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Smith JL, van Herk WG, Schwinghamer T, Baute T, Limay-Rios V, Frewin A, Sevcik M, Vernon B. Wireworm species associated with corn and soybean agroecosystems in Ontario, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:760-770. [PMID: 39037436 PMCID: PMC11469084 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvae063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are often the target of insecticide seed treatments commonly used in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in North America. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge of the species, life history, and economic impact of wireworms present in these agroecosystems. An extensive survey of wireworms was conducted in corn and soybean fields in Ontario, Canada, from 2014 to 2017 to document species distribution and co-occurrence and to identify risk factors related to their abundance. In total, 4,332 specimens were collected from 1,245 different sampling records. The dominant species collected was Limonius agonus (Say) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) comprising 71.5% of the specimens. The remaining wireworm specimens were identified as Hypnoidus abbreviatus (Say), Melanotus similis (Kirby), M. cribulosus (LeConte), M. depressus (Melsheimer), M. communis (Gyllenhal), Agriotes mancus (Say), Aeolus mellillus (Say), and Hemicrepidius spp (Germar). Multiple wireworm species were found to commonly occur within the same field and the same sample. Path analysis was conducted to investigate whether site, soil, and agronomic characteristics influenced wireworm distribution and abundance. Several significant relationships were found between wireworm species and geographic factors, soil texture, and agronomic practices. The results of this survey provide critical information that can be used to improve integrated pest management of the major wireworm genera found in corn and soybean agroecosystems in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn L Smith
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Willem G van Herk
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy Schwinghamer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Tracey Baute
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Limay-Rios
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Frewin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mika Sevcik
- Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Bob Vernon
- Sentinel IPM Services, Chilliwack, BC, Canada
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2
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Zee S, Hyun M, Sim HJ, Kim K, Kang JC, Park CB. Cocktail effects of clothianidin and imidacloprid in zebrafish embryonic development, with high and low concentrations of mixtures. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1464069. [PMID: 39359636 PMCID: PMC11445189 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1464069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern that sprayed neonicotinoid pesticides (neonics) persist in mixed forms in the environmental soil and water systems, and these concerns stem from reports of increase in both the detection frequency and concentration of these pollutants. To confirm the toxic effects of neonics, we conducted toxicity tests on two neonics, clothianidin (CLO) and imidacloprid (IMD), in embryos of zebrafish. Toxicity tests were performed with two different types of mixtures: potential mixture compounds and realistic mixture compounds. Potential mixtures of CLO and IMD exhibited synergistic effects, in a dose-dependent manner, in zebrafish embryonic toxicity. Realistic mixture toxicity tests that are reflecting the toxic effects of mixture in the aquatic environment were conducted with zebrafish embryos. The toxicity of the CLO and IMD mixture at environmentally-relevant concentrations was confirmed by the alteration of the transcriptional levels of target genes, such as cell damage linked to oxidative stress response and thyroid hormone synthesis related to zebrafish embryonic development. Consequently, the findings of this study can be considered a strategy for examining mixture toxicity in the range of detected environmental concentrations. In particular, our results will be useful in explaining the mode of toxic action of chemical mixtures following short-term exposure. Finally, the toxicity information of CLO and IMD mixtures will be applied for the agricultural environment, as a part of chemical regulation guideline for the use and production of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonggeun Zee
- Environmental Exposure and Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University Graduate School, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjung Hyun
- Bioenvironmental Science and Toxicology Division, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Sim
- Environmental Exposure and Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghee Kim
- Environmental Exposure and Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University Graduate School, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Beom Park
- Environmental Exposure and Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Guo D, Bai J, Wang H, Wang C, Wang Y, Guo X, Xu B, Liu Z. Isolation of the AccCDK8 gene of Apis cerana cerana and its functional analysis under pesticide and heavy metal stress. Biochimie 2024; 218:57-68. [PMID: 37704078 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has gained negative attention in recent years. The pesticides and heavy metals are top list of environmental toxicants directly endangering the survival and development of Apis cerana cerana. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are heteromeric serine/threonine kinases that participate in cell cycle regulation and have a vital role in pesticide and heavy metal stress in Apis cerana cerana. In this experiment, we filtered out CDK8 gene from Apis cerana cerana (AccCDK8) and investigated its functions of pesticide and heavy metals resistance. Sequence analysis indicated that AccCDK8 is highly homologous to multiple CDK8s and contains a highly conserved CDK active site sequence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmCDK8 and AccCDK8 were closely related evolutionarily in Apis mellifera. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AccCDK8 expression was differentially affected after exposure to pesticide and heavy metal stresses. This indicates that AccCDK8 has a significant role in the resistance of Apis cerana cerana to pesticide and heavy metal stresses. It has implications for studying the function of CDK in other insects in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Liu H, Tang X, Tam NFY, Li Q, Ruan W, Xu X, Gao Y, Yan Q, Zhang X, Dai Y, Yang Y. Phytodegradation of neonicotinoids in Cyperus papyrus from enzymatic and transcriptomic perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132715. [PMID: 37844494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are widely used but environmentally hazardous insecticides. Constructed wetlands offer potential for neonicotinoid removal, but the corresponding metabolic pathways and mechanisms in wetland plants are incompletely understood. This study investigated the fate of six neonicotinoids and their metabolites in Cyperus papyrus, a common wetland plant, and the underlying metabolic mechanisms through enzymatic and transcriptomic analyses. Neonicotinoids were absorbed by roots and translocated upward, causing high levels in shoots. Concentrations of neonicotinoids and their metabolites declined to their minimum at day 28 of exposure. Nitro reduction, hydroxylation, and demethylation were the major metabolic reactions with which C. papyrus responded to neonicotinoids. These reactions may be mediated by cytochrome P450 enzyme, aldehyde oxidase, glutathione-disulfide reductase, and glucuronate reductase. The toxicity of neonicotinoids in C. papyrus was evaluated according to the peroxidase and catalase enzymatic activities. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) mainly encoded proteins related to immune processes and cell growth regulation. Co-expression correlation analysis of DEGs revealed that the genes encoding P450s, peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were the key functional genes. This study elucidates the stress response and degradation mechanism of neonicotinoids in wetland plants, providing new insights into the phytoremediation of organic contaminants in constructed wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanping Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China; Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- School of Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qiwen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weifeng Ruan
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunv Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan university, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Gu S, Fu L, Wang J, Sun X, Wang X, Lou J, Zhao M, Wang C, Zhang Q. MtDNA Copy Number in Oral Epithelial Cells Serves as a Potential Biomarker of Mitochondrial Damage by Neonicotinoid Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15816-15824. [PMID: 37819077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
As the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) has been reported to be a biomarker for mtDNA damage in honeybees when exposed to sublethal neonicotinoids, the feasibility of using human mitochondria as a predictor upon neonicotinoid exposure remains elusive. This study investigated the association between the urinary neonicotinoid and the relative mtDNAcn (RmtDNAcn) of oral epithelial cells collected in a cross-sectional study with repeated measurements over 6 weeks. The molecular mechanism underlying neonicotinoid-caused mitochondrial damage was also examined by in vitro assay. Herein, the average integrated urinary neonicotinoid (IMIRPF) concentration ranged from 8.01 to 13.70 μg/L (specific gravity-adjusted) during the sampling period. Concomitantly, with an increase in the urinary IMIRPF, the RmtDNAcn significantly increased from 1.20 (low group) to 1.93 (high group), indicating potential dose-dependent mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, the linear regression analysis confirmed the significant correlation between the IMIRPF and RmtDNAcn. Results from in vitro assays demonstrated that neonicotinoid exposure led to the inhibition of the genes encoding mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes I and III (e.g., ND2, ND6, CytB, and CYC1), accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production in SH-SY5Y cells. Conjointly, neonicotinoid exposure led to mitochondrial dysfunction and a resulting increase in the RmtDNAcn, which may serve as a plausible biomarker in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ximing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Jianlin Lou
- School of Medicine, and The First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
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6
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Cavallaro MC, Hladik ML, Hittson S, Middleton G, Hoback WW. Comparative toxicity of two neonicotinoid insecticides at environmentally relevant concentrations to telecoprid dung beetles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8537. [PMID: 37237012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) frequently traverse agricultural matrices in search of ephemeral dung resources and spend extended periods of time burrowing in soil. Neonicotinoids are among the most heavily applied and widely detected insecticides used in conventional agriculture with formulated products designed for row crop and livestock pest suppression. Here, we determined the comparative toxicity of two neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) on dung beetles, Canthon spp., under two exposure profiles: direct topical application (acute) and sustained contact with treated-soil (chronic). Imidacloprid was significantly more toxic than thiamethoxam under each exposure scenario. Topical application LD50 values (95% CI) for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were 19.1 (14.5-25.3) and 378.9 (200.3-716.5) ng/beetle, respectively. After the 10-day soil exposure, the measured percent mortality in the 3 and 9 µg/kg nominal imidacloprid treatments was 35 ± 7% and 39 ± 6%, respectively. Observed mortality in the 9 µg/kg imidacloprid treatment was significantly greater than the control (p = 0.04); however, the 3 µg/kg imidacloprid dose response may be biologically relevant (p = 0.07). Thiamethoxam treatments had similar mortality as the controls (p > 0.8). Environmentally relevant concentrations of imidacloprid measured in airborne particulate matter and non-target soils pose a potential risk to coprophagous scarabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cavallaro
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Samantha Hittson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Greg Middleton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - W Wyatt Hoback
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Gu S, Li Z, Yang L, Bao X, Ying C, Zhang Q. The distribution and human health risk assessment of eight neonicotinoid residues in agricultural soils from four provinces, south China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138143. [PMID: 36791816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of neonicotinoid (neonic) insecticides in China's agricultural sector has led to high residual concentrations in the agroecosystem. Since soil is the primary source of direct pesticide exposure, soil contamination is a significant concern, particularly in regions with extensive agricultural production. This study aims to determine the spatial distribution of neonics in farmlands from four southern provinces that are home to China's crucial commercial grain bases. By combining eight neonics into imidacloprid-equivalent total neonics (IMIRPF) using the relative potency factor method, the ecological risks to humans were also assessed. The results showed that imidacloprid had the highest detection rate (96%-100%), followed by thiamethoxam and clothianidin, which ranged from 44% to 64%. Maximum and average IMIRPF values in soil samples from Zhejiang Province were 277.02 and 46.05 μg kg-1 (dry weight), respectively. Guangdong (maximum = 191.62 μg kg-1, mean = 39.70 μg kg-1) and Jiangxi (maximum = 199.13 μg kg-1, mean = 28.95 μg kg-1) had comparable IMIRPF while Jiangsu had the lowest level of total neonics, with a maximum of 86.07 μg kg-1 and a mean of 19.49 μg kg-1. A significant positive correlation between IMIRPF and total organic carbon in soils was also found. The average daily doses of neonics from soil-borne exposure through food intake, soil ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact calculated for adults and children in each province were all lower than the reference dose (RfD, 57 μg kg-1 d-1) of imidacloprid. However, the potential health risk to human health cannot be disregarded, given their increasing use and pervasiveness in the environment. Our results help to raise concerns about the safety of the agroecological environment under neonic exposure in the major agricultural provinces of southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Gu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Xiaoqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Chengfeng Ying
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, China.
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Thompson DA, Kolpin DW, Hladik ML, Lehmler HJ, Meppelink SM, Poch MC, Vargo JD, Soupene VA, Irfan NM, Robinson M, Kannan K, Beane Freeman LE, Hofmann JN, Cwiertny DM, Field RW. Prevalence of neonicotinoid insecticides in paired private-well tap water and human urine samples in a region of intense agriculture overlying vulnerable aquifers in eastern Iowa. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137904. [PMID: 36709846 PMCID: PMC9957962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study among farming households in eastern Iowa was conducted to assess human exposure to neonicotinoids (NEOs). The study was in a region with intense crop and livestock production and where groundwater is vulnerable to surface-applied contaminants. In addition to paired outdoor (hydrant) water and indoor (tap) water samples from private wells, urine samples were collected from 47 adult male pesticide applicators along with the completions of dietary and occupational surveys. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) were then calculated to examine exposures for different aged family members. NEOs were detected in 53% of outdoor and 55% of indoor samples, with two or more NEOs in 13% of samples. Clothianidin was the most frequently detected NEO in water samples. Human exposure was ubiquitous in urine samples. A median of 10 different NEOs and/or metabolites were detected in urine, with clothianidin, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, 6-chloronicotinic acid, and thiacloprid amide detected in every urine samples analyzed. Dinotefuran, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, and N-desmethyl thiamethoxam were found in ≥70% of urine samples. Observed water intake for study participants and EDIs were below the chronic reference doses (CRfD) and acceptable daily intake (ADI) standards for all NEOs indicating minimal risk from ingestion of tap water. The study results indicate that while the consumption of private well tap water provides a human exposure pathway, the companion urine results provide evidence that diet and/or other exposure pathways (e.g., occupational, house dust) may contribute to exposure more than water contamination. Further biomonitoring research is needed to better understand the scale of human exposure from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin A Thompson
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa, IA, USA; University of Iowa, Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa, IA, USA.
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew C Poch
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - John D Vargo
- State Hygienic Laboratory at the University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
| | | | - Nafis Md Irfan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA; University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa, IA, USA; University of Dhaka, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David M Cwiertny
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa, IA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA; Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Lopes Alves PR, de Araújo RS, Ogliari Bandeira F, Matias WG. Individual and combined toxicity of imidacloprid and two seed dressing insecticides on collembolans Folsomia candida. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:166-179. [PMID: 36756738 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2174464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the chronic toxicity of imidacloprid (IMI), clothianidin (CLO) and fipronil (FIP) as a single exposure, as well as binary mixtures of IMI with CLO or FIP toward collembolans Folsomia candida, which are fauna present in the soil. Chronic toxicity assays were performed following an ISO guideline in a Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS), and the influence on the number and growth of the juveniles produced were determined. The range of nominal concentrations used in the tests with the individual compounds was 0.08-1.28 mg/kg (IMI), 0.079-1.264 mg/kg (FIP) and 0.007-0.112 mg/kg (CLO), whereas the mixture assays were performed with half the value used in the tests with individual compounds. Based upon single exposures, IMI produced a similar impact of reducing reproduction by 50% (EC50 ranging from 0.74 to 0.85 mg/kg) compared to FIP (EC50 = 0.78 mg/kg), whereas CLO was the most toxic to F. candida (EC50 = 0.08 mg/kg). Their mixtures generally resulted in a diminished effect on reproduction, as evidenced by the higher EC50 values. In contrast, in the case of the IMI+FIP combination at high concentrations at the EC50 level, a synergistic effect on toxicity was observed. The single exposure to the three insecticides and the mixture of IMI-FIP also decreased the size of generated juveniles, which was evidenced by the reduction in the proportion of large juveniles and increased proportion of small juveniles. However, both binary mixtures (IMI-FIP and IMI-CLO) presented antagonistic effects as evidenced by less than expected reductions in growth. Data on the toxic effects of IMI in a mixture with other seed dressing insecticides to collembolans provides useful information to environmental risk assessors by diminishing the uncertainties on the ecological risk of exposure to pesticides, enabling soil management degradation by utilizing multiple insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Ogliari Bandeira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - William Gerson Matias
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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10
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Campbell KS, Keller P, Golovko SA, Seeger D, Golovko MY, Kerby JL. Connecting the Pipes: Agricultural Tile Drains and Elevated Imidacloprid Brain Concentrations in Juvenile Northern Leopard Frogs ( Rana pipiens). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2758-2767. [PMID: 36753680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are neurotoxic insecticides and are often released into nearby wetlands via subsurface tile drains and can negatively impact nontarget organisms, such as amphibians. Previous studies have indicated that imidacloprid, a commonly used neonicotinoid, can cross the amphibian blood-brain barrier under laboratory conditions; however, little is known about the impact of low concentrations in a field-based setting. Here, we report aqueous pesticide concentrations at wetland production areas that were either connected or not connected to agricultural tile drains, quantified imidacloprid and its break down products in juvenile amphibian brains and livers, and investigated the relationship between imidacloprid brain concentration and brain size. Imidacloprid concentrations in brain and water samples were nearly 2.5 and 5 times higher at tile wetlands (brain = 4.12 ± 1.92 pg/mg protein; water = 0.032 ± 0.045 μg/L) compared to reference wetlands, respectively. Tile wetland amphibians also had shorter cerebellums (0.013 ± 0.001 mm), depicting a negative relationship between imidacloprid brain concentration and cerebellum length. The metabolite, desnitro-imidacloprid, had liver concentrations that were 2 times higher at tile wetlands (2 ± 0.3 μg/g). Our results demonstrate that imidacloprid can cross the amphibian blood-brain barrier under ecological conditions and may alter brain dimensions and provide insight into the metabolism of imidacloprid in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn S Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Peyton Keller
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, United States
| | - Drew Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, United States
| | - Jacob L Kerby
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
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11
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Rondeau S, Baert N, McArt S, Raine NE. Quantifying exposure of bumblebee (Bombus spp.) queens to pesticide residues when hibernating in agricultural soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119722. [PMID: 35809712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides is a major threat to bumblebee (Bombus spp.) health. In temperate regions, queens of many bumblebee species hibernate underground for several months, putting them at potentially high risk of exposure to soil contaminants. The extent to which bumblebees are exposed to residues in agricultural soils during hibernation is currently unknown, which limits our understanding of the full pesticide exposome for bumblebees throughout their lifecycle. To generate field exposure estimates for overwintering bumblebee queens to pesticide residues, we sampled soils from areas corresponding to suitable likely hibernation sites at six apple orchards and 13 diversified farms throughout Southern Ontario (Canada) in fall 2019-2020. Detectable levels of pesticides were found in 65 of 66 soil samples analysed for multi-pesticide residues (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 active ingredients (AIs) were detected in soils, including 27 fungicides, 13 insecticides, and 13 herbicides. Overall, the frequency of detection, residue levels (median = 37.82 vs. 2.20 ng/g), and number of pesticides per sample (mean = 12 vs. 4 AIs) were highest for orchard soils compared to soils from diversified farms. Ninety-one percent of samples contained multiple residues (up to 29 different AIs per sample), including mixtures of insecticides and fungicides that might lead to synergistic effects. Our results suggest that when hibernating in agricultural areas, bumblebee queens are very likely to be exposed to a wide range of pesticide residues in soil, including potentially harmful levels of insecticides (e.g., cyantraniliprole up to 148.82 ng/g). Our study indicates the importance of empirically testing the potential effects of pesticide residues in soils for hibernating bumblebee queens, using field exposure data such as those generated here. The differences in potential exposure that we detected between cropping systems can also be used to better inform regulations that govern the use of agricultural pesticides, notably in apple orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rondeau
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Baert
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Scott McArt
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nigel E Raine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, An L, Hough R, Hu P, Li YF, Zhang F, Wang S, Zhao Y, Ke Y, Cui S. A review of spatiotemporal patterns of neonicotinoid insecticides in water, sediment, and soil across China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55336-55347. [PMID: 35665457 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) have been widely used to control insect pests, while their environmental residues and associated hazardous impacts on human and ecosystem health have attracted increasing attention worldwide. In this study, we examined the current levels and associated spatial and temporal patterns of NNIs in multiple environmental media across China. Concentrations of NNIs in surface water, sediment, and soil were in the range of 9.94-755 ng·L-1, 0.07-8.30 ng·g-1 DW, and 0.009-356 ng·g-1 DW, respectively. The high levels of NNIs in surface water, such as in Yangtze River (755 ng·L-1), North River (539 ng·L-1), Nandu River (519 ng·L-1), and Minjiang River (514 ng·L-1), were dominated by imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid due to their extensive use. The levels of NNIs in sediments were relatively low, and the highest concentration (8.30 ng·g-1 DW) was observed in Dongguan ditch. Sediment-water exchange calculated from fugacity fraction indicated that NNIs in sediment can be released back into the water due to their high solubility and low KOW. Soils from agricultural zones contained the largest residual NNIs, with imidacloprid concentrations in cultivated soil reaching 119 ng·g-1 DW. The calculated leaching potential showed that clothianidin has the highest migration potential to deep soil or groundwater. The monitored data of NNIs presented a decreasing trend from 2016 to 2018, which might be caused by the implementation of relevant control policies for NNI applications. The high levels of NNIs mainly occurred in southern China due to frequent agricultural activities and warm and humid meteorological conditions. The results from this study improve our understanding of the pollution levels and environmental behavior of NNIs in different environmental media across China and provide new knowledge that is needed for making future control policies for NNIs production and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Lihui An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Rupert Hough
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunqing Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuxin Ke
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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13
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Zou Z, Huang X, Guo X, Jia C, Li B, Zhao E, Wu J. Efficient degradation of imidacloprid in soil by thermally activated persulfate process: Performance, kinetics, and mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113815. [PMID: 36068744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) as a first-generation commercial neonicotinoid has been frequently detected in the environment in recent years. In this study, the efficient degradation of IMI in soil by a thermally activated persulfate (PS) process was investigated. The degradation efficiencies of IMI were in the range of 82-97% with the PS dosage of 10 mM, when the initial concentrations of IMI were 5-50 mg/kg in the soil. Degradation of the IMI was fitted with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model under different reaction temperatures. Inhibition effects of the common inorganic anions on the IMI degradation in the system followed the order Cl- > HCO3- > H2PO4- > NO3-. Soil pH and soil organic matter were also main factors affecting the degradation of IMI. The degradation efficiencies (64-97%) of three other typical neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, and dinotefuran) indicated that the thermally activated persulfate process could be used for remediation of neonicotinoid-contaminated soil. Quenching experiments indicated that the major reactive species in IMI degradation were SO4•-, O2•-, and •OH. Six degradation intermediates of IMI were inferred in the soil, and degradation pathways of IMI included hydroxylation, denitrification, C-N bond break and further oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; College of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xingle Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Baotong Li
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ercheng Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Junxue Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China.
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14
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García-Valcárcel AI, Campos-Rivela JM, Hernando Guil MD, Martínez-Ferrer MT. Neonicotinoid contamination in wildflowers collected from citrus orchards in a northwestern Mediterranean Region (Spain) after tree foliar treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:53482-53495. [PMID: 35288853 PMCID: PMC9343284 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ground-cover vegetation attracts and harbors beneficial insects to the agrosystem, playing an important role in conservation biological control. Integrated pest management (IPM) program guidelines recommend the implantation of sowed or resident wild covers in perennial crops. Given the high-quality fruit requirements, even in IPM programs, insecticides can be required in citrus crops. This study presents, over a year, the levels of neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) in not-target ground-cover wildflowers growing spontaneously in citrus orchards after foliar treatment of citrus trees. The presence and persistence of these neonicotinoids in different wildflower species were studied. Concentrations of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in whole wildflowers ranged from < method quantification limit (MQL) to 52.9 ng g-1 and from < MQL to 98.6 ng g-1, respectively. Thiamethoxam was more frequently detected than imidacloprid. Thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were detected up to 336 and 230 days after treatment, respectively. The highest detection frequencies (100%) and highest thiamethoxam and imidacloprid mean concentrations (26.0 ± 7.3 ng g-1 and 11.0 ± 10.6 ng g-1, respectively) occurred in wildflowers collected 9 days after the treatments. Since application, a clear decrease in the concentration of both compounds and differences in the accumulation depending on wildflower species were observed. Cross contamination was detected, indicating a transport from adjacent treated plots. Maintaining a cover crop in citrus orchards may lead to detrimental effects on non-target arthropods if these neonicotinoid compounds are used for pest control since they can entail a chronic exposure during at least 230 days for imidacloprid and 336 days for thiamethoxam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel García-Valcárcel
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology - INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - María Dolores Hernando Guil
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology - INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Rondeau S, Raine NE. Fungicides and bees: a review of exposure and risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107311. [PMID: 35714526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides account for more than 35% of the global pesticide market and their use is predicted to increase in the future. While fungicides are commonly applied during bloom when bees are likely foraging on crops, whether real-world exposure to these chemicals - alone or in combination with other stressors - constitutes a threat to the health of bees is still the subject of great uncertainty. The first step in estimating the risks of exposure to fungicides for bees is to understand how and to what extent bees are exposed to these active ingredients. Here we review the current knowledge that exists about exposure to fungicides that bees experience in the field, and link quantitative data on exposure to acute and chronic risk of lethal endpoints for honey bees (Apis mellifera). From the 702 publications we screened, 76 studies contained quantitative data on residue detections in honey bee matrices, and a further 47 provided qualitative information about exposure for a range of bee taxa through various routes. We compiled data for 90 fungicides and metabolites that have been detected in honey, beebread, pollen, beeswax, and the bodies of honey bees. The risks posed to honey bees by fungicide residues was estimated through the EPA Risk Quotient (RQ) approach. Based on residue concentrations detected in honey and pollen/beebread, none of the reported fungicides exceeded the levels of concern (LOC) set by regulatory agencies for acute risk, while 3 and 12 fungicides exceeded the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) chronic LOC for honey bees and wild bees, respectively. When considering exposure to all bees, fungicides of most concern include many broad-spectrum systemic fungicides, as well as the widely used broad-spectrum contact fungicide chlorothalonil. In addition to providing a detailed overview of the frequency and extent of fungicide residue detections in the bee environment, we identified important research gaps and suggest future directions to move towards a more comprehensive understanding and mitigation of the risks of exposure to fungicides for bees, including synergistic risks of co-exposure to fungicides and other pesticides or pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rondeau
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Nigel E Raine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Veedu SK, Ayyasamy G, Tamilselvan H, Ramesh M. Single and joint toxicity assessment of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam neonicotinoids pesticides on biochemical indices and antioxidant enzyme activities of a freshwater fish Catla catla. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 257:109336. [PMID: 35354075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids pesticides are extensively used in many countries due to their high insect selectivity. Acetamiprid and thiamethoxam are the neonicotinoids most commonly detected in the aquatic environment. This work examined the single and joint toxicity of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam in a freshwater fish Catla catla. Fish were exposed to acetamiprid (0.5 mg/L and 1 mg/L), thiamethoxam (0.01 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L) and their binary mixtures (0.5 mg/L of acetamiprid and 0.01 mg/L of thiamethoxam) for 96 h. The stress biomarkers such as glucose, protein, electrolytes, Na+/K+ -ATPase and oxidative stress were evaluated. Among the biochemical parameters, plasma protein, electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) and gill ATPase activity were decreased in response to individual and binary mixtures treatments. In contrast, blood glucose level showed significant increase in all the treatments. Exposure to various concentrations of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam resulted in significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the gill tissue. However, SOD activity was significantly elevated during binary mixtures treatment. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in gills were decreased significantly after individual and binary mixtures treatments. Fish exposed at individual and binary mixtures significantly elevated the level of LPO in gill tissue. Our findings suggest that multi-biomarker approach can be effectively used to assess the effects of joint toxicity of pesticides and to monitor the neonicotinoids pesticides in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gowthami Ayyasamy
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Hema Tamilselvan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
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17
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Cheng X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhang S, Ye Q. Fate of the neonicotinoid insecticide cycloxaprid in different soils under oxic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153448. [PMID: 35093364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are the most widely used pesticides worldwide due to their high toxicity to invertebrates. However, these compounds also increase the probability of environmental contamination. Cycloxaprid (CYC) is a promising neonicotinoid due to its insecticidal effectiveness and low cross resistance, but little is known about its fate in soils. Using radioisotope tracing techniques, the fate of 14C-labeled CYC enantiomers and racemic mixtures in aerobic soil was investigated in this research. After 100 d of incubation, the extractable residue (ER) of CYC decreased from 89.6% to 36.4% in red clay soil, from 46.1% to 10.1% in yellow loam soil, and from 93.2% to 12.2% in coastal saline soil. The radioactivity was substantially lower in methanol than in the other two solvents, but the distribution of CYC ER in various solvents across the three soils dramatically differed. The fraction of radioactive CYC that diffused into bound residue (BR) in the three soils increased over time to 56.8-83.0%. The variability in BR was influenced by soil properties such as organic matter concentration, pH, and residual microbial activity. Among the soils, yellow loam soil had the greatest tendency (53.0-83.0%) to form BR, while red clay soil showed the lowest capacity (7.5-61.2%). Cumulative mineralization (MI) to 14CO2 accounted for 0.12-0.23%, 6.69-7.31% and 14.82-20.06% in acidic soil, neutral soil and alkaline soil, respectively, which suggests that the environmental fate of chiral pesticides may be influenced by soil pH. No stereoselective behavior was detected in this study. These findings provide a framework to assess the environmental impact and ecological safety of CYC application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Hanxue Zhang
- Shanghai Qizhen Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, 659 Maoyuan Rd, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Hangzhou Botanical Garden, Hangzhou 310013, PR China.
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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18
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Chen Y, Wu R, Zhang L, Ling J, Yu W, Shen G, Du W, Zhao M. High spatial resolved cropland coverage and cultivation category determine neonicotinoid distribution in agricultural soil at the provincial scale. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128476. [PMID: 35739663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Croplands are experiencing increasing neonicotinoid pollution and ecological health problems, which are especially widely applied in China. However, the large regional scale distribution of neonicotinoids and the key factors have seldom been determined. We show that the total residual concentration of neonicotinoids ranged from 13.4 to 157 ng/g with an average level of 75.8 ng/g and imidacloprid which was the dominant compound ranged from 10.4 to 81.3 ng/g during 2017-2021 in the Yangtze River Delta, China. In comparison, the neonicotinoid residues detected here were mostly higher than those in other regions. We further show that the 1-km spatial resolution cropland coverage (78.0%) and crop type (18.1%) predominantly contributed to the large spatial variation of neonicotinoids after adjusting for the factors including temperature, soil pH, soil moisture, and precipitation via automatic linear regression modeling at the provincial scale. Additional analyses revealed that tea croplands had significantly lowest concentration and fruit fields had the highest level due to the different application methods. Our findings provide new insight into key factors quantifying the high spatial resolved distribution of neonicotinoids and urgently call for reasonable application methods against rapidly growing ecology threats from neonicotinoid pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ruxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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19
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Krahner A, Heimbach U, Stähler M, Bischoff G, Pistorius J. Deposition of dust with active substances in pesticides from treated seeds in adjacent fields during drilling: disentangling the effects of various factors using an 8-year field experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:66613-66627. [PMID: 34235683 PMCID: PMC8642378 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The side effects from the use of plant protection products and their potential effects on non-target arthropods (NTAs) such as honey bees, other insects within the vegetation layer and epigeic arthropods nowadays receive more attention. However, uncertainties about the factors driving the deposition of active substances (a.s.) into off-crop areas persist, in particular during sowing of treated seeds. Analysing a highly standardised 8-year field experiment, we assessed the importance of various factors potentially affecting dust drift and deposition of a.s., emitted during the sowing process of treated seeds and deposited on fields adjacent to the drilling field, i.e. on the ground, on flowers, and on nonflowering plant parts. Regarding a.s. deposition, the Heubach a.s. value has a predictive capability, which is independent from all other factors taken into account in this study, and can thus be considered as a scenario-independent measure of potential dust deposition. Petri dish samplers, an established standard method for measuring a.s. deposition, were representative of the results from the plant samplers for a given combination of drilling technique and adjacent crop type. Adjacent crop type is likely to impact on a.s. deposition. The present work will enable a more field-realistic exposure assessment for bees and other NTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Krahner
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Bee Protection, Messeweg 11-12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Udo Heimbach
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Stähler
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Bischoff
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Bee Protection, Messeweg 11-12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Pistorius
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Bee Protection, Messeweg 11-12, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Schläppi D, Kettler N, Glauser G, Straub L, Yañez O, Neumann P. Varying impact of neonicotinoid insecticide and acute bee paralysis virus across castes and colonies of black garden ants, Lasius niger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:20500. [PMID: 34654848 PMCID: PMC8519937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides and pathogens are known drivers of declines in global entomofauna. However, interactions between pesticides and viruses, which could range from antagonistic, over additive to synergistic, are poorly understood in ants. Here, we show that in ants the impact of single and combined pesticide and virus stressors can vary across castes and at the colony level. A fully-crossed laboratory assay was used to evaluate interactions between a sublethal dose of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) in black garden ants, Lasius niger. After monitoring colonies over 64 weeks, body mass, neonicotinoid residues and virus titres of workers and queens, as well as worker behavioural activity were measured. ABPV, but not thiamethoxam, reduced activity of workers. Neonicotinoid exposure resulted in reduced body mass of workers, but not of queens. Further, thiamethoxam facilitated ABPV infections in queens, but not in workers. Overall, virus exposure did not compromise detoxification and body mass, but one colony showed high virus titres and worker mortality. Although the data suggest additive effects at the level of individuals and castes, co-exposure with both stressors elicited antagonistic effects on colony size. Our results create demand for long-term holistic risk assessment of individual stressors and their interactions to protect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schläppi
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Nina Kettler
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Bandeira FO, Alves PRL, Hennig TB, Brancalione J, Nogueira DJ, Matias WG. Chronic effects of clothianidin to non-target soil invertebrates: Ecological risk assessment using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126491. [PMID: 34323739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the chronic toxicity and risk of clothianidin in a seed dressing formulation to non-target soil invertebrates. The toxicity assays were performed with two oligochaetes (earthworms Eisenia andrei and enchytraeids Enchytraeus crypticus) and three collembolans (Folsomia candida, Proisotoma minuta and Sinella curviseta) species following ISO protocols. Risk assessment (via Hazard Quotient approach - HQ) was based on the hazardous concentrations for 95% of the species (HC5), derived from chronic Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD) for clothianidin, and on its predicted environmental concentrations (PEC). Four SSD scenarios were generated with literature and/or this study data, following different data selection criteria (i.e., general, only data from tests using similar formulations, similar soils, or identical soil/formulation). In our experiments, a higher clothianidin toxicity (EC50-based) was found for collembolans (varying from 0.11 to 0.28 mg kg-1 between species) followed by the earthworms (4.35 mg kg-1), while the enchytraeids were the least sensitive (33.5 mg kg-1). HQ indicated a significant risk of clothianidin to soil invertebrates because the estimated PEC were at least 16.6 times higher than HC5 and are expected to affect the whole group of collembolans. Despite the criteria for data inclusion have influenced the HC5 values, no substantial changes were observed for the risk outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the chronic ecological risk of clothianidin to beneficial soil fauna based on a probabilistic SSD approach. Data from this study can help to derive more reliable protection thresholds for clothianidin in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ogliari Bandeira
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roger Lopes Alves
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, 89802112 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Thuanne Braúlio Hennig
- Department of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, 88520-000 Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliane Brancalione
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, 89802112 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Diego José Nogueira
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - William Gerson Matias
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil.
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22
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Main AR, Webb EB, Goyne KW, Abney R, Mengel D. Impacts of neonicotinoid seed treatments on the wild bee community in agricultural field margins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147299. [PMID: 33971605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wild bees support global agroecosystems via pollination of agricultural crops and maintaining diverse plant communities. However, with an increased reliance on pesticides to enhance crop production, wild bee communities may inadvertently be affected through exposure to chemical residues. Laboratory and semi-field studies have demonstrated lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on limited genera (e.g., Apis, Bombus, Megachile), yet full field studies evaluating impacts to wild bee communities remain limited. Here, we conducted a two-year field study to assess whether neonicotinoid seed treatment and presence in environmental media (e.g., soil, flowers) influenced bee nest and diet guild abundance and richness. In 2017 and 2018, we planted 23 Missouri agricultural fields to soybeans (Glycine max) using one of three seed treatments: untreated (no insecticide), treated (imidacloprid), or previously-treated (untreated, but neonicotinoid use prior to 2017). During both years, wild bees were collected in study field margins monthly (May to September) in tandem with soil and flowers from fields and field margins that were analyzed for neonicotinoid residues. Insecticide presence in soils and flowers varied over the study with neonicotinoids infrequently detected in both years within margin flowers (0%), soybean flowers (<1%), margin soils (<8%), and field soils (~39%). Wild bee abundance and species richness were not significantly different among field treatments. In contrast, neonicotinoid presence in field soils was associated with significantly lower richness (ground- and aboveground-nesting, diet generalists) of wild bee guilds. Our findings support that soil remains an underexplored route of exposure and long-term persistence of neonicotinoids in field soils may lead to reduced diversity in regional bee communities. Future reduction or elimination of neonicotinoid seed treatment use on areas managed for wildlife may facilitate conservation goals to sustain viable, diverse wild bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson R Main
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Elisabeth B Webb
- U.S. Geological Survey, Missouri Cooperative Research Unit, Columbia, MO, USA; School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Keith W Goyne
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Robert Abney
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Doreen Mengel
- Missouri Department of Conservation, Resource Science Division, Columbia, MO, USA
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23
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Zhou Y, Lu X, Yu B, Wang D, Zhao C, Yang Q, Zhang Q, Tan Y, Wang X, Guo J. Comparison of neonicotinoid residues in soils of different land use types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146803. [PMID: 33848872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) have attracted particular attention in recent years due to their wide occurrence and potential impacts on the ecosystem and human health. This study aimed to compare the composition and level of NEOs in soils of different land use types. Two rounds of sampling were performed in Tianjin, China, with 158 soil samples in fall and 61 soil samples in spring collected from five types of land, i.e., greenhouse, orchard, farm, park and residential area. The concentrations of eight NEOs, i.e., imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), thiamethoxam (THX), clothianidin (CLO), thiacloprid (THA), dinotefuran (DIN), nitenpyram (NIT) and flonicamid (FLO), were analyzed in the soil samples using LC-MS/MS. Six NEOs were detected, with IMI, ACE and THX being the most frequently detected ones. Concentrations of NEOs (arithmetic means in fall and spring, respectively) in greenhouse were the highest (2.52×102 and 4.59×102 ng g-1), followed by in orchard (35.1 and 1.31×102 ng g-1), park (50.4 and 1.02×102 ng g-1), residential area (20.2 and 1.38×102 ng g-1) and farm (25.5 and 84.2 ng g-1). The contribution of individual NEO varied in soils of different land use types. Both IMI and THX were largely used in greenhouse, while IMI was the main NEO in the other four lands. The NEO levels in soils planted with different crops varied greatly. Extremely high levels of NEOs (>103 ng g-1) were observed in soils planted with watermelon, tomato and peach in greenhouse. The ubiquitous presence of NEOs in soils deserves more attention, particularly in greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China; State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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24
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Matich EK, Laryea JA, Seely KA, Stahr S, Su LJ, Hsu PC. Association between pesticide exposure and colorectal cancer risk and incidence: A systematic review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112327. [PMID: 34029839 PMCID: PMC8694176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the association between pesticide exposure and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVES Investigate the association between pesticide exposure and CRC risk through a systematic literature review. METHODS CRC has the fourth-highest rate of cancer-caused death in the US after lung cancer, breast cancer in women, and prostate cancer in men. Here we have conducted a systematic literature search on studies examining the association between any pesticide exposure and CRC risk using PubMed, MEDLINE via EBSCO host, and Embase according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. RESULTS Following the review, 139 articles were included for qualitative evaluation. Study participants were farmers, pesticide applicators, pesticide manufacturers, spouses of pesticide applicators, farm residents, Korean veterans of the Vietnam War, rural communities, and those who consumed food with pesticide residues. The studies' results were split between those with significant positive (39 significant results) and inverse (41 significant results) associations when comparing pesticide exposure and CRC risk. DISCUSSION From our literature review, we have identified a similar number of significant positive and inverse associations of pesticide exposure with CRC risk and therefore cannot conclude whether pesticide exposure has a positive or inverse association with CRC risk overall. However, certain pesticides such as terbufos, dicamba, trifluralin, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), imazethapyr, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, pendimethalin, and acetochlor are of great concern not only for their associated elevated risk of CRC, but also for the current legal usage in the United States (US). Aldicarb and dieldrin are of moderate concern for the positive associations with CRC risk, and also for the illegal usage or the detection on imported food products even though they have been banned in the US. Pesticides can linger in the soil, water, and air for weeks to years and, therefore, can lead to exposure to farmers, manufacturing workers, and those living in rural communities near these farms and factories. Approximately 60 million people in the US live in rural areas and all of the CRC mortality hotspots are within the rural communities. The CRC mortality rate is still increasing in the rural regions despite the overall decreasing of incidence and mortality of CRC elsewhere. Therefore, the results from this study on the relationship between pesticide exposure and CRC risk will help us to understand CRC health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn K Matich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jonathan A Laryea
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kathryn A Seely
- Public Health Laboratory, Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shelbie Stahr
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - L Joseph Su
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Ping-Ching Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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25
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Tosi S, Nieh JC, Brandt A, Colli M, Fourrier J, Giffard H, Hernández-López J, Malagnini V, Williams GR, Simon-Delso N. Long-term field-realistic exposure to a next-generation pesticide, flupyradifurone, impairs honey bee behaviour and survival. Commun Biol 2021; 4:805. [PMID: 34183763 PMCID: PMC8238954 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of pesticide risks to insect pollinators have typically focused on short-term, lethal impacts. The environmental ramifications of many of the world's most commonly employed pesticides, such as those exhibiting systemic properties that can result in long-lasting exposure to insects, may thus be severely underestimated. Here, seven laboratories from Europe and North America performed a standardised experiment (a ring-test) to study the long-term lethal and sublethal impacts of the relatively recently approved 'bee safe' butenolide pesticide flupyradifurone (FPF, active ingredient in Sivanto®) on honey bees. The emerging contaminant, FPF, impaired bee survival and behaviour at field-realistic doses (down to 11 ng/bee/day, corresponding to 400 µg/kg) that were up to 101-fold lower than those reported by risk assessments (1110 ng/bee/day), despite an absence of time-reinforced toxicity. Our findings raise concerns about the chronic impact of pesticides on pollinators at a global scale and support a novel methodology for a refined risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tosi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - James C Nieh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Monica Colli
- Ecotoxicological Unit, Biotecnologie BT S.r.l., Todi, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Malagnini
- Center for Technology Transfer, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Geoffrey R Williams
- Institute of Bee Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Noa Simon-Delso
- BeeLife European Beekeeping Coordination, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
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26
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Menon M, Mohanraj R, Sujata W. Monitoring of Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Water-Soil Systems Along the Agro-Landscapes of the Cauvery Delta Region, South India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:1065-1070. [PMID: 33877372 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The prophylactic use of neonicotinoids in paddy fields has raised concern due to its toxicity to ecological systems and human health. The present study evaluated the concentrations of neonicotinoids such as clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid in the water-soil systems of the paddy fields, and their potential discharge into the groundwater along the Cauvery delta region, South India. Though neonicotinoids are extensively sprayed in the paddy fields, the concentration of residues analyzed by QuEChERS, combined with LC-MS/MS found no detectable residues at concentrations above LOD. The LOD and the LOQ values for water and soil were 0.001 ppm and 0.0025 ppm and 0.025 ppm and 0.05 ppm respectively. The results of the study found that neonicotinoids are less persistent in the water-soil systems of the delta region as they are readily exposed to photolysis and undergo rapid microbial degradation. Further, the hydropedological characteristics of the highly saturated delta soil facilitate ready leaching followed by vertical migration and infiltration into the soil aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Menon
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Rangaswamy Mohanraj
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
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27
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Poliserpi MB, Cristos DS, Brodeur JC. Imidacloprid seed coating poses a risk of acute toxicity to small farmland birds: A weight-of-evidence analysis using data from the grayish baywing Agelaioides badius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142957. [PMID: 33498114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the risk posed by imidacloprid (IMI) seed coating to passerine birds of the Pampa Region of Argentina using data specifically generated with the grayish baywing (Agelaioides badius). Median lethal dose (LD50) of the IMI-based formulation tested was 57.11 mg IMI/kg body weight (bw), with intoxication signs starting from 20.6 mg IMI/kg bw. The feed intake rate (FIR) was estimated experimentally as 4.895 g/day per bird, representing 12.43% of bw. It was calculated that the ingestion of 7-10% of the FIR as treated seeds would be enough to achieve the LD50 for sorghum, corn, sunflower, and alfalfa, whereas consumption of 31 and 54% of FIR was necessary for oat and wheat, respectively. Based on spill data values available in the literature, it was calculated that, for most crops, a baywing would have to forage an area of field corresponding to less than 60 m2 to obtain the number of seeds required to reach the LD50. It was also shown that this number of seeds is coherent with the amount of seeds ingested in a bout. In a pilot study, all grayish baywings fed with millet seeds treated with 3 g IMI/kg died within three to five days of exposure. In Tier I risk assessment, the trigger value was achieved for all crops except soybean and a weight-of-evidence risk assessment was performed. All lines of evidence examined are consistent with the view that grayish baywings, and probably other small farmland birds, are exposed to a risk of acute toxicity and mortality under both worst-case and mixed-ration exposure scenarios. The possible impacts on bird species calls for an urgent reconsideration of IMI seed coating practices currently approved in the Pampa Region of Argentina and the various parts of the world where this practice is still in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Poliserpi
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales (CIRN), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diego Sebastián Cristos
- Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación de Agroindustria (CIA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julie Céline Brodeur
- Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales (CIRN), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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28
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Giorio C, Safer A, Sánchez-Bayo F, Tapparo A, Lentola A, Girolami V, van Lexmond MB, Bonmatin JM. An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 1: new molecules, metabolism, fate, and transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11716-11748. [PMID: 29105037 PMCID: PMC7920890 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the exponential number of published data on neonicotinoids and fipronil during the last decade, an updated review of literature has been conducted in three parts. The present part focuses on gaps of knowledge that have been addressed after publication of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides in 2015. More specifically, new data on the mode of action and metabolism of neonicotinoids and fipronil, and their toxicity to invertebrates and vertebrates, were obtained. We included the newly detected synergistic effects and/or interactions of these systemic insecticides with other insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, adjuvants, honeybee viruses, and parasites of honeybees. New studies have also investigated the contamination of all environmental compartments (air and dust, soil, water, sediments, and plants) as well as bees and apicultural products, food and beverages, and the exposure of invertebrates and vertebrates to such contaminants. Finally, we review new publications on remediation of neonicotinoids and fipronil, especially in water systems. Conclusions of the previous WIA in 2015 are reinforced; neonicotinoids and fipronil represent a major threat worldwide for biodiversity, ecosystems, and all the services the latter provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Laboratoire Chimie de l'Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anton Safer
- Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, INF324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Lentola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Girolami
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France.
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29
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Bonmatin JM, Mitchell EAD, Glauser G, Lumawig-Heitzman E, Claveria F, Bijleveld van Lexmond M, Taira K, Sánchez-Bayo F. Residues of neonicotinoids in soil, water and people's hair: A case study from three agricultural regions of the Philippines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143822. [PMID: 33246718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides such as neonicotinoids are commonly used to treat crops in tropical regions, where data on environmental and human contamination are patchy and make it difficult to assess to what extent pesticides may harm human health, especially in less developed countries. To assess the degree of environmental and human contamination with neonicotinoids we collected soil, water and people's hair in three agricultural regions of the Philippines and analysed them by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS). Five neonicotinoids, namely acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam were targeted. Residues of neonicotinoids were found in 78% of 67 soil samples from the three provinces. Total neonicotinoid loads ranged on average between 0.017 and 0.89 μg/kg in soils of rice, banana and vegetable crops, and were 130 times higher (113.5 μg/kg) in soils of a citrus grove. Imidacloprid was the most prevalent compound at an average of 0.56 μg/kg in soil while thiacloprid was below the limit of detection. Half of the eight water samples from a rice field and nearby creek contained residues of imidacloprid (mean 1.29 ng/L) and one contained thiamethoxam (0.15 ng/L). Residues of neonicotinoids were found in 81% of 99 samples of people's hair from the surveyed regions (average total concentrations 0.14 to 1.18 ng/g, maximum 350 ng/g). Hair residue levels correlated well with the concentrations of thiamethoxam and total residues in soils from the same locality (r = 0.98). The presence of thiacloprid in 15% of the hair samples but not in soil samples suggests an additional route of exposure among people, which is most likely to be through ingestion of agricultural food and drinks available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CS 80054, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Neuchâtel Botanical Garden, Chemin du Perthuis-du-Sault 58, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchatel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Kumiko Taira
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Nishi-ogu 2-1-10, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.
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Schaafsma AW, Limay-Rios V. Fugitive Dust During Planting of Canola with an Air Seeder as a Source of Environmental Contamination for Pesticides Applied on Seed: A Case Study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2420-2423. [PMID: 33017070 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion of clothianidin from treated seeds was studied in a commercial winter canola field. During planting, using a John Deere 1890 single disk air seeder, a proportion, an estimated 14.2 ± 2.9% (mean ± standard error), of the clothianidin that was applied to the seed escaped into the atmosphere from the seeder's exhaust. We suggest that this source of environmental contamination may be the main contributor that explains the off-target detection of neonicotinoid residues in soils and water near canola plantings better than movement from seed after it is placed in the soil, which is often proposed in the literature. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2420-2423. © 2020 SETAC.
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Exposure Level of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Food Chain and the Evaluation of Their Human Health Impact and Environmental Risk: An Overview. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides (neonics) were the most rapidly growing class of insecticides over the past few decades, and are used mainly for vegetables, fruits, and grains. Although neonics exhibit lower toxicity in mammals and humans compared to traditional insecticides, increasing numbers of studies are demonstrating that neonics may accumulate in the food chain and environmental media. Long-term exposure to neonics may raise potential risks to animals and even to humans. The present report reviews the development, application, and prohibition of neonics in the farmland ecosystem, and summarizes the exposure level and harmful effects of these insecticides in the food chain. In addition, the present review analyzes and summarizes the evaluation of the human health impact and environmental risk of the neonics, and overviews the unresolved problems and future research directions in this field. The aim of the present report was to review the exposure level, potential toxicity, human health impact, and environmental risk assessment of neonics in various media in order to provide reliable technical support for strengthening the environmental and food safety supervision and green pesticide designing.
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Zhou Y, Guo J, Wang Z, Zhang B, Sun Z, Yun X, Zhang J. Levels and inhalation health risk of neonicotinoid insecticides in fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in urban and rural areas of China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105822. [PMID: 32497933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticide (NEO) concentrations in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and daily exposure via inhalation were investigated during spring and fall in an urban area in Beijing and in urban and rural areas of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. Four NEOs, including imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin, were assessed using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) extraction procedure coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 64 PM2.5 samples, 100% contained at least two NEOs (imidacloprid and acetamiprid). Imidacloprid was detected at the highest levels, ranging from 4.33 to 1.13 × 102 pg m-3. A relative potency factor method that considered different toxicities was used to integrate the four NEO concentrations. The total NEO concentrations in air in the Zhengzhou rural area (mean: 80.86 pg m-3) were higher than those in urban areas. Differences between seasons were not significant (p > 0.05). The highest value for the total average daily dose via inhalation of four NEOs (ADDinh,total), 91.0 pg kg-1 day-1, was found in rural children <6 years old. The ADDinh,total of rural residents was significantly higher than that of urban residents when there was no intensive pesticide application. Although the ADDinh,total values were below the current chronic reference dose, when possible joint toxicity and the increasing use of NEOs are considered, a potential health risk via inhalation is evident. We believe this study is the first to characterize NEO levels in fine particulate matter and to evaluate inhalation exposure in urban and rural residents under nonoccupational scenarios in China. It will enhance our understanding of exposure to NEOs and provide a basis for risk management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Tian X, Hong X, Yan S, Li X, Wu H, Lin A, Yang W. Neonicotinoids caused oxidative stress and DNA damage in juvenile Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110566. [PMID: 32283408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on fish, juvenile Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, or 2.0 mg/L neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid, nitenpyram, and dinotefuran) for 60 days. The endpoints, including oxidative stress and DNA damage, were determined. The results of oxidative stress assays showed that SOD activities were significantly increased in the 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid and 0.5 mg/L nitenpyram and dinotefuran treatments (p < 0.05). CAT activity was significantly increased with 0.1 mg/L nitenpyram (p < 0.05), whereas it was significantly decreased in the 0.1 and 2.0 mg/L dinotefuran treatment groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, MDA content was significantly decreased in all imidacloprid treatments and in the 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L dinotefuran treatments (p < 0.05); however, it was significantly increased in the 0.1 mg/L nitenpyram treatment (p < 0.05). GSH content was significantly increased at all treatments except for the 0.5 mg/L dinotefuran treatment (p < 0.05). The transcript expression results showed that gstm mRNA expression was significantly inhibited by 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid, and gstp1 mRNA expression was significantly inhibited by all nitenpyram treatments (p < 0.05). In addition, ugt1a mRNA expression was significantly inhibited in the 0.5 mg/L nitenpyram treatment (p < 0.05). The results of the DNA damage assay showed that tail moments were significantly increased by the 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid treatment (p < 0.01), while tail DNA was significantly increased by 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid, 2.0 mg/L nitenpyram and all dinotefuran treatments (p < 0.01). Moreover, olive tail moments were significantly increased by the 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid and 2.0 mg/L dinotefuran treatments (p < 0.01). Therefore, our oxidative stress and DNA damage findings demonstrated that imidacloprid and nitenpyram could cause adverse effects on juvenile rare minnows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China; Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Aijun Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Schläppi D, Kettler N, Straub L, Glauser G, Neumann P. Long-term effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on ants. Commun Biol 2020; 3:335. [PMID: 32591582 PMCID: PMC7320190 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread prophylactic usage of neonicotinoid insecticides has a clear impact on non-target organisms. However, the possible effects of long-term exposure on soil-dwelling organisms are still poorly understood especially for social insects with long-living queens. Here, we show that effects of chronic exposure to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on black garden ant colonies, Lasius niger, become visible before the second overwintering. Queens and workers differed in the residue-ratio of thiamethoxam to its metabolite clothianidin, suggesting that queens may have a superior detoxification system. Even though thiamethoxam did not affect queen mortality, neonicotinoid-exposed colonies showed a reduced number of workers and larvae indicating a trade-off between detoxification and fertility. Since colony size is a key for fitness, our data suggest long-term impacts of neonicotinoids on these organisms. This should be accounted for in future environmental and ecological risk assessments of neonicotinoid applications to prevent irreparable damages to ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schläppi
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nina Kettler
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
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35
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Benedetti B, Majone M, Cavaliere C, Montone CM, Fatone F, Frison N, Laganà A, Capriotti AL. Determination of multi-class emerging contaminants in sludge and recovery materials from waste water treatment plants: Development of a modified QuEChERS method coupled to LC–MS/MS. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhang C, Yi X, Chen C, Tian D, Liu H, Xie L, Zhu X, Huang M, Ying GG. Contamination of neonicotinoid insecticides in soil-water-sediment systems of the urban and rural areas in a rapidly developing region: Guangzhou, South China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105719. [PMID: 32283356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Residues and distribution of neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) in soil-water-sediment systems of the urban and rural areas of Guangzhou, South China were investigated. A total of 104 soil samples from 7 different functional zones and 29 water/sediment samples from creeks were collected. The results showed that at least one neonicotinoid insecticide was detected in all samples. The summed levels of five target neonicotinoids (∑5neonics) were in the range of 0.003-229 ng/g dw for soil samples, 7.94-636 ng/L for water samples, and 0.017-31.3 ng/g dw for sediment samples, with a geometric mean of 0.59 ng/g dw, 153 ng/L and 1.11 ng/g dw, respectively. Soils from agricultural areas contained the highest residual NEOs, followed by commercial, traffic, residential, industrial, educational zones and parks. Among the seven different functional zones studied, imidacloprid was the most dominant NEO in the agricultural areas and commercial zones, whereas acetamiprid was dominant in the other five functional zones with different land-use types. Thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were the main NEOs in water and sediment samples collected from 29 creeks. The pollution of NEOs in soils, water and sediments from rural areas was higher than that in the counterparts from urban areas. Residual concentration of NEOs detected in soils, water and sediments showed significant correlations with each other. The distribution of NEOs in soil-water-sediment systems indicated that NEOs tended to concentrate in water, followed by sediments and soils, especially in urban areas. An evaluation of the exposure to the current level of the ∑5NEOs in Guangzhou suggests a significant risk for aquatic and soil organisms, particularly under chronic exposures. The results of the present study offer valuable data to better understand the contamination and ecological risks of neonicotinoid insecticides in the rapidly developing urbanized region of South China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Civil Engineering & Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Yi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Di Tian
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiuping Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
| | - Mingzhi Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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37
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González T, Dominguez JR, Correia S. Neonicotinoids removal by associated binary, tertiary and quaternary advanced oxidation processes: Synergistic effects, kinetics and mineralization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110156. [PMID: 32148258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of four representative neonicotinoids, namely Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid and Thiacloprid, was carried out by the sequential association of different advanced oxidation processes, including Ozonation, Electro-chemical Oxidation, Ultrasound, Ultraviolet radiation, and their different possible associations. There are no published papers in the literature on the removal of this type of insecticides through these associated oxidation processes. Single oxidation processes did not achieve total pollutants removal in less than 3 h (only UV radiation treatment obtain a total removal of Thiamethoxan in 150 min, but with mineralization below 15% TOC). For double sequential processes, Electro-oxidation-Ozone treatment obtains a total removal of Imidacloprid in 120 min and an increase of mineralization to 50% TOC. Three or four sequential processes are recommended to improve degradation and mineralization rates in a significant way, Electro-oxidation-Ozone-UV treatment obtains a total removal of Thiamethoxan in 80 min with mineralization over 75% TOC. These results confirm important synergistic effects which were quantified. The global trend indicates that Thiamethoxam is the most oxidizable neonicotinoid, whereas Acetamiprid is the most recalcitrant compound. The degradation rate of each neonicotinoid followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the different oxidation pathways were also quantified from a kinetic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa González
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical Chemistry, Area of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Joaquin R Dominguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical Chemistry, Area of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Sergio Correia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical Chemistry, Area of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
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Huang Z, Li H, Wei Y, Xiong J, You J. Distribution and ecological risk of neonicotinoid insecticides in sediment in South China: Impact of regional characteristics and chemical properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136878. [PMID: 32018995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides have been frequently detected in surface water due to extensive use worldwide, however, little information is available for the regional characteristics and ecological risk of neonicotinoids in sediment. In the current study, six neonicotinoids were analyzed in 58 sediment samples from agricultural (vegetable and rice planting) and urban areas in South China. Neonicotinoids were ubiquitous in the sediments, with maximum, mean and median concentrations of 23.8, 4.21 and 2.73 ng·g-1 dry weight, respectively. Neonicotinoids were detected more often and at higher concentrations in vegetable planting and urban areas while clothianidin and imidacloprid dominated neonicotinoid composition in the rice-planting area. Multiple correspondence analysis showed the distribution of sediment-bound neonicotinoids were significantly affected by crop type, distance to the source, and physicochemical properties of neonicotinoids. While more hydrophilic neonicotinoids tended to migrate to the streams, those with log Kow > 0 are usually retained in the ditches near the treated fields. Neonicotinoids with shorter half-lives (acetamiprid and thiacloprid) were detected more frequently in vegetable planting areas, yet more persistent imidacloprid and clothianidin were more likely to be detected in rice planting areas. It was in accordance with application patterns of neonicotinoids in different crops. Environmental exposure distributions indicated that sediment-bound neonicotinoids, except for thiacloprid, posed considerable risk to aquatic invertebrates, which are important for ecological functioning of aquatic ecosystems, calling for better measures to control and manage of neonicotinoid risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoubing Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yanli Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Wintermantel D, Odoux JF, Decourtye A, Henry M, Allier F, Bretagnolle V. Neonicotinoid-induced mortality risk for bees foraging on oilseed rape nectar persists despite EU moratorium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135400. [PMID: 31836223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The implication of neonicotinoids in bee declines led in 2013 to an EU moratorium on three neonicotinoids in bee-attractive crops. However, neonicotinoids are frequently detected in wild flowers or untreated crops suggesting that neonicotinoids applied to cereals can spread into the environment and harm bees. Therefore, we quantified neonicotinoid residues in nectar from winter-sown oilseed rape in western France collected within the five years under the EU moratorium. We detected all three restricted neonicotinoids. Imidacloprid was detected in all years with no clear declining trend but a strong inter- and intra-annual variation and maximum concentrations exceeding reported concentrations in treated crops. No relation to non-organic winter-sown cereals was identified even though these were the only crops treated with imidacloprid, but residue levels depended on soil type and increased with rainfall. Simulating acute and chronic mortality suggests a considerable risk for nectar foraging bees. We conclude that persistent imidacloprid soil residues diffuse on a large scale in the environment and substantially contaminate a major mass-flowering crop. Despite the limitations of case-studies and risk simulations, our findings provide additional support to the recent extension of the moratorium to a permanent ban in all outdoor crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry Wintermantel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France; INRA UE 1255 APIS, Le Magneraud, CS 40052, Surgères 17700, France.
| | - Jean-François Odoux
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France; INRA-UNICAEN UMR 950 EVA, Université de Caen, Caen 14032, France
| | - Axel Decourtye
- ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille, Site Agroparc, Avignon 84914, France; UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon 84914, France
| | - Mickaël Henry
- UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon 84914, France; INRA, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon 84914, France
| | - Fabrice Allier
- ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille, Site Agroparc, Avignon 84914, France; UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l'Environnement, Site Agroparc, Avignon 84914, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS & Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France; LTSER Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre, CNRS, Villiers-en-Bois 79360, France
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40
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Hooven LA, Chakrabarti P, Harper BJ, Sagili RR, Harper SL. Potential Risk to Pollinators from Nanotechnology-Based Pesticides. Molecules 2019; 24:E4458. [PMID: 31817417 PMCID: PMC6943562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in populations of insect pollinators is a global concern. While multiple factors are implicated, there is uncertainty surrounding the contribution of certain groups of pesticides to losses in wild and managed bees. Nanotechnology-based pesticides (NBPs) are formulations based on multiple particle sizes and types. By packaging active ingredients in engineered particles, NBPs offer many benefits and novel functions, but may also exhibit different properties in the environment when compared with older pesticide formulations. These new properties raise questions about the environmental disposition and fate of NBPs and their exposure to pollinators. Pollinators such as honey bees have evolved structural adaptations to collect pollen, but also inadvertently gather other types of environmental particles which may accumulate in hive materials. Knowledge of the interaction between pollinators, NBPs, and other types of particles is needed to better understand their exposure to pesticides, and essential for characterizing risk from diverse environmental contaminants. The present review discusses the properties, benefits and types of nanotechnology-based pesticides, the propensity of bees to collect such particles and potential impacts on bee pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A. Hooven
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Priyadarshini Chakrabarti
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Bryan J. Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Ramesh R. Sagili
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Stacey L. Harper
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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41
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Ritchie EE, Maisonneuve F, Scroggins RP, Princz JI. Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2111-2120. [PMID: 31211447 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of neonicotinoids in agriculture is a critical environmental protection issue. Although there has been considerable research on pollinator exposure and aquatic toxicological effects, few studies have investigated the chronic impacts on soil-dwelling species. Given the application of neonicotinoids into soil systems, there is the potential for risk to soil invertebrates. The toxicity of 2 commercial formulations containing the active ingredients (a.i.) thiamethoxam (Actara® 240SC) or clothianidin (Titan™) was investigated using 3 soil invertebrate species: Oppia nitens, Eisenia andrei, and Folsomia candida. No adverse effects were observed for O. nitens at the highest tested concentrations (≥92 mg a.i./kg dry soil) after a 28-d exposure. Exposure to clothianidin resulted in a 28-d median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.069 (95% confidence limits: 0.039-0.12) mg/kg dry soil for F. candida, and a 56-d IC50 of 0.26 (0.22-3.2) mg a.i./kg dry soil for E. andrei. Exposure to thiamethoxam was less toxic, with IC50s of 0.36 (0.19-0.66) and 3.0 (2.2-4.0) mg a.i./kg dry soil for F. candida and E. andrei reproduction, respectively. The observed toxicity for F. candida adult survival and reproduction and for E. andrei reproduction occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. However, because clothianidin is a degradation product of thiamethoxam, and detection of clothianidin rose to levels of concern in the thiamethoxam-amended soils over time, the observed toxicity may be partly attributed to the presence of clothianidin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2111-2120. © 2019 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyn E Ritchie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rick P Scroggins
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juliska I Princz
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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42
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James DG. A Neonicotinoid Insecticide at a Rate Found in Nectar Reduces Longevity but Not Oogenesis in Monarch Butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.). (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10090276. [PMID: 31480499 PMCID: PMC6780620 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The monarch butterfly in North America has suffered a serious population decline since the mid-1990s. The introduction and widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides during the same time period has been suggested as a potential driver of this decline but no studies have looked at the impact of these insecticides on adult monarchs. A brief laboratory study assessed the impact of Imidacloprid, the most commonly used neonicotinoid, on western monarch butterfly longevity and oogenesis. Imidacloprid at 23.5 ppb, a field-realistic rate reported from wild nectar and pollen, was fed ad libitum to newly-eclosed monarchs in a sugar-based diet for 22 days. Treated monarchs showed reduced longevity, suffering 78.8% mortality by day 22, compared to 20% in untreated monarchs. Prior to death, butterflies exhibited signs of poisoning including uncoordinated flapping of wings and uncontrolled vibrating of wings and body. Imidacloprid did not reduce egg production. Shortened adult longevity has serious consequences for monarch population development, migration and overwintering. The potential widespread impact of imidacloprid-contaminated crop and wild flower nectar, may be a significant driver of monarch population decline. More research on the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on the monarch and other butterflies should be viewed as a serious priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G James
- Department of Entomology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350, USA.
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43
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Radolinski J, Wu J, Xia K, Hession WC, Stewart RD. Plants mediate precipitation-driven transport of a neonicotinoid pesticide. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:445-452. [PMID: 30716547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides provide crop protection via water solubility and systemicity, yet these chemical characteristics, combined with high toxicity to non-target invertebrates (e.g., honeybees), elicit concern of environmental transport. Neonicotinoids have been detected in soil and surface water throughout North America; however, no investigation has defined a direct connection to planted seed dressings. We quantified the physical transport of thiamethoxam (TMX), a neonicotinoid, under field conditions. We planted TMX-coated corn seeds and maintained plots with and without viable crops (n = 3 plots per treatment) to determine plant influence on pesticide transport. TMX concentrations were measured in soil and drainage throughout the growing season. Storm-generated runoff was the dominant transport mechanism (maximum TMX concentration 1.72 ± 0.605 μg L-1; no viable plants), followed by shallow (<72 cm) lateral drainage (0.570 ± 0.170 μg L-1; no viable plants), and deep (110 cm) drainage (0.170 ± 0.265 μg L-1; viable plants). Soil samples confirmed vertical and lateral movement within 23 and 36 days of planting, respectively. Plants facilitated downward migration of TMX in soil but restricted TMX drainage. Altogether, these study results revealed that neonicotinoids can be transported from seed coatings both above and through the soil profile, which may enable migration into surrounding ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Radolinski
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Junxue Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing PR China
| | - Kang Xia
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - W Cully Hession
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 155 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ryan D Stewart
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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44
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Schaafsma AW, Limay-Rios V, Baute TS, Smith JL. Neonicotinoid insecticide residues in subsurface drainage and open ditch water around maize fields in southwestern Ontario. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214787. [PMID: 30947236 PMCID: PMC6449027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are widely used class of insecticides. Most are seed treatments and during planting active ingredient may be abraded and lost in fugitive dust. Much of this active ingredient contaminates surface waters, exposing aquatic organism to potential ill effects. This study examines concentrations of neonicotinoids appearing in tile drains and open ditches around commercial maize fields around planting time where neonicotinoid seed treatments had been used. This sample set represents surface water leaving the point of origin, for which data are sparse. Clothianidin was found more often than thiamethoxam and at higher concentrations; at a median concentration of 0.35 ng/mL in tile drain water and almost twice that (0.68 ng/mL) in ditches into which the tiles are draining after applications of 19 g/ha on seed. This concentration reveals a 40 to 50 fold dilution for neonicotinoid residues between the points where they leave the field in which they were applied and when they are found in nearby streams in a similar ecosystem. Our data support that for a no-observed-effect concentration of 0.3 ng/mL for thiamethoxam there would be between a 1.6 and 100-fold margin of safety to mayflies in most streams if fugitive dust on pneumatic planters were properly mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur W. Schaafsma
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph—Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor Limay-Rios
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph—Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracey S. Baute
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn L. Smith
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph—Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Han L, Ge Q, Mei J, Cui Y, Xue Y, Yu Y, Fang H. Adsorption and Desorption of Carbendazim and Thiamethoxam in Five Different Agricultural Soils. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:550-554. [PMID: 30778615 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and desorption behaviors of carbendazim (CBD) and thiamethoxam (TMX) were systematically studied in five different agricultural soils. The adsorption and desorption isotherms of CBD and TMX in the five different soils were fitted well by the Freundlich model. The Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kfads) and Freundlich desorption coefficient (Kfdes) of CBD in the five different soils were 1.46-19.53 and 1.81-3.33, respectively. The corresponding values of TMX were 1.19-4.03 and 2.07-6.45, respectively. The adsorption affinity and desorption ability of the five different soils for CBD and TMX depended mainly on soil organic matter content (OMC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Desorption hysteresis occurred in the desorption process of CBD and TMX in the five different agricultural soils, especially for TMX. It is concluded that the adsorption-desorption ability of CBD was much higher than that of TMX in the five different agricultural soils, which was attributed to soil OMC and CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Han
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiqing Ge
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Mei
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanli Cui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yongfei Xue
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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46
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Fedrizzi G, Altafini A, Armorini S, Al-Qudah KM, Roncada P. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Five Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Sheep and Cow Milk Samples Collected in Jordan Valley. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:347-352. [PMID: 30683953 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the presence of five neonicotinoid pesticides, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam, in sheep and cow milk samples collected from animals bred in the Jordan Valley. In this area, numerous citrus plantations are present, and these insecticides are commonly used to protect plants from pests and diseases. Thirty-seven sheep milk samples and 31 cow milk samples were analysed. The analytical method, based on a single cleanup extraction step with SPE cartridges packed with diatomaceous earth material, together with analysis by LC-MS/MS, has guaranteed average recoveries between 75.1% and 88.3%, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.5 and 1 µg/kg, respectively, for all the five neonicotinoids. LOQ was much lower than the codex maximum residues limits for these pesticides in milks. No residues of the five neonicotinoids were found in any sample at a concentration level above LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Reparto chimico degli alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via P. Fiorini 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Altafini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Sara Armorini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Khaled Mefleh Al-Qudah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
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47
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Addy-Orduna LM, Brodeur JC, Mateo R. Oral acute toxicity of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin in eared doves: A contribution for the risk assessment of neonicotinoids in birds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1216-1223. [PMID: 30308809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids have recently been demonstrated to cause direct negative impacts on birds from North America and Europe. To further understand the impact of these compounds on bird species and to improve risk assessment capacities, the current study determined the acute toxicities of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam formulations on South American eared doves (Zenaida auriculata). Insecticides were administered by gavage to adult doves to determine median lethal doses (LD50) according to a standardized sequential procedure. The acute toxicity of formulated imidacloprid (LD50=59mg active ingredient, a.i./kg body weight, b.w.) was much higher than that of the tested formulations of clothianidin (LD50=4248mga.i./kg b.w.) and thiamethoxam (LD50=4366mga.i./kg b.w.). Imidacloprid also differed from the other two neonicotinoids in terms of the onset and intensity of intoxication signs and the times of death and recovery. All three insecticides induced a reduction in food consumption that led to body weight loss. An average weight dove of 127g would obtain a dose equivalent to the LD50 of imidacloprid by consuming 1.7g of treated sorghum seeds. As eared doves offered non-treated sorghum seeds 5h per day consumed on average 6.4±1.8g (mean±S.D.), it is concluded that these doves could feasibly be exposed to lethal doses in the field. This work is the first to describe intoxication signs and report oral neonicotinoid LD50s in a wild South-American bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Addy-Orduna
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná, Ruta 11 km 12.5, 3100 Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
| | - Julie C Brodeur
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, CNIA-INTA, Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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48
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Mörtl M, Darvas B, Vehovszky Á, Győri J, Székács A. Contamination of the guttation liquid of two common weeds with neonicotinoids from coated maize seeds planted in close proximity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1137-1143. [PMID: 30308885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid uptake by maize plants emerged from coated seeds and by two common weeds grown in close proximity to coated seeds has been studied. Uptake of thiamethoxam (TMX) and clothianidin (CLO) have been characterized via guttation liquid measurements. The creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense), a well-known maize weed, as well as red poppy or Flanders poppy (Papaver rhoeas) were chosen as model species. The results confirmed that cross-contamination may occur by uptake of the neonicotinoid AIs through soil from neighbouring plants that emerged from coated seeds. Although the levels of these neonicotinoids were substantially lower in the guttation liquid of the weeds than in that of maize plants emerged from coated seeds, the compounds were detected up to 36th day after planting of the maize seeds. The highest peak concentrations of TMX were around 150 and 21 mg L-1, while similar data for CLO were around 70 and 21 mg L-1 for maize and creeping thistle, respectively. Mostly due to its higher guttation intensity significantly lower values were determined for red poppy (0.740 mg L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Mörtl
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. u. 15, Hungary.
| | - Béla Darvas
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. u. 15, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Vehovszky
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, POB 35, Hungary.
| | - János Győri
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-8237 Tihany, POB 35, Hungary.
| | - András Székács
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. u. 15, Hungary.
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49
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Tian X, Yang W, Wang D, Zhao Y, Yao R, Ma L, Ge C, Li X, Huang Z, He L, Jiao W, Lin A. Chronic brain toxicity response of juvenile Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) to the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and nitenpyram. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:1006-1012. [PMID: 30208524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid and nitenpyram are widely used neonicotinoid pesticides worldwide and were observed to adversely affect non-target aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxic effect of imidacloprid and nitenpyram on the brain of juvenile Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) was investigated by determining the oxidative stress, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities did not significantly change after long-term exposure to imidacloprid and nitenpyram. A noticeable increase of catalase (CAT) activities was observed on the brain tissues under 0.1 mg/L imidacloprid and under all nitenpyram treatments (p < 0.05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased markedly under 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid and 0.1 mg/L nitenpyram treatments (p < 0.05). The glutathione (GSH) content in the brain significantly increased under 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid (p < 0.05). A significant decrease was observed in the mRNA levels of Cu/Zn-sod under 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid and those of cat under 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L nitenpyram (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of gpx1 clearly decreased under 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid and under 0.1 mg/L nitenpyram (p < 0.05). The treatments of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L nitenpyram decreased cat expression levels markedly (p < 0.05). 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid raised the 8-OHdG content. The AChE activities increased markedly under 0.5 and 2.0 mg/L imidacloprid while clearly decreasing under 2.0 mg/L nitenpyram (p < 0.05). Therefore, our results indicate that imidacloprid and nitenpyram might cause adverse effects on juvenile Chinese rare minnows brain. Notably, imidacloprid had greater impacts on juvenile rare minnows compared to nitenpyram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Beijing City Environment Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Ruihua Yao
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Lekuan Ma
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Chazhong Ge
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Zeyu Huang
- School of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li He
- College of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Aijun Lin
- Beijing City Environment Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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50
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Whitehorn PR, Norville G, Gilburn A, Goulson D. Larval exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid impacts adult size in the farmland butterfly Pieris brassicae. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4772. [PMID: 29796343 PMCID: PMC5961621 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of farmland butterflies have been suffering from substantial population declines in recent decades. These declines have been correlated with neonicotinoid usage both in Europe and North America but experimental evidence linking these correlations is lacking. The potential for non-target butterflies to be exposed to trace levels of neonicotinoids is high, due to the widespread contamination of agricultural soils and wild plants in field margins. Here we provide experimental evidence that field realistic, sub-lethal exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid negatively impacts the development of the common farmland butterfly Pieris brassicae. Cabbage plants were watered with either 0, 1, 10, 100 or 200 parts per billion imidacloprid, to represent field margin plants growing in contaminated agricultural soils and these were fed to P. brassicae larvae. The approximate digestibility (AD) of the cabbage as well as behavioural responses by the larvae to simulated predator attacks were measured but neither were affected by neonicotinoid treatment. However, the duration of pupation and the size of the adult butterflies were both significantly reduced in the exposed butterflies compared to the controls, suggesting that adult fitness is compromised through exposure to this neonicotinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope R Whitehorn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.,Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - George Norville
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Gilburn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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