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Li Y, Liu Z. The effect of lying on memory in daily life: Does motivation matter? Psych J 2024; 13:216-226. [PMID: 38105565 PMCID: PMC10990805 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been renewed interest in the effect of lying on memory. A growing body of studies has documented that lying can impair memories and cause memory disruptions, such as forgetting and false memories, to a greater degree than telling the truth. This study aimed to investigate whether motivation plays a role in the effect of lying on memory. The present study utilized a daily life paradigm and manipulated three conditions: truth telling, internally motivated lying, and externally motivated lying. We asked participants to engage in a shopping task and to tell lies (externally motivated lying group) or to choose between telling the truth (truth-telling group) and telling lies (internally motivated lying group) in the interview. Forty-eight hours later, the participants were instructed to truthfully carry out multiple memory assessments. The principal findings of this research are that lying can result in memory impairments, and internally motivated lying can lead to greater impairment in source memory than externally motivated lying. Moreover, no significant differences between the two lying groups were found in the memory tests. The empirical findings of this study provide new insights into the effect of lying on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Education and Psychological ScienceSichuan University of Science and EngineeringZigongChina
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- School of Education and Psychological ScienceSichuan University of Science and EngineeringZigongChina
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2
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Van der Biest M, Pedinoff R, Verbruggen F, Brass M, Kuhlen AK. Instructing somebody else to act: motor co-representations in the instructor. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:230839. [PMID: 38204793 PMCID: PMC10776225 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Instructions enable humans to perform novel tasks quickly. This is achieved by creating and activating the instruction representation for upcoming tasks, which can then modulate ongoing task behaviour in an almost 'reflexive' manner, an effect called instruction-based reflexivity. While most research has focused on understanding how verbal instructions are represented within the 'instructed' (i.e. the person receiving instructions), here we focus on how the instructor's (i.e. the person giving instructions) behaviour is affected through instructing. In a series of three experiments and one pooled analysis, we extended the classical instruction-based reflexivity paradigm to a novel social variant in which the instructions are given by an instructor (rather than visual computer-generated instructions). We found an instruction-based reflexivity effect for the instructor, that is, the instructor's task performance was better on congruent compared to incongruent trials (i.e. Experiments 1 and 2, pooled analysis). This suggests that the instructor represents the instructions of the instructed in an action-oriented format. However, this did not depend on the specific task of the instructed (i.e. Experiment 1), nor is it exclusively social (i.e. Experiment 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Van der Biest
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Pedinoff
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain/ Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick Verbruggen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain/ Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna K. Kuhlen
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Suppalarkbunlue W, Duangchaiyoosook S, Khruapradit V, Kilenthong WT. Material incentive motivation and working memory performance of kindergartners: A large-scale randomized controlled trial. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 235:105730. [PMID: 37406537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of material incentive motivation on the working memory performance of kindergartners using a large-scale randomized controlled trial covering 7123 children aged 50 to 144 months (M = 75.85 months) from 19 provinces in Thailand. This study measured the working memory of young children using the digit span task. The first finding is that material incentive motivation raised the working memory performance of young children by 4% of the mean of the control group. The second finding is that young children with different background characteristics responded to material incentive motivation uniformly except for the children's age. The third finding is that school readiness was the most predictive variable for the working memory performance of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warabud Suppalarkbunlue
- School of Early Childhood Education, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Sartja Duangchaiyoosook
- Research Institute for Policy Evaluation and Design (RIPED), University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Varunee Khruapradit
- Research Institute for Policy Evaluation and Design (RIPED), University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Weerachart T Kilenthong
- Research Institute for Policy Evaluation and Design (RIPED), University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Sun Y, Kang P, Huang L, Wang H, Ku Y. Reward advantage over punishment for incentivizing visual working memory. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14300. [PMID: 36966450 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of gaining reward and avoiding punishment widely influence human behavior. Despite of numerous attempts to investigate the influence of motivational signals on working memory (WM), whether the valence and the magnitude of motivational signals interactively influence WM performance remains unclear. To investigate this, the present study used a free-recall working memory task with EEG recording to compare the effect of incentive valence (reward or punishment), as well as the magnitude of incentives on visual WM. Behavioral results revealed that the presence of incentive signals improved WM precision when compared with no-incentive condition, and compared with punishing cues, rewarding cues led to greater facilitation in WM precision, as well as confidence ratings afterward. Moreover, event related potential (ERP) results suggested that compared with punishment, reward led to an earlier latency of late positive component (LPC), a larger amplitude of contingent negative variation (CNV) during the expectation period, and a larger P300 amplitude during the sample and delay periods. Furthermore, reward advantage over punishment in behavioral and neural results were correlated, such that individuals with larger CNV difference between reward and punishment conditions also report greater distinction in confidence ratings between the two conditions. In sum, our results demonstrate what and how rewarding cues cause more beneficial effects than punishing cues when incentivizing visual WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Center for Brain and Mental Well-Being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pyungwon Kang
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leyu Huang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Center for Brain and Mental Well-Being, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
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Skei L, von Tetzchner S, Hartshorne T, Skei S, Landrø NI. Executive Functions in a Population of Individuals with CHARGE Syndrome: Findings from Performance-Based and Rating Scale Measures According to a 3-Factor Model. Dev Neurorehabil 2023; 26:349-359. [PMID: 37732395 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2023.2242942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify possible predictors of executive functions of individuals with CHARGE syndrome, as these will be important targets for interventions. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study investigating the executive functions of a representative sample of 35 Norwegians with CHARGE syndrome divided into two subgroups to handle their inherent heterogeneity. Both performance-based measures and rating scale findings were included and organized according to the 3-factor model of Miyake and colleagues. RESULTS Both measures showed comprehensive executive dysfunctions within the population, which were largely unrelated to deafblindness. Working memory stood out as a strength within the executive domain and the only factor presenting results within the normal range. Verbal working memory was a particular cognitive resource for participants with deafblindness, and, unlike those without deafblindness, unrelated to sensorimotor functions. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with CHARGE syndrome appear to be at risk for underdeveloped executive functions due to neurogenetic and environmental factors. Performance-based measures and ratings from caregivers gave unique and complementary knowledge and implied the need of both when investigating executive functioning in CHARGE syndrome. Participants with deafblindness presented strong verbal working memory despite their auditory impairments, indicating effective compensatory mechanisms The results also indicated an untapped cognitive potential in both subgroups. Because of their relatively advanced working memory significantly correlating with global cognition, the environment should assume equal learning potential of individuals with CHARGE syndrome regardless of their degree of sensory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Skei
- Signo Resource Centre, Sandefjord, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Timothy Hartshorne
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Sigmund Skei
- Department of Health and Care, County Governor Vestfold & Telemark, Tønsberg, Norway
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Xie W, Ye C, Zhang W. Negative emotion reduces visual working memory recall variability: A meta-analytical review. Emotion 2023; 23:859-871. [PMID: 35951384 PMCID: PMC9918615 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Negative emotion is often hypothesized to trigger a more deliberate processing mode. This effect can manifest as increased precision of information maintained in working memory (WM) captured by reduced WM recall variability under an induced negative emotional state. However, some recent evidence shows that WM representations are immune to any emotional influences. Here, we meta-analyze existing evidence based on data from 13 experiments across 491 participants who performed a delay-estimation WM task under negative and neutral emotional states. We find that induced negative emotional state modestly reduces WM recall variability and increases recall failures relative to the neutral condition. These effects are moderated by participants' self-report negative experiences during emotion induction. Collectively, these data suggest that negative emotion influences how much and how well one can remember in WM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Xie
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ye
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Van't Westeinde A, Zimmermann M, Messina V, Karlsson L, Padilla N, Lajic S. Brain activity during visuospatial working memory in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Cortex 2023; 159:1-15. [PMID: 36603403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) require life-long replacement of cortisol. Problems with cognitive function, especially working memory, have previously been identified, but the long-term effects of this disease on brain function are unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigate brain activity during working memory in CAH compared to controls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine individuals with CAH (17 females) and 40 healthy controls (24 females), 16-33 years, from a single research institute, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while doing a verbal and visuospatial working memory task. RESULTS Individuals with CAH responded faster on the verbal task. Although we found no differences in BOLD response over the whole group, there were significant interactions with sex: CAH males had increased activity in the bilateral lateral superior occipital cortex, left supramarginal and angular gyri, left precuneus, left posterior cingulate cortex and bilateral cerebellum during decoding of the visuospatial task, while females showed decreased activity in these regions. CONCLUSIONS Long-term cortisol imbalances do not seem to have a major impact on the functional brain responses during working memory in CAH. However, activity of the left dorsal visual stream in particular might be affected depending on sex. As the task employed may have been relatively easy, larger studies using more complex tasks are needed to further investigate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van't Westeinde
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Zimmermann
- Section for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark; DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valeria Messina
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelly Padilla
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neonatology, Karolinska Vägen 8 (S3:03), SE- 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Lajic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit (QB83), Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Smits FM, Geuze E, de Kort GJ, Kouwer K, Geerlings L, van Honk J, Schutter DJ. Effects of Multisession Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Stress Regulation and Emotional Working Memory: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Military Personnel. Neuromodulation 2022:S1094-7159(22)00721-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Cho YT, Moujaes F, Schleifer CH, Starc M, Ji JL, Santamauro N, Adkinson B, Kolobaric A, Flynn M, Krystal JH, Murray JD, Repovs G, Anticevic A. Reward and loss incentives improve spatial working memory by shaping trial-by-trial posterior frontoparietal signals. Neuroimage 2022; 254:119139. [PMID: 35346841 PMCID: PMC9264479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating motivational signals with cognition is critical for goal-directed activities. The mechanisms that link neural changes with motivated working memory continue to be understood. Here, we tested how externally cued and non-cued (internally represented) reward and loss impact spatial working memory precision and neural circuits in human subjects using fMRI. We translated the classic delayed-response spatial working memory paradigm from non-human primate studies to take advantage of a continuous numeric measure of working memory precision, and the wealth of translational neuroscience yielded by these studies. Our results demonstrated that both cued and non-cued reward and loss improved spatial working memory precision. Visual association regions of the posterior prefrontal and parietal cortices, specifically the precentral sulcus (PCS) and intraparietal sulcus (IPS), had increased BOLD signal during incentivized spatial working memory. A subset of these regions had trial-by-trial increases in BOLD signal that were associated with better working memory precision, suggesting that these regions may be critical for linking neural signals with motivated working memory. In contrast, regions straddling executive networks, including areas in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior parietal cortex and cerebellum displayed decreased BOLD signal during incentivized working memory. While reward and loss similarly impacted working memory processes, they dissociated during feedback when money won or avoided in loss was given based on working memory performance. During feedback, the trial-by-trial amount and valence of reward/loss received was dissociated amongst regions such as the ventral striatum, habenula and periaqueductal gray. Overall, this work suggests motivated spatial working memory is supported by complex sensory processes, and that the IPS and PCS in the posterior frontoparietal cortices may be key regions for integrating motivational signals with spatial working memory precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun T Cho
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Yale University, Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Neuroscience Program, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Flora Moujaes
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Charles H Schleifer
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Jie Lisa Ji
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nicole Santamauro
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Brendan Adkinson
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Antonija Kolobaric
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Morgan Flynn
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - John H Krystal
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Yale University, NIAAA Center for Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - John D Murray
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Neuroscience Program, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Yale University, Department of Physics, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Grega Repovs
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Psychology
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Neuroscience Program, P.O. Box 208074, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; University of Zagreb, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce; Yale University, Department of Psychology, Box 208205, New Haven, CT, 06520-8205, USA; Yale University, NIAAA Center for Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, 34 Park Street, 3rd floor, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
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Yun JY, Lee YI, Park S, Choi JM, Choi SH, Jang JH. Functional activation of insula and dorsal anterior cingulate for conflict control against larger monetary loss in young adults with subthreshold depression: a preliminary study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6956. [PMID: 35484391 PMCID: PMC9050651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Subthreshold depression (StD) is associated with higher risk of later developing major depressive disorder (MDD). Deficits of goal-directed behaviors regarding the motional, motivational, and conflict control are found in MDD. The current study examined neural underpinning of conflict control against monetary punishment in StD compared to MDD and healthy controls (HC). Seventy-one participants (HC, n = 27; StD, n = 21; MDD, n = 23) in their mid-20's completed self-reports. Preprocessing of functional magnetic resonance imaging acquired for the Simon task against larger or smaller monetary punishment was conducted using ENIGMA HALFpipe version 1.2.1. Neural correlates of conflict control against monetary punishment that could vary with either diagnosis or PHQ-9 total score were examined using a general linear model of FSL. Simon effect was effective for reaction time and accuracy in every subgroup of diagnosis and regardless of the size of monetary punishment. Conflict control against larger monetary loss was associated with higher functional activation of left insula in StD than HC and MDD. StD showed lower functional activation of left dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) than MDD for conflict control against larger monetary loss. For conflict control against smaller monetary loss, StD demonstrated higher functional activation of left paracentral lobule and right putamen compared to HC. Directed acyclic graphs showed directional associations from suicidal ideation, sadness, and concentration difficulty to functional activation of paracentral lobule, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and thalamus for conflict control against monetary loss. Differential functional activation of insula and dACC for conflict control against larger monetary loss could be a brain phenotype of StD. Item-level depressive symptoms of suicidal ideation, sadness, and concentration difficulty could be reflected in the conflict control-related functional activation of paracentral lobule (against smaller monetary loss), vmPFC and thalamus (against larger monetary loss), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Choi
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Assecondi S, Villa-Sánchez B, Shapiro K. Event-Related Potentials as Markers of Efficacy for Combined Working Memory Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Regimens: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:837979. [PMID: 35547238 PMCID: PMC9083230 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.837979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our brains are often under pressure to process a continuous flow of information in a short time, therefore facing a constantly increasing demand for cognitive resources. Recent studies have highlighted that a lasting improvement of cognitive functions may be achieved by exploiting plasticity, i.e., the brain’s ability to adapt to the ever-changing cognitive demands imposed by the environment. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), when combined with cognitive training, can promote plasticity, amplify training gains and their maintenance over time. The availability of low-cost wearable devices has made these approaches more feasible, albeit the effectiveness of combined training regimens is still unclear. To quantify the effectiveness of such protocols, many researchers have focused on behavioral measures such as accuracy or reaction time. These variables only return a global, non-specific picture of the underlying cognitive process. Electrophysiology instead has the finer grained resolution required to shed new light on the time course of the events underpinning processes critical to cognitive control, and if and how these processes are modulated by concurrent tDCS. To the best of our knowledge, research in this direction is still very limited. We investigate the electrophysiological correlates of combined 3-day working memory training and non-invasive brain stimulation in young adults. We focus on event-related potentials (ERPs), instead of other features such as oscillations or connectivity, because components can be measured on as little as one electrode. ERP components are, therefore, well suited for use with home devices, usually equipped with a limited number of recording channels. We consider short-, mid-, and long-latency components typically elicited by working memory tasks and assess if and how the amplitude of these components are modulated by the combined training regimen. We found no significant effects of tDCS either behaviorally or in brain activity, as measured by ERPs. We concluded that either tDCS was ineffective (because of the specific protocol or the sample under consideration, i.e., young adults) or brain-related changes, if present, were too subtle. Therefore, we suggest that other measures of brain activity may be more appropriate/sensitive to training- and/or tDCS-induced modulations, such as network connectivity, especially in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Assecondi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Visual Experience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sara Assecondi, ,
| | | | - Kim Shapiro
- Visual Experience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Center for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Verschooren S, Schindler S, De Raedt R, Pourtois G. Early reduction of sensory processing within the visual cortex when switching from internal to external attention. Biol Psychol 2021; 163:108119. [PMID: 34019967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurocognitive process underlying attention switches between external (perception-based) and internal (memory-based) attention is poorly characterized. Previous research has found that when participants switch attention either between two perception-based tasks (within-domain switches) or between a memory- and a perception-based task (between-domain switches), a substantial and similar processing cost was observed compared to the repetition of the same task (Verschooren, Schindler, De Raedt, & Pourtois, 2019). Here, we recorded 64-channel EEG while participants carried out within- versus between-domain switches of attention. ERP results showed that during early sensory processing, a marked P1 attenuation was associated with both switch types, suggesting that switching was associated with an early bottleneck during information processing. This early gating effect was stronger when switching from an internal to an external task, compared to switching between external tasks, suggesting different top-down requirements for them. These findings are in line with earlier proposals in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Verschooren
- Cognitive & Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sebastian Schindler
- Cognitive & Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Psychopathology & Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Pourtois
- Cognitive & Affective Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Koan I, Nakagawa T, Chen C, Matsubara T, Lei H, Hagiwara K, Hirotsu M, Yamagata H, Nakagawa S. The Negative Association Between Positive Psychological Wellbeing and Loss Aversion. Front Psychol 2021; 12:641340. [PMID: 33815226 PMCID: PMC8012665 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When making decisions, people tend to overweigh the impact of losses compared to gains, a phenomenon known as loss aversion (LA). A moderate amount of LA may be adaptive as it is necessary for protecting oneself from danger. However, excessive LA may leave people few opportunities and ultimately lead to suboptimal outcomes. Despite frequent reports of elevated LA in specific populations such as patients with depression, little is known about what psychological characteristics are associated with the tendency of LA. Based on the neurobiological studies of LA, we hypothesized that positive psychological wellbeing may be negatively associated with people's tendency of LA. In the present study, we set out to test this hypothesis in a sample of young adults. We evaluated LA using a decision-making task in which subjects were asked to decide whether to accept or reject a series of coin-toss gambles. Our results revealed that individuals with more advanced personal growth as assessed by the Ryff's Psychological Well-being Inventory showed reduced LA. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating an association between positive psychological wellbeing and LA. These findings suggest that personal growth might be employed as interventional targets for correcting excessive LA in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibuki Koan
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakagawa
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Chong Chen
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsubara
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Huijie Lei
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hagiwara
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masako Hirotsu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yamagata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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14
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Kim J, Jeong B. Expecting social punishment facilitates control over a decision under uncertainty by recruiting medial prefrontal cortex. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1260-1270. [PMID: 33104801 PMCID: PMC7745153 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In many decision-making situations, sub-optimal choices are increased by uncertainty. However, when wrong choices could lead to social punishment, such as blame, people might try to improve their performance by minimizing sub-optimal choices, which could be achieved by increasing the subjective cost of errors, thereby globally reducing decision noise or reducing an uncertainty-induced component of decision noise. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 46 participants performed a choice task in which the probability of a correct choice with a given cue and the conditional probability of blame feedback (by making an incorrect choice) changed continuously. By comparing computational models of behaviour, we found that participants optimized their performance by preferentially reducing a component of decision noise associated with uncertainty. Simultaneously, expecting blame significantly deteriorated participants' mood. Model-based fMRI analyses and dynamic causal modelling indicate that the optimization mechanism based on the expectation of being blamed would be controlled by a neural circuit centred on the right medial prefrontal cortex. These results show novel behavioural and neural mechanisms regarding how humans optimize uncertain decisions under the expectation of being blamed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejoong Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Bumseok Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology and KI for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
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15
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Aminihajibashi S, Hagen T, Andreassen OA, Laeng B, Espeseth T. The effects of cognitive abilities and task demands on tonic and phasic pupil sizes. Biol Psychol 2020; 156:107945. [PMID: 32889001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on individual differences in pupil size of healthy individuals and their relation to performance have been inconclusive. Using a novel approach, we tested the effect of general cognitive abilities and level of task performance on pretrial baseline and task-evoked pupil (TEP) sizes (N = 116) while we manipulated the level of task demands using a multiple object tracking task. Results did not reveal an effect of general cognitive abilities, estimated by working memory capacity and gF scores, on either baseline or TEP sizes. In contrast, we found an interaction in TEP sizes between level of overall MOT performance and task demands. We propose that individual differences in TEP sizes are related to state-specific level of task performance and task demands, probably in combination with other factors like age, personality traits, and state-specific level of motivation and arousal. We also suggest methodological confounds that may cause the previous inconclusive findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hagen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Bjørknes College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Cubillo A, Makwana AB, Hare TA. Differential modulation of cognitive control networks by monetary reward and punishment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:305-317. [PMID: 30690563 PMCID: PMC6399610 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incentives are primary determinants of if and how well an organism will perform a given behavior. Here, we examined how incentive valence and magnitude influence task switching, a critical cognitive control process, and test the predictions that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the ventral striatum (vStr) function as key nodes linking motivation and control systems in the brain. Our results indicate that reward and punishment incentives have both common and distinct effects on cognitive control at the behavioral and neurobiological levels. For example, reward incentives led to greater activity in the ACC during the engagement of control relative to punishments. Furthermore, the neural responses to reward and punishment differed as a function of individual sensitivity to each incentive valence. Functional connectivity analyses suggest a role for vStr in signaling motivational value during cognitive control and as a potential link between motivation and control networks. Overall, our findings suggest that similar changes in observed behavior (e.g. response accuracy) under reward and punishment incentives are mediated by, at least partially, distinct neurobiological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cubillo
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aidan B Makwana
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Todd A Hare
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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He L, Zhuang K, Li Y, Sun J, Meng J, Zhu W, Mao Y, Chen Q, Chen X, Qiu J. Brain flexibility associated with need for cognition contributes to creative achievement. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13464. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
- School of Education Chongqing Normal University Chongqing China
| | - Kaixiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jiangzhou Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Wenfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Yu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Qunlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Education Chongqing Normal University Chongqing China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU) Ministry of Education Chongqing China
- Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
- Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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18
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Filetti M, Barral O, Jacucci G, Ravaja N. Motivational intensity and visual word search: Layout matters. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218926. [PMID: 31335873 PMCID: PMC6650057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivational intensity has been previously linked to information processing. In particular, it has been argued that affects which are high in motivational intensity tend to narrow cognitive scope. A similar effect has been attributed to negative affect, which has been linked to narrowing of cognitive scope. In this paper, we investigated how these phenomena manifest themselves during visual word search. We conducted three studies in which participants were instructed to perform word category identification. We manipulated motivational intensity by controlling reward expectations and affect via reward outcomes. Importantly, we altered visual search paradigms, assessing the effects of affective manipulations as modulated by information arrangement. We recorded multiple physiological signals (EEG, EDA, ECG and eye tracking) to assess whether motivational states can be predicted by physiology. Across the three studies, we found that high motivational intensity narrowed visual attentional scope by altering visual search strategies, especially when information was displayed sparsely. Instead, when information was vertically listed, approach-directed motivational intensity appeared to improve memory encoding. We also observed that physiology, in particular eye tracking, may be used to detect biases induced by motivational intensity, especially when information is sparsely organised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Filetti
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Oswald Barral
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulio Jacucci
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Ravaja
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Information and Service Economy, School of Business, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Aminihajibashi S, Hagen T, Foldal MD, Laeng B, Espeseth T. Individual differences in resting-state pupil size: Evidence for association between working memory capacity and pupil size variability. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 140:1-7. [PMID: 30894328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic non-luminance-mediated changes in pupil diameter have frequently been shown to be a reliable index for the level of arousal, mental effort, and activity in the locus coeruleus, the brainstem's noradrenergic arousal center. While pupillometry has most commonly been used to assess the level of arousal in particular psychological states or the level of engagement in cognitive tasks, some recent studies have found a relationship between average resting-state (i.e. baseline) pupil sizes and individuals' working memory capacity (WMC), indicating that individuals with higher WMC on average have larger pupils than individuals with relatively lower WMC. In the present study, we measured pupil size continuously in 212 participants during rest (i.e. while fixating) and estimated WMC in all participants by administering the Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) task from WAIS-III. We were unable to replicate the relation between average pupil size and WMC. However, the novel finding was that higher WMC was associated with higher variability in resting-state pupil size. The present results are relevant for the current debate on the role of noradrenergic activity on working memory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hagen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maja Dyhre Foldal
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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20
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Women’s Attention to and Memory for Fertile- and Non-Fertile Phase Women Across the Menstrual Cycle. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ladouceur CD, Schlund MW, Segreti AM. Positive reinforcement modulates fronto-limbic systems subserving emotional interference in adolescents. Behav Brain Res 2018; 338:109-117. [PMID: 29079512 PMCID: PMC6338073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fronto-limbic systems play an important role in supporting resistance to emotional distraction to promote goal-directed behavior. Despite evidence that alterations in the functioning of these systems are implicated in developmental trajectories of psychopathology, most studies have been conducted in adults. This study examined the functioning of fronto-limbic systems subserving emotional interference in adolescents and whether differential reinforcement of correct responding can modulate these neural systems in ways that could promote resistance to emotional distraction. Fourteen healthy adolescents (ages 9-15) completed an emotional delayed working memory task during fMRI with emotional distracters (none, neutral, negative) while positive reinforcement (i.e., monetary reward) was provided for correct responses under some conditions. Adolescents showed slightly reduced behavioral performance and greater activation in amygdala and prefrontal cortical regions (ventrolateral, ventromedial, dorsolateral) on correct trials with negative distracters compared to those with no or neutral distracters. Positive reinforcement yielded an overall improvement in accuracy and reaction times and counteracted the effects of negative distracters as evidenced by significant reductions in activation in key fronto-limbic regions. The present findings extend results on emotional interference from adults to adolescents and suggest that positive reinforcement could be used to potentially promote insulation from emotional distraction. A challenge for the future will be to build upon these findings for constructing reinforcement-based attention training programs that could be used to reduce emotional attention biases in anxious youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile D Ladouceur
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Michael W Schlund
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Anna-Maria Segreti
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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22
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Young LR, Yu W, Holloway M, Rodgers BN, Chapman SB, Krawczyk DC. Amygdala activation as a marker for selective attention toward neutral faces in a chronic traumatic brain injury population. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:214-222. [PMID: 28844425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been great interest in characterizing the response of the amygdala to emotional faces, especially in the context of social cognition. Although amygdala activation is most often associated with fearful or angry stimuli, there is considerable evidence that the response of the amygdala to neutral faces is both robust and reliable. This characteristic of amygdala function is of particular interest in the context of assessing populations with executive function deficits, such as traumatic brain injuries, which can be evaluated using fMRI attention modulation tasks that evaluate prefrontal control over representations, notably faces. The current study tested the hypothesis that the amygdala may serve as a marker of selective attention to neutral faces. Using fMRI, we gathered data within a chronic traumatic brain injury population. Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal change within the left and right amygdalae and fusiform face areas was measured while participants viewed neutral faces and scenes, under conditions requiring participants to (1) categorize pictures of faces and scenes, (2) selectively attend to either faces or scenes, or (3) attend to both faces and scenes. Findings revealed that the amygdala is an effective marker for selective attention to neutral faces and, furthermore, it was more face-specific than the fusiform face area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne R Young
- University of Texas at Dallas Center for Brain Health, 2200 Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, United States.
| | - Weikei Yu
- University of Texas at Dallas Center for Brain Health, 2200 Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, United States.
| | - Michael Holloway
- University of Texas at Dallas Center for Brain Health, 2200 Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, United States.
| | - Barry N Rodgers
- University of Texas at Dallas Center for Brain Health, 2200 Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, United States.
| | - Sandra B Chapman
- University of Texas at Dallas Center for Brain Health, 2200 Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, United States.
| | - Daniel C Krawczyk
- University of Texas at Dallas Center for Brain Health, 2200 Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, United States.
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23
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Huang D, Chen S, Wang S, Shi J, Ye H, Luo J, Zheng H. Activation of the DLPFC Reveals an Asymmetric Effect in Risky Decision Making: Evidence from a tDCS Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:38. [PMID: 28174549 PMCID: PMC5258744 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of loss aversion (the tendency for losses to have a greater impact than comparable gains) has long been observed in daily life. Neurocognitive studies and brain imaging studies have shed light on the correlation between the phenomenon of loss aversion and the brain region of the prefrontal cortex. Recent brain stimulation studies using bilateral transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have obtained various results showing the causal relationship between brain regions and decision making. With the goal of studying whether unilateral stimulation can change participants’ risky decision making in the frames of gains and losses, we applied different polarities of tDCS over the regions of the right or left prefrontal cortex. We also designed a risk measurement table (Multiple Price List) to reflect the participants’ attitudes toward risky decision making via the crossover point including the frames of gains and losses. The results of our experiment indicated that the participants tended to be more risk averse in the gain frame after receiving left anodal tDCS and more risk seeking in the loss frame after receiving right cathodal tDCS, which was consistent with the hypothesis that the process of risky decision making was correlated with the interaction of multiple systems in the brain. Our conclusion revealed an asymmetric effect of right/left DLPFC when the participants faced gains and losses, which partially provided the neural evidence and a feasible paradigm to help better understand risky decision making and loss aversion. The current study can not only expand the traditional understanding of the behavioral preferences of humans in economics but also accommodate empirical observations of behavioral economists on the preferences of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Huang
- School of Economics and Interdisciplinary Center for Social Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Chen
- School of Economics and Interdisciplinary Center for Social Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Economics and Interdisciplinary Center for Social Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinchuan Shi
- Academy of Financial Research, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Ye
- School of Economics and Interdisciplinary Center for Social Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China; School of Economics, Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Neuro and Behavior EconLab, Zhejiang University of Finance and EconomicsHangzhou, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Economics, Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Neuro and Behavior EconLab, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoli Zheng
- School of Economics, Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Neuro and Behavior EconLab, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Hangzhou, China
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24
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Abstract
Recent methodological and conceptual advances have led to a fundamental reappraisal of the nature of visual working memory (WM). A large corpus of evidence now suggests that there might not be a hard limit on the number of items that can be stored. Instead, WM may be better captured by a highly limited––but flexible––resource model. More resource can be allocated to prioritized items but, crucially, at a cost of reduced recall precision for other stored items. Expectations may modulate resource distribution, for example, through neural oscillations in the alpha band increasing inhibition of irrelevant cortical regions. Our understanding of the neural architecture of WM is also undergoing radical revision. Whereas the prefrontal cortex has previously dominated research endeavors, other cortical regions, such as early visual areas, are now considered to make an essential contribution, for example holding one or more items in a privileged state or “focus of attention” within WM. By contrast, the striatum is increasingly viewed as crucial in determining why and how items are gated into memory, while the hippocampus, it has controversially been argued, might be critical in the formation of temporally resilient conjunctions across features of stored items in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean James Fallon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nahid Zokaei
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Howard-Jones PA, Jay T, Mason A, Jones H. Gamification of Learning Deactivates the Default Mode Network. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1891. [PMID: 26779054 PMCID: PMC4705349 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that embedding educational learning in a game would improve learning outcomes, with increased engagement and recruitment of cognitive resources evidenced by increased activation of working memory network (WMN) and deactivation of default mode network (DMN) regions. In an fMRI study, we compared activity during periods of learning in three conditions that were increasingly game-like: Study-only (when periods of learning were followed by an exemplar question together with its correct answer), Self-quizzing (when periods of learning were followed by a multiple choice question in return for a fixed number of points) and Game-based (when, following each period of learning, participants competed with a peer to answer the question for escalating, uncertain rewards). DMN hubs deactivated as conditions became more game-like, alongside greater self-reported engagement and, in the Game-based condition, higher learning scores. These changes did not occur with any detectable increase in WMN activity. Additionally, ventral striatal activation was associated with responding to questions and receiving positive question feedback. Results support the significance of DMN deactivation for educational learning, and are aligned with recent evidence suggesting DMN and WMN activity may not always be anti-correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Jay
- Sheffield Institute of Education, Sheffield Hallam UniversitySheffield, UK
| | - Alice Mason
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - Harvey Jones
- Graduate School of Education, University of BristolBristol, UK
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26
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Are the carrot and the stick the two sides of same coin? A neural examination of approach/avoidance motivation during cognitive performance. Behav Brain Res 2015. [PMID: 26213335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Paschke LM, Walter H, Steimke R, Ludwig VU, Gaschler R, Schubert T, Stelzel C. Motivation by potential gains and losses affects control processes via different mechanisms in the attentional network. Neuroimage 2015; 111:549-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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28
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The default mode network and the working memory network are not anti-correlated during all phases of a working memory task. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123354. [PMID: 25848951 PMCID: PMC4388669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The default mode network and the working memory network are known to be anti-correlated during sustained cognitive processing, in a load-dependent manner. We hypothesized that functional connectivity among nodes of the two networks could be dynamically modulated by task phases across time. Methods To address the dynamic links between default mode network and the working memory network, we used a delayed visuo-spatial working memory paradigm, which allowed us to separate three different phases of working memory (encoding, maintenance, and retrieval), and analyzed the functional connectivity during each phase within and between the default mode network and the working memory network networks. Results We found that the two networks are anti-correlated only during the maintenance phase of working memory, i.e. when attention is focused on a memorized stimulus in the absence of external input. Conversely, during the encoding and retrieval phases, when the external stimulation is present, the default mode network is positively coupled with the working memory network, suggesting the existence of a dynamically switching of functional connectivity between “task-positive” and “task-negative” brain networks. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the well-established dichotomy of the human brain (anti-correlated networks during rest and balanced activation-deactivation during cognition) has a more nuanced organization than previously thought and engages in different patterns of correlation and anti-correlation during specific sub-phases of a cognitive task. This nuanced organization reinforces the hypothesis of a direct involvement of the default mode network in cognitive functions, as represented by a dynamic rather than static interaction with specific task-positive networks, such as the working memory network.
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The influence of monetary incentives on context processing in younger and older adults: an event-related potential study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 15:416-34. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wittmann BC, D'Esposito M. Levodopa administration modulates striatal processing of punishment-associated items in healthy participants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:135-44. [PMID: 24923987 PMCID: PMC4265314 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Appetitive and aversive processes share a number of features such as their relevance for action and learning. On a neural level, reward and its predictors are associated with increased firing of dopaminergic neurons, whereas punishment processing has been linked to the serotonergic system and to decreases in dopamine transmission. Recent data indicate, however, that the dopaminergic system also responds to aversive stimuli and associated actions. OBJECTIVES In this pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we investigated the contribution of the dopaminergic system to reward and punishment processing in humans. METHODS Two groups of participants received either placebo or the dopamine precursor levodopa and were scanned during alternating reward and punishment anticipation blocks. RESULTS Levodopa administration increased striatal activations for cues presented in punishment blocks. In an interaction with individual personality scores, levodopa also enhanced striatal activation for punishment-predictive compared with neutral cues in participants scoring higher on the novelty-seeking dimension. CONCLUSIONS These data support recent indications that dopamine contributes to punishment processing and suggest that the novelty-seeking trait is a measure of susceptibility to drug effects on motivation. These findings are also consistent with the possibility of an inverted U-shaped response function of dopamine in the striatum, suggesting an optimal level of dopamine release for motivational processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Wittmann
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,
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Lydon DM, Roberts NJ, Geier CF. Reduced Influence of Monetary Incentives on Go/NoGo Performance During Smoking Abstinence. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:1178-81. [PMID: 25542919 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smokers may experience decreased sensitivity to nondrug incentives during acute smoking deprivation. This decreased sensitivity may undermine attempts to encourage continued abstinence by enhancing cognitive processes through the use of monetary incentives. This study assessed whether the capacity for monetary incentives to enhance cognitive performance was compromised in nicotine-deprived smokers. METHOD Eighteen smokers performed an incentivized Go/NoGo task on 2 occasions, once after smoking as usual prior to the session, and once after undergoing 12-hr abstinence. Participants could earn up to $5.00 ($2.50 per session) based on their performance on reward blocks of the Go/NoGo task. RESULTS Performance was significantly more accurate on incentivized NoGo, frequent-Go, and infrequent-Go trials relative to neutral trials during the smoke as usual session. Participants also produced fewer premature, impulsive responses on rewarded versus neutral blocks during the smoke as usual session. No significant difference between reward and neutral blocks was observed on any of the 4 performance indices during the abstinent session. CONCLUSIONS The ability for monetary incentives to enhance inhibitory control may be compromised during acute abstinence in smokers. These findings may have implications for contingency management treatment programs which are thought to promote continued abstinence partly by facilitating the allocation of cognitive resources to processes that encourage continued abstinence by increasing the value associated with continued abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lydon
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Nicole J Roberts
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Charles F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Fallon SJ, Cools R. Reward Acts on the pFC to Enhance Distractor Resistance of Working Memory Representations. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2812-26. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Working memory and reward processing are often thought to be separate, unrelated processes. However, most daily activities involve integrating these two types of information, and the two processes rarely, if ever, occur in isolation. Here, we show that working memory and reward interact in a task-dependent manner and that this task-dependent interaction involves modulation of the pFC by the ventral striatum. Specifically, BOLD signal during gains relative to losses in the ventral striatum and pFC was associated not only with enhanced distractor resistance but also with impairment in the ability to update working memory representations. Furthermore, the effect of reward on working memory was accompanied by differential coupling between the ventral striatum and ignore-related regions in the pFC. Together, these data demonstrate that reward-related signals modulate the balance between cognitive stability and cognitive flexibility by altering functional coupling between the ventral striatum and the pFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roshan Cools
- 1Radboud University Nijmegen
- 2Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen
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Jones KT, Gözenman F, Berryhill ME. The strategy and motivational influences on the beneficial effect of neurostimulation: a tDCS and fNIRS study. Neuroimage 2014; 105:238-47. [PMID: 25462798 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity falls along a spectrum with some people demonstrating higher and others lower WM capacity. Efforts to improve WM include applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in which small amounts of current modulate the activity of underlying neurons and enhance cognitive function. However, not everyone benefits equally from a given tDCS protocol. Recent findings revealed tDCS-related WM benefits for individuals with higher working memory (WM) capacity. Here, we test two hypotheses regarding those with low WM capacity to see if they too would benefit under more optimal conditions. We tested whether supplying a WM strategy (Experiment 1) or providing greater extrinsic motivation through incentives (Experiment 2) would restore tDCS benefit to the low WM capacity group. We also employed functional near infrared spectroscopy to monitor tDCS-induced changes in neural activity. Experiment 1 demonstrated that supplying a WM strategy improved the high WM capacity participants' accuracy and the amount of oxygenated blood levels following anodal tDCS, but it did not restore tDCS-linked WM benefits to the low WM capacity group. Experiment 2 demonstrated that financial motivation enhanced performance in both low and high WM capacity groups, especially after anodal tDCS. Here, only the low WM capacity participants showed a generalized increase in oxygenated blood flow across both low and high motivation conditions. These results indicate that ensuring that participants' incentives are high may expand cognitive benefits associated with tDCS. This finding is relevant for translational work using tDCS in clinical populations, in which motivation can be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Jones
- Department of Psychology, Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, NV 89557, USA; Department of Neurology, Center for Aphasia Research and Rehabilitation, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA.
| | - Filiz Gözenman
- Department of Psychology, Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, NV 89557, USA
| | - Marian E Berryhill
- Department of Psychology, Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, NV 89557, USA
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Jones KT, Gözenman F, Berryhill ME. Influences on the beneficial effect of neurostimulation. VISUAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2014.960728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Paulsen DJ, Hallquist MN, Geier CF, Luna B. Effects of incentives, age, and behavior on brain activation during inhibitory control: a longitudinal fMRI study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 11:105-15. [PMID: 25284272 PMCID: PMC4323861 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward-modulated cognitive control is supported by amygdalar incentive processing. NAcc activation supports inhibitory control in youths. NAcc activation hinders inhibitory control in adults.
We investigated changes in brain function supporting inhibitory control under age-controlled incentivized conditions, separating age- and performance-related activation in an accelerated longitudinal design including 10- to 22-year-olds. Better inhibitory control correlated with striatal activation during neutral trials, while Age X Behavior interactions in the striatum indicated that in the absence of extrinsic incentives, younger subjects with greater reward circuitry activation successfully engage in greater inhibitory control. Age was negatively correlated with ventral amygdala activation during Loss trials, suggesting that amygdala function more strongly mediates bottom-up processing earlier in development when controlling the negative aspects of incentives to support inhibitory control. Together, these results indicate that with development, reward-modulated cognitive control may be supported by incentive processing transitions in the amygdala, and from facilitative to obstructive striatal function during inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Paulsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States.
| | | | - Charles F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States
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Abstract
Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with a surge of new studies examining the interface of motivation and cognitive control. In the present article we survey research situated at this interface, considering work from cognitive and social psychology and behavioral economics, but with a particular focus on neuroscience research. We organize existing findings into three core areas, considering them in the light of currently vying theoretical perspectives. Based on the accumulated evidence, we advocate for a view of control function that treats it as a domain of reward-based decision making. More broadly, we argue that neuroscientific evidence plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms by which motivation and cognitive control interact. Opportunities for further cross-fertilization between behavioral and neuroscientific research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Botvinick
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540;
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Kim SM, Han DH, Min KJ, Kim BN, Cheong JH. Brain activation in response to craving- and aversion-inducing cues related to alcohol in patients with alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 141:124-31. [PMID: 24939441 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episodes of alcohol consumption produce use-limiting aversive effects as well as use-promoting euphoric effects. The brain regions associated with the reward circuit in patients with alcohol dependence (PAD) show signs of conditioning for alcohol craving. Alternatively, brain structures in the medial temporal region are known to be crucial for aversive conditioning. In this study, we compare differences in patