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Dakouo D, Ouermi D, Ouattara AK, Simpore A, Compaore TR, Traore MAE, Gamsore Z, Zoure AA, Traore L, Zohoncon TM, Yonli AT, Ilboudo PD, Djigma FW, Simpore J. Rotavirus vaccines in Africa and Norovirus genetic diversity in children aged 0 to 5 years old: a systematic review and meta-analysis : Rotavirus vaccines in Africa and Norovirus genetic diversity. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:547. [PMID: 38822241 PMCID: PMC11143598 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the second leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 years old. They are responsible for 200 million cases of diarrhoea and 50,000 deaths in children through the word, mainly in low-income countries. The objective of this review was to assess how the prevalence and genetic diversity of noroviruses have been affected by the introduction of rotavirus vaccines in Africa. PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct databases were searched for articles. All included studies were conducted in Africa in children aged 0 to 5 years old with gastroenteritis. STATA version 16.0 software was used to perform the meta-analysis. The method of Dersimonian and Laird, based on the random effects model, was used for the statistical analyses in order to estimate the pooled prevalence's at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test using the I2 index. The funnel plot was used to assess study publication bias. A total of 521 studies were retrieved from the databases, and 19 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled norovirus prevalence's for pre- and post-vaccination rotavirus studies were 15% (95 CI, 15-18) and 13% (95 CI, 09-17) respectively. GII was the predominant genogroup, with prevalence of 87.64% and 91.20% respectively for the pre- and post-vaccination studies. GII.4 was the most frequently detected genotype, with rates of 66.84% and 51.24% respectively for the pre- and post-vaccination studies. This meta-analysis indicates that rotavirus vaccination has not resulted in a decrease in norovirus infections in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dako Dakouo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Djénéba Ouermi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, 01 BP 364, Burkina Faso
- Département de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Karim Ouattara
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, 01 BP 364, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abibou Simpore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Agence Nationale pour la Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Environnement, de l'Alimentation, du Travail et des Produits de Santé (ANSSEAT), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Tégwendé Rebecca Compaore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7192, Burkina Faso
| | - Mah Alima Esther Traore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Zakaria Gamsore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdou Azaque Zoure
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7192, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassina Traore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, 01 BP 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Théodora Mahoukèdè Zohoncon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, 01 BP 364, Burkina Faso
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Saint Thomas d'Aquin, Ouagadougou 01, 06 BP 10212, Burkina Faso
| | - Albert Théophane Yonli
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, 01 BP 364, Burkina Faso
| | - P Denise Ilboudo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Florencia Wendkuuni Djigma
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, 01 BP 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Génétique (LABIOGENE), Université Joseph KI- ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03, 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, 01 BP 364, Burkina Faso
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Victor CP, Leon JS, Williams AM. Vitamin A biomarkers were associated with α(1)-acid glycoprotein and C-reactive protein over the course of a human norovirus challenge infection. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:482-488. [PMID: 37694547 PMCID: PMC10784129 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Retinol binding protein (RBP) is used as a proxy for retinol in population-based assessments of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) for cost-effectiveness and feasibility. When the cut-off of < 0·7 μmol/l for retinol is applied to RBP to define VAD, an equivalence of the two biomarkers is assumed. Evidence suggests that the relationship between retinol and RBP is not 1:1, particularly in populations with a high burden of infection or inflammation. The goal of this analysis was to longitudinally evaluate the retinol:RBP ratio over 1 month of follow-up among fifty-two individuals exposed to norovirus (n 26 infected, n 26 uninfected), test whether inflammation (measured as α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) affects retinol, RBP and the ratio between the two and assess whether adjusting vitamin A biomarkers for AGP or CRP improves the equivalence of retinol and RBP. We found that the median molar ratio between retinol and RBP was the same among infected (0·68) and uninfected (0·68) individuals. AGP was associated with the ratio and RBP individually, controlling for CRP, and CRP was associated with both retinol and RBP individually, controlling for AGP over 1 month of follow-up. Adjusting for inflammation led to a slight increase in the ratio among infected individuals (0·71) but remained significantly different from the expected value of one. These findings highlight the need for updated recommendations from the WHO on a cut-off value for RBP and an appropriate method for measuring and adjusting for inflammation when using RBP in population assessments of VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P. Victor
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
| | - Juan S. Leon
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
| | - Anne M. Williams
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA30322, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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3
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Muharram G, Thépaut M, Lobert PE, Grandjean T, Boulard O, Delacre M, Wakeford E, Wheeler R, Poulin LF, Boneca IG, Lafont F, Michallet MC, Hober D, Cadwell K, Chamaillard M. Activation of Nod2 signaling upon norovirus infection enhances antiviral immunity and susceptibility to colitis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2249960. [PMID: 37655966 PMCID: PMC10478738 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2249960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 90% of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis are caused by human noroviruses (NoVs), which persist in a substantial subset of people allowing their spread worldwide. This has led to a significant number of endemic cases and up to 70,000 children deaths in developing countries. NoVs are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. To date, studies have focused on the influence of the gut microbiota on enteric viral clearance by mucosal immunity. In this study, the use of mouse norovirus S99 (MNoV_S99) and CR6 (MNoV_CR6), two persistent strains, allowed us to provide evidence that the norovirus-induced exacerbation of colitis severity relied on bacterial sensing by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2). Consequently, Nod2-deficient mice showed reduced levels of gravity of Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis with both viral strains. And MNoV_CR6 viremia was heightened in Nod2-/- mice in comparison with animals hypomorphic for Atg16l1, which are prone to aggravated inflammation under DSS. Accordingly, the infection of macrophages derived from WT mice promoted the phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) and NOD2's expression levels. Higher secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα ) following NOD2 activation and better viral clearance were measured in these cells. By contrast, reduced levels of pSTAT1 and blunted downstream secretion of TNFα were found in Nod2-deficient macrophages infected by MNoV_S99. Hence, our results uncover a previously unidentified virus-host-bacterial interplay that may represent a novel therapeutic target for treating noroviral origin gastroenteritis that may be linked with susceptibility to several common illnesses such as Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaffar Muharram
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL -Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marion Thépaut
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL -Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Teddy Grandjean
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL -Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Boulard
- Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL -Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emmrich Wakeford
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL -Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- TERI (Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity), Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Franz Poulin
- Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- TERI (Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity), Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL -Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Michallet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et génétique de la paroi bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, INSERM U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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4
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Shapiro JR, Andreani G, Dubé C, Berubé M, Bussière D, Couture MMJ, Dargis M, Hendin HE, Landry N, Lavoie PO, Pillet S, Ward BJ, D'Aoust MA, Trépanier S. Development and characterization of a plant-derived norovirus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:6008-6016. [PMID: 37625992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is the most common cause of diarrheal episodes globally. Issues with in vitro cultivation systems, genetic variation, and animal models have hindered vaccine development. Plant-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) may address some of these concerns because they are highly immunogenic, can be administered by different routes, and can be rapidly produced to accommodate emerging viral strains. METHODS NoV VLPs (NoVLP) composed of the surface viral protein (VP) 1 of the GI and GII genogroups were produced in Nicotiana benthamiana using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based recombinant transient expression system. Leaves from infiltrated plants were harvested and NoVLPs were extracted and purified. The safety and immunogenicity of the GII.4 NoVLP, the genotype currently causing most human disease, were subsequently examined in rabbits and mice. RESULTS Fifteen GI and GII NoVLPs were successfully expressed in N. benthamiana and were structurally similar to NoV virions, as determined by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The NoVLP was well-tolerated, with no local or systemic signs of toxicity in rabbits. Three intramuscular doses of the GII.4 NoVLP adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced robust IgG titers, IgG-secreting cells, histo-blood group antigen blocking titers, and IFNγ-secreting T cells in mice. In addition to circulating antibodies, oral administration of the NoVLP in mice induced significant IgA levels in feces, indicative of a mucosal response. CONCLUSIONS The plant-made NoVLP vaccine was safe and immunogenic in mice and rabbits. Multi-modal vaccination, combining oral and intramuscular administration could be considered for future clinical development to maximize systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna R Shapiro
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Charlotte Dubé
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Berubé
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Bussière
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michèle Dargis
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hilary E Hendin
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Landry
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada.
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5
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Su L, Huang W, Neill FH, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Palzkill T. Mapping human norovirus antigens during infection reveals the breadth of the humoral immune response. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:87. [PMID: 37280322 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The humoral immune response plays an important role in clearing HuNoV infections and elucidating the antigenic landscape of HuNoV during an infection can shed light on antibody targets to inform vaccine design. Here, we utilized Jun-Fos-assisted phage display of a HuNoV genogroup GI.1 genomic library and deep sequencing to simultaneously map the epitopes of serum antibodies of six individuals infected with GI.1 HuNoV. We found both unique and common epitopes that were widely distributed among both nonstructural proteins and the major capsid protein. Recurring epitope profiles suggest immunodominant antibody footprints among these individuals. Analysis of sera collected longitudinally from three individuals showed the presence of existing epitopes in the pre-infection sera, suggesting these individuals had prior HuNoV infections. Nevertheless, newly recognized epitopes surfaced seven days post-infection. These new epitope signals persisted by 180 days post-infection along with the pre-infection epitopes, suggesting a persistent production of antibodies recognizing epitopes from previous and new infections. Lastly, analysis of a GII.4 genotype genomic phage display library with sera of three persons infected with GII.4 virus revealed epitopes that overlapped with those identified in GI.1 affinity selections, suggesting the presence of GI.1/GII.4 cross-reactive antibodies. The results demonstrate that genomic phage display coupled with deep sequencing can characterize HuNoV antigenic landscapes from complex polyclonal human sera to reveal the timing and breadth of the human humoral immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wanzhi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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6
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Kennedy EA, Aggarwal S, Dhar A, Karst SM, Wilen CB, Baldridge MT. Age-associated features of norovirus infection analysed in mice. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1095-1107. [PMID: 37188813 PMCID: PMC10484054 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Young children bear the highest burden of disease and play a key role in viral transmission throughout the population. However, which host factors contribute to age-associated variability in NoV severity and shedding are not well-defined. The murine NoV (MNoV) strain CR6 causes persistent infection in adult mice and targets intestinal tuft cells. Here we find that natural transmission of CR6 from infected dams occurred only in juvenile mice. Direct oral CR6 inoculation of wild-type neonatal mice led to accumulation of viral RNA in the ileum and prolonged shedding in the stool that was replication-independent. This viral exposure induced both innate and adaptive immune responses including interferon-stimulated gene expression and MNoV-specific antibody responses. Interestingly, viral uptake depended on passive ileal absorption of luminal virus, a process blocked by cortisone acetate administration, which prevented ileal viral RNA accumulation. Neonates lacking interferon signalling in haematopoietic cells were susceptible to productive infection, viral dissemination and lethality, which depended on the canonical MNoV receptor CD300LF. Together, our findings reveal developmentally associated aspects of persistent MNoV infection, including distinct tissue and cellular tropism, mechanisms of interferon regulation and severity of infection in the absence of interferon signalling. These emphasize the importance of defining viral pathogenesis phenotypes across the developmental spectrum and highlight passive viral uptake as an important contributor to enteric infections in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arko Dhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Winder N, Gohar S, Muthana M. Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122811. [PMID: 36560815 PMCID: PMC9781483 DOI: 10.3390/v14122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around £48 billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise.
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8
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Lockhart A, Mucida D, Parsa R. Immunity to enteric viruses. Immunity 2022; 55:800-818. [PMID: 35545029 PMCID: PMC9257994 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic enteric viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among children in developing countries. The host response to enteric viruses occurs primarily within the mucosa, where the intestinal immune system must balance protection against pathogens with tissue protection and tolerance to harmless commensal bacteria and food. Here, we summarize current knowledge in natural immunity to enteric viruses, highlighting specialized features of the intestinal immune system. We further discuss how knowledge of intestinal anti-viral mechanisms can be translated into vaccine development with particular focus on immunization in the oral route. Research reveals that the intestine is a complex interface between enteric viruses and the host where environmental factors influence susceptibility and immunity to infection, while viral infections can have lasting implications for host health. A deeper mechanistic understanding of enteric anti-viral immunity with this broader context can ultimately lead to better vaccines for existing and emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Lockhart
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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9
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Virucidal and Immunostimulating Activities of Monogalactosyl Diacylglyceride from Coccomyxa sp. KJ, a Green Microalga, against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020131. [PMID: 35200660 PMCID: PMC8877313 DOI: 10.3390/md20020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis and may lead to more severe illnesses among immunosuppressed people, including elderly and organ transplant recipients. To date, there are no safe and effective vaccines or antiviral agents for norovirus infections. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the antiviral activity of monogalactosyl diacylglyceride (MGDG) isolated from a microalga, Coccomyxa sp. KJ, against murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV), the surrogates for human norovirus. MGDG showed virucidal activities against these viruses in a dose- and time-dependent manner—MGDG at 100 μg/mL reduced the infectivity of MNV and FCV to approximately 10% after 60 min incubation. In the animal experiments of MNV infection, intraoral administration of MGDG (1 mg/day) exerted a therapeutic effect by suppressing viral shedding in the feces and produced high neutralizing antibody titers in sera and feces. When MGDG was orally administered to immunocompromised mice treated with 5-fluorouracil, the compound exhibited earlier stopping of viral shedding and higher neutralizing antibody titers of sera than those in the control mice administered with distilled water. Thus, MGDG may offer a new therapeutic and prophylactic alternative against norovirus infections.
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Moral PM, Cabañero-Navalon D, Garcia-Bustos V, Beltrán MN, Lletí MS. Norovirus infection as a model of chronic or recurrent infection in common variable immunodeficiency. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2022; 35 Suppl 3:63-66. [PMID: 36285861 PMCID: PMC9717449 DOI: 10.37201/req/s03.14.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency (PID) in general population. PID are genetic diseases that share a dysfunction in the immune system entailing a greater risk of both chronic and recurrent infections. These patients can also develop chronic gastrointestinal infections caused by norovirus with persistent viral dissemination, which can be detected months after primoinfection. Additionally, a proportion of CVID patients show a typical severe enteropathy presenting with recurrent diarrhoea, intestinal malabsorption, inflammatory lesions, and villous atrophy. Some studies have related this enteropathy with chronic intestinal infection caused by norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moral Moral
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit. Internal Medicine Section. University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe. Valencia, Spain,Correspondence: Pedro Moral Moral Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit. Internal Medicine Section. University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe. Valencia, Spain E-mail:
| | - Dafne Cabañero-Navalon
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit. Internal Medicine Section. University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe. Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Garcia-Bustos
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit. Internal Medicine Section. University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe. Valencia, Spain
| | - María Núñez Beltrán
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit. Internal Medicine Section. University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe. Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Salavert Lletí
- Infectious Diseases Unit. University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe. Valencia, Spain
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11
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Mboko WP, Chhabra P, Valcarce MD, Costantini V, Vinjé J. Advances in understanding of the innate immune response to human norovirus infection using organoid models. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:10.1099/jgv.0.001720. [PMID: 35077345 PMCID: PMC8984994 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide and the most frequent cause of foodborne illness in the United States. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infections and therapeutic interventions are based on alleviating symptoms and limiting viral transmission. The immune response to norovirus is not completely understood and mechanistic studies have been hindered by lack of a robust cell culture system. In recent years, the human intestinal enteroid/human intestinal organoid system (HIE/HIO) has enabled successful human norovirus replication. Cells derived from HIE have also successfully been subjected to genetic manipulation using viral vectors as well as CRISPR/Cas9 technology, thereby allowing studies to identify antiviral signaling pathways important in controlling norovirus infection. RNA sequencing using HIE cells has been used to investigate the transcriptional landscape during norovirus infection and to identify antiviral genes important in infection. Other cell culture platforms such as the microfluidics-based gut-on-chip technology in combination with the HIE/HIO system also have the potential to address fundamental questions on innate immunity to human norovirus. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in understanding the innate immune response to human norovirus infections in the HIE system, including the application of advanced molecular technologies that have become available in recent years such as the CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA sequencing, as well as the potential application of single cell transcriptomics, viral proteomics, and gut-on-a-chip technology to further elucidate innate immunity to norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadzanai P. Mboko
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Preeti Chhabra
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Marta Diez Valcarce
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Lucero Y, Matson DO, Ashkenazi S, George S, O’Ryan M. Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122399. [PMID: 34960668 PMCID: PMC8707792 DOI: 10.3390/v13122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Norovirus is currently the main viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in most countries worldwide. Nearly 50 years after the discovery of the "Norwalk virus" by Kapikian and colleagues, the scientific and medical community continue to generate new knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum of Norovirus infection. Nevertheless, several areas remain incompletely understood due to the serious constraints to effectively replicate and propagate the virus. Here, we present a narrated historic perspective and summarize our current knowledge, including insights and reflections on current points of interest for a broad medical community, including clinical and molecular epidemiology, viral-host-microbiota interactions, antivirals, and vaccine prototypes. We also include a reflection on the present and future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Norovirus infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Lucero
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
- Hospital Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery (Northern Campus), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380418, Chile
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo-Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7650568, Chile
| | - David O. Matson
- Eastern Shore Health Department, Virginia Department of Public Health, Accomack County, VA 23301, USA;
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Sergio George
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Kim M, Lee JE, Cho H, Jung HG, Lee W, Seo HY, Lee SH, Ahn DG, Kim SJ, Yu JW, Oh JW. Antiviral efficacy of orally delivered neoagarohexaose, a nonconventional TLR4 agonist, against norovirus infection in mice. Biomaterials 2020; 263:120391. [PMID: 32977259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neoagarohexaose (NA6) is an oligosaccharide that is derived from agarose, the major component of red algae cell walls, by enzymatic hydrolysis. Here we show that NA6 is a noncanonical Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist with antiviral activity against norovirus. Its TLR4 activation was dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), leading to interferon-β (IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. This effect was abolished by TLR4 knockdown or knockout in murine macrophages. NA6 inhibited murine norovirus (MNV) replication with an EC50 of 1.5 μM in RAW264.7 cells. It also lowered viral RNA titer in a human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7-derived cell line harboring a human norovirus subgenomic replicon. The antiviral activity of NA6 was mainly attributed to IFN-β produced through the TLR4-TRIF signaling pathway. NA6-induced TNF-α, which had little effect on norovirus replication per se, primed macrophages to mount greater antiviral innate immune responses when IFN signaling was activated. NA6 boosted the induction of IFN-β in MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells and upregulated IFN-regulatory factor-1, an IFN-stimulated gene. NA6 induced IFN-β expression in the distal ileum with Peyer's patches and oral administration of NA6 reduced MNV loads through activation of TLR4 signaling, highlighting its potential contribution to protective antiviral innate immunity against norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hee Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hae-Gwang Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Wooseong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Han Young Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Soung-Hoon Lee
- CK Biotechnology Inc, Engineering Research Park, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Roberts MB, Fishman JA. Immunosuppressive Agents and Infectious Risk in Transplantation: Managing the "Net State of Immunosuppression". Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e1302-e1317. [PMID: 32803228 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful solid organ transplantation reflects meticulous attention to the details of immunosuppression, balancing risks for graft rejection against risks for infection. The 'net state of immune suppression' is a conceptual framework of all factors contributing to infectious risk. Assays which measure immune function in the immunosuppressed transplant recipient relative to infectious risk and allograft function are lacking. The best measures of integrated immune function may be quantitative viral loads to assess the individual's ability to control latent viral infections. Few studies address adjustment of immunosuppression during active infections. Thus, confronted with infection in solid organ recipients, the management of immunosuppression is based largely on clinical experience. This review examines known measures of immune function and the immunologic effects of common immunosuppressive drugs and available studies reporting modification of drug regimens for specific infections. These data provide a conceptual framework for the management of immunosuppression during infection in organ recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Roberts
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Jay A Fishman
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program and Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Cates JE, Vinjé J, Parashar U, Hall AJ. Recent advances in human norovirus research and implications for candidate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:539-548. [PMID: 32500763 PMCID: PMC10760411 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1777860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. An estimated 21 million illnesses in the United States and upwards of 684 million illnesses worldwide are attributed to norovirus infection. There are no licensed vaccines to prevent norovirus, but several candidates are in development. AREAS COVERED We review recent advances in molecular epidemiology of noroviruses, immunology, and in-vitro cultivation of noroviruses using human intestinal enteroids. We also provide an update on the status of norovirus vaccine candidates. EXPERT OPINION Molecular epidemiological studies confirm the tremendous genetic diversity of noroviruses, the continuous emergence of new recombinant strains, and the predominance of GII.4 viruses worldwide. Duration of immunity, extent of cross protection between different genotypes, and differences in strain distribution for young children compared with adults remain key knowledge gaps. Recent discoveries regarding which epitopes are targeted by neutralizing antibodies using the novel in vitro culture of human noroviruses in human intestinal enteroids are enhancing our understanding of mechanisms of protection and providing guidance for vaccine development. A future norovirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of illnesses due to this ubiquitous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Cates
