmonary endothelium as it relates to programmed cell death, altered contractility, and septic and aseptic injury to this segment of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalidasan Thambiayya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Kambe T. [Overview of and update on the physiological functions of mammalian zinc transporters]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2013; 68:92-102. [PMID: 23718971 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.68.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of mammalian zinc transporters have been molecularly characterized. This has brought about major advances in our understanding of the tight regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis and the pivotal roles zinc transporters play in a variety of biological events. Mammalian zinc transporters are classified into two families: the ZRT, IRT-like protein (ZIP) family and the Zn transporter (ZnT) family. The ZIP family consists of 14 members and facilitates zinc influx into the cytosol from the extracellular and intracellular compartments. The ZnT family consists of 9 members and facilitates zinc efflux from the cytosol to the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Coordinated zinc mobilization across the cellular membrane by both transporter families is indispensable for diverse physiological functions. In this review, the features of the ZIP and ZnT families are briefly reviewed from the perspective of zinc physiology, with emphasis on recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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36
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Myers SA, Nield A, Myers M. Zinc transporters, mechanisms of action and therapeutic utility: implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:173712. [PMID: 23304467 PMCID: PMC3530793 DOI: 10.1155/2012/173712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a vital role in maintaining many biological processes and cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional zinc signaling is associated with a number of chronic disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. Cellular homeostasis requires mechanisms that tightly control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc. This is achieved through the coordinated actions of zinc transporters and metallothioneins. Evidence on the role of these proteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is now emerging. Zinc plays a key role in the synthesis, secretion and action of insulin in both physiological and pathophysiological states. Moreover, recent studies highlight zinc's dynamic role as a "cellular second messenger" in the control of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. This suggests that zinc plays an unidentified role as a novel second messenger that augments insulin activity. This previously unexplored concept would raise a whole new area of research into the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and introduce a new class of drug target with utility for diabetes pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Myers
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, University Drive, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia
- Collaborative Research Network, University of Ballarat, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Alex Nield
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, University Drive, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Mark Myers
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ballarat, University Drive, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia
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37
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Yu D, Danku JMC, Baxter I, Kim S, Vatamaniuk OK, Vitek O, Ouzzani M, Salt DE. High-resolution genome-wide scan of genes, gene-networks and cellular systems impacting the yeast ionome. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:623. [PMID: 23151179 PMCID: PMC3652779 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To balance the demand for uptake of essential elements with their potential toxicity living cells have complex regulatory mechanisms. Here, we describe a genome-wide screen to identify genes that impact the elemental composition (‘ionome’) of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) we quantify Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, S and Zn in 11890 mutant strains, including 4940 haploid and 1127 diploid deletion strains, and 5798 over expression strains. Results We identified 1065 strains with an altered ionome, including 584 haploid and 35 diploid deletion strains, and 446 over expression strains. Disruption of protein metabolism or trafficking has the highest likelihood of causing large ionomic changes, with gene dosage also being important. Gene over expression produced more extreme ionomic changes, but over expression and loss of function phenotypes are generally not related. Ionomic clustering revealed the existence of only a small number of possible ionomic profiles suggesting fitness tradeoffs that constrain the ionome. Clustering also identified important roles for the mitochondria, vacuole and ESCRT pathway in regulation of the ionome. Network analysis identified hub genes such as PMR1 in Mn homeostasis, novel members of ionomic networks such as SMF3 in vacuolar retrieval of Mn, and cross-talk between the mitochondria and the vacuole. All yeast ionomic data can be searched and downloaded at http://www.ionomicshub.org. Conclusions Here, we demonstrate the power of high-throughput ICP-MS analysis to functionally dissect the ionome on a genome-wide scale. The information this reveals has the potential to benefit both human health and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yu
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Comparison of intracellular zinc signals in nonadherent lymphocytes from young-adult and elderly donors: role of zinc transporters (Zip family) and proinflammatory cytokines. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1256-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang CY, Jenkitkasemwong S, Duarte S, Sparkman BK, Shawki A, Mackenzie B, Knutson MD. ZIP8 is an iron and zinc transporter whose cell-surface expression is up-regulated by cellular iron loading. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34032-43. [PMID: 22898811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ZIP8 (SLC39A8) belongs to the ZIP family of metal-ion transporters. Among the ZIP proteins, ZIP8 is most closely related to ZIP14, which can transport iron, zinc, manganese, and cadmium. Here we investigated the iron transport ability of ZIP8, its subcellular localization, pH dependence, and regulation by iron. Transfection of HEK 293T cells with ZIP8 cDNA enhanced the uptake of (59)Fe and (65)Zn by 200 and 40%, respectively, compared with controls. Excess iron inhibited the uptake of zinc and vice versa. In RNA-injected Xenopus oocytes, ZIP8-mediated (55)Fe(2+) transport was saturable (K(0.5) of ∼0.7 μm) and inhibited by zinc. ZIP8 also mediated the uptake of (109)Cd(2+), (57)Co(2+), (65)Zn(2+) > (54)Mn(2+), but not (64)Cu (I or II). By using immunofluorescence analysis, we found that ZIP8 expressed in HEK 293T cells localized to the plasma membrane and partially in early endosomes. Iron loading increased total and cell-surface levels of ZIP8 in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. We also determined by using site-directed mutagenesis that asparagine residues 40, 88, and 96 of rat ZIP8 are glycosylated and that N-glycosylation is not required for iron or zinc transport. Analysis of 20 different human tissues revealed abundant ZIP8 expression in lung and placenta and showed that its expression profile differs markedly from ZIP14, suggesting nonredundant functions. Suppression of endogenous ZIP8 expression in BeWo cells, a placental cell line, reduced iron uptake by ∼40%, suggesting that ZIP8 participates in placental iron transport. Collectively, these data identify ZIP8 as an iron transport protein that may function in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Giritharan G, Delle Piane L, Donjacour A, Esteban FJ, Horcajadas JA, Maltepe E, Rinaudo P. In vitro culture of mouse embryos reduces differential gene expression between inner cell mass and trophectoderm. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:243-52. [PMID: 22383776 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111428522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Differences in gene expression and imprinting have been reported, comparing in vivo versus in vitro generated preimplantation embryos. Furthermore, mouse studies have shown that placenta development is altered following in vitro culture. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these findings are unknown. We therefore isolated trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) cells from in vivo and in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos and evaluated their transcriptome using microarrays. We found that the transcriptomes of in vitro produced ICM and TE cells showed remarkably few differences compared to ICM and TE cells of in vivo generated embryos. In vitro fertilization embryos showed a reduced number of TE cells compared to in vivo embryos. In addition, TE of IVF embryos showed significant downregulation of solute transporter genes and of genes involved in placenta formation (Eomesodermin, Socs3) or implantation (Hbegf). In summary, IVF and embryo culture significantly affects the transcriptome of ICM and TE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giritharan
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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41
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Geiser J, Venken KJT, De Lisle RC, Andrews GK. A mouse model of acrodermatitis enteropathica: loss of intestine zinc transporter ZIP4 (Slc39a4) disrupts the stem cell niche and intestine integrity. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002766. [PMID: 22737083 PMCID: PMC3380849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human Zip4 gene cause acrodermatitis enteropathica, a rare, pseudo-dominant, lethal genetic disorder. We created a tamoxifen-inducible, enterocyte-specific knockout of this gene in mice which mimics this human disorder. We found that the enterocyte Zip4 gene in mice is essential throughout life, and loss-of-function of this gene rapidly leads to wasting and death unless mice are nursed or provided excess dietary zinc. An initial effect of the knockout was the reprogramming of Paneth cells, which contribute to the intestinal stem cell niche in the crypts. Labile zinc in Paneth cells was lost, followed by diminished Sox9 (sex determining region Y-box 9) and lysozyme expression, and accumulation of mucin, which is normally found in goblet cells. This was accompanied by dysplasia of the intestinal crypts and significantly diminished small intestine cell division, and attenuated mTOR1 activity in villus enterocytes, indicative of increased catabolic metabolism, and diminished protein synthesis. This was followed by disorganization of the absorptive epithelium. Elemental analyses of small intestine, liver, and pancreas from Zip4-intestine knockout mice revealed that total zinc was dramatically and rapidly decreased in these organs whereas iron, manganese, and copper slowly accumulated to high levels in the liver as the disease progressed. These studies strongly suggest that wasting and lethality in acrodermatitis enteropathica patients reflects the loss-of-function of the intestine zinc transporter ZIP4, which leads to abnormal Paneth cell gene expression, disruption of the intestinal stem cell niche, and diminished function of the intestinal mucosa. These changes, in turn, cause a switch from anabolic to catabolic metabolism and altered homeostasis of several essential metals, which, if untreated by excess dietary zinc, leads to dramatic weight loss and death. Loss-of-function of the zinc transporter ZIP4 in the mouse intestine mimics the lethal human disease acrodermatitis enteropathica. This is a rare disease in humans that is not well understood. Our studies demonstrate the paramount importance of ZIP4 in the intestine in this disease and reveal that a root cause of lethality is disruption of the intestine stem cell niche and impaired function of the small intestine. This, in turn, leads to dramatic weight loss and death unless treated with exogenous zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Geiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Koen J. T. Venken
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert C. De Lisle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Glen K. Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Coordinate expression and localization of iron and zinc transporters explain iron-zinc interactions during uptake in Caco-2 cells: implications for iron uptake at the enterocyte. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:1146-54. [PMID: 22137264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron and zinc have diverse and important physiological functions. Yet, the mechanism of their absorption at the intestine remains controversial and is confounded by the fact that many studies have shown, to varying extents, that they inhibit the absorption of each other. We have studied the expression of iron and zinc transporters and storage proteins, and their regulation, in Caco-2 cells, an established enterocyte model, under normal culture conditions and under conditions of iron and zinc depletion and supplementation using a combination of immunoblotting, confocal microscopy and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We show that divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1) delocalizes from the plasma membrane upon iron or zinc depletion, but its apical abundance increases with zinc supplementation. This translocation of DMT-1 coincides with an increase in iron uptake upon zinc supplementation, as previously reported by us. FPN-1 expression increases upon zinc supplementation and decreases with iron or zinc depletion, effluxing the excess sequestered iron and thus maintaining cellular iron homeostasis. Zinc influx transporters Zip-1 and Zip-14 and efflux transporters ZnT-1 and ZnT-4 are coordinately regulated under conditions of zinc supplementation and depletion to ensure cellular zinc homeostasis. We have previously reported that iron uptake can entail two transporters and that zinc noncompetitively inhibits iron uptake in Caco-2 cells. We now provide evidence that this inhibition is independent of DMT-1 and that Zip-14 may be a relevant iron transporter. These new observations provide experimental support to this two-transporter model of iron uptake and give mechanistic insight to iron-zinc interactions during uptake at the enterocyte.
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Fukada T, Kambe T. Molecular and genetic features of zinc transporters in physiology and pathogenesis. Metallomics 2011; 3:662-74. [PMID: 21566827 DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00011j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a vital element. It plays indispensable roles in multifarious cellular processes, affecting the expression and activity of a variety of molecules, including transcription factors, enzymes, adapters, channels, growth factors, and their receptors. A disturbance in Zn homeostasis due to Zn deficiency or an excess of Zn absorption can therefore impair the cellular machinery and exert various influences on physiological programs, such as systemic growth, morphogenetic processes, and immune responses, as well as neuro-sensory and endocrine functions. Thus, Zn imbalance becomes pathogenic in humans. Zn homeostasis is controlled by the coordinated actions of Zn transporters, which are responsible for Zn influx and efflux, and intricately regulate the intracellular and extracellular Zn concentration and distribution. In this review, we describe crucial roles of Zn transporters in biological phenomena, focusing in particular on how Zn transporters contribute to cellular events at the molecular, biochemical, and genetic level, with recent progress uncovering the roles of Zn transporters in physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Fukada
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Japan.
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Abstract
Minerals are essential and toxic elements that have an impact on human health. Although we have learned a tremendous amount about the metabolism, biological roles, and health effects of minerals with the tools of biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular genetics, there are gaps in our knowledge of mineral biology that will benefit from new approaches. Forward genetics, whereby variations in phenotypes are mapped to natural genetic variation in the genome, has been successfully used to increase our understanding of many biologically important traits but has not yet been used extensively for mineral metabolism. In addition, the well-appreciated existence of interactions between minerals justifies a broader, systems approach to the study of mineral metabolism, i.e., ionomics. This short review will explain the value of forward genetics and ionomics as tools for exploring mammalian mineral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Fleet
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906,Center for Gene-Environment Interactions, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Rebecca Replogle
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - David E. Salt
- Center for Gene-Environment Interactions, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
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Fukada T, Asada Y, Mishima K, Shimoda S, Saito I. Slc39a13/Zip13: A Crucial Zinc Transporter Involved in Tooth Development and Inherited Disorders. J Oral Biosci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(11)80030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fitsanakis VA, Zhang N, Garcia S, Aschner M. Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe): interdependency of transport and regulation. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:124-31. [PMID: 19921534 PMCID: PMC7909719 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are transition metals that are crucial to the appropriate growth, development, function, and maintenance of biological organisms. Because of their chemical similarity, in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals they share and compete for many protein transporters, such as the divalent metal transporter-1. As such, during conditions of low Fe, abnormal Mn accumulation occurs. Conversely, when Mn concentrations are altered, the homeostasis and deposition of Fe and other transition metals are disrupted. Our lab has undertaken a series of studies in rats involving pregnant dams, neo- and perinatal pups, and adult animals. Animals were exposed to various concentrations of dietary Fe and/or Mn, and protein transporter expression, blood Mn and Fe concentrations, brain transition metal concentrations, and temporal brain deposition patterns were examined. As a result, we have demonstrated the importance of the interdependence of the transport of Mn and Fe, and established brain metal concentrations in several longitudinal studies. The purpose of this review is to examine these studies in their entirety and highlight the importance of monitoring the deposition and accumulation of both Mn and Fe when designing future studies related to either dietary or environmental changes in transition metal levels. Finally, this review will provide information about various transport proteins currently under investigation in the research community related to Fe and Mn regulation and transport.
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Lichten LA, Cousins RJ. Mammalian zinc transporters: nutritional and physiologic regulation. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:153-76. [PMID: 19400752 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-033009-083312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Research advances defining how zinc is transported into and out of cells and organelles have increased exponentially within the past five years. Research has progressed through application of molecular techniques including genomic analysis, cell transfection, RNA interference, kinetic analysis of ion transport, and application of cell and animal models including knockout mice. The knowledge base has increased for most of 10 members of the ZnT family and 14 members of the Zrt-, Irt-like protein (ZIP) family. Relative to the handling of dietary zinc is the involvement of ZnT1, ZIP4, and ZIP5 in intestinal zinc transport, involvement of ZIP10 and ZnT1 in renal zinc reabsorption, and the roles of ZIP5, ZnT2, and ZnT1 in pancreatic release of endogenous zinc. These events are major factors in regulation of zinc homeostasis. Other salient findings are the involvement of ZnT2 in lactation, ZIP14 in the hypozincemia of inflammation, ZIP6, ZIP7, and ZIP10 in metastatic breast cancer, and ZnT8 in insulin processing and as an autoantigen in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Lichten
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department and Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2710, USA
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Fukada T, Civic N, Furuichi T, Shimoda S, Mishima K, Higashiyama H, Idaira Y, Asada Y, Kitamura H, Yamasaki S, Hojyo S, Nakayama M, Ohara O, Koseki H, dos Santos HG, Bonafe L, Ha-Vinh R, Zankl A, Unger S, Kraenzlin ME, Beckmann JS, Saito I, Rivolta C, Ikegawa S, Superti-Furga A, Hirano T. The zinc transporter SLC39A13/ZIP13 is required for connective tissue development; its involvement in BMP/TGF-beta signaling pathways. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3642. [PMID: 18985159 PMCID: PMC2575416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element and it is abundant in connective tissues, however biological roles of Zn and its transporters in those tissues and cells remain unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report that mice deficient in Zn transporter Slc39a13/Zip13 show changes in bone, teeth and connective tissue reminiscent of the clinical spectrum of human Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). The Slc39a13 knockout (Slc39a13-KO) mice show defects in the maturation of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, odontoblasts, and fibroblasts. In the corresponding tissues and cells, impairment in bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and TGF-beta signaling were observed. Homozygosity for a SLC39A13 loss of function mutation was detected in sibs affected by a unique variant of EDS that recapitulates the phenotype observed in Slc39a13-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Hence, our results reveal a crucial role of SLC39A13/ZIP13 in connective tissue development at least in part due to its involvement in the BMP/TGF-beta signaling pathways. The Slc39a13-KO mouse represents a novel animal model linking zinc metabolism, BMP/TGF-beta signaling and connective tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Fukada
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natacha Civic
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatsuya Furuichi
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Anatomy-1, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Higashiyama
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yayoi Idaira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Asada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Laboratory for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hojyo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakayama
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Laboratory of Genome Technology, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Laboratory of Genome Technology, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Luisa Bonafe
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Russia Ha-Vinh
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sheila Unger
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius E. Kraenzlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ichiro Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toshio Hirano
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology and the CREST Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, and WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Novel proteolytic processing of the ectodomain of the zinc transporter ZIP4 (SLC39A4) during zinc deficiency is inhibited by acrodermatitis enteropathica mutations. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:129-39. [PMID: 18936158 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00963-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc transporter ZIP4 (SLC39A4) is mutated in humans with the rare, autosomal recessive genetic disease acrodermatitis enteropathica. In mice, this gene is essential during early embryonic development. ZIP4 is dynamically regulated by multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms, and studies of mouse ZIP4 reported herein reveal that the ectodomain, the extracellular amino-terminal half of the protein, is proteolytically removed during prolonged zinc deficiency while the remaining eight-transmembrane carboxyl-terminal half of the protein is accumulated on the plasma membrane as an abundant form of ZIP4. This novel ZIP4 processing occurs in vivo in the intestine and visceral endoderm, in mouse Hepa cells that express the endogenous Slc39a4 gene and in transfected MDCK and CaCo2 cells, but not HEK293 cells. In transfected MDCK and CaCo2 cells, the ectodomain accumulated and remained associated with membranes when zinc was deficient. ZIP4 cleavage was attenuated by inhibitors of endocytosis, which suggests that the processed protein is recycled back to the plasma membrane and that the ectodomain may be internalized. Ectodomain cleavage is inhibited by acrodermatitis enteropathica mutations near a predicted metalloproteinase cleavage site which is also essential for proper ectodomain cleavage, and overexpression of processed ZIP4 or ZIP4 with ectodomain truncations rendered the mouse Mt1 gene hypersensitive to zinc. These finding suggest that the processing of ZIP4 may represent a significant regulatory mechanism controlling its function.
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