1
|
Ding JQ, Zhang JQ, Zhao SJ, Jiang DB, Lu JR, Yang SY, Wang J, Sun YJ, Huang YN, Hu CC, Zhang XY, Zhang JX, Liu TY, Han CY, Qiao XP, Guo J, Zhao C, Yang K. Follicular CD8 + T cells promote immunoglobulin production and demyelination in multiple sclerosis and a murine model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167303. [PMID: 38878831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence underscores the importance of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the precise mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study intends to elucidate the involvement of a novel subset of follicular CD8+ T cells (CD8+CXCR5+ T) in MS and an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model. The expansion of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells was observed in both MS patients and EAE mice during the acute phase. In relapsing MS patients, higher frequencies of circulating CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were positively correlated with new gadolinium-enhancement lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). In EAE mice, frequencies of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were also positively correlated with clinical scores. These cells were found to infiltrate into ectopic lymphoid-like structures in the spinal cords during the peak of the disease. Furthermore, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells, exhibiting high expression levels of ICOS, CD40L, IL-21, and IL-6, were shown to facilitate B cell activation and differentiation through a synergistic interaction between CD40L and IL-21. Transferring CD8+CXCR5+ T cells into naïve mice confirmed their ability to enhance the production of anti-MOG35-55 antibodies and contribute to the disease progression. Consequently, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells may play a role in CNS demyelination through heightening humoral immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Ding
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China; Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Qi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Si-Jia Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong-Bo Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Rui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-Ya Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Nan Huang
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital (Xixian New District Central Hospital), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Chen Hu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-Yang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Yue Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Ying Han
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu-Peng Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China.
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Air Force Medical Center of PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reithofer M, Boell SL, Kitzmueller C, Horak F, Bohle B, Jahn-Schmid B. T-cell subset changes during the first year of pre-seasonal allergoid allergen-specific immunotherapy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21878. [PMID: 38034768 PMCID: PMC10685201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment for type I allergy, which achieves long-lasting effects. Repeated subcutaneous applications of allergen extracts cause a protective antibody response and an immune deviation of T cells. In AIT with allergoids, chemically modified allergen extracts are injected. During a so-called special pre-seasonal application scheme, after the initial phase of applying increased doses of allergoids is followed by natural allergen exposure as a maintenance phase. The effectiveness of allergoid vaccines has been described regarding the improvement of clinical symptoms and the development of protective humoral responses. In this longitudinal observational study, we sought to investigate changes at the T cell level in pre-seasonal AIT with allergoid. Different subsets within CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were monitored by flow cytometry in PBMC of patients known to possess protective antibody responses. Compared to before treatment, a small early boost among allergenic Th cells was observed after 4 months of AIT. In line, a slight Th2 bias was observed after 4 months within circulating T follicular T cells, Tfh and Tfc, representing pre-existing memory Th2 cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that responsiveness of CD8+ T cells to allergen stimulation decreased during the course of treatment. Apart from that, we found an influence of the meteorological season on the activation profile of Tfh and Tfc over the course of the treatment. Together, this is the first study investigating changes of different T cell subsets over the course of an allergoid AIT against airborne allergens. Our findings match previous reports on conventional AIT, especially the initial increase of Th2 responses. However, the observed changes were less pronounced which may be either due to the modification of allergens or to the reduced maintenance dose provided by natural allergen exposure compared to a perennial protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Reithofer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Lisa Boell
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Kitzmueller
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ekinci NS, Yilmaz VT, Kilinc Y, Kocak H, Darbas S, Kisaoglu A, Aydinli B, Uzuner SY, Ucar F. Evaluation of the relationship between de-novo DSA development and CXCR5+PD-1+CD8+ T cells and PD-1/PD-L1 mRNA expression in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e15104. [PMID: 37589946 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between the Follicular Cytotoxic T cell subgroup and expression levels of PD1/PD-L1 genes and the development of donor specific antibody (DSA) is unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ follicular cytotoxic T cell levels and expression levels of PD1/PD-L1 genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes in de-novo DSA positive and negative kidney transplant recipients (KTR). METHODS In our study, expression of PD-1/ PD-L1 genes by Real-Time Quantitative PCR method and CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ T cell expression levels by flow cytometric method were obtained from peripheral blood samples. 63 participants were included in the study (de-novo DSA positive recipients (n = 22, group 1), de-novo DSA negative recipients (n = 20, group 2) and healthy control (n = 21, group 3). All patients had negative PRA before kidney transplantation. Expression (%) levels of target cells were evaluated by flow cytometry method. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 22 and R.3.3.2 software were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS The demographic data of the groups were similar. PD-1 mRNA expression was higher in de-novo DSA positive KTR than negative (respectively, 1.03 ± .29/.82 ± .15, p: .001). CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ T cell expression levels were found to be higher in the de-novo DSA positive group than in the negative group and similar to the healthy group (respectively, 3.06 ± 1.98/.52 ± .40, p:.001, 3.06 ± 1.98/2.78 ± .59, p:.62). The percentage of CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ expressing T cells was significantly lower in the HLA-Class II+ group than other groups (HLA CI/II/ I+II, respectively, 3.63 ± 2.72/1.65 ± .50/3.68 ± 1.67, p: .04). CONCLUSIONS In our study, a significant relationship was found between DSA formation and PD-1 mRNA level and CD8+CXCR5+PD-1+ follicular cytotoxic T cell in KTR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Sayin Ekinci
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Vural Taner Yilmaz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yahya Kilinc
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Kocak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sule Darbas
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kisaoglu
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of General Surgery, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Aydinli
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of General Surgery, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sezin Yakut Uzuner
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fahri Ucar
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
- Prof. Dr. Tuncer Karpuzoglu Transplantation Center, Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koh CH, Lee S, Kwak M, Kim BS, Chung Y. CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2287-2299. [PMID: 37907738 PMCID: PMC10689838 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire effector functions, enabling them to eliminate infected or malignant cells. Traditionally, cytotoxic T cells, characterized by their ability to produce effector cytokines and release cytotoxic granules to directly kill target cells, have been recognized as the constituents of the predominant effector T-cell subset. However, emerging evidence suggests distinct subsets of effector CD8 T cells that each exhibit unique effector functions and therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent advancements in our understanding of CD8 T-cell subsets and the contributions of these cells to various disease pathologies. Understanding the diverse roles and functions of effector CD8 T-cell subsets is crucial to discern the complex dynamics of immune responses in different disease settings. Furthermore, the development of immunotherapeutic approaches that specifically target and regulate the function of distinct CD8 T-cell subsets holds great promise for precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Koh
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kwak
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus Program, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Gangwon, 25159, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malyshkina A, Bayer W, Podschwadt P, Otto L, Karakoese Z, Sutter K, Bruderek K, Wang B, Lavender KJ, Santiago ML, Leipe PM, Elsner C, Esser S, Brandau S, Gunzer M, Dittmer U. Immunotherapy-induced cytotoxic T follicular helper cells reduce numbers of retrovirus-infected reservoir cells in B cell follicles. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011725. [PMID: 37883584 PMCID: PMC10602292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed HIV from a life-threatening disease to a chronic condition. However, eliminating the virus remains an elusive therapy goal. For several decades, Friend virus (FV) infection serves as a murine model to study retrovirus immunity. Similar to HIV, FV persists at low levels in lymph nodes B cell follicles avoiding elimination by immune cells. Such immune-privileged reservoirs exclude cytotoxic T cells from entry. However, CXCR5+ T cells are permitted to traffic through germinal centers. This marker is predominantly expressed by CD4+ follicular helper T cells (Tfh). Therefore, we explored immunotherapy to induce cytotoxic Tfh, which are rarely found under physiological conditions. The TNF receptor family member CD137 was first identified as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. We demonstrated that FV-infected mice treatment with αCD137 antibody resulted in an induction of the cytotoxic program in Tfh. The therapy significantly increased numbers of cytotoxic Tfh within B cell follicles and contributed to viral load reduction. Moreover, αCD137 antibody combined with ART delayed virus rebound upon treatment termination without disturbing the lymph node architecture or antibody responses. Thus, αCD137 antibody therapy might be a novel strategy to target the retroviral reservoir and an interesting approach for HIV cure research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malyshkina
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Podschwadt
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lucas Otto
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zehra Karakoese
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bruderek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Baoxiao Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerry J. Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pia Madeleine Leipe
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Esser
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen M, Venturi V, Munier CML. Dissecting the Protective Effect of CD8 + T Cells in Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination and the Potential Link with Lymph Node CD8 + T Cells. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1035. [PMID: 37508464 PMCID: PMC10376827 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a crucial role in effectively reducing COVID-19 disease severity, with a new generation of vaccines that use messenger RNA (mRNA) technology being administered globally. Neutralizing antibodies have featured as the heroes of vaccine-induced immunity. However, vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells may have a significant impact on the early protective effects of the mRNA vaccine, which are evident 12 days after initial vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells have been shown to respond to multiple epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and exhibit polyfunctionality in the periphery at the early stage, even when neutralizing antibodies are scarce. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce diverse subsets of memory CD8+ T cells that persist for more than six months following vaccination. However, the protective role of CD8+ T cells in response to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines remains a topic of debate. In addition, our understanding of CD8+ T cells in response to vaccination in the lymph nodes, where they first encounter antigen, is still limited. This review delves into the current knowledge regarding the protective role of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in controlling the virus, the response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, and the contribution to supporting B cell activity and promoting immune protection in the lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Chen
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pan P, Pineda MA, Wang Y, Khan A, Nyirenda MH. Aberrant pro-inflammatory responses of CD20 + T cells in experimental arthritis. Cell Immunol 2023; 387:104717. [PMID: 37075620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
CD20+ T cells comprise a highly inflammatory subset implicated in autoimmunity, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We sought to characterize the CD20+ T cell subset in the murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of RA and investigate the phenotype and functional relevance of CD3+CD20+ T cells in the lymph nodes and arthritic joints using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrate that CD3+CD4+CD20+ and CD3+CD8+CD20+ T cells are expanded in the draining lymph nodes of CIA mice, produce increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are less susceptible to regulation by regulatory T cells. Notably, CD3+CD4+CD20+ and CD3+CD8+CD20+ T cells are enriched with CXCR5+PD-1+ T follicular helper cells and CXCR5-PD-1+ peripheral T helper cells, subsets of T cells implicated in promoting B-cell responses and antibody production within pathologically inflamed non-lymphoid tissues in RA. Our findings suggest CD20+ T cells are associated with inflammatory responses and may exacerbate pathology by promoting inflammatory B-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Pan
- University of Glasgow, School of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow, UK
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre, Versus Arthritis (RACE-VA), Glasgow, Birmingham, Newcastle, and Oxford, UK; University of Glasgow, Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, School of Molecular Biosciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yilin Wang
- University of Glasgow, School of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aneesah Khan
- University of Glasgow, School of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mukanthu H Nyirenda
- University of Glasgow, School of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow, UK; Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre, Versus Arthritis (RACE-VA), Glasgow, Birmingham, Newcastle, and Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martínez LE, Ibarrondo J, Guo Y, Penichet ML, Epeldegui M. Follicular CD8+ T Cells Are Elevated in HIV Infection and Induce PD-L1 on B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:33-39. [PMID: 36445393 PMCID: PMC9840893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+CXCR5+ T cells are a specialized CD8+ T cell subset with unique follicular-homing capabilities that have been reported to display effector functions in viral immunity, tumor immunity, and autoimmunity. CD8+CXCR5+ T cells exhibit B cell helper functions and express CD40L, ICOS, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and BCL-6, the transcriptional regulator of CD4+CXCR5+ T follicular helper cells and of germinal center B cells. HIV is known to be sequestered in lymphoid follicles, and CD8+CXCR5+ T cell frequency is a marker for disease severity, given that HIV-infected patients with lower numbers of circulating CD8+CXCR5+ T cells display lower CD4+ T cell counts. Likewise, several groups have reported a direct correlation between the quantity of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells and suppression of HIV viral load. In this study, we observed elevated absolute numbers of CD8+CXCR5+ and CD8+CXCR5+BCL-6+PD-1+ T cells in the blood of HIV-infected participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. We further demonstrated in vitro that activated human CD8+CXCR5+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood and tonsil from healthy donors show increased CD40L expression and induce the production of PD ligand 1 (PD-L1)+IgG+ B cells. Moreover, absolute numbers of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells significantly and positively correlated with numbers of PD-L1+ B cells found in blood of HIV-infected individuals. Altogether, these results show that activated CD8+CXCR5+ T cells have the ability to activate B cells and increase the percentage of PD-L1+ and PD-L1+IgG+ B cells, which provides insights into the early events of B cell activation and differentiation and may play a role in disease progression and lymphomagenesis in HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Martínez
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Yu Guo
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Manuel L. Penichet
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Balne PK, Gupta S, Landon KM, Sinha NR, Hofmann AC, Hauser N, Sinha PR, Huang H, Kempuraj D, Mohan RR. Characterization of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 in the cornea and role in the inflammatory response after corneal injury. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109312. [PMID: 36400287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) regulates inflammatory responses in ocular and non-ocular tissues. However, its expression and role in the cornea are still unknown. Here, we report the expression of CXCR5 in human cornea in vitro and mouse corneas in vivo, and its functional role in corneal inflammation using C57BL/6J wild-type (CXCR5+/+) and CXCR5-deficient (CXCR5-/-) mice, topical alkali injury, clinical eye imaging, histology, immunofluorescence, PCR, qRT-PCR, and western blotting. Human corneal epithelial cells, stromal fibroblasts, and endothelial cells demonstrated CXCR5 mRNA and protein expression in PCR, and Western blot analyses, respectively. To study the functional role of CXCR5 in vivo, mice were divided into four groups: Group-1 (CXCR5+/+ alkali injured cornea; n = 30), Group-2 (CXCR5-/- alkali injured cornea; n = 30), Group-3 (CXCR5+/+ naïve cornea; n = 30), and Group-4 (CXCR5-/- naïve cornea; n = 30). Only one eye was wounded with alkali. Clinical corneal evaluation and imaging were performed before and after injury. Mice were euthanized 4 h, 3 days, or 7 days after injury, eyes were excised and used for histology, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR. In clinical eye examinations, CXCR5-/- mouse corneas showed ocular health akin to the naïve corneas. Alkali injured CXCR5+/+ mouse corneas showed significantly increased mRNA (p < 0.001) and protein (p < 0.01 or p < 0.0001) levels of the CXCR5 compared to the naïve corneas. Likewise, alkali injured CXCR5-/- mouse corneas showed remarkably amplified inflammation in clinical eye exams in live animals. The histological and molecular analyses of these corneas post euthanasia exhibited markedly augmented inflammatory cells in H&E staining and significant CD11b + cells in immunofluorescence (p < 0.01 or < 0.05); and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα; p < 0.05), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2; p < 0.0001), interleukin (IL)-1β (p < 0.0001), and IL-6 (p < 0.0001 or < 0.01) mRNA expression compared to the CXCR5+/+ mouse corneas. Interestingly, CXCR5-/- alkali injured corneas also showed altered mRNA expression of fibrotic alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; p > 0.05) and angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; p < 0.01) compared to the CXCR5+/+ alkali injured corneas. In summary, the CXCR5 gene is expressed in all three major layers of the cornea and appears to influence corneal inflammatory and repair events post-injury in vivo. More studies are warranted to tease the mechanistic role of CXCR5 in corneal inflammation and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Balne
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Suneel Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Keele M Landon
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Nicholas Hauser
- One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Prashant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Hu Huang
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lv Y, Ricard L, Gaugler B, Huang H, Ye Y. Biology and clinical relevance of follicular cytotoxic T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036616. [PMID: 36591286 PMCID: PMC9794565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular cytotoxic T (Tfc) cells are a newly identified subset of CD8+ T cells enriched in B cell follicles and their surroundings, which integrate multiple functions such as killing, memory, supporting and regulation. Tfc cells share similarities with follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, conventional cytotoxic CD8+ T (Tc cells)cells and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, while they express distinct transcription factors, phenotype, and perform different functions. With the participation of cytokines and cell-cell interactions, Tfc cells modulate Tfh cells and B cells and play an essential role in regulating the humoral immunity. Furthermore, Tfc cells have been found to change in their frequencies and functions during the occurrence and progression of chronic infections, immune-mediated diseases and cancers. Strategies targeting Tfc cells are under investigations, bringing novel insights into control of these diseases. We summarize the characteristics of Tfc cells, and introduce the roles and potential targeting modalities of Tfc cells in different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Lv
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory of Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Stem Cell and Cellular Immunotherapy Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Laure Ricard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d’Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Gaugler
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d’Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory of Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Stem Cell and Cellular Immunotherapy Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Yishan Ye, ; He Huang,
| | - Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory of Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Stem Cell and Cellular Immunotherapy Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Yishan Ye, ; He Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alomari N, Totonchy J. IL-21 signaling promotes the establishment of KSHV infection in human tonsil lymphocytes by increasing differentiation and targeting of plasma cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010274. [PMID: 36569889 PMCID: PMC9769966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Factors influencing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) transmission and the early stages of KSHV infection in the human immune system remain poorly characterized. KSHV is known to extensively manipulate the host immune system and the cytokine milieu, and cytokines are known to influence the progression of KSHV-associated diseases. Our previous work identified the early targeting of plasma cells for KSHV infection. In this study, we examine whether IL-21, a cytokine known to profoundly influence plasma cell fate, influences the early stages of KSHV infection in B lymphocytes. Methods Using our unique model of ex vivo KSHV infection in tonsil lymphocytes, we investigate the influence of IL-21 supplementation, IL-21 neutralization, the distribution of IL-21 receptor on B cell subsets and IL-21 secreting T cell subsets on the establishment of KSHV infection in human B cells. Results We show that IL-21 signaling promotes KSHV infection by promoting both total plasma cell numbers and increasing KSHV infection in plasma cells as early as 3 days post-infection. We further demonstrate that the synergistic effect of KSHV infection and IL-21 treatment on plasma cell frequencies is due to differentiation of new plasma cells from naïve B cell precursors. We examine T cells secreting IL-21 in our tonsil specimens and determine that IL-21 producing CD8+ central memory T cells are correlated with plasma cell frequencies and KSHV targeting of plasma cells. Discussion These results demonstrate the novel finding that differentiation of new plasma cells is involved in the early stages of KSHV infection in B cells, and that IL-21 signaling can potentiate this effect thereby increasing the overall magnitude of KSHV infection at early timepoints. These results suggest that IL-21 signaling represents a host-level susceptibility factor for the establishment of KSHV infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhong S, Li Q, Wen C, Li Y, Zhou Y, Jin Z, Ye G, Zhao Y, Hou J, Li Y, Tang L. Interferon α facilitates anti-HBV cellular immune response in a B cell-dependent manner. Antiviral Res 2022; 207:105420. [PMID: 36165866 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dissecting the underlying mechanism of T cells remodeling mediated by interferon α (IFN-α) is indispensable for achieving an optimum therapeutic response in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. However, little is known about B cells in this process. This study aims to elucidate the roles of B cells in IFN-α-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity. METHOD The effects of B cells on IFN-α-mediated T cell response were investigated in B cell-deficient mouse model with HBV and IFN-α plasmid hydrodynamic injection. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to dissect the crosstalk among B cell and T cell subsets and the underlying molecule and pathway signatures on longitudinal blood samples from IFN-α-treated CHB patients. RESULTS B cell depletion impaired the functional T cell subsets, including HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, and engendered a delayed HBV clearance. IFN-α treatment boosted the response of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, whereas such effects disappeared in B cell-deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms were associated with IFN-α-reinforced connections of B cells toward T cells as mediated by the antigen presentation and costimulatory functions in B cells. CONCLUSION IFN-α orchestrates protective HBV-specific cellular immunity in a B cell-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanda Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Al Moussawy M, Abdelsamed HA. Non-cytotoxic functions of CD8 T cells: “repentance of a serial killer”. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001129. [PMID: 36172358 PMCID: PMC9511018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTLs) are classically described as the “serial killers” of the immune system, where they play a pivotal role in protective immunity against a wide spectrum of pathogens and tumors. Ironically, they are critical drivers of transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases, a scenario very similar to the famous novel “The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”. Until recently, it has not been well-appreciated whether CTLs can also acquire non-cytotoxic functions in health and disease. Several investigations into this question revealed their non-cytotoxic functions through interactions with various immune and non-immune cells. In this review, we will establish a new classification for CD8 T cell functions including cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic. Further, we will discuss this novel concept and speculate on how these functions could contribute to homeostasis of the immune system as well as immunological responses in transplantation, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Al Moussawy
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hossam A. Abdelsamed
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hossam A. Abdelsamed,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kudryavtsev IV, Arsentieva NA, Korobova ZR, Isakov DV, Rubinstein AA, Batsunov OK, Khamitova IV, Kuznetsova RN, Savin TV, Akisheva TV, Stanevich OV, Lebedeva AA, Vorobyov EA, Vorobyova SV, Kulikov AN, Sharapova MA, Pevtsov DE, Totolian AA. Heterogenous CD8+ T Cell Maturation and 'Polarization' in Acute and Convalescent COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:1906. [PMID: 36146713 PMCID: PMC9504186 DOI: 10.3390/v14091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptive antiviral immune response requires interaction between CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, and Th1 cells for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the data regarding the role of CD8+ T cells in the acute phase of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome are still limited. METHODS . Peripheral blood samples collected from patients with acute COVID-19 (n = 71), convalescent subjects bearing serum SARS-CoV-2 N-protein-specific IgG antibodies (n = 51), and healthy volunteers with no detectable antibodies to any SARS-CoV-2 proteins (HC, n = 46) were analyzed using 10-color flow cytometry. RESULTS Patients with acute COVID-19 vs. HC and COVID-19 convalescents showed decreased absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells, whereas the frequency of CM and TEMRA CD8+ T cells in acute COVID-19 vs. HC was elevated. COVID-19 convalescents vs. HC had increased naïve and CM cells, whereas TEMRA cells were decreased compared to HC. Cell-surface CD57 was highly expressed by the majority of CD8+ T cells subsets during acute COVID-19, but convalescents had increased CD57 on 'naïve', CM, EM4, and pE1 2-3 months post-symptom onset. CXCR5 expression was altered in acute and convalescent COVID-19 subjects, whereas the frequencies of CXCR3+ and CCR4+ cells were decreased in both patient groups vs. HC. COVID-19 convalescents had increased CCR6-expressing CD8+ T cells. Moreover, CXCR3+CCR6- Tc1 cells were decreased in patients with acute COVID-19 and COVID-19 convalescents, whereas Tc2 and Tc17 levels were increased compared to HC. Finally, IL-27 negatively correlated with the CCR6+ cells in acute COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS We described an abnormal CD8+ T cell profile in COVID-19 convalescents, which resulted in lower frequencies of effector subsets (TEMRA and Tc1), higher senescent state (upregulated CD57 on 'naïve' and memory cells), and higher frequencies of CD8+ T cell subsets expressing lung tissue and mucosal tissue homing molecules (Tc2, Tc17, and Tc17.1). Thus, our data indicate that COVID-19 can impact the long-term CD8+ T cell immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Arsentieva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zoia R. Korobova
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Isakov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem A. Rubinstein
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg K. Batsunov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V. Khamitova
- Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raisa N. Kuznetsova
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tikhon V. Savin
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Akisheva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oksana V. Stanevich
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popov St. 15/17, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A. Lebedeva
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Vorobyov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Snejana V. Vorobyova
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Kulikov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria A. Sharapova
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E. Pevtsov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Areg A. Totolian
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L’va Tolstogo St. 6-8, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunology, Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Mira 14, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sayın Ekinci N, Darbaş Ş, Uçar F. CXCR5+CD8+ Follicular Cytotoxic T Cell Biology and Its Relationship with Diseases. TURKISH JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/tji.galenos.2022.04796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
17
|
Zimmerer JM, Han JL, Peterson CM, Zeng Q, Ringwald BA, Cassol C, Chaudhari S, Hart M, Hemminger J, Satoskar A, Abdel-Rasoul M, Wang JJ, Warren RT, Zhang ZJ, Breuer CK, Bumgardner GL. Antibody-suppressor CXCR5 + CD8 + T cellular therapy ameliorates antibody-mediated rejection following kidney transplant in CCR5 KO mice. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:1550-1563. [PMID: 35114045 PMCID: PMC9177711 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CCR5 KO kidney transplant (KTx) recipients are extraordinarily high alloantibody producers and develop pathology that mimics human antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). C57BL/6 and CCR5 KO mice (H-2b ) were transplanted with A/J kidneys (H-2a ); select cohorts received adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with alloprimed CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells (or control cells) on day 5 after KTx. ACT efficacy was evaluated by measuring posttransplant alloantibody, pathology, and allograft survival. Recipients were assessed for the quantity of CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells and CD8-mediated cytotoxicity to alloprimed IgG+ B cells. Alloantibody titer in CCR5 KO recipients was four-fold higher than in C57BL/6 recipients. The proportion of alloprimed CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells 7 days after KTx in peripheral blood, lymph node, and spleen was substantially lower in CCR5 KO compared to C57BL/6 recipients. In vivo cytotoxicity towards alloprimed IgG+ B cells was also reduced six-fold in CCR5 KO recipients. ACT with alloprimed CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells (but not alloprimed CXCR5- CD8+ or third-party primed CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells) substantially reduced alloantibody titer, ameliorated AMR pathology, and prolonged allograft survival. These results indicate that a deficiency in quantity and function of alloprimed CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells contributes to high alloantibody and AMR in CCR5 KO recipient mice, which can be rescued with ACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Zimmerer
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jing L. Han
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Chelsea M. Peterson
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Bryce A. Ringwald
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Clarissa Cassol
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sachi Chaudhari
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Madison Hart
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Anjali Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Jiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert T. Warren
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Zheng J. Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Ginny L. Bumgardner
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Distinct CD8 T Cell Populations with Differential Exhaustion Profiles Associate with Secondary Complications in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1254-1269. [PMID: 35589883 PMCID: PMC9537220 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency, with heterogeneous clinical presentation. Our goal was to analyze CD8 T cell homeostasis in patients with infection only CVID, compared to those additionally affected by dysregulatory and autoimmune phenomena. Methods We used flow and mass cytometry evaluation of peripheral blood of 40 patients with CVID and 17 healthy donors. Results CD8 T cells are skewed in patients with CVID, with loss of naïve and increase of effector memory stages, expansion of cell clusters with high functional exhaustion scores, and a highly activated population of cells with immunoregulatory features, producing IL-10. These findings correlate to clinically widely used B cell-based EURO classification. Features of exhaustion, including loss of CD127 and CD28, and expression of TIGIT and PD-1 in CD8 T cells are strongly associated with interstitial lung disease and autoimmune cytopenias, whereas CD8 T cell activation with elevated HLA-DR and CD38 expression predict non-infectious diarrhea. Conclusion We demonstrate features of advanced differentiation, exhaustion, activation, and immunoregulatory capabilities within CD8 T cells of CVID patients. Assessment of CD8 T cell phenotype may allow risk assessment of CVID patients and provide new insights into CVID pathogenesis, including a better understanding of mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion and regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-022-01291-9.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mayberry CL, Logan NA, Wilson JJ, Chang CH. Providing a Helping Hand: Metabolic Regulation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Their Association With Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864949. [PMID: 35493515 PMCID: PMC9047778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide support to B cells upon arrival in the germinal center, and thus are critical for the generation of a robust adaptive immune response. Tfh express specific transcription factors and cellular receptors including Bcl6, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS, which are critical for homing and overall function. Generally, the induction of an immune response is tightly regulated. However, deviation during this process can result in harmful autoimmunity or the inability to successfully clear pathogens. Recently, it has been shown that Tfh differentiation, activation, and proliferation may be linked with the cellular metabolic state. In this review we will highlight recent discoveries in Tfh differentiation and explore how these cells contribute to functional immunity in disease, including autoimmune-related disorders, cancer, and of particular emphasis, during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chih-Hao Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chih-Hao Chang,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Anang DC, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Hähnlein JS, van Kuijk B, Smits N, van Lienden KP, Maas M, Gerlag DM, Tak PP, de Vries N, van Baarsen LGM. Increased Frequency of CD4+ Follicular Helper T and CD8+ Follicular T Cells in Human Lymph Node Biopsies during the Earliest Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071104. [PMID: 35406668 PMCID: PMC8997933 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh cells) provide key B-cell help and are essential in germinal center formation and (auto) antibody generation. To gain more insight into their role during the earliest phase of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we analyzed their frequencies, phenotypes, and cytokine profiles in peripheral blood and lymph node biopsies of healthy controls (HCs), autoantibody-positive individuals at risk for developing RA (RA-risk individuals), and early RA patients. Subsequently, we confirmed their presence in lymph nodes and synovial tissue of RA patients using immunofluorescence microscopy. In the blood, the frequency of Tfh cells did not differ between study groups. In lymphoid and synovial tissues, Tfh cells were localized in B-cell areas, and their frequency correlated with the frequency of CD19+ B cells. Compared to lymphoid tissues of healthy controls, those of RA patients and RA-risk individuals showed more CD19+ B cells, CD4+CXCR5+ follicular helper T cells, and CD8+CXCR5+ follicular T cells. These Tfh cells produced less IL-21 upon ex vivo stimulation. These findings suggest that Tfh cells may present a novel rationale for therapeutic targeting during the preclinical stage of RA to prevent further disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dornatien Chuo Anang
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara H. Ramwadhdoebe
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine S. Hähnlein
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bo van Kuijk
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Smits
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krijn P. van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.v.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Mario Maas
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.v.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniëlle M. Gerlag
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- UCB Pharma, Slough SL1 3XE, UK
| | - Paul P. Tak
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Candel Therapeutics, Needham, MA 02494, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Niek de Vries
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa G. M. van Baarsen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center (ARC), Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (T.H.R.); (J.S.H.); (B.v.K.); (N.S.); (D.M.G.); (P.P.T.); (N.d.V.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-56-64969; Fax: +31-20-69-19658
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu Q, Milanez-Almeida P, Martins AJ, Radtke AJ, Hoehn KB, Chen J, Liu C, Tang J, Grubbs G, Stein S, Ramelli S, Kabat J, Behzadpour H, Karkanitsa M, Spathies J, Kalish H, Kardava L, Kirby M, Cheung F, Preite S, Duncker PC, Romero N, Preciado D, Gitman L, Koroleva G, Smith G, Shaffer A, McBain IT, Pittaluga S, Germain RN, Apps R, Sadtler K, Moir S, Chertow DS, Kleinstein SH, Khurana S, Tsang JS, Mudd P, Schwartzberg PL, Manthiram K. Robust, persistent adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue of children. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1276578. [PMID: 35350206 PMCID: PMC8963700 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1276578/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers adaptive immune responses from both T and B cells. However, most studies focus on peripheral blood, which may not fully reflect immune responses in lymphoid tissues at the site of infection. To evaluate both local and systemic adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, we collected peripheral blood, tonsils, and adenoids from 110 children undergoing tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic and found 24 with evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, including detectable neutralizing antibodies against multiple viral variants. We identified SARS-CoV-2-specific germinal center (GC) and memory B cells; single cell BCR sequencing showed that these virus-specific B cells were class-switched and somatically hypermutated, with overlapping clones in the adenoids and tonsils. Oropharyngeal tissues from COVID-19-convalescent children showed persistent expansion of GC and anti-viral lymphocyte populations associated with an IFN-γ-type response, with particularly prominent changes in the adenoids, as well as evidence of persistent viral RNA in both tonsil and adenoid tissues of many participants. Our results show robust, tissue-specific adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract of children weeks to months after acute infection, providing evidence of persistent localized immunity to this respiratory virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Andrea J. Radtke
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jinguo Chen
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Can Liu
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | - Sydney Stein
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sabrina Ramelli
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH Bethesda, MD
| | - Hengameh Behzadpour
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Maria Karkanitsa
- Laboratory of Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jacquelyn Spathies
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, NIBIB, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, NIBIB, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lela Kardava
- B-cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Martha Kirby
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Foo Cheung
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Silvia Preite
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nahir Romero
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Diego Preciado
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Lyuba Gitman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | | | - Grace Smith
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Arthur Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ian T. McBain
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ronald N. Germain
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH Bethesda, MD
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Apps
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Laboratory of Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Moir
- B-cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD
| | - John S. Tsang
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pamela Mudd
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kalpana Manthiram
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pampusch MS, Abdelaal HM, Cartwright EK, Molden JS, Davey BC, Sauve JD, Sevcik EN, Rendahl AK, Rakasz EG, Connick E, Berger EA, Skinner PJ. CAR/CXCR5-T cell immunotherapy is safe and potentially efficacious in promoting sustained remission of SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009831. [PMID: 35130312 PMCID: PMC8853520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection prior to AIDS progression, the vast majority of viral replication is concentrated within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues. We investigated whether infusion of T cells expressing an SIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and the follicular homing receptor, CXCR5, could successfully kill viral-RNA+ cells in targeted lymphoid follicles in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. In this study, CD4 and CD8 T cells from rhesus macaques were genetically modified to express antiviral CAR and CXCR5 moieties (generating CAR/CXCR5-T cells) and autologously infused into a chronically infected animal. At 2 days post-treatment, the CAR/CXCR5-T cells were located primarily in spleen and lymph nodes both inside and outside of lymphoid follicles. Few CAR/CXCR5-T cells were detected in the ileum, rectum, and lung, and no cells were detected in the bone marrow, liver, or brain. Within follicles, CAR/CXCR5-T cells were found in direct contact with SIV-viral RNA+ cells. We next infused CAR/CXCR5-T cells into ART-suppressed SIV-infected rhesus macaques, in which the animals were released from ART at the time of infusion. These CAR/CXCR5-T cells replicated in vivo within both the extrafollicular and follicular regions of lymph nodes and accumulated within lymphoid follicles. CAR/CXR5-T cell concentrations in follicles peaked during the first week post-infusion but declined to undetectable levels after 2 to 4 weeks. Overall, CAR/CXCR5-T cell-treated animals maintained lower viral loads and follicular viral RNA levels than untreated control animals, and no outstanding adverse reactions were noted. These findings indicate that CAR/CXCR5-T cell treatment is safe and holds promise as a future treatment for the durable remission of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary S. Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hadia M. Abdelaal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Cartwright
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jhomary S. Molden
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brianna C. Davey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jordan D. Sauve
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Emily N. Sevcik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao H, Han Q, Yang A, Wang Y, Wang G, Lin A, Wang X, Yin C, Zhang J. CpG-C ODN M362 as an immunoadjuvant for HBV therapeutic vaccine reverses the systemic tolerance against HBV. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:154-165. [PMID: 34975324 PMCID: PMC8692134 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection is a global public health problem. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing class C unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG-C) motifs may provide potential adjuvants for the immunotherapeutic strategy against CHB, since CpG-C ODNs stimulate both B cell and dendritic cell (DC) activation. However, the efficacy of CpG-C ODN as an anti-HBV vaccine adjuvant remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that CpG M362 (CpG-C ODN) as an adjuvant in anti-HBV vaccine (cHBV-vaccine) successfully and safely eliminated the virus in HBV-carrier mice. The cHBV-vaccine enhanced DC maturation both in vivo and in vitro, overcame immune tolerance, and recovered exhausted T cells in HBV-carrier mice. Furthermore, the cHBV-vaccine elicited robust hepatic HBV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, with increased cellular proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Additionally, the cHBV-vaccine invoked a long-lasting follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T cell response following HBV re-challenge. Taken together, CpG M362 in combination with rHBVvac cleared persistent HBV and achieved long-term virological control, making it a promising candidate for treating CHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ailu Yang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yucan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ang Lin
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunlai Yin
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Barcelos F, Hipólito‐Fernandes D, Martins C, Ângelo‐Dias M, Cardigos J, Monteiro R, Alves N, Vaz‐Patto J, Cunha‐Branco J, Borrego L. Corneal sub-basal nerve plexus assessment and its association with phenotypic features and lymphocyte subsets in Sjögren's Syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e1315-e1325. [PMID: 33683020 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess and compare corneal sub-basal nerve plexus morphology with circulating lymphocyte subsets, immunologic status and disease activity in Sjögren syndrome (SjS) patients. METHODS Fifty-five SjS patients, 63 Sicca patients (not fulfilling SjS criteria), 18 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were included. Systemic disease activity in SjS was assessed with the ESSDAI score. Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied with flow cytometry. Corneal confocal microscopy and ImageJ software were used to characterize corneal sub-basal nerve plexus in terms of nerve density (CNFD), length (CNFL) and tortuosity (CNFT). Conventional dry eye tests were also performed. RESULTS CNFL and CNFD were lower in SjS, Sicca and RA groups, compared to HC (p < 0.001 for both SjS and Sicca); CNFL p = 0.005, CNFD p = 0.018 in RA). CNFT was higher in SjS, followed by Sicca, RA and HC. A negative correlation was found between ESSDAI score and CNFL (r=-0.735, p = 0.012). CNFL correlated negatively with IL21+ CD8+ T cells (r=-0.279, p = 0.039) and a positively with total memory (r = 0.299, p = 0.027), unswitched memory (r = 0.281, p = 0.038) and CD24Hi CD27+ (r = 0.278, p = 0.040) B cells. CNFD showed a tendency to significance in its negative correlation with ESSDAI (r=-0.592, p = 0.071) and in its positive correlation with switched memory B cells (r = 0.644, p = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study aiming to correlate ocular findings with lymphocyte subsets in SjS. The associations founded between CNFL and CNFD and disease activity, IL21+ follicular T cells and some B-cell subsets suggest that corneal nerve damage may parallel systemic disease activity and inflammatory cells' dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Barcelos
- Chronic Diseases Research Center NOVA Medical School FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Rheumatology Instituto Português de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Rheumatology Hospital Cuf Descobertas Lisbon Portugal
| | - Diogo Hipólito‐Fernandes
- Department of Ophthalmology Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos Lisbon Portugal
| | - Catarina Martins
- Chronic Diseases Research Center NOVA Medical School FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Miguel Ângelo‐Dias
- Chronic Diseases Research Center NOVA Medical School FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Joana Cardigos
- Department of Ophthalmology Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos Lisbon Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology Hospital Cuf Descobertas Lisbon Portugal
| | - José Vaz‐Patto
- Department of Rheumatology Instituto Português de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal
| | - Jaime Cunha‐Branco
- Chronic Diseases Research Center NOVA Medical School FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Rheumatology Hospital Cuf Descobertas Lisbon Portugal
- NOVA Medical School FCM Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Rheumatology Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz Lisbon Portugal
| | - Luís‐Miguel Borrego
- Chronic Diseases Research Center NOVA Medical School FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
- Department of Immunoalergy Hospital da Luz Lisbon Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
B cell depletion changes the immune cell profile in multiple sclerosis patients: One-year report. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577676. [PMID: 34364105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
B cell depletion therapy has been shown to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism by which B cell depletion mediates its beneficial effects in MS is still unclear. To better understand how B cell depletion may benefit patients with a disease previously thought to be primarily mediated by CD4 T cells, immune profiles were monitored in 48 patients in a phase II trial of ublituximab, a glycoengineered CD20 monoclonal antibody, at 18 time points over a year. As we previously described there was a significant shift in the percentages of T cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells following the initial dose of ublituximab, but this shift normalized within a week and these populations remained stable for the duration of the study. However, T cell subsets changed with an increase in the percentage of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells and a decline in memory T cells. Importantly, the percentage of Th1 and CD4+GM-CSF+ T cells decreased, while the percentage of Tregs continued to increase over the year. Ublituximab not only depleted CD20+ B cells, but also CD20+ T cells. The favorable changes in the T cell subsets may contribute to the beneficial effects of B cell depletion therapy.
Collapse
|
26
|
Valentine KM, Mullins GN, Davalos OA, Seow LW, Hoyer KK. CD8 follicular T cells localize throughout the follicle during germinal center reactions and maintain cytolytic and helper properties. J Autoimmun 2021; 123:102690. [PMID: 34274825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CXCR5+ PD-1+ CD8 T cells (CD8 Tfc) arise in multiple models of systemic autoimmunity yet their functional contribution to disease remains in debate. Here we define the follicular localization and functional interactions of CD8 Tfc with B cells during autoimmune disease. The absence of functional T regulatory cells in autoimmunity allows for CD8 Tfc development that then expands with lymphoproliferation. CD8 Tfc are identifiable within the lymph nodes and spleen during systemic autoimmunity, but not during tissue-restricted autoimmune disease. Autoimmune CD8 Tfc cells are polyfunctional, producing helper cytokines IL-21, IL-4, and IFNγ while maintaining cytolytic proteins CD107a, granzyme B, and TNF. During autoimmune disease, IL-2-KO CD8 T cells infiltrate the B cell follicle and germinal center, including the dark zone, and in vitro induce activation-induced cytidine deaminase in naïve B cells via IL-4 secretion. CD8 Tfc represent a unique CD8 T cell population with a diverse effector cytokine repertoire that can contribute to pathogenic autoimmune B cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Valentine
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Genevieve N Mullins
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Oscar A Davalos
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Lek Wei Seow
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Katrina K Hoyer
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tyllis TS, Fenix KA, Norton TS, Kara EE, McKenzie DR, David SC, Alsharifi M, Yu D, McColl SR, Comerford I. CXCR5 +CD8 + T Cells Shape Antibody Responses In Vivo Following Protein Immunisation and Peripheral Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626199. [PMID: 34326833 PMCID: PMC8314013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between T and B cells is crucial for generating high-affinity, class-switched antibody responses. The roles of CD4+ T cells in this process have been well-characterised. In contrast, regulation of antibody responses by CD8+ T cells is significantly less defined. CD8+ T cells are principally recognised for eliciting cytotoxic responses in peripheral tissues and forming protective memory. However, recent findings have identified a novel population of effector CD8+ T cells that co-opt a differentiation program characteristic of CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, upregulate the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and localise to B cell follicles. While it has been shown that CXCR5+CD8+ T cells mediate the removal of viral reservoirs in the context of follicular-trophic viral infections and maintain the response to chronic insults by virtue of progenitor/stem-like properties, it is not known if CXCR5+CD8+ T cells arise during acute peripheral challenges in the absence of follicular infection and whether they influence B cell responses in vivo in these settings. Using the ovalbumin-specific T cell receptor transgenic (OT-I) system in an adoptive transfer-immunisation/infection model, this study demonstrates that CXCR5+CD8+ T cells arise in response to protein immunisation and peripheral viral infection, displaying a follicular-homing phenotype, expression of cell surface molecules associated with Tfh cells and limited cytotoxic potential. Furthermore, studies assessing the B cell response in the presence of OT-I or Cxcr5-/- OT-I cells revealed that CXCR5+CD8+ T cells shape the antibody response to protein immunisation and peripheral viral infection, promoting class switching to IgG2c in responding B cells. Overall, the results highlight a novel contribution of CD8+ T cells to antibody responses, expanding the functionality of the adaptive immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timona S Tyllis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kevin A Fenix
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Todd S Norton
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ervin E Kara
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Duncan R McKenzie
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shannon C David
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Graalmann T, Borst K, Manchanda H, Vaas L, Bruhn M, Graalmann L, Koster M, Verboom M, Hallensleben M, Guzmán CA, Sutter G, Schmidt RE, Witte T, Kalinke U. B cell depletion impairs vaccination-induced CD8 + T cell responses in a type I interferon-dependent manner. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1537-1544. [PMID: 34226189 PMCID: PMC8600602 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab is frequently applied in the treatment of lymphoma as well as autoimmune diseases and confers efficient depletion of recirculating B cells. Correspondingly, B cell-depleted patients barely mount de novo antibody responses during infections or vaccinations. Therefore, efficient immune responses of B cell-depleted patients largely depend on protective T cell responses. METHODS CD8+ T cell expansion was studied in rituximab-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and B cell-deficient mice on vaccination/infection with different vaccines/pathogens. RESULTS Rituximab-treated RA patients vaccinated with Influvac showed reduced expansion of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells when compared with healthy controls. Moreover, B cell-deficient JHT mice infected with mouse-adapted Influenza or modified vaccinia virus Ankara showed less vigorous expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells than wild type mice. Of note, JHT mice do not have an intrinsic impairment of CD8+ T cell expansion, since infection with vaccinia virus induced similar T cell expansion in JHT and wild type mice. Direct type I interferon receptor signalling of B cells was necessary to induce several chemokines in B cells and to support T cell help by enhancing the expression of MHC-I. CONCLUSIONS Depending on the stimulus, B cells can modulate CD8+ T cell responses. Thus, B cell depletion causes a deficiency of de novo antibody responses and affects the efficacy of cellular response including cytotoxic T cells. The choice of the appropriate vaccine to vaccinate B cell-depleted patients has to be re-evaluated in order to efficiently induce protective CD8+ T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Graalmann
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.,Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Himanshu Manchanda
- Institute for Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Vaas
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Matthias Bruhn
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lukas Graalmann
- Department for Respiratory Medicine, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mario Koster
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Murielle Verboom
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Hallensleben
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Carlos Alberto Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department for Rheumatology and Immunology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Elzein SM, Zimmerer JM, Han JL, Ringwald BA, Bumgardner GL. CXCR5 +CD8 + T cells: A Review of their Antibody Regulatory Functions and Clinical Correlations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2775-2783. [PMID: 34602651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have conventionally been studied in relationship to pathogen or tumor clearance. Recent reports have identified novel functions of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells that can home to lymphoid follicles, a key site of antibody production. In this review we provide an in-depth analysis of conflicting reports regarding the impact of CXCR5+CD8+ T cells on antibody production and examine the data supporting a role for antibody-enhancement (B cell "helper") and antibody-downregulation (antibody-suppressor) by CXCR5+CD8+ T cell subsets. CXCR5+CD8+ T cell molecular phenotypes are associated with CD8-mediated effector functions including distinct subsets that regulate antibody responses. Co-inhibitory molecule PD-1, among others, distinguish CXCR5+CD8+ T cell subsets. We also provide the first in-depth review of human CXCR5+CD8+ T cells in the context of clinical outcomes and discuss the potential utility of monitoring the quantity of peripheral blood or tissue infiltrating CXCR5+CD8+ T cells as a prognostic tool in multiple disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Elzein
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Jason M Zimmerer
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jing L Han
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Bryce A Ringwald
- Medical Student Research Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Ginny L Bumgardner
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Moysi E, Del Rio Estrada PM, Torres-Ruiz F, Reyes-Terán G, Koup RA, Petrovas C. In Situ Characterization of Human Lymphoid Tissue Immune Cells by Multispectral Confocal Imaging and Quantitative Image Analysis; Implications for HIV Reservoir Characterization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683396. [PMID: 34177929 PMCID: PMC8221112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are key mediators of adaptive immune responses during infection and vaccination. Within secondary lymphoid organs, helper CD4 T cells, particularly those residing in germinal centers known as follicular helper T cells (Tfh), provide critical help to B-cells to promote their survival, isotype switching and selection of high affinity memory B-cells. On the other hand, the important role of Tfh cells for the maintenance of HIV reservoir is well documented. Thus, interrogating and better understanding the tissue specific micro-environment and immune subsets that contribute to optimal Tfh cell differentiation and function is important for designing successful prevention and cure strategies. Here, we describe the development and optimization of eight multispectral confocal microscopy immunofluorescence panels designed for in depth characterization and immune-profiling of relevant immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human lymphoid tissue samples. We provide a comprehensive library of antibodies to use for the characterization of CD4+ T-cells -including Tfh and regulatory T-cells- as well as CD8 T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells and discuss how the resulting multispectral confocal datasets can be quantitatively dissected using the HistoCytometry pipeline to collect information about relative frequencies and immune cell spatial distributions. Cells harboring actively transcribed virus are analyzed using an in-situ hybridization assay for the characterization of HIV mRNA positive cells in combination with additional protein markers (multispectral RNAscope). The application of this methodology to lymphoid tissues offers a means to interrogate multiple relevant immune cell targets simultaneously at increased resolution in a reproducible manner to guide CD4 T-cell studies in infection and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico.,Comisión Coordinadora de Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bekele Feyissa Y, Chiodi F, Sui Y, Berzofsky JA. The Role of CXCL13 in Antibody Responses to HIV-1 Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638872. [PMID: 33732259 PMCID: PMC7959754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL13 signals through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR5 to drive development of secondary lymphoid tissue as well as B cell and Tfh cell trafficking to germinal centers (GC), which leads to the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and memory B cells. CXCL13 has been proposed as a general plasma biomarker for GC activities. In HIV-1 infected individuals, plasma CXCL13 levels have been associated with the rate of disease progression to AIDS. Moreover, CXCL13 production has been reported to be increased in HIV-1-infected lymph nodes, which may drive increased downregulation of CXCR5. In this review, we address the role of CXCL13 in HIV-1 infected individuals with regard to GC formation, generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies after infection and vaccination, and AIDS-related B cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Bekele Feyissa
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gonçalves VS, Santos FDS, Dos Santos Junior AG, Piraine REA, Rodrigues PRC, Brasil CL, Conrad NL, Leite FPL. Recombinant bovine IL17A acts as an adjuvant for bovine herpesvirus vaccine. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:185-191. [PMID: 33677208 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Bovine herpes virus type 5 glycoprotein D (gD) is essential for viral penetration into host permissive cells. The Herpes virus gD glycoprotein has been used for bovine immunization, being efficient in reduction of viral replication, shedding and clinical signs, however sterilizing immunity is still not achieved. Recombinant subunit vaccines are, in general, poorly immunogenic requiring additional adjuvant components. Interleukin 17A (IL17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by T helper 17 cells that mediate mucosal immunity. IL17 production during vaccine-induced immunity is a requirement for mucosal protection to several agents. In this study, we investigated the potential of a recombinant IL17A to act as an adjuvant for a recombinant BoHV-5 glycoprotein D vaccine in cattle. Three cattle groups were divided as: group 1) rgD5 + alumen + rIL-17A; 2) rgD5 + alumen; and 3) PBS + alumen. The cattle (3 per group) received two doses of their respective vaccines at an interval of 21 days. The group that received rIL17 in its vaccine formulation at the 7th day after the prime immunization had significant higher levels of specific rgD-IgG than the alumen group. Addition of rIL17 also led to a significant fold increase in specific anti-rgD IgG and neutralizing antibodies to the virus, respectively, when compared with the alumen group. Cells stimulated with rIL17A responded with IL17 transcription, as well IL2, IL4, IL10, IL15, Bcl6 and CXCR5. Our findings suggest that the rIL17A has adjuvant potential for use in vaccines against BoHV-5 as well as potentially other pathogens of cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Sequeira Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Eugênio Araujo Piraine
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Litchina Brasil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Neida Lucia Conrad
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Association between EBV serological patterns and lymphocytic profile of SjS patients support a virally triggered autoimmune epithelitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4082. [PMID: 33603079 PMCID: PMC7893064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, i.e. autoimmune epithelitis. Lymphocytes are central in SjS pathogenesis, with B-cell hyperactivity mediated by T-cells. B-cells are main targets of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, a frequently-suggested trigger for SjS. We aimed to evaluate how the EBV infection modulates B and T-cell subsets in SjS, including as controls Rheumatoid arthritis patients (RA) and healthy participants (HC). SjS patients presented decreased CXCR5+T-cells, although IL21-secreting Tfh and Tfc cells were increased. Tfc were positively correlated with ESSDAI scores, suggesting their relevant role in SjS pathogenesis. As previously described, SjS patients showed expanded circulating naïve B-cell compartments. SjS patients had a higher incidence of EBV-EA-D-IgG+ antibodies, characteristic of recent EBV-infection/reactivation. SjS patients with past infection or recent infection/reactivation showed increased CXCR3+Th1 and CXCR3+Tfh1 cells compared to those without active infection. SjS patients with a recent infection/reactivation profile presented increased transitional B-cells compared to patients with past infection and increased plasmablasts, compared to those without infection. Our results suggest EBV-infection contributes to B and T-cell differentiation towards the effector phenotypes typical of SjS. Local lymphocyte activation at ectopic germinal centres, mediated by Tfh and Tfc, can be EBV-driven, perpetuating autoimmune epithelitis, which leads to gland destruction in SjS.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou H, Yang J, Tian J, Wang S. CD8 + T Lymphocytes: Crucial Players in Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 11:602823. [PMID: 33584670 PMCID: PMC7876316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.602823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with damage to multiple organs and glands. The most common clinical manifestations are dry eyes, dry mouth, and enlarged salivary glands. Currently, CD4+ T lymphocytes are considered to be key factors in the immunopathogenesis of pSS, but various studies have shown that CD8+ T lymphocytes contribute to acinar injury in the exocrine glands. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the classification and features of CD8+ T lymphocytes, specifically describing the role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in disease pathophysiology. Furthermore, we presented treatment strategies targeting CD8+ T cells to capitalize on the pathogenic and regulatory potential of CD8+ T lymphocytes in SS to provide promising new strategies for this inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barcelos F, Martins C, Madeira N, Ângelo-Dias M, Cardigos J, Alves N, Vaz-Patto J, Cunha-Branco J, Borrego LM. Lymphocyte subpopulations in Sjögren's syndrome are distinct in anti-SSA-positive patients and related to disease activity. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:2791-2804. [PMID: 33443605 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) patients exhibit great phenotypical heterogeneity, reinforced by the positiveness of anti-SSA antibody. We aimed to evaluate lymphocyte subpopulations in SSA-positive (SSA+SjS) and SSA-negative (SSA-SjS) SjS patients, Sicca patients, and healthy controls (HC), and to investigate associations between lymphocyte subpopulations and disease activity in SjS. METHODS According to the fulfilment of the ACR/EULAR 2016 classification criteria, patients were included as SjS or as Sicca. HC were selected from the Ophthalmology outpatient clinic. Lymphocyte subpopulations were characterized by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad PrismTM, with statistical significance concluded if p < 0.05. RESULTS We included 53 SjS patients (38 SSA+ and 15 SSA-), 72 Sicca, and 24 HC. SSA+SjS patients presented increased IL-21+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to Sicca and HC, whereas compared to SSA-SjS patients, only IL-21+CD4+ T cell percentages were increased and Tfh17 percentages and numbers were decreased. Compared to Sicca and HC, SSA+SjS patients had higher levels of CD24HiCD38Hi B cells, naïve B cells, and IgM-/+CD38++ plasmablasts, and lower levels of memory B cells, including CD24HiCD27+ B cells. SSA+SjS patients with clinically active disease had positive correlations between ESSDAI and IL-21+CD4+ (p = 0.038, r = 0.456) and IL-21+CD8+ T cells (p = 0.046, r = 0.451). CONCLUSIONS In SjS, a distinct lymphocyte subset distribution profile seems to be associated with positive anti-SSA. Moreover, the association between ESSDAI and IL-21+CD4+ and IL-21+CD8+ (follicular) T cells in SSA+SjS patients suggests the involvement of these cells in disease pathogenesis and activity, and possibly their utility for the prognosis and assessment of response to therapy. Key Points • SSA+SjS patients have a pronounced naïve/memory B cell imbalance. • SSA+SjS patients have more active disease associated with IL-21+CD4+ and IL-21+CD8+ follicular T cell expansion. • IL-21+CD4+ and IL-21+CD8+ T cell quantification may be useful for the prognosis and assessment of response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Barcelos
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School / FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Rheumatology Department, Instituto Português de Reumatologia, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Rheumatology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Martins
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School / FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nathalie Madeira
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto Português de Reumatologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ângelo-Dias
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Cardigos
- Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos, Lisbon, Portugal.,Ophthalmology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Vaz-Patto
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto Português de Reumatologia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jaime Cunha-Branco
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School / FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Rheumatology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal.,Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís-Miguel Borrego
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Immunology, NOVA Medical School
- FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School / FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Immunoalergy Department, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cao Y, Dong L, He Y, Hu X, Hou Y, Dong Y, Yang Q, Bi Y, Liu G. The direct and indirect regulation of follicular T helper cell differentiation in inflammation and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5466-5480. [PMID: 33421124 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells play important roles in facilitating B-cell differentiation and inducing the antibody response in humoral immunity and immune-associated inflammatory diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, Tfh cell differentiation is mainly achieved through self-directed differentiation regulation and the indirect regulation mechanism of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During the direct intrinsic differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells, Bcl-6, as the characteristic transcription factor, plays the core role of transcriptional regulation. APCs indirectly drive Tfh cell differentiation mainly by changing cytokine secretion mechanisms. Altered metabolic signaling is also critically involved in Tfh cell differentiation. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the direct and indirect regulatory signals and metabolic mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and function in immune-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Hu
- Immunochina Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 80, Xingshikou Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20, East Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Follicular cytotoxic CD8 T cells present high cytokine expression, and are more susceptible to Breg-mediated suppression in non-small cell lung cancer. Immunol Res 2020; 68:54-62. [PMID: 32128664 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells are instrumental to antitumor immunity. In this study, we found that a subset of CXCR5-expressing CD8 T cells, termed follicular cytotoxic T (Tfc) cells, potently infiltrated the untreated tumors from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. On average, Tfc cells represented 14% of total tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells and 6.6% of total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Upon antigenic stimulation, Tfc cells presented significantly higher degranulation and stronger release of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFNg, IL2, and TNF, and the pleiotropic cytokine IL10 than non-Tfc cells. However, the expression of granzyme B and perforin was significantly lower in Tfc cells than in non-Tfc CD8 T cells. B regulatory (Breg) cells could significantly suppress proinflammatory cytokine production in both Tfc cells and non-Tfc CD8 T cells, but in Tfc cells, a lower concentration was required. Moreover, Breg cells could significantly elevate IL10 expression by Tfc cells but could not affect IL-10 expression by non-Tfc CD8 T cells. The neutralization of IL10 significantly reduced the extent of Breg-mediated regulation. Together, this study demonstrated that Tfc cells represented a significant proportion of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells in lung carcinoma. These Tfc cells were different from non-Tfc CD8 T cells in terms of cytokine expression and granzyme and perforin release and were more susceptible to Breg-mediated suppression in an IL-10-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu M, Liu J, Pan L, Yang S. Peripheral follicular cytotoxic T -like cells in Kawasaki disease with coronary artery aneurysms: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23714. [PMID: 33350751 PMCID: PMC7769354 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart abnormalities during childhood. The infiltration of CD8+ T cells plays an essential role in the formation of coronary aneurysms. Follicular cytotoxic T (Tfc) cells are a newly defined subset of CD8+ T cells that express CXC-chemokine receptor 5. The role of Tfc cells in KD is unclear. However, in this report, we present 2 KD children with sustained coronary artery aneurysms (CAA), and we found that their peripheral C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 5+ T cells contained quite amounts of CD4 negative cells. Importantly, these cells have never been reported in KD. PATIENTS CONCERNS Case 1 was a 3-year-old boy with a complaint of continuous fever for 6 days and conjunctival injection for 3 days. Case 2 was a 6-month-old boy who was hospitalized because of persistent fever for 5 days, rashes and conjunctival injection for 1 day. DIAGNOSIS Case 1 was diagnosed with KD according to typical symptoms and signs including fever over 5 days, conjunctival injection, rashes, swelling cervical lymph nodes and a strawberry tongue. Case 2 had atypical symptoms including persistent fever for 5 days, rashes and conjunctival injection, and he was diagnosed with KD based on the echocardiographic findings. INTERVENTION Both the 2 patients received intravenous immunoglobulin and oral aspirin. Besides, case 1 was given the second infusion of intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous prednisolone and low-molecular-weight heparin. OUTCOMES The CAA of case 1 did not regress until the 12th month after disease onset. The CAA of patient 2 began to regress at the third month after disease onset. During the months from disease onset to the recent follow-up, no cardiovascular events had occurred. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that Tfc cells may be associated with the formation of CAA. Further studies with larger sample size and functional analysis of these cells are needed.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mullins GN, Valentine KM, Al-Kuhlani M, Davini D, Jensen KDC, Hoyer KK. T cell signaling and Treg dysfunction correlate to disease kinetics in IL-2Rα-KO autoimmune mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21994. [PMID: 33319815 PMCID: PMC7738527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-2Rα, in part, comprises the high affinity receptor for IL-2, a cytokine important in immune proliferation, activation, and regulation. IL-2Rα deficient mice (IL-2Rα-KO) develop systemic autoimmune disease and die from severe anemia between 18 and 80 days of age. These mice develop kinetically distinct autoimmune progression, with approximately a quarter dying by 21 days of age and half dying after 30 days. This research aims to define immune parameters and cytokine signaling that distinguish cohorts of IL-2Rα-KO mice that develop early- versus late-stage autoimmune disease. To investigate these differences, we evaluated complete blood counts (CBC), antibody binding of RBCs, T cell numbers and activation, hematopoietic progenitor changes, and signaling kinetics, during autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and bone marrow failure. We identified several alterations that, when combined, correlate to disease kinetics. Early onset disease correlates with anti-RBC antibodies, lower hematocrit, and reduced IL-7 signaling. CD8 regulatory T cells (Tregs) have enhanced apoptosis in early disease. Further, early and late end stage disease, while largely similar, had several differences suggesting distinct mechanisms drive autoimmune disease kinetics. Therefore, IL-2Rα-KO disease pathology rates, driven by T cell signaling, promote effector T cell activation and expansion and Treg dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve N Mullins
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Kristen M Valentine
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Mufadhal Al-Kuhlani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Dan Davini
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Kirk D C Jensen
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Katrina K Hoyer
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA. .,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hofland T, Martens AWJ, van Bruggen JAC, de Boer R, Schetters S, Remmerswaal EBM, Bemelman FJ, Levin MD, Bins AD, Eldering E, Kater AP, Tonino SH. Human CXCR5 + PD-1 + CD8 T cells in healthy individuals and patients with hematologic malignancies. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:703-713. [PMID: 33098668 PMCID: PMC7984320 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer therapy, but varying response rates illustrate the need for biomarkers of response. Studies in mice have identified a subset of CD8 T cells that is essential for response to PD‐1 ICB. These CD8 T cells co‐express CXCR5, PD‐1 and Tcf1, and provide effector T cells upon PD‐1 ICB. It is unknown whether similar T cells play a role in PD‐1 ICB in humans. We studied human peripheral blood and lymph nodes (LNs) for the frequency, phenotype, and functionality of CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells. We find that CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells are memory‐like cells, express Tcf1, and lack expression of effector molecules. CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells produce cytokines upon stimulation, but have limited proliferative capacity. We studied patients with hematologic malignancies with varying response rates to PD‐1 ICB. Specifically in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in which PD‐1 ICB does not induce clinical responses, CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells show loss of the memory phenotype and increased effector differentiation. In conclusion, we identified CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells in human peripheral blood and LN, which could play a similar role during PD‐1 ICB. Future studies should analyze CXCR5+PD‐1+ CD8 T cells during PD‐1 ICB and their importance for therapeutic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hofland
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne W J Martens
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco A C van Bruggen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate de Boer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Schetters
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike J Bemelman
- Renal Transplant Unit, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark-David Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne H Tonino
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Nguyen S, Sada-Japp A, Petrovas C, Betts MR. Jigsaw falling into place: A review and perspective of lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells and control of HIV. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:42-50. [PMID: 32526556 PMCID: PMC7279761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for immunity against viral infections, including HIV. Several characteristics of CD8+ T cells, such as polyfunctionality and cytotoxicity, have been correlated with effective control of HIV. However, most of these correlates have been established in the peripheral blood. Meanwhile, HIV primarily replicates in lymphoid tissues. Therefore, it is unclear which aspects of CD8+ T cell biology are shared and which are different between blood and lymphoid tissues in the context of HIV infection. In this review, we will recapitulate the latest advancements of our knowledge on lymphoid tissue CD8+ T cells during HIV infection and discuss the insights these advancements might provide for the development of a HIV cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alberto Sada-Japp
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vigano S, Bobisse S, Coukos G, Perreau M, Harari A. Cancer and HIV-1 Infection: Patterns of Chronic Antigen Exposure. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1350. [PMID: 32714330 PMCID: PMC7344140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main role of the human immune system is to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens and abnormal patterns, while maintaining self-tolerance. However, when facing highly variable pathogens or antigens very similar to self-antigens, this system can fail in completely eliminating the anomalies, leading to the establishment of chronic pathologies. Prototypical examples of immune system defeat are cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. In both conditions, the immune system is persistently exposed to antigens leading to systemic inflammation, lack of generation of long-term memory and exhaustion of effector cells. This triggers a negative feedback loop where effector cells are unable to resolve the pathology and cannot be replaced due to the lack of a pool of undifferentiated, self-renewing memory T cells. In addition, in an attempt to reduce tissue damage due to chronic inflammation, antigen presenting cells and myeloid components of the immune system activate systemic regulatory and tolerogenic programs. Beside these homologies shared between cancer and HIV-1 infection, the immune system can be shaped differently depending on the type and distribution of the eliciting antigens with ultimate consequences at the phenotypic and functional level of immune exhaustion. T cell differentiation, functionality, cytotoxic potential and proliferation reserve, immune-cell polarization, upregulation of negative regulators (immune checkpoint molecules) are indeed directly linked to the quantitative and qualitative differences in priming and recalling conditions. Better understanding of distinct mechanisms and functional consequences underlying disease-specific immune cell dysfunction will contribute to further improve and personalize immunotherapy. In the present review, we describe relevant players of immune cell exhaustion in cancer and HIV-1 infection, and enumerate the best-defined hallmarks of T cell dysfunction. Moreover, we highlight shared and divergent aspects of T cell exhaustion and T cell activation to the best of current knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Vigano
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Helgeland H, Gabrielsen I, Akselsen H, Sundaram AYM, Flåm ST, Lie BA. Transcriptome profiling of human thymic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to primary peripheral T cells. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:350. [PMID: 32393182 PMCID: PMC7216358 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The thymus is a highly specialized organ of the immune system where T cell precursors develop and differentiate into self-tolerant CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. No studies to date have investigated how the human transcriptome profiles differ, between T cells still residing in the thymus and T cells in the periphery. Results We have performed high-throughput RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of primary single positive (SP) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from infant thymic tissue, as well as primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from infant and adult peripheral blood, to enable the comparisons across tissues and ages. In addition, we have assessed the expression of candidate genes related to autoimmune diseases in thymic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The thymic T cells showed the largest number of uniquely expressed genes, suggesting a more diverse transcription in thymic T cells. Comparing T cells of thymic and blood origin, revealed more differentially expressed genes, than between infant and adult blood. Functional enrichment analysis revealed an over-representation of genes involved in cell cycle and replication in thymic T cells, whereas infant blood T cells were dominated by immune related terms. Comparing adult and infant blood T cells, the former was enriched for inflammatory response, cytokine production and biological adhesion, while upregulated genes in infant blood T cells were associated with cell cycle, cell death and gene expression. Conclusion This study provides valuable insight into the transcriptomes of the human primary SP T cells still residing within the thymus, and offers a unique comparison to primary blood derived T cells. Interestingly, the majority of autoimmune disease associated genes were expressed in one or more T cell subset, however ~ 11% of these were not expressed in frequently studied adult peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Helgeland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ingvild Gabrielsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Akselsen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arvind Y M Sundaram
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Tennebø Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte Alexandra Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Application of a 5 Marker Panel to the Routine Diagnosis of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma With T-Follicular Helper Phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 43:1282-1290. [PMID: 31283630 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The 2017 World Health Organization update introduced a new category of nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma with T-follicular helper phenotype (PTCL-TFH) defined by expression of at least 2 or 3 TFH markers. Our study assesses the utility of an immunohistochemical panel of 5 TFH markers (CD10, BCL6, PD-1, CXCL13, and ICOS) for identification of TFH phenotype in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) and PTCL not otherwise specified (NOS). Immunohistochemical for the 5 markers was performed on 22 cases of AITL and 29 cases of PTCL-NOS. Cases were reviewed for morphologic features characteristic of AITL. All AITL cases showed expression of ≥2 TFH markers. This panel resulted in reclassification of 41% PTCL-NOS cases to PTCL-TFH. Positive percent agreement for the TFH phenotype is 97% for PD1, 94% for ICOS, 44% for CD10 and CXCL13, and 29% for BCL6. Negative percent agreement for TFH phenotype is 100% for CD10, BCL6, and CXCL13, 82% for ICOS and 71% for PD1. AITL cases were more likely than PTCL-TFH cases to contain expanded CD21-positive follicular dendritic cell meshworks, clear cell cytology and polymorphous inflammatory background; however, there was a significant (P<0.005) Kruskal-Wallis trend in all morphologic variables between the 3 groups suggesting a continuum from PTCL-NOS to PTCL-TFH to AITL. The median number of morphologic features of AITL also correlated significantly with number of TFH markers positive (Spearman coefficient ρ=0.759). In summary, the stain panel chosen will have an impact on cases classified as PTCL-TFH. This entity may exist along a spectrum between PTCL-NOS and AITL.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the majority of current vaccine strategies focus on the induction of neutralizing antibodies, there is substantial evidence that cellular immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control and may be harnessed to induce both therapeutic and preventive antiviral effects. In this Review, we discuss the increasing evidence derived from individuals who spontaneously control infection without antiretroviral therapy as well as preclinical immunization studies that provide a clear rationale for renewed efforts to develop a CD8+ T cell-based HIV vaccine in conjunction with B cell vaccine efforts. Further, we outline the remaining challenges in translating these findings into viable HIV prevention, treatment and cure strategies. Recently, antibody-mediated control of HIV infection has received considerable attention. Here, the authors discuss the importance of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection and suggest that efforts to develop vaccines that target these cells in conjunction with B cells should be renewed.
Collapse
|
46
|
Inverse Association Between the Quantity of Human Peripheral Blood CXCR5+IFN-γ+CD8+ T Cells With De Novo DSA Production in the First Year After Kidney Transplant. Transplantation 2020; 104:2424-2434. [PMID: 32032292 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that a novel CXCR5IFN-γCD8 T-cell subset significantly inhibits posttransplant alloantibody production in a murine transplant model. These findings prompted the current study to investigate the association of human CD8 T cells with the same phenotype with the development of de novo donor-specific antibody (DSA) after kidney transplantation. METHODS In the current studies, we prospectively and serially analyzed peripheral blood CD8 and CD4 T-cell subsets and monitored for the development of de novo DSA in kidney transplant recipients during the first-year posttransplant. We report results on 95 first-time human kidney transplant recipients with 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Twenty-three recipients (24.2%) developed de novo DSA within 1-year posttransplant. Recipients who developed DSA had significantly lower quantities of peripheral CXCR5IFN-γCD8 T cells (P = 0.01) and significantly lower ratios of CXCR5IFN-γCD8 T cell to combined CD4 Th1/Th2 cell subsets (IFN-γCD4 and IL-4CD4 cells; P = 0.0001) compared to recipients who remained DSA-negative over the first-year posttransplant. CONCLUSIONS Our data raise the possibility that human CXCR5IFN-γCD8 T cells are a homolog to murine CXCR5IFN-γCD8 T cells (termed antibody-suppressor CD8 T cells) and that the quantity of CXCR5IFN-γCD8 T cells (or the ratio of CXCR5IFN-γCD8 T cells to Th1/Th2 CD4 T cells) may identify recipients at risk for development of DSA.
Collapse
|
47
|
Xing J, Li X, E J, Wang C, Wang H. Inverse relationship between CD40L expression and cytolytic molecule expression by CD8 +CXCR5 + T follicular cytotoxic cells in colorectal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111892. [PMID: 32035135 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CXCR5+ CD8 T cells, sometimes termed T follicular cytotoxic (Tfc) cells, are characterized by high proinflammatory cytokine and cytolytic molecule expression and low exhaustion and checkpoint molecule expression. Additionally, Tfc cells could promote B cell responses and support Ig release. It is yet unclear how Tfc cells could help B cells when they have the potential to mediate cytotoxicity at the same time. In this study, we found that Tfc cells expressed significantly higher levels of CD40L than non-Tfc CD8 T cells. Interestingly, Tfc cells from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients presented significantly higher CD40L than Tfc cells from healthy controls in a manner that was associated with CRC stage. Coincubation of Tfc cells and autologous B cells resulted in higher CD40L expression in a time-dependent manner. Interestingly, activated Tfc cells, when incubated with B cells, presented rapid downregulation of perforin and granzyme B. In general, greater than 50% of tumor-infiltrating Tfc cells expressed CD40L. In addition, the level of CD40L in tumor-infiltrating Tfc cells was higher in stage IV CRC patients than in stage II and stage III CRC patients. Interestingly, the levels of perforin and granzyme B expression by tumor-infiltrating Tfc cells were inversely correlated with the level of CD40L expression by tumor-infiltrating Tfc cells. Overall, we demonstrated that an inverse association existed between CD40L and cytotoxic molecule expression in Tfc cells from CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xing
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jifu E
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin North Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fousteri G, Kuka M. The elusive identity of CXCR5 + CD8 T cells in viral infection and autoimmunity: Cytotoxic, regulatory, or helper cells? Mol Immunol 2020; 119:101-105. [PMID: 32007752 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge on the development and functions of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells is rudimentary when confronted to other extensively studied CD8 T cell subsets. A decade ago, it became apparent that CD8 T cells possess two additional and rather unexpected functional properties other than cytotoxicity, one involving what is known as B cell helper activity and the other involving suppression of self-reactive responses generally known as T cell regulation. Although these adaptive responses are well-known functions of CD4 T cells, they remain poorly understood in CD8 T cells. Thus far, three subsets of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells have been identified. The first subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells is present in chronic viral infections and is referred to as progenitors of exhausted T cells showing heightened proliferative and cytotoxic properties as compared to CXCR5- CD8 T cells. The second subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells functions as regulatory T cells that inhibit CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) humoral responses and the development of autoantibodies. The third subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells was identified in mice with mutations in immunoregulatory genes (i.e. FOXP3 and IL-2-deficient mice) and involves CD8 T cells with Tfh-like properties that promote humoral autoimmunity through interaction with B cells. This review summarizes the phenotype, function, and differentiation of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Role of Dendritic Cells in Exposing Latent HIV-1 for the Kill. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010037. [PMID: 31905690 PMCID: PMC7019604 DOI: 10.3390/v12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective yet nontoxic strategies to target the latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed individuals poses a critical barrier to a functional cure. The ‘kick and kill’ approach to HIV eradication entails proviral reactivation during ART, coupled with generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or other immune effectors equipped to eliminate exposed infected cells. Pharmacological latency reversal agents (LRAs) that have produced modest reductions in the latent reservoir ex vivo have not impacted levels of proviral DNA in HIV-infected individuals. An optimal cure strategy incorporates methods that facilitate sufficient antigen exposure on reactivated cells following the induction of proviral gene expression, as well as the elimination of infected targets by either polyfunctional HIV-specific CTLs or other immune-based strategies. Although conventional dendritic cells (DCs) have been used extensively for the purpose of inducing antigen-specific CTL responses in HIV-1 clinical trials, their immunotherapeutic potential as cellular LRAs has been largely ignored. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with current HIV-1 eradication strategies, as well as the unharnessed potential of ex vivo-programmed DCs for both the ‘kick and kill’ of latent HIV-1.
Collapse
|
50
|
Pangrazzi L, Reidla J, Carmona Arana JA, Naismith E, Miggitsch C, Meryk A, Keller M, Krause AAN, Melzer FL, Trieb K, Schirmer M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Weinberger B. CD28 and CD57 define four populations with distinct phenotypic properties within human CD8 + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 50:363-379. [PMID: 31755098 PMCID: PMC7079235 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After repeated antigen exposure, both memory and terminally differentiated cells can be generated within CD8+ T cells. Although, during their differentiation, activated CD8+ T cells may first lose CD28, and CD28- cells may eventually express CD57 as a subsequent step, a population of CD28+ CD57+ (DP) CD8+ T cells can be identified in the peripheral blood. How this population is distinct from CD28- CD57- (DN) CD8+ T cells, and from the better characterized non-activated/early-activated CD28+ CD57- and senescent-like CD28- CD57+ CD8+ T cell subsets is currently unknown. Here, RNA expression of the four CD8+ T cell subsets isolated from human PBMCs was analyzed using microarrays. DN cells were more similar to "early" highly differentiated cells, with decreased TNF and IFN-γ production, impaired DNA damage response and apoptosis. Conversely, increased apoptosis and expression of cytokines, co-inhibitory, and chemokine receptors were found in DP cells. Higher levels of DP CD8+ T cells were observed 7 days after Hepatitis B vaccination, and decreased levels of DP cells were found in rheumatoid arthritis patients. More DP and DN CD8+ T cells were present in the bone marrow, in comparison with PBMCs. In summary, our results indicate that DP and DN cells are distinct CD8+ T cell subsets displaying defined properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pangrazzi
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Reidla
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José Antonio Carmona Arana
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erin Naismith
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carina Miggitsch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Meryk
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Keller
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adelheid Alma Nora Krause
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz Leonard Melzer
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klemens Trieb
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Grieskirchnerstrasse 42, Wels, Austria
| | - Michael Schirmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|