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ishikawa H, Ino S, Yamochi T, Sasaki H, Kobayashi T, Kohda C, Takimoto M, Tanaka K. NKT cells are responsible for the clearance of murine norovirus through the virus-specific secretory IgA pathway. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100722. [PMID: 31909227 PMCID: PMC6940707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infection cause epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in patients. The immune mechanisms responsible for the clearance of virus are not completely understood. We examined whether NKT cells are effective against norovirus infection using CD1d KO mice. The body weights of 4-weeks-old CD1d KO mice that were infected with murine norovirus-S7 (MNV-S7) were significantly lower than those of non-infected CD1d KO mice. On the other hand, the body weights of infected WT mice were comparable to those of non-infected WT mice. Correspondingly, CD1d KO mice had an almost 1000-fold higher MNV-S7 burden in the intestine after infection in comparison to WT mice. The mechanism responsible for the insufficient MNV-S7 clearance in CD1d KO mice was attributed to reduced IFN-γ production early during MNV-S7 infection. In addition, the markedly impaired IL-4 production in CD1d KO mice resulted in an impaired MNV-S7-specific secretory IgA production after MNV-S7 infection which is associated with mucosal immunity. Thus, the present results provide evidence that NKT cells play an essential role in MNV-S7 clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiko Yamochi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science, Juntendo University School of Health and Sports Science, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takimoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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Onodera T, Hashi K, Shukla RK, Miki M, Takai-Todaka R, Fujimoto A, Kuraoka M, Miyoshi T, Kobayashi K, Hasegawa H, Ato M, Kelsoe G, Katayama K, Takahashi Y. Immune-Focusing Properties of Virus-like Particles Improve Protective IgA Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3282-3292. [PMID: 31704880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) provide a well-established vaccine platform; however, the immunogenic properties acquired by VLP structure remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that systemic vaccination with norovirus VLP recalls human IgA responses at higher magnitudes than IgG responses under a humanized mouse model that was established by introducing human PBMCs in severely immunodeficient mice. The recall responses elicited by VLP vaccines depended on VLP structure and the disruption of VLP attenuated recall responses, with a more profound reduction being observed in IgA responses. The IgA-focusing property was also conserved in a murine norovirus-primed model under which murine IgA responses were recalled in a manner dependent on VLP structure. Importantly, the VLP-driven IgA response preferentially targeted virus-neutralizing epitopes located in the receptor-binding domain. Consequently, VLP-driven IgA responses were qualitatively superior to IgG responses in terms of the virus-neutralizing activity in vitro. Furthermore, the IgA in mucosa obtained remarkable protective function toward orally administrated virus in vivo. Thus, our results indicate the immune-focusing properties of the VLP vaccine that improve the quality/quantity of mucosal IgA responses, a finding with important implications for developing mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kana Hashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Motohiro Miki
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.,Vaccine & Biomedicine Department, Life Innovation Research Institute, Denka Innovation Center, Denka Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8560, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology and Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Tatsuya Miyoshi
- Sakai City Institute of Public Health, Osaka 590-0953, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology and Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
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Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Norovirus encounters in the gut: multifaceted interactions and disease outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1259-1267. [PMID: 31501514 PMCID: PMC7479810 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causes of gastroenteritis, with epidemic outbreaks occurring frequently. They are an important global health concern, especially for pediatric and immunocompromised populations, and are challenging pathogens to target immunologically due to their rapid rates of genetic and antigenic evolution and failure to stimulate durable protective immunity. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of norovirus pathogenesis, noting the prominent role of murine norovirus as a small animal model for norovirus research. We highlight intriguing data supporting the possible involvement of norovirus in sequelae including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases, and describe the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in control of both human and murine norovirus infection. Furthermore, we discuss the potential implications of recent discoveries regarding norovirus interactions with the gut microbiota, and briefly detail current understanding of noroviral evolution and its influence on viral pathogenesis. Our mechanistic understanding of norovirus pathogenesis continues to improve with increasing availability of powerful model systems, which will ultimately facilitate development of effective preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Correspondence: Megan T. Baldridge, MD, PhD, Phone: 314-273-1212, Fax: 314-362-2156,
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Peñaflor-Téllez Y, Trujillo-Uscanga A, Escobar-Almazán JA, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. Immune Response Modulation by Caliciviruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2334. [PMID: 31632406 PMCID: PMC6779827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses and Sapoviruses, classified in the Caliciviridae family, are small positive-stranded RNA viruses, considered nowadays the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally in both children and adults. Although most noroviruses have been associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans, almost 50 years after its discovery, there is still a lack of comprehensive evidence regarding its biology and pathogenesis mainly because they can be neither conveniently grown in cultured cells nor propagated in animal models. However, other members of this family such as Feline calicivirus (FCV), Murine norovirus (MNV), Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), and Porcine sapovirus (PS), from which there are accessible propagation systems, have been useful to study the calicivirus replication strategies. Using cell cultures and animal models, many of the functions of the viral proteins in the viral replication cycles have been well-characterized. Moreover, evidence of the role of viral proteins from different members of the family in the establishment of infection has been generated and the mechanism of their immunopathogenesis begins to be understood. In this review, we discuss different aspects of how caliciviruses are implicated in membrane rearrangements, apoptosis, and evasion of the immune responses, highlighting some of the pathogenic mechanisms triggered by different members of the Caliciviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoatzin Peñaflor-Téllez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Trujillo-Uscanga
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alejandro Escobar-Almazán
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Lorena Gutiérrez-Escolano
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Characterization of human norovirus binding to gut-associated bacterial ligands. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:607. [PMID: 31547886 PMCID: PMC6755701 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Research suggests human norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-like molecules on enteric bacteria may enhance viral pathogenesis; however, the properties of these bacterial ligands are not well known. Previous work identified, but did not characterize, seven norovirus-binding bacteria. To further examine this bacteria–virus binding interaction, enteric bacteria were analyzed via Western blot with anti-HBGA antibodies and lectins targeting HBGA-associated sugar components. Virus overlay assays using capsids from six different human norovirus strains further identified responsible ligands and strain dependent binding properties. Results Each bacterial species possessed varying degrees of HBGA-like activity, and lectin binding further elucidated potential sugar residues involved (N-acetyl-galactosamine, α-d-galactose or α-l-fucose). Both GI and GII norovirus capsids bound specific bacterial ligand sizes, and generally corresponded to anti-HBGA Western blot patterns. A 35-kDa band reacted with all HBGA antibodies, bound all six of the noroviruses tested, and had a high affinity for the lectins. Collectively, this work characterizes the varying carbohydrate residues potentially responsible for norovirus–bacteria interactions and provides a basis for future ligand identification.
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Chard AN, Baker KK, Tsai K, Levy K, Sistrunk JR, Chang HH, Freeman MC. Associations between soil-transmitted helminthiasis and viral, bacterial, and protozoal enteroinfections: a cross-sectional study in rural Laos. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:216. [PMID: 31064387 PMCID: PMC6505259 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Humans are susceptible to over 1400 pathogens. Co-infection by multiple pathogens is common, and can result in a range of neutral, facilitative, or antagonistic interactions within the host. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are powerful immunomodulators, but evidence of the effect of STH infection on the direction and magnitude of concurrent enteric microparasite infections is mixed. Methods We collected fecal samples from 891 randomly selected children and adults in rural Laos. Samples were analyzed for 5 STH species, 6 viruses, 9 bacteria, and 5 protozoa using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. We utilized logistic regression, controlling for demographics and household water, sanitation, and hygiene access, to examine the effect of STH infection on concurrent viral, bacterial, and protozoal infection. Results We found that STH infection was associated with lower odds of concurrent viral infection [odds ratio (OR): 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28–0.83], but higher odds of concurrent bacterial infections (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.06–3.07) and concurrent protozoal infections (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 0.95–2.37). Trends were consistent across STH species. Conclusions The impact of STH on odds of concurrent microparasite co-infection may differ by microparasite taxa, whereby STH infection was negatively associated with viral infections but positively associated with bacterial and protozoal infections. Results suggest that efforts to reduce STH through preventive chemotherapy could have a spillover effect on microparasite infections, though the extent of this impact requires additional study. The associations between STH and concurrent microparasite infection may reflect a reverse effect due to the cross-sectional study design. Additional research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanism of the immunomodulatory effects of STH on concurrent enteric microparasite infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3471-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Chard
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Kelly K Baker
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Kevin Tsai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Jeticia R Sistrunk
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Matthew C Freeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
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23
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Natural Secretory Immunoglobulins Promote Enteric Viral Infections. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00826-18. [PMID: 30232191 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00826-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are enteric pathogens causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic losses worldwide. Secretory immunoglobulins (sIg) are a first line of mucosal defense against enteric pathogens. They are secreted into the intestinal lumen via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), where they bind to antigens. However, whether natural sIg protect against norovirus infection remains unknown. To determine if natural sIg alter murine norovirus (MNV) pathogenesis, we infected pIgR knockout (KO) mice, which lack sIg in mucosal secretions. Acute MNV infection was significantly reduced in pIgR KO mice compared to controls, despite increased MNV target cells in the Peyer's patch. Natural sIg did not alter MNV binding to the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) or crossing of the FAE into the lymphoid follicle. Instead, naive pIgR KO mice had enhanced levels of the antiviral inflammatory molecules interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the ileum compared to controls. Strikingly, depletion of the intestinal microbiota in pIgR KO and control mice resulted in comparable IFN-γ and iNOS levels, as well as MNV infectious titers. IFN-γ treatment of wild-type (WT) mice and neutralization of IFN-γ in pIgR KO mice modulated MNV titers, implicating the antiviral cytokine in the phenotype. Reduced gastrointestinal infection in pIgR KO mice was also observed with another enteric virus, reovirus. Collectively, our findings suggest that natural sIg are not protective during enteric virus infection, but rather, that sIg promote enteric viral infection through alterations in microbial immune responses.IMPORTANCE Enteric virus, such as norovirus, infections cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, direct antiviral infection prevention strategies are limited. Blocking host entry and initiation of infection provides an established avenue for intervention. Here, we investigated the role of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-secretory immunoglobulin (sIg) cycle during enteric virus infections. The innate immune functions of sIg (agglutination, immune exclusion, neutralization, and expulsion) were not required during control of acute murine norovirus (MNV) infection. Instead, lack of pIgR resulted in increased IFN-γ levels, which contributed to reduced MNV titers. Another enteric virus, reovirus, also showed decreased infection in pIgR KO mice. Collectively, our data point to a model in which sIg-mediated microbial sensing promotes norovirus and reovirus infection. These data provide the first evidence of the proviral role of natural sIg during enteric virus infections and provide another example of how intestinal bacterial communities indirectly influence MNV pathogenesis.
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24
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Modelling norovirus transmission and vaccination. Vaccine 2018; 36:5565-5571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Swartling L, Ljungman P, Remberger M, Sundin M, Tiveljung A, Mattsson J, Sparrelid E. Norovirus causing severe gastrointestinal disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A retrospective analysis. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e12847. [PMID: 29359843 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NV) can cause chronic and severe gastroenteritis with possible lethal outcome in immunocompromised patients. The knowledge of NV infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients is limited. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical importance of NV in a large cohort of HSCT recipients. METHODS All patients undergoing HSCT and diagnosed with NV at Karolinska University Hospital from 2006-2012 were included in the study (63 patients). Clinical data were collected from medical records, and statistics were performed using the logistic regression method. RESULTS The majority of patients (70%) had short-term symptoms (≤14 days). However, 54% of all patients required admission or prolonged hospitalization owing to the infection. In 16% of the patients the symptoms were chronic (>30 days), and in all but one of these patients the clinical picture also was severe, with malnutrition requiring long-term TPN, or serious dehydration. Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) diagnosis was associated with chronic symptoms of NV infection (OR 30.3, CI 2.5-368). CONCLUSION NV is an important pathogen in the HSCT setting, although the infection seems to be mild in most patients. Increased knowledge is needed to further identify risk factors for a severe course of NV infection in HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Swartling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Ljungman
- Department for Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Remberger
- Department for Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Hematology/Immunology/SCT Section, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, CLINTEC, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Tiveljung
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mattsson
- Department for Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elda Sparrelid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Abstract
Norovirus is one of the leading causes of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and responsible for substantial morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. To further understanding of the epidemiology and control of norovirus, there has been much recent interest in describing the transmission dynamics of norovirus through mathematical models. In this study, we review the current modelling approaches for norovirus transmission. We examine the data and methods used to estimate these models that vary structurally and parametrically between different epidemiological contexts. Many of the existing studies at population level have focused on the same case notification dataset, whereas models from outbreak settings are highly specific and difficult to generalise. In this review, we explore the consistency in the description of norovirus transmission dynamics and the robustness of parameter estimates between studies. In particular, we find that there is considerable variability in estimates of key parameters such as the basic reproduction number, which may mean that the effort required to control norovirus at the population level may currently be underestimated.
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27
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Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Norovirus Binding to Ligands Beyond Histo-Blood Group Antigens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2549. [PMID: 29312233 PMCID: PMC5742575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly accepted as the cellular receptors for human norovirus. However, some human noroviruses have been found not to bind any HBGA ligand, suggesting potential additional co-factors. Some ligands have been found to bind noroviruses and have the potential to be additional cellular receptors/attachment factors for human norovirus or inhibitors of the HBGA interaction. The studies identifying these mostly characterize different chemical, human, food, or bacterial components and their effect on norovirus binding and infection, although the mechanism of interaction is unknown in many cases. This review seeks to supplement the already well-covered HBGA-norovirus literature by covering non-HBGA human norovirus ligands and inhibitors to provide investigators with a more comprehensive view of norovirus ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Almand
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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28
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Abstract
Norovirus causes viral gastroenteritis, which is a major problem in health care. The disease causes death in elderly and seriously ill patients, and results in significant health costs each year. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce gastric acidity, which is an important protection against microorganisms. We hypothesised that treatment with PPIs increases the risk of contracting norovirus infection. This has not previously been studied. The study was a retrospective case–control study, in which 192 hospitalised patients positive for norovirus in Örebro County, Sweden, were identified as cases. For each case, a hospitalised patient who did not have the infection was selected as a control, and matched with respect to ward, gender, admission date and age. Details of exposure, i.e. treatment with PPIs, were retrieved from the patient records. Odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals (CIs) and P-values were calculated using McNemar's test. There was a significantly increased risk of norovirus infection in patients treated with PPIs compared with patients without PPI treatment (OR 1·73, 95% CI 1·07–2·81; P = 0·02). PPIs appear to be a risk factor for norovirus infection, and our results motivate future studies to further examine this association.
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29
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Brown LAK, Clark I, Brown JR, Breuer J, Lowe DM. Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1926. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Clark
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Julianne R. Brown
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College; London UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity; University College London; London UK
| | - David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation; University College London, Royal Free Campus; London UK
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30
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Norovirus Infection. EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK 2017. [PMCID: PMC7122952 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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No! When the immunologist becomes a virologist: Norovirus – an emerging infection in immune deficiency diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:557-564. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Orchard RC, Wilen CB, Doench JG, Baldridge MT, McCune BT, Lee YCJ, Lee S, Pruett-Miller SM, Nelson CA, Fremont DH, Virgin HW. Discovery of a proteinaceous cellular receptor for a norovirus. Science 2016; 353:933-6. [PMID: 27540007 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of gastroenteritis globally, yet the host factors required for NoV infection are poorly understood. We identified host molecules that are essential for murine NoV (MNoV)-induced cell death, including CD300lf as a proteinaceous receptor. We found that CD300lf is essential for MNoV binding and replication in cell lines and primary cells. Additionally, Cd300lf(-/-) mice are resistant to MNoV infection. Expression of CD300lf in human cells breaks the species barrier that would otherwise restrict MNoV replication. The crystal structure of the CD300lf ectodomain reveals a potential ligand-binding cleft composed of residues that are critical for MNoV infection. Therefore, the presence of a proteinaceous receptor is the primary determinant of MNoV species tropism, whereas other components of cellular machinery required for NoV replication are conserved between humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Orchard
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ying-Chiang J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Genome Engineering and iPSC Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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33
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Karst SM, Tibbetts SA. Recent advances in understanding norovirus pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1837-43. [PMID: 27110852 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses constitute a family of ubiquitous and highly efficient human pathogens. In spite of decades of dedicated research, human noroviruses remain a major cause of gastroenteritis and severe diarrheal disease around the world. Recent findings have begun to unravel the complex mechanisms that regulate norovirus pathogenesis and persistent infection, including the important interplay between the virus, the host immune system, and commensal bacteria. Herein, we will summarize recent research developments regarding norovirus cell tropism, the use of M cells, and commensal bacteria to facilitate norovirus infection, and virus, host, and bacterial determinants of persistent norovirus infections. J. Med. Virol. 88:1837-1843, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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34
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Lopman BA, Grassly NC. Editorial Commentary: Pediatric Norovirus in Developing Countries: A Picture Slowly Comes Into Focus. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1218-20. [PMID: 27013691 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Lopman
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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35
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Newman KL, Moe CL, Kirby AE, Flanders WD, Parkos CA, Leon JS. Norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals: cytokines and viral shedding. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:347-57. [PMID: 26822517 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis world-wide. NoV infections are often asymptomatic, although individuals still shed large amounts of NoV in their stool. Understanding the differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals would help in elucidating mechanisms of NoV pathogenesis. Our goal was to compare the serum cytokine responses and faecal viral RNA titres of asymptomatic and symptomatic NoV-infected individuals. We tested serum samples from infected subjects (n = 26; 19 symptomatic, seven asymptomatic) from two human challenge studies of GI.1 NoV for 16 cytokines. Samples from prechallenge and days 1-4 post-challenge were tested for these cytokines. Cytokine levels were compared to stool NoV RNA titres quantified previously by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). While both symptomatic and asymptomatic groups had similar patterns of cytokine responses, the symptomatic group generally exhibited a greater elevation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines and IL-8 post-challenge compared to the asymptomatic group (all P < 0·01). Daily viral RNA titre was associated positively with daily IL-6 concentration and negatively with daily IL-12p40 concentration (all P < 0·05). Symptoms were not associated significantly with daily viral RNA titre, duration of viral shedding or cumulative shedding. Symptomatic individuals, compared to asymptomatic, have greater immune system activation, as measured by serum cytokines, but they do not have greater viral burden, as measured by titre and shedding, suggesting that symptoms may be immune-mediated in NoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C L Moe
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A E Kirby
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W D Flanders
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J S Leon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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36
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Green KY. Editorial Commentary: Noroviruses and B Cells. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:1139-40. [PMID: 26908783 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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37
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Melhem NM. Norovirus vaccines: Correlates of protection, challenges and limitations. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1653-69. [PMID: 26836766 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for at least 50% of all gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. NoVs are classified into 6 different genogroups (GGI- GGVI) based on the viral capsid protein with NoV genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) being the predominant strain causing human diseases. Supportive therapy involving reversal of dehydration and electrolyte deficiency is the main treatment of NoV gastroenteritis. However, the worldwide increased recognition of NoV as an important agent of diarrheal gastroenteritis prompted researchers to focus on establishing preventive strategies conferring long-lasting immunity. This review describes the current status of animal and human vaccine models/studies targeting NoV and addresses the factors hampering the development of a broadly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M Melhem
- a Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
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