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Hamurcu P, Barlak S. Impact of a 6-week dietary and lifestyle modification intervention on food cravings and eating behaviors in women. NUTR HOSP 2024; 41:879-888. [PMID: 38967291 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: the multifaceted nature of food craving mirrors the complexity underlying the development of eating disorders. Objectives: the study aimed to investigate the impact of a 6-week dietary and lifestyle intervention on food cravings, eating behaviors, and changes in physical and biochemical measures among women. Methods: this study constitutes a behavior modification investigation involving a cohort of 35 female participants who sought consultation at a private nutrition counseling facility. At first, anthropometric and biochemical data were recorded; Information Form, Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait Scale (FCQ-T), Three-Factor Eating Scale (TFEQ-R21) were applied and 3-Day Food Consumption Records were taken. After 6 weeks of dietitian follow-up, the data collection tools were repeated and the individuals were compared with the baseline. Results: after 6-week follow-up, according to the examination of the food consumption records, differences in daily energy, fat, monounsaturated fatty acid, fibre, vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, iron intake levels were found significant (p < 0.05). Differences in body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist/height ratio, fat mass, fat ratio and fasting glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, AST, TSH, free T3, free T4 levels were found significant (p < 0.05). According to the FCQ-T evaluation; differences in total and nine sub-dimension scores of the scale were found significant (p < 0.001). According to the TFEQ-R21 evaluation; differences in cognitive restraint, emotional eating and uncontrolled eating scores were found significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: a successful 6-week dietary and lifestyle intervention with improvement in anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters is effective in reducing food cravings and regulating eating behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Hamurcu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic. Faculty of Health Sciences. Istanbul Okan University
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Wiss DA, LaFata EM, Tomiyama AJ. A novel weight suppression score associates with distinct eating disorder and ultra-processed food symptoms compared to the traditional weight suppression measure among adults seeking outpatient nutrition counseling. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:75. [PMID: 38853271 PMCID: PMC11162565 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight suppression has been defined as diet-induced weight loss, traditionally operationalized as the difference between one's highest and current weight. This concept has been studied in the context of eating disorders, but its value in predicting treatment outcomes has been inconsistent, which may be partially attributed to its calculation. METHOD The current study operationalizes a novel weight suppression score, reflecting the midpoint between the lowest and highest adult weights among adults (N = 287, ages 21-75, 73.9% women) seeking outpatient treatment for disordered eating. This report compared the traditional weight suppression calculation to the novel weight suppression score in a simulated dataset to model their differential distributions. Next, we analyzed shared and distinct clinical correlates of traditional weight suppression versus the novel weight suppression score using clinical intake data. RESULTS The novel weight suppression score was significantly associated with meeting criteria for both eating disorders and ultra-processed food addiction and was more sensitive to detecting clinically relevant eating disorder symptomatology. However, the novel weight suppression score (vs. traditional weight suppression) was associated with fewer ultra-processed food addiction symptoms. CONCLUSION The novel weight suppression score may be particularly relevant for those with eating disorders and ultra-processed food addiction, with more relevance to individual eating disorder compared to ultra-processed food addiction symptoms. Consideration of the novel weight suppression score in future research on eating behaviors should extend beyond just those with diagnosed eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wiss
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Erica M LaFata
- Drexel University Center for Weight Eating and Lifestyle Science, 3201 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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3
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Colombarolli MS, de Oliveira J, Cordás TA. Craving for carbs: food craving and disordered eating in low-carb dieters and its association with intermittent fasting. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3109-3117. [PMID: 35999438 PMCID: PMC9398050 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies point to positive outcomes in a diet with reduction of carbohydrates and that the associated practice of intermittent fasting (IF) might increase weight loss. Although dieting might be related to disordered eating, little evidence is available about the role of restrictive carbohydrates diets on disordered eating. This study aimed to explore if doing low-carb (LC) diets was related to disordered eating and if IF would increase these symptoms. The sample comprised university students (n = 682), with a mean age of 22 years old and average BMI of 23.6 kg/m2 (SD = 4.3). Twenty-seven percent (n = 188) of respondents reported doing LC diet in the last three months. Of those, 31% (n = 58) reported doing LC diet combined with periods of IF. Mean scores were compared using parametric tests, and effects size and correlations between variables were calculated. Dieters showed higher levels of binge eating, food cravings, cognitive restraint, cognitive restraint toward carbohydrates when compared to non-dieters. The association of LC and IF was related to an increase in disordered eating, especially binge eating and food cravings, specifically 'Lack of control', 'Thoughts or preoccupation with food,' and 'Guilt from cravings and/or for giving in to them'. These results provide evidence that restrictive carbohydrate diets and IF may increase cognitive restraint and, consequently, food cravings.Level III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Stivaleti Colombarolli
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jônatas de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Eating Behavior and Trauma Project (AMBULIM), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Eating Disorders Program (AMBULIM/PROTAD), Institute of Psychiatry of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785-Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Táki Athanássios Cordás
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Eating Behavior and Trauma Project (AMBULIM), São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Harris RA, Fernando HA, Seimon RV, da Luz FQ, Gibson AA, Touyz SW, Sainsbury A. Effects of total diet replacement programs on mental well-being: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13465. [PMID: 35997170 PMCID: PMC9786773 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review with meta-analyses assessed the effects of total diet replacement (TDR) programs on mental well-being in clinical trial participants with a body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 . TDR programs involve replacing all dietary requirements with nutritionally replete formula foods and are generally administered to induce rapid weight loss. To date, it is largely unclear what effects TDR programs may have on mental well-being, particularly in the long-term. To address this, we screened 25,976 references across six databases and extracted 35 publications. These 35 publications provided sufficient data to evaluate the effects of TDR programs on depression, anxiety, stress, positive affect, negative affect, vitality, role-emotional, social functioning, mental health, mental composite summary score, self-esteem, and general psychological health in 24 meta-analyses. Due to the lack of research comparing TDR programs to comparator groups, 22 of our 24 meta-analyses explored change in these mental well-being sub-domains over time in TDR programs without comparators. Specifically, we assessed the change from pre-diet (before the TDR program) to either post-diet (up to and including two months after the TDR program); and/or follow-up (more than two months after the TDR program). For depression and anxiety, we were also able to assess the change from pre-diet to mid-diet (which fell within two weeks of the diet half-way point). The remaining two meta-analyses assessed the difference in depression scores between a TDR group and a food-based comparator group from pre-diet to post-diet and from pre-diet to follow-up. Across all meta-analyses, our results found no marked adverse effects of TDR programs on any mental well-being sub-domain. In fact, clear improvements were observed for depression, anxiety, stress, vitality, role-emotional, and social functioning at post-diet. Interestingly, the improvements for depression, vitality and role-emotional were maintained at follow-up. All improvements were observed in meta-analyses without comparators. While the two comparator-based meta-analyses showed no difference between TDR programs and food-based diets in depression symptoms, there was low statistical power. For all meta-analyses containing three or more independent samples, we constructed prediction intervals to determine the range within which the mean of the true effects may fall for future populations. While these prediction intervals varied between sub-domains, we found that mean depression scores are only likely to increase (i.e., depression will worsen) in less than 3% of future TDR interventions which meet our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Taken together, we concluded that for adults with a body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 , TDR programs are unlikely to lead to marked adverse effects on mental well-being. These findings do not support the exclusion of participants from trials or interventions involving TDR programs based on concerns that these programs may adversely affect mental well-being. In fact, by excluding these participants, they may be prevented from improving their metabolic health and mental well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Harris
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamish A Fernando
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Radhika V Seimon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felipe Q da Luz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Program (AMBULIM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice A Gibson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen W Touyz
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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5
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Dicker-Oren SD, Gelkopf M, Greene T. The dynamic network associations of food craving, restrained eating, hunger and negative emotions. Appetite 2022; 175:106019. [PMID: 35500722 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food craving, restrained eating, hunger, and negative emotions may predict and reinforce one another. However, less is known about how they interact together as a complex system in daily life. Therefore, we used a dynamic network approach to examine the associations between food craving, restrained eating, hunger and negative emotions in daily life. METHODS Food craving, restrained eating, hunger and negative emotions were measured using ecological momentary assessment three times a day over ten days in a community sample in Israel (n = 123). A two-step multilevel vector auto-regression network analysis was used to estimate temporal, contemporaneous and between-persons networks. RESULTS In the temporal network, restrained eating was the most central predictor of eating behaviors and negative emotions, predicting food craving and hunger as well as sadness and loneliness. Food craving was also predicted by hunger and stress, and hunger predicted loneliness. In the contemporaneous network, food craving was associated with hunger and feeling bored, and higher anger was associated with lower restrained eating. Stress and sadness were central negative emotions in the models. DISCUSSION This study suggests possible temporal and contemporaneous relationships between food craving, restrained eating, hunger and negative emotions, emphasizing their complex interactions in daily life. Restrained eating and stress should be investigated as potential targets for interventions addressing food craving and overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Dicker-Oren
- The Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - M Gelkopf
- The Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - T Greene
- The Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Maillet MA, Grouzet FME. Healthy eating in daily life: the role of relative autonomous motivation when it is difficult. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022; 46:640-657. [PMID: 35910091 PMCID: PMC9309594 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most people try to eat healthy, but the temptation of unhealthy foods (among other factors) can make it difficult. Despite these difficulties, some people still achieve their healthy eating goals. Following self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000), we propose that relative autonomous motivation (RAM) can foster people’s effort in pursuing health goals. In two daily diary studies, we tested the hypothesis that RAM predicts attainment of healthy eating goals, especially when it is difficult. In Study 1, we focused on difficulties associated with trying to eat certain foods while avoiding others, whereas in Study 2, we focused on difficulties associated with the availability of unhealthy and healthy foods. Multilevel analyses provided some support our hypothesis, and highlighted the role of RAM for eating (vs. skipping) lunch and packing a lunch–two approach-based healthy eating strategies. We discuss these findings in relation to SDT and propose directions for future research on within-person changes in motivation and other sources of difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles A. Maillet
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Youth and Society, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
| | - Frederick M. E. Grouzet
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Youth and Society, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC Canada
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Abouchacra S, AlKaabi J, Nair SC, Abdulle A, Taha M, Ismail MM, Askheta M, El Houni A, Bairy K, Bhat R, Abdul Salam Al Sayadi T, Abouchacra O, Al Baloushi D, Al Nasseri A, Gebran N, Yaman O, Sharma C. Development of Novel Eating Error Scoring Tool to Evaluate Adult Eating Behavior Anomalies Among the United Arab Emirates Population. Cureus 2022; 14:e25679. [PMID: 35812552 PMCID: PMC9257266 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maladaptive eating behaviors are emerging as the most significant determinants of obesity with a promising role in intervention. In the absence of a standardized tool to assess eating variations, an Eating Error Score (EES) tool was devised which comprised five zones for evaluating the severity of obesogenic behaviors as well as the specific area(s) with the highest susceptibility. This pilot study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the EES in quantitating the eating behavior errors associated with excess weight and identifying the most affected zones. Methods The EES questionnaire was designed to explore potential disturbances in five zones of eating behavior related to the impetus to eat (Munger), meal choices and attentiveness to cravings (Impulsive), consumption speed (Speed feeding), cues to stop ingestion (Indulgent) and the social aspect of eating (Relationship). The questionnaire was conducted on adults with varying body mass index (BMI) attending governmental outpatient clinics. The correlation between EES and BMI was determined through Pearson Coefficient. Results A total of 204 participants completed the EES questionnaire. There were 72 males and 132 females with a mean BMI of 27.63 ± 6.16 kg/m2 and with nearly equal distribution between normal weight (37.2%), overweight (32.4%), and obese (29.4%) individuals. Nearly 75% of our cohort had a moderate total EES, and the remainder was equally distributed between the mild and severe ranges. A weak but significant correlation was observed between total EES and BMI (r=0.275, p<0.001) suggesting increasing obesogenic styles in participants with excess weight. In addition, a similar weak but significant correlation was noted between Body Mass Index and the Munger and Impulsive zones (r=0.266 and 0.258 and p<0.001, respectively) suggesting more severe maladaptive eating behaviors in these areas. No correlation was found with the Speed feeding, Indulgent, and Relationship zones. Conclusion The EES may be a useful tool for assessing the extent of maladaptive eating behaviors, which predispose individuals to weight gain and sabotage their weight loss efforts. Undoubtedly, the utility of the tool needs to be corroborated in large population studies. Further, identifying the specific operant zones may show promise as many of these habits are potentially modifiable and can be targeted for weight control, most notably those associated with the Munger and Impulsive zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juma AlKaabi
- Endocrinology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, ARE
| | | | - Abdishakur Abdulle
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Mazen Taha
- Gastroenterology, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, ARE
| | | | - Mazen Askheta
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, ARE
| | - Ali El Houni
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, ARE
| | - Kurady Bairy
- Pharmacology, Ras Al Khaima Medicine and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaima, ARE
| | - Raghavendra Bhat
- Internal Medicine, Ras Al Khaima Medicine and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaima, ARE
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Gebran
- Clinical Pharmacy, SEHA Abu Dhabi Health Services, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Omar Yaman
- Medical Affairs, Khalifa University for Science, Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Charu Sharma
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, ARE
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Clinical Considerations of Ultra-processed Food Addiction Across Weight Classes: an Eating Disorder Treatment and Care Perspective. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:255-267. [PMID: 35531579 PMCID: PMC9058754 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To examine the prevalence rates of ultra-processed food addiction across different weight classes and offer guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians are provided with practical considerations in the assessment of ultra-processed food addiction beyond the use of validated instruments. Recent Findings The weighted mean prevalence of ultra-processed food addiction is approximately 20% worldwide and varies widely based on the sample. At first glance, there appears a linear relationship between ultra-processed food addiction and BMI class. Further investigation indicates a J-shaped curve with heightened prevalence among the underweight. These findings highlight the need to assess for additional factors that may increase objective or subjective food addiction symptoms including eating disorders, dietary restraint, and other mental health diagnoses. Summary While clinical considerations across different weight classes vary, overemphasis on weight status may detract from the clinical utility of the ultra-processed food addiction construct. Considering weight status in conjunction with other psychiatric symptoms helps to better understand the various biopsychosocial mechanisms that influence eating behavior and can inform individualized treatment strategies.
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Deek MR, Kemps E, Prichard I, Tiggemann M. The effect of a healthy food cue on choices from an online fast-food menu. Eat Behav 2022; 45:101632. [PMID: 35533465 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of unhealthy food cues in our environment is a major contributor to poor dietary behaviours. Emerging research has shown that changing the food environment through the co-presentation of a healthy food cue may subtly 'nudge' individuals towards making healthier choices. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a healthy food cue on subsequent food and drink choices from an online fast-food ordering menu. Participants (N = 291 women) were first presented with a cue displaying either a healthy or unhealthy meal, or no cue control. They were then shown a pictorial menu with items presented in one of two orders - menu 1 (first item healthy), menu 2 (first item unhealthy) - and asked to choose one item from each of three sections (mains, drinks, desserts). Participants also completed a questionnaire measure of dietary restraint. Overall, participants made more healthy choices from menu 1 than 2. For menu 1, there was a significant interaction between experimental condition and restraint status, whereby restrained eaters made relatively more healthy choices following the healthy cue. This was particularly the case for 'main' meal items. The findings have real world implications for digital businesses on how to present food and drink items to nudge individuals towards healthier choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rebecca Deek
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Health & Exercise Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Pinto VRA, Campos RFDA, Rocha F, Emmendoerfer ML, Vidigal MCTR, da Rocha SJSS, Lucia SMD, Cabral LFM, de Carvalho AF, Perrone ÍT. Perceived healthiness of foods: A systematic review of qualitative studies. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Devos E, Pandelaere M, Kerckhove AV. Does a single consumption imagery event increase food desire? Appetite 2021; 168:105773. [PMID: 34706288 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Food desire is an intense motivational state a consumer experiences toward food that accounts for much of consumption. While extant research has shown that experiencing desire elicits consumption imagery, it remains unclear whether consumption imagery alone instigates desire. Even though this directional relationship has been often speculated upon, little empirical study has considered it. This paper empirically identifies imagined consumption as an antecedent of food desire. Six studies show that consumption imagery increases food desire and suggest that this impact is due to induced feelings of deprivation. Our findings also show that increased desire explains previously researched outcomes of imagery, such as a higher willingness to pay for and consumption volumes of the imagined food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelynn Devos
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mario Pandelaere
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen Van Kerckhove
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Tweekerkenstraat 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Hintze LJ, Doucet É, Goldfield GS. THE RELATIVE REINFORCING VALUE OF SNACK FOOD IS A SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF FAT LOSS IN WOMEN WITH OVERWEIGHT OR OBESITY. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:134-140. [PMID: 34570984 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcing Relative Value (RRV) of food and impulsivity are associated with energy intake and obesity. The study investigated the degree to which changes in RRV and impulsivity independently or interactively predict change in body weight and composition in women with overweight or obesity engaged in either a fast or in a slow weight loss programs. Body weight, body composition, Impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale), RRV snack (computerized Behavioural Choice Task) were measured at baseline and post-intervention in 30 women with obesity undergoing either slow (n= 14 -500 kcal/day, 20 weeks) or fast n=16 (-1000kcal/day, 10 weeks) weight reduction. No group*time effects were noted on body composition, impulsivity or RRV, so participants from both groups were pooled for analysis. Multiple regression analyses indicated that none of the impulsivity variables predicted weight- or fat mass (FM) loss. However, Δ RRV snack predicted ΔFM (r=0.40, P=0.046), whereby greater increases in RRV snack were associated with less FM loss. Results indicate that different rates of weight loss do not differentially affect RRV snack or impulsivity traits. However, changes in RRV snack predicted FM loss, suggesting that dietary interventions that either mitigate increases or foster reductions in the RRV snack may yield greater reductions in adiposity. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04866875 NOVELTY POINTS • No differences in RRV of food were noted between fast and slow weight loss • Weight loss from combined fast and slow groups led to a moderate-sized reduction in the total impulsivity • Greater diet-induced increases in RRV snack was associated with less body fat-loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Éric Doucet
- University of Ottawa, School of Human Kinetics, School of Human Kinetics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5;
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 27338, Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
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13
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Campbell SM. Expanding notions of equity: Body diversity and social justice. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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de Oliveira J, Colombarolli MS, Figueredo LS, Cordás TA. Cognitive restraint directed at carbohydrates in individuals on low-carb diet with binge eating: the role of guilt about food cravings. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2021; 19:eAO5599. [PMID: 33852677 PMCID: PMC8020836 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021ao5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the carbohydrate-restricted diet leads to higher levels of food cravings in individuals with binge eating. METHODS A total of 146 individuals with binge eating participated in the Low-Carb Diet Group (n=48) and Control Group (n=98). The Binge Eating Scale, Hay's questionnaire, Food Cravings Questionnaire - Trait and State, Cognitive restraint subscale and its adapted version for the cognitive restraint toward carbohydrates, were used as measures. Parametric tests were used for comparison between groups (Student's t test), and Pearson's correlation test to verify correlations between variables of interest. RESULTS No differences were found between groups with and without diet concerning the level of binge eating or food craving total score. The differences found were the higher levels of cognitive restraint (p=0.01), cognitive restraint for carbohydrates (p=0.01) and subscales of 'guilt about food craving' (p=0.04) in the Low-Carb Diet Group. CONCLUSION Individuals with binge eating and a history of low-carb diet have greater cognitive restraint toward carbohydrates and association with altered eating attitudes (guilt about food craving).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jônatas de Oliveira
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazilFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Leandro Silva Figueredo
- Beneficência Portuguesa de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazilBeneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Táki Athanássios Cordás
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazilFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Differential impact of consuming foods perceived to be high or low in fat on subsequent food reward. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Wiss D, Brewerton T. Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2937. [PMID: 32992768 PMCID: PMC7600542 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from both animal and human studies have implicated hedonic eating as a driver of both binge eating and obesity. The construct of food addiction has been used to capture pathological eating across clinical and non-clinical populations. There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of a food addiction "diagnosis" among those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa binge/purge-type, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Much of the food addiction research in eating disorder populations has failed to account for dietary restraint, which can increase addiction-like eating behaviors and may even lead to false positives. Some have argued that the concept of food addiction does more harm than good by encouraging restrictive approaches to eating. Others have shown that a better understanding of the food addiction model can reduce stigma associated with obesity. What is lacking in the literature is a description of a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of food addiction. This should include consideration of dietary restraint, and the presence of symptoms of other psychiatric disorders (substance use, posttraumatic stress, depressive, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity) to guide treatments including nutrition interventions. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians identify the symptoms of food addiction (true positives, or "the signal") from the more classic eating pathology (true negatives, or "restraint") that can potentially elevate food addiction scores (false positives, or "the noise"). Three clinical vignettes are presented, designed to aid with the assessment process, case conceptualization, and treatment strategies. The review summarizes logical steps that clinicians can take to contextualize elevated food addiction scores, even when the use of validated research instruments is not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wiss
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Timothy Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dieting is often blamed for causing food cravings. Such diet-induced cravings may be mediated by physiological (e.g., nutritional deprivation) or psychological (e.g., ironic effects of food thought suppression) mechanisms. However, this notion is often based on cross-sectional findings and, thus, the causal role of food deprivation on food cravings is unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental studies suggest that a short-term, selective food deprivation seems to indeed increase cravings for the avoided foods. However, experimental studies also show that food craving can be understood as a conditioned response that, therefore, can also be unlearned. This is supported by intervention studies which indicate that long-term energy restriction results in a reduction of food cravings in overweight adults. Dieting's bad reputation for increasing food cravings is only partially true as the relationship between food restriction and craving is more complex. While short-term, selective food deprivation may indeed increase food cravings, long-term energy restriction seems to decrease food cravings, suggesting that food deprivation can also facilitate extinction of conditioned food craving responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Am Roseneck 6, 83209, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.
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Zickgraf HF, Hazzard VM, O’Connor SM, Simone M, Williams-Kerver GA, Anderson LM, Lipson SK. Examining vegetarianism, weight motivations, and eating disorder psychopathology among college students. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1506-1514. [PMID: 32621566 PMCID: PMC7745711 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has suggested a link between vegetarianism, broadly defined, and symptoms of eating disorders (ED). However, the literature supporting this link is mixed and limited by possible measurement artifacts. Using data from a national sample of college students, the present study examines ED symptomatology among three groups: (a) vegetarians whose meat avoidance is motivated by weight concerns; (b) non-weight motivated vegetarians; and (c) nonvegetarians. METHOD Participants include 9,910 students from 12 colleges and universities across the United States who participated in the web-based Healthy Bodies Study. ED symptomatology was measured using the Short-Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (S-EDE-Q). First, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test measurement invariance (MI) of the S-EDE-Q across weight-motivated vegetarians, non-weight-motivated vegetarians, and nonvegetarians. Gender- and BMI-adjusted ANCOVA was used to compare S-EDE-Q scores across groups. RESULTS 9.3% of participants were vegetarian. Cis-women and gender minority students were more likely to be vegetarian; those who became vegetarians after entering college were more likely to report weight-related motivations. Strict MI was supported for the S-EDE-Q global and subscale scores. Weight-motivated vegetarians reported higher levels of restraint, shape/weight overvaluation, body dissatisfaction, and global ED psychopathology relative to other participants. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first to explicitly link weight motivations for vegetarianism to ED psychopathology in a large, representative sample of young adults. Results suggest that students presenting with ED symptoms should be assessed for their motivations for adopting a vegetarian diet, and this information should be considered in treatment decisions.
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Oliveira J, Cordás T. The body asks and the mind judges: Food cravings in eating disorders. Encephale 2020; 46:269-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carmen M, Safer DL, Saslow LR, Kalayjian T, Mason AE, Westman EC, Sethi S. Treating binge eating and food addiction symptoms with low-carbohydrate Ketogenic diets: a case series. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:2. [PMID: 32010444 PMCID: PMC6988301 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-0278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with obesity and comorbid binge eating symptoms present with the desire to lose weight. Although some studies suggest that dietary restriction can exacerbate binge eating, others show dietary restriction is associated with significant reductions in binge eating. The effect of a particular type of dieting on binge eating, the ketogenic diet (a high fat, moderate protein, very low carbohydrate diet), is not known. CASE PRESENTATIONS We report on the feasibility of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet initiated by three patients (age 54, 34, and 63) with obesity (average BMI 43.5 kg/m2) with comorbid binge eating and food addiction symptoms. All patients tolerated following the ketogenic diet (macronutrient proportion 10% carbohydrate, 30% protein, and 60% fat; at least 5040 kJ) for the prescribed period (e.g., 6-7 months) and none reported any major adverse effects. Patients reported significant reductions in binge eating episodes and food addiction symptoms including cravings and lack of control as measured by the Binge-Eating Scale, Yale Food Addiction Scale, or Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale modified for Binge Eating, depending on the case. Additionally, the patients lost a range of 10-24% of their body weight. Participants reported maintenance of treatment gains (with respect to weight, binge eating, and food addiction symptoms) to date of up to 9-17 months after initiation and continued adherence to diet. CONCLUSIONS Although the absence of control cases precludes conclusions regarding the specific role of ketogenic diets versus other forms of dietary restriction, this is the first report to demonstrate the feasibility of prescribing a ketogenic diet for patients with obesity who report binge eating and food addiction symptoms. Further research should seek to reproduce the observed effects in controlled trials as well as to explore potential etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra Lynn Safer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305 - 5723 USA
| | | | - Tro Kalayjian
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Ashley E. Mason
- The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Shebani Sethi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305 - 5723 USA
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Anguah KOB, Syed-Abdul MM, Hu Q, Jacome-Sosa M, Heimowitz C, Cox V, Parks EJ. Changes in Food Cravings and Eating Behavior after a Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction Intervention Trial. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010052. [PMID: 31878131 PMCID: PMC7019570 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to low-fat diets, low-carbohydrate (CHO) diets cause weight loss (WL) over a faster time frame; however, it is unknown how changes in food cravings and eating behavior contribute to this more rapid WL in the early phases of dieting. We hypothesized that reductions in food cravings and improved eating behaviors would be evident even after a relatively short (4-week) duration of CHO-restriction, and that these changes would be associated with WL. Adult participants (n = 19, 53% males, mean ± SD: BMI = 34.1 ± 0.8 kg/m2; age 40.6 ± 1.9 years) consumed a CHO-restricted diet (14% CHO, 58% fat, 28% protein) for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention, specific and total cravings were measured with the Food Craving Inventory (FCI) and eating behaviors assessed with the Three-Factor Eating questionnaire. Food cravings were significantly reduced at week 4, while women had significantly greater reductions in sweet cravings than men. Dietary restraint was significantly increased by 102%, while disinhibiton and hunger scores were reduced (17% and 22%, respectively, p < 0.05). Changes in cravings were unrelated to changes in body weight except for the change in high-fat cravings where those who lost the most weight experienced the least reductions in fat cravings (r = −0.458, p = 0.049). Changes in dietary restraint were inversely related to several FCI subscales. A short-term, low-CHO diet was effective in reducing food cravings. These data suggest that in subjects that have successfully lost weight on a low-CHO diet, those who craved high-fat foods at the onset were able to satisfy their cravings—potentially due to the high-fat nature of this restricted diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherene O.-B. Anguah
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (M.M.S.-A.); (Q.H.); (E.J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-573-882-8966
| | - Majid M. Syed-Abdul
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (M.M.S.-A.); (Q.H.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Qiong Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (M.M.S.-A.); (Q.H.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | | | - Vicki Cox
- Department of Nutrition, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, USA;
| | - Elizabeth J. Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (M.M.S.-A.); (Q.H.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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22
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Oliveira JD, Figueredo L, Cordás TA. Prevalência de comportamentos de risco para transtornos alimentares e uso de dieta “low-carb” em estudantes universitários. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivos Identificar a presença de compulsão alimentar associada ou não a práticas compensatórias em praticantes de dieta low-carb. Métodos Foram utilizadas a Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP) e o Questionário de Hay para avaliar a frequência de compulsão alimentar e práticas compensatórias, além de um questionário de frequência do consumo de chocolate, pão e arroz. A intensidade de restrição de carboidratos foi avaliada com escala de 1 a 8 pontos. Os participantes foram divididos nos grupos (i) dieta low-carb e (ii) controle. Foram realizadas comparações entre grupos, além de correlações entre variáveis de interesse no grupo dieta (p < 0,05). Resultados Participaram 853 universitários, sendo 75,97% mulheres com média de 22,04 anos (DP = 3,33) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) com média de 23,56 kg/m2 (DP = 4,38). Do total, 214 fizeram dieta low-carb e 639 não. A prevalência de um alto escore sugestivo de compulsão alimentar sem práticas compensatórias foi de 17,94% (n = 153) e a presença de compulsão alimentar associada com compensação foi de 2,23% (n = 19). No grupo dieta, 35,05% (n = 75) também realizaram jejum intermitente. O grupo dieta atingiu maiores valores para ECAP e IMC e menores para frequência de consumo de arroz e pão francês. Ainda, os escores da ECAP se correlacionaram positivamente com o consumo de chocolate (r = + 0,14 ; p = 0,0377) e valores de IMC (r = + 0,19; p = 0,0042), enquanto a restrição de carboidratos apresentou correlação negativa com o consumo de chocolate (r = - 0,13; p = 0,041), pão francês (r = - 0,20; p = 0,0024) e arroz (r = - 0,36; p = <0,0001). Conclusões Destacam-se a alta prevalência da prática de dieta (25,09%) e os maiores níveis de compulsão alimentar neste grupo, além de menor consumo de arroz e pão francês em relação aos que não fizeram dieta.
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23
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Revisiting embodied approach and avoidance effects on behavior: The influence of sitting posture on purchases of rewarding foods. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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“I will fast … tomorrow”: Intentions to restrict eating and actual restriction in daily life and their person-level predictors. Appetite 2019; 140:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Khasteganan N, Lycett D, Furze G, Turner AP. Health, not weight loss, focused programmes versus conventional weight loss programmes for cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2019; 8:200. [PMID: 31400767 PMCID: PMC6689181 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Conventional weight loss (CWL) programmes focus on weight loss, however 'health, not weight loss, focused' (HNWL) programmes concentrate on improved health and well-being, irrespective of weight loss. What are the differences in CVD risk outcomes between these programmes? AIM To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of HNWL with CWL programmes on cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ASSIA, clinical trial registers, commercial websites and reference lists for randomised controlled trials comparing the two programmes (initially searched up to August 2015 and searched updated to 5 April 2019). We used the Mantel-Haneszel fixed-effect model to pool results. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses that accounted for variations in length of follow-up, enhanced programmes and risk of bias dealt with heterogeneity. RESULTS Eight randomised controlled trials of 20,242 potential studies were included. Improvements in total cholesterol-HDL ratio (mean difference - 0.21 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval [- 3.91, 3.50]) and weight loss (- 0.28 kg [- 2.00, 1.44]) favoured HNWL compared to CWL programmes in the long term (53-104 week follow-up), whereas improvements in systolic (- 1.14 mmHg, [- 5.84, 3.56]) and diastolic (- 0.15 mmHg, [- 3.64, 3.34]) blood pressure favoured CWL programmes. These differences did not reach statistical significance. Statistically significant improvements in body satisfaction (- 4.30 [- 8.32, - 0.28]) and restrained eating behaviour (- 4.30 [- 6.77, - 1.83]) favoured HNWL over CWL programmes. CONCLUSIONS We found no long-term significant differences in improved CVD risk factors; however, body satisfaction and restrained eating behaviour improved more with HNWL compared to CWL programmes. Yet firm conclusions cannot be drawn from small studies with high losses to follow-up and data sometimes arising from a single small study. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015019505.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Lycett
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
| | - Gill Furze
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Andy P Turner
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Food craving predicts the consumption of highly palatable food but not bland food. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:693-704. [PMID: 31093926 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of obesity on physical and psychological health is well recognized in the literature with, among others, evidence of alterations in cognition. Indeed, obese populations are characterized by lower executive functions as well as an enhanced food craving. However, the relationship between executive functions and food craving remains unexplored. Moreover, these two variables have also been shown to predict food intake, but studies in the context of obesity are lacking. Thus, this study had two objectives: (1) determining if executive functions and food craving are linked, and (2) examining the predictors of highly palatable food intake and bland food intake. First, it was hypothesized that executive functions would be negatively associated with food craving. Second, it was expected that food craving would predict positively highly palatable food intake but not bland food intake. Third, it was predicted that executive functions would predict negatively highly palatable food intake and positively bland food intake. 48 participants (34 females) with BMIs ranging from 17.9 to 46.4 took part in two experimental sessions. First, executive functions were assessed using the delayed discounting task (impulsivity towards food and money) and the color-word interference test (CWIT; inhibition/flexibility). Second, a cue-induced food craving protocol, with images as well as real food, was administered followed by an ad libitum food intake protocol including both highly palatable and bland food. The inhibition/flexibility condition of the CWIT was significantly and negatively correlated with food craving following induction. Highly palatable food intake was significantly predicted by food craving following induction, but bland food intake was not. This study reveals an association between lower inhibition/flexibility and susceptibility to food craving induction that is of great importance in obesogenic environments. Moreover, this study confirmed the link between food craving and food intake, and showed for the first time a specific contribution of food craving to highly palatable food intake but not to bland food intake, highlighting its potential influence in obesity. This work leads to future research questions regarding the possible benefits of cognitive remediation interventions, as well as interventions aiming at reducing food craving, in weight loss programs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, quasi-experimental study.
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Adams RC, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Do restrained eaters show increased BMI, food craving and disinhibited eating? A comparison of the Restraint Scale and the Restrained Eating scale of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190174. [PMID: 31312488 PMCID: PMC6599805 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being used interchangeably, different measures of restrained eating have been associated with different dietary behaviours. These differences have impeded replicability across the restraint literature and have made it difficult for researchers to interpret results and use the most appropriate measure for their research. Across a total sample of 1731 participants, this study compared the Restraint Scale (RS), and its subscales, to the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) across several traits related to overeating. The aim was to explore potential differences between these two questionnaires so that we could help to identify the most suitable measure as a prescreening tool for eating-related interventions. Results revealed that although the two measures are highly correlated with one another (rs = 0.73-0.79), the RS was more strongly associated with external (rs = -0.07 to 0.11 versus -0.18 to -0.01) and disinhibited eating (rs = 0.46 versus 0.31), food craving (rs = 0.12-0.27 versus 0.02-0.13 and 0.22 versus -0.06) and body mass index (rs = 0.25-0.34 versus -0.13 to 0.15). The results suggest that, compared to the DEBQ, the RS is a more appropriate measure for identifying individuals who struggle the most to control their food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S. Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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Fahrenkamp AJ, Darling KE, Ruzicka EB, Sato AF. Food Cravings and Eating: The Role of Experiential Avoidance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1181. [PMID: 30986941 PMCID: PMC6479752 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Food cravings have been associated with problematic eating behaviors, such as emotional eating. Late adolescence is an important developmental period to examine this association, as late adolescents have greater independence in food choices as well as potentially higher demands during a transitional period of their lives. Mechanisms underlying the association between food cravings and problematic eating remain unclear. This study examined whether experiential avoidance (EA) may be one possible mechanism mediating the association between higher levels of food cravings and problematic eating behaviors. Late adolescents (n = 174) completed measures assessing EA, food cravings, and three problematic eating behaviors: emotional eating, cognitive restraint, and uncontrolled eating. Height and weight were measured objectively to calculate body mass index (BMI). Food cravings were positively associated with emotional eating and mediated by EA. EA also significantly mediated the association between greater cognitive restraint and greater food cravings. No significant mediation was detected for food cravings and uncontrolled eating. Future research may consider EA as a treatment target in intervention strategies for late adolescents seeking to decrease emotional or restrained eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine E Darling
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44224, USA.
| | - Elizabeth B Ruzicka
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44224, USA.
| | - Amy F Sato
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44224, USA.
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Izydorczyk B, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Lizińczyk S, Lipiarz A. Psychological Predictors of Unhealthy Eating Attitudes in Young Adults. Front Psychol 2019; 10:590. [PMID: 30941079 PMCID: PMC6433833 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the predictive role of psychological risk factors for restrained and compulsive eating in young women and men. We examined the relationship between resilience, impulsivity, emotional intelligence and self-esteem, and restrained and compulsive eating. It was assumed that resilience and impulsivity can directly explain unhealthy eating attitudes (restrained and compulsive: both emotional eating and external eating). The study group comprised 211 individuals (105 men and 106 women) aged 20-29, all of whom were living in southern Poland. Measures included the Resilience Measurement Scale (SPP-25), the Eysenck's Impulsivity Inventory (IVE), the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (MSEI), the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (INTE), and the Polish adaptation of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). The statistical analysis showed significant and positive correlations between emotional eating and general self-esteem, impulsivity, and weaker (but still significant) correlations with physical attractiveness. External eating was positively and significantly correlated with impulsivity and self-esteem (including physical attractiveness). Restrained eating was also positively and significantly correlated with general self-esteem. Both types of compulsive eating attitudes (emotional and external eating) were significantly and negatively correlated with resilience. Women showed a significantly higher positive correlation between impulsivity and external eating compared to men. The level of intensity of other measures proved similar across the entire study group regardless of sex. Impulsivity had the strongest and most direct significant influence on both emotional eating and external eating, and a negative effect on emotional intelligence. Resilience proved to have a significant impact on all three examined types of eating attitude (a direct negative effect on emotional eating and external eating, and positive direct effect on restrained eating), self-esteem, and emotional intelligence. An important psychological intervening variable in generating unhealthy eating attitudes proved to be self-esteem among both men and women. Emotional intelligence, which remains correlated with resilience, proved independent, with no effect on unhealthy eating attitudes. These results suggest that preventive treatment and educational programs implemented particularly among adolescents and young adults may support development of their psychological resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadetta Izydorczyk
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian Lizińczyk
- Katowice Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrianna Lipiarz
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Stokes LJG, Davies A, Lattimore P, Winstanley C, Rogers RD. Exploring preferences for variable delays over fixed delays to high-value food rewards as a model of food-seeking behaviours in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180141. [PMID: 30966913 PMCID: PMC6335454 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging and operant models suggest that animals will tolerate uncertainty or risk to obtain food quickly. In modern food environments, sustained access to quick energy-dense foods can promote weight gain. Here, we used a discrete-choice procedure to examine peoples' decisions about when next to eat high-value, palatable food rewards, probabilistically delivered immediately or following longer delays. In Experiment 1, moderately hungry young females showed consistent preferences for a variable delay option that delivered food rewards immediately or following long delays over a fixed delay option that delivered the same rewards following intermediate delays. These preferences were stronger in females with higher BMIs compared with lower BMIs, suggesting that quick food can enhance the value of uncertain or 'risky' food-seeking strategies in individuals vulnerable to future weight gain. In Experiment 2, prior exposure to a subtle and not easily identifiable food aroma increased selections of the variable delay option following delayed food rewards in a mixed sample of male and female adults, providing preliminary evidence that food cues can sustain uncertain food-seeking strategies. These data highlight a working hypothesis that the rapid delivery and consumption of food rewards, and food cues, can increase risk-tolerance in the food-seeking behaviours of individuals who are vulnerable to weight gain. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Davies
- School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Paul Lattimore
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Catharine Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z3
| | - Robert D. Rogers
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Adeilad Brigantia, Penrallt Road, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, UK
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Carvalho S, Sampaio A, Mendes AJ, Lema A, Vieira D, Gonçalves ÓF, Leite J. Polarity Specific Effects of Cross-Hemispheric tDCS Coupled With Approach-Avoidance Training on Chocolate Craving. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1500. [PMID: 30733678 PMCID: PMC6353830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) has already been shown to decrease craving for food. However, it remains unclear whether a single session of tDCS combined with a cognitive bias modification (CBM) task may affect explicit and implicit measures of craving for chocolate. Fifty-one healthy volunteers (38 females; mean age: 22.12 ± 3.38) were randomly allocated to CBM training based on the Approach Avoidance task and either Sham, Right anodal-Left cathodal (RALC), or Left anodal-Right cathodal (LARC) tDCS. Results show that there was an increase in the explicit craving for chocolate, as assessed by the Visual Analog Scale [F(2, 46) = 3.239, p = 0.048], from the baseline to post-intervention. Participants which received LARC tDCS were explicitly self-reporting more craving for chocolate than those that received RALC tDCS (p = 0.023). Moreover, this effect was also observed on the implicit measure [F(2, 46) = 4.168, p = 0.022]. LARC tDCS significantly increased the implicit preference for chocolate when comparing to both RALC (p = 0.009) and Sham tDCS (p = 0.034). Previous studies have shown that RALC tDCS over the PFC is able to effectively decrease craving for food. Interestingly, the present data not only does not reproduce such result, but instead it suggests that LARC tDCS can actually increase the preference for chocolate. This result is compatible with recent models of brain laterality, in which cue craving seems to be more dependent on the left hemisphere. Thus, shifting the activity to the left hemisphere (while simultaneously reducing the activity over the homotopic region) may have led to this increased implicit as well as explicit preference for chocolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Carvalho
- Neurotherapeutics and Experimental Psychopatology Group, Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Neurotherapeutics and Experimental Psychopatology Group, Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Augusto J. Mendes
- Neurotherapeutics and Experimental Psychopatology Group, Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alberto Lema
- Neurotherapeutics and Experimental Psychopatology Group, Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Vieira
- Neurotherapeutics and Experimental Psychopatology Group, Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Óscar F. Gonçalves
- Neurotherapeutics and Experimental Psychopatology Group, Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jorge Leite
- Neurotherapeutics and Experimental Psychopatology Group, Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, Centro de Investigação em Psicologia (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Universidade Portucalense, Porto, Portugal
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Penaforte FRDO, Minelli MCS, Anastácio LR, Japur CC. Anxiety symptoms and emotional eating are independently associated with sweet craving in young adults. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:715-720. [PMID: 30791346 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sweet craving (SC), defined as a strong desire for sweet foods, seems to be closely related to negative emotions, such as anxiety and unhealthy eating behaviors. The objective was to investigate factors that are associated with SC and to assess the relationships among SC, anxiety symptoms, and eating behavior in university students. This was a cross-sectional study involving 300 students of both sexes (20.5 ± 4.4 years) who were freshmen in a Brazilian public university. Eating behavior was evaluated using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, SC was identified by a yes/no question ("Have you had a very strong desire to eat sweet food over the last three months?"), and characterized by the Questionnaire for Assessment of Sweet Substance Dependence. Individuals with SC scored significantly higher for uncontrolled eating (UE), emotional eating (EE), and anxiety symptoms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that anxiety symptoms are independently associated with SC. In conclusion, negative emotions, like anxiety, and eating guided by these emotions can contribute to the SC phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodrigues de Oliveira Penaforte
- Department of Nutrition/PostGraduate Program in Psychology, Universidade Federal do Trângulo Mineiro, Av. Frei Paulino, 30. Bairro Abadia, CEP 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Eating Practices and Behavior (PratiCA), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Bairro Monte Alegre, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Clara Santos Minelli
- Department of Nutrition/PostGraduate Program in Psychology, Universidade Federal do Trângulo Mineiro, Av. Frei Paulino, 30. Bairro Abadia, CEP 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lucilene Rezende Anastácio
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627. Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Camila Cremonezi Japur
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Health Sciences. Ribeirão Preto Medical Scholl. Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Bairro Monte Alegre, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Eating Practices and Behavior (PratiCA), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900. Bairro Monte Alegre, CEP 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Goldstein SP, Dochat C, Schumacher LM, Manasse SM, Crosby RD, Thomas JG, Butryn ML, Forman EM. Using ecological momentary assessment to better understand dietary lapse types. Appetite 2018; 129:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brewer JA, Ruf A, Beccia AL, Essien GI, Finn LM, van Lutterveld R, Mason AE. Can Mindfulness Address Maladaptive Eating Behaviors? Why Traditional Diet Plans Fail and How New Mechanistic Insights May Lead to Novel Interventions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1418. [PMID: 30250438 PMCID: PMC6139346 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional and other maladaptive eating behaviors develop in response to a diversity of triggers, from psychological stress to the endless external cues in our modern food environment. While the standard approach to food- and weight-related concerns has been weight-loss through dietary restriction, these interventions have produced little long-term benefit, and may be counterproductive. A growing understanding of the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms that underpin habit formation may explain why this approach has largely failed, and pave the way for a new generation of non-pharmacologic interventions. Here, we first review how modern food environments interact with human biology to promote reward-related eating through associative learning, i.e., operant conditioning. We also review how operant conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement) cultivates habit-based reward-related eating, and how current diet paradigms may not directly target such eating. Further, we describe how mindfulness training that targets reward-based learning may constitute an appropriate intervention to rewire the learning process around eating. We conclude with examples that illustrate how teaching patients to tap into and act on intrinsic (e.g., enjoying healthy eating, not overeating, and self-compassion) rather than extrinsic reward mechanisms (e.g., weighing oneself), is a promising new direction in improving individuals' relationship with food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judson A. Brewer
- Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Healthcare, and Society, Division of Mindfulness, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Andrea Ruf
- Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Healthcare, and Society, Division of Mindfulness, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ariel L. Beccia
- Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Healthcare, and Society, Division of Mindfulness, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gloria I. Essien
- Contemplative Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Leonard M. Finn
- Needham Wellesley Family Medicine PC, Wellesley, MA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Remko van Lutterveld
- Center for Mindfulness in Medicine, Healthcare, and Society, Division of Mindfulness, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ashley E. Mason
- Department of Medicine, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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35
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An ecological momentary assessment of the effect of fasting during Ramadan on disordered eating behaviors. Appetite 2018; 127:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Benson R, von Hippel PT, Lynch JL. Does more education cause lower BMI, or do lower-BMI individuals become more educated? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Soc Sci Med 2018; 211:370-377. [PMID: 28366246 PMCID: PMC10517417 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
More educated adults have lower average body mass index (BMI). This may be due to selection, if adolescents with lower BMI attain higher levels of education, or it may be due to causation, if higher educational attainment reduces BMI gain in adulthood. We test for selection and causation in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, which has followed a representative US cohort from age 14-22 in 1979 through age 47-55 in 2012. Using ordinal logistic regression, we test the selection hypothesis that overweight and obese adolescents were less likely to earn high school diplomas and bachelor's degrees. Then, controlling for selection with individual fixed effects, we estimate the causal effect of degree completion on BMI and obesity status. Among 18-year-old women, but not among men, being overweight or obese predicts lower odds of attaining higher levels of education. At age 47-48, higher education is associated with lower BMI, but 70-90% of the association is due to selection. Net of selection, a bachelor's degree predicts less than a 1 kg reduction in body weight, and a high school credential does not reduce BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Benson
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul T von Hippel
- LBJ School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, 2315 Red River, Box Y, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Jamie L Lynch
- Department of Sociology, St. Norbert College, Boyle Hall 454, 100 Grant Street, De Pere, WI 54115, United States.
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Morin I, Bégin C, Maltais-Giguère J, Bédard A, Tchernof A, Lemieux S. Impact of Experimentally Induced Cognitive Dietary Restraint on Eating Behavior Traits, Appetite Sensations, and Markers of Stress during Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Women. J Obes 2018; 2018:4259389. [PMID: 30123582 PMCID: PMC6079586 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4259389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight loss has been associated with changes in eating behaviors and appetite sensations that favor a regain in body weight. Since traditional weight loss approaches emphasize the importance of increasing cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) to achieve negative energy imbalance, it is difficult to untangle the respective contributions of energy restriction and increases in CDR on factors that can eventually lead to body weight regain. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of energy restriction alone or in combination with experimentally induced CDR on eating behavior traits, appetite sensations, and markers of stress in overweight and obese women. We hypothesized that the combination of energy restriction and induced CDR would lead to more prevalent food cravings, increased appetite sensations, and higher cortisol concentrations than when energy restriction is not coupled with induced CDR. A total of 60 premenopausal women (mean BMI: 32.0 kg/m2; mean age: 39.4 y) were provided with a low energy density diet corresponding to 85% of their energy needs during a 4-week fully controlled period. At the same time, women were randomized to either a condition inducing an increase in CDR (CDR+ group) or a condition in which CDR was not induced (CRD- group). Eating behavior traits (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Food Craving Questionnaire), appetite sensations (after standardized breakfast), and markers of stress (Perceived Stress Scale; postawakening salivary cortisol) were measured before (T = 0 week) and after (T = 4 weeks) the 4-week energy restriction, as well as 3 months later. There was an increase in CDR in the CDR+ group while no such change was observed in the CDR- group (p=0.0037). No between-group differences were observed for disinhibition, hunger, cravings, appetite sensations, perceived stress, and cortisol concentrations. These results suggest that a slight increase in CDR has no negative impact on factors regulating energy balance in the context of energy restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Morin
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Pavillon des Services, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Laval University, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Catherine Bégin
- School of Psychology, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Laval University, 2325 Rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Julie Maltais-Giguère
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Pavillon des Services, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Alexandra Bédard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Pavillon des Services, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - André Tchernof
- School of Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Laval University, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec, Laval University Medical Center, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Pavillon des Services, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- School of Nutrition, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Laval University, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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Coffino JA, Heiss S, Hormes JM. Targeting acceptance in the management of food craving: The mediating roles of eating styles and thought suppression. Eat Behav 2018; 29:132-136. [PMID: 29665461 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food craving is now widely considered to be a cognitively motivated state. Acceptance-based treatments are effective in reducing the adverse impact of food cravings on consumption, via a hypothesized decrease in experiential avoidance. The mechanisms that drive the success of acceptance-based management of craving remain to be empirically tested. This study examined the role of eating styles and thought suppression as mediators in the relationship between experiential avoidance and craving. Participants (n = 298, 51.5% female) completed the Food Craving Acceptance and Awareness Questionnaire (FAAQ), the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI; a measure of thought suppression), and the reduced version of the Food Craving Questionnaire- Trait (FCQ-T-r). Scores on the FAAQ were inversely associated with scores on the FCQ-T-r, DEBQ, and WBSI; FCQ-T-r scores were positively correlated with scores on the DEBQ and WBSI (all p < 0.001). The total indirect effect of acceptance on craving through the hypothesized mediators was significantly different from zero. Controlling for eating styles and thought suppression, acceptance remained a significant predictor of craving. Results thus provide initial evidence that eating styles and thought suppression mediate the relationship between food-specific experiential avoidance and food craving. Findings lay the foundation for future study of the proximal antecedents of food cravings and lend preliminary support for targeting thought suppression and eating styles in acceptance-based approaches to the management of craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Coffino
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, USA.
| | - Sydney Heiss
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
| | - Julia M Hormes
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
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Kahkoska AR, Watts ME, Driscoll KA, Bishop FK, Mihas P, Thomas J, Law JR, Jain N, Mayer-Davis EJ. Understanding antagonism and synergism: A qualitative assessment of weight management in youth with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:21-31. [PMID: 29984330 DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims No current clinical guidelines focus on weight management in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our aim was to characterize the patient-perceived experience and barriers to weight management in youth with T1DM. Methods Participants were recruited from the University of North Carolina (n = 16, 56% female, 60% White, 50% insulin pump users, mean age 14.8 years, mean HbA1c 8.5% (69 mmol/mol)) and the University of Colorado (n = 18, 50% female, 80% white, 53% pump users, mean age 15.3 years, mean HbA1c 9.3% (78 mmol/mol)). Focus groups were stratified by sex and weight status (BMI cutoff = 25). Discussions were guided by a standardized set of questions, audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed thematically using inductive qualitative methods. Results Youth with T1DM expressed four interrelated themes of antagonism between type 1 diabetes and weight management: dysregulated appetite, disruption of blood glucose levels associated with changing diet/exercise, hypoglycemia as a barrier to weight loss, and the overwhelming nature of dual management of weight and glycemic control, and two interrelated themes of synergism: improvement in shared, underlying heath behaviors and exercise as a tool for weight and glycemic control. Variation in emphasis of specific thematic elements was greatest across sex. Youth identified five major components of a weight management program for T1DM: intensified glucose management, healthy diet with known carbohydrate content, exercise, individualization and flexibility, and psychosocial and peer support. Conclusions There is critical need for personalized, T1DM-specific weight recommendations to overcome disease-specific barriers to weight management in the context of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Kahkoska
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Madison E Watts
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly A Driscoll
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Franziska K Bishop
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul Mihas
- Odum Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joan Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer R Law
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nina Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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40
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Mokhtari F, Rejeski WJ, Zhu Y, Wu G, Simpson SL, Burdette JH, Laurienti PJ. Dynamic fMRI networks predict success in a behavioral weight loss program among older adults. Neuroimage 2018; 173:421-433. [PMID: 29471100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than one-third of adults in the United States are obese, with a higher prevalence among older adults. Obesity among older adults is a major cause of physical dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart diseases. Many people who engage in lifestyle weight loss interventions fail to reach targeted goals for weight loss, and most will regain what was lost within 1-2 years following cessation of treatment. This variability in treatment efficacy suggests that there are important phenotypes predictive of success with intentional weight loss that could lead to tailored treatment regimen, an idea that is consistent with the concept of precision-based medicine. Although the identification of biochemical and metabolic phenotypes are one potential direction of research, neurobiological measures may prove useful as substantial behavioral change is necessary to achieve success in a lifestyle intervention. In the present study, we use dynamic brain networks from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to prospectively identify individuals most likely to succeed in a behavioral weight loss intervention. Brain imaging was performed in overweight or obese older adults (age: 65-79 years) who participated in an 18-month lifestyle weight loss intervention. Machine learning and functional brain networks were combined to produce multivariate prediction models. The prediction accuracy exceeded 95%, suggesting that there exists a consistent pattern of connectivity which correctly predicts success with weight loss at the individual level. Connectivity patterns that contributed to the prediction consisted of complex multivariate network components that substantially overlapped with known brain networks that are associated with behavior emergence, self-regulation, body awareness, and the sensory features of food. Future work on independent datasets and diverse populations is needed to corroborate our findings. Additionally, we believe that efforts can begin to examine whether these models have clinical utility in tailoring treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mokhtari
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - W Jack Rejeski
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guorong Wu
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sean L Simpson
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan H Burdette
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paul J Laurienti
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA; Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
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41
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Westenhoefer J, von Katzler R, Jensen HJ, Zyriax BC, Jagemann B, Harth V, Oldenburg M. Cultural differences in food and shape related attitudes and eating behavior are associated with differences of Body Mass Index in the same food environment: cross-sectional results from the Seafarer Nutrition Study of Kiribati and European seafarers on merchant ships. BMC OBESITY 2018; 5:1. [PMID: 29416869 PMCID: PMC5784660 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-018-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity is quite prevalent among seafarers. The present study examined differences in BMI and their association with weight, shape and nutrition related attitudes and perceptions among seafarer from Kiribati, a Pacific Island Group, and European origin. Methods The Seafarer Nutrition Study compared 48 Kiribati and 33 European male seafarers from 4 commercial merchant ships. BMI was calculated from measured weight and height. Attitudes to weight, shape and nutrition and disinhibition of control as a characteristic of eating behavior were assessed in a structured interview. Differences between the two groups were examined using t-tests and Chi-square-tests as appropriate. Associations between the variables were examined using Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) and correlations. Results Kiribati seafarer had significantly higher BMI than Europeans (30.3 ± 4.2 vs. 25.6 ± 3.4; p < 0.001). However, MRA indicated that Kiribati were choosing thinner shapes as being “most similar” to their appearance than Europeans with the same BMI (B = − 1.14; p < 0.05). In addition, Kiribati had significantly higher scores of disinhibition than Europeans (5.6 ± 2.2 vs. 4.3 ± 2.1; p < 0.01), and disinhibition correlated with BMI in the Kiribati (r = 0.39; p < 0.01), but not in the European group (r = 0.17; n.s.). Conclusions For Kiribati seafarers the nutrition situation on board represents a highly tempting westernized food environment. Their tendency to disinhibited eating facilitates overconsumption and weight gain, and self-evaluation of their shapes as being thinner than comparable Europeans may hamper appropriate weight control behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Westenhoefer
- 1Competence Center Health, Department Health Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Science, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert von Katzler
- 2Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Jensen
- 2Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit-Christiane Zyriax
- 3Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Jagemann
- 4I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Harth
- 2Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Oldenburg
- 2Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM) Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Kahathuduwa CN, Binks M, Martin CK, Dawson JA. Extended calorie restriction suppresses overall and specific food cravings: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2017; 18:1122-1135. [PMID: 28557246 PMCID: PMC6226249 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have concluded that calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks is associated with reduced food cravings, while others have shown that calorie restriction may increase food cravings. We addressed this ambiguity in a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We searched for studies conducted on subjects with obesity, implemented calorie restriction for at least 12 weeks and measured food cravings pre-intervention and post-intervention. Our final eight studies mostly used the Food Craving Inventory. Other comparable methods were converted to a similar scale. We used the duration ≥12 weeks, but closest to 16 weeks for studies with multiple follow-ups and performed DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses using the 'metafor' package in r software. RESULTS Despite heterogeneity across studies, we observed reductions in pooled effects for overall food cravings (-0.246 [-0.490, -0.001]) as well as cravings for sweet (-0.410 [-0.626, -0.194]), high-fat (-0.190 [-0.343, -0.037]), starchy (-0.288 [-0.517, -0.058]) and fast food (-0.340 [-0.633, -0.048]) in the meta-analysis. Baseline body weight, type of intervention, duration, sample size and percentage of female subjects explained the heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Calorie restriction is associated with reduced food cravings supporting a de-conditioning model of craving reductions. Our findings should ease the minds of clinicians concerned about increased cravings in patients undergoing calorie restriction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Kahathuduwa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - M Binks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - C K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - J A Dawson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Richard A, Meule A, Friese M, Blechert J. Effects of Chocolate Deprivation on Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Chocolate in High and Low Trait Chocolate Cravers. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1591. [PMID: 28955287 PMCID: PMC5600961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet failures are often attributed to an increase in cravings for attractive foods. However, accumulating evidence shows that food cravings actually decrease during energy-restricting weight-loss interventions. The current study aimed at elucidating possible mechanisms that may explain how and under which circumstances food cravings in- or decrease during dieting. Specifically, decreases in food cravings during weight-loss diets may be due to effects of energy restriction (homeostatic changes) and to effects of avoiding specific foods (hedonic changes). Thus, we used a selective, hedonic deprivation (i.e., restricting intake of a specific food in the absence of an energy deficit) that precludes homeostatic changes due to energy restriction. Furthermore, interindividual differences in food craving experiences might affect why some individuals are more prone to experience cravings during dieting than others. Thus, we investigated whether a selective deprivation of chocolate would in- or decrease craving and implicit preference for chocolate as a function of trait-level differences in chocolate craving. Participants with high and low trait chocolate craving (HC, LC) refrained from consuming chocolate for 2 weeks but otherwise maintained their usual food intake. Both groups underwent laboratory assessments before and after deprivation, each including explicit (i.e., state chocolate craving) and implicit measures (i.e., Single Category Implicit Association Test, SC-IAT; Affect Misattribution Procedure, AMP). Results showed that hedonic deprivation increased state chocolate craving in HCs only. HCs also showed more positive implicit attitudes toward chocolate than LCs on the SC-IAT and the AMP irrespective of deprivation. Results help to disambiguate previous studies on the effects of dieting on food cravings. Specifically, while previous studies showed that energy-restricting diets appear to decrease food cravings, the current study showed that a selective, hedonic deprivation in the absence of an energy deficit increases food cravings. However, this effect can only be observed for individuals with high trait craving levels. Thus, if attractive foods are strictly avoided through a selective deprivation, HCs are at risk to experience craving bouts in the absence of an energy deficit. As implicit preference was unaffected by chocolate deprivation, strong implicit preference for chocolate likely characterize a stable mechanism that drives consumption in HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Richard
- Department of Psychology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland UniversitySaarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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Schmidt J, Martin A. “Smile away your cravings” – Facial feedback modulates cue-induced food cravings. Appetite 2017; 116:536-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Polk SE, Schulte EM, Furman CR, Gearhardt AN. Wanting and liking: Separable components in problematic eating behavior? Appetite 2017; 115:45-53. [PMID: 27840087 PMCID: PMC5796412 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals may have an addictive-like response to certain foods, possibly contributing to problematic eating. Highly processed foods, with added fats and/or refined carbohydrates, are suggested to be most associated with addictive-like eating. The incentive sensitization theory suggests that wanting (e.g. craving) may drive compulsive drug use rather than liking (e.g. enjoyment), but it is unknown whether highly processed foods elicit similar wanting and liking patterns as drugs of abuse, or whether individual differences exist. The current study examines the association of highly processed foods with craving and liking, and whether these relationships differ by food addiction symptomology, cognitive restraint, or body mass index (BMI). Participants (n = 216) reported craving and liking for 35 foods and completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Highly processed foods were craved more overall. Craving of highly processed foods was predicted negatively by restraint and positively by YFAS score. Liking of highly processed foods was predicted negatively by restraint and positively by BMI. In conclusion, craving and liking appear distinct with respect to highly processed foods, and may be influenced by addictive-like eating, cognitive restraint, and BMI. This suggests that the incentive sensitization framework may also be relevant for problematic food consumption, especially for individuals reporting food addiction symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Polk
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Erica M Schulte
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Celina R Furman
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
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Apolzan JW, Myers CA, Champagne CM, Beyl RA, Raynor HA, Anton SA, Williamson DA, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Martin CK. Frequency of Consuming Foods Predicts Changes in Cravings for Those Foods During Weight Loss: The POUNDS Lost Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1343-1348. [PMID: 28618170 PMCID: PMC5529244 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food cravings are thought to be the result of conditioning or pairing hunger with consumption of certain foods. METHODS In a 2-year weight loss trial, subjects were randomized to one of four diets that varied in macronutrient content. The Food Craving Inventory (FCI) was used to measure cravings at baseline and at 6 and 24 months. Food intake was also measured at those time points. To measure free-living consumption of food items measured in the FCI, items on the FCI were matched to the foods consumed from the food intake assessments. Secondarily, the amount of food consumed on food intake assessments from foods on the FCI was analyzed. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-seven subjects with overweight and obesity were included. There was an association between change from baseline FCI item consumption and change in cravings at months 6 (P < 0.001) and 24 (P < 0.05). There was no association between change from baseline amount of energy consumed per FCI item and change in cravings. CONCLUSIONS Altering frequency of consuming craved foods is positively associated with cravings; however, changing the amount of foods consumed does not appear to alter cravings. These results support the conditioning model of food cravings and provide guidance on how to reduce food cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Candice A. Myers
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Catherine M. Champagne
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Robbie A. Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Hollie A. Raynor
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Stephen A. Anton
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Donald A. Williamson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Frank M. Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - George A. Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
| | - Corby K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808
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Razzoli M, Pearson C, Crow S, Bartolomucci A. Stress, overeating, and obesity: Insights from human studies and preclinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:154-162. [PMID: 28292531 PMCID: PMC5403578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders and obesity have become predominant in human society. Their association to modern lifestyle, encompassing calorie-rich diets, psychological stress, and comorbidity with major diseases are well documented. Unfortunately the biological basis remains elusive and the pharmacological treatment inadequate, in part due to the limited availability of valid animal models. Human research on binge eating disorder (BED) proves a strong link between stress exposure and bingeing: state-levels of stress and negative affect are linked to binge eating in individuals with BED both in laboratory settings and the natural environment. Similarly, classical animal models of BED reveal an association between acute exposure to stressors and binging but they are often associated with unchanged or decreased body weight, thus reflecting a negative energy balance, which is uncommon in humans where most commonly BED is associated with excessive or unstable body weight gain. Recent mouse models of subordination stress induce spontaneous binging and hyperphagia, altogether more closely mimicking the behavioral and metabolic features of human BED. Therefore the translational relevance of subordination stress models could facilitate the identification of the neurobiological basis of BED and obesity-associated disease and inform on the development of innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn Pearson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; The Emily Program, 2265 Como Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Hulbert-Williams L, Hulbert-Williams NJ, Nicholls W, Williamson S, Poonia J, Hochard KD. Ultra-brief non-expert-delivered defusion and acceptance exercises for food cravings: A partial replication study. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:1698-1709. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105317695424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Food cravings are a common barrier to losing weight. This article presents a randomised comparison of non-expert group-delivered ultra-brief defusion and acceptance interventions against a distraction control. A total of 63 participants were asked to carry a bag of chocolates for a week while trying to resist the temptation to eat them. A behavioural rebound measure was administered. Each intervention out-performed control in respect of consumption, but not cravings. These techniques may have a place in the clinical management of food cravings. We provide tentative evidence that the mechanism of action is through decreased reactivity to cravings, not through reduced frequency of cravings.
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Smithson EF, Hill AJ. It is not how much you crave but what you do with it that counts: behavioural responses to food craving during weight management. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:625-630. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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50
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A revised examination of the dual pathway model for bulimic symptoms: The importance of social comparisons made on Facebook and sociotropy. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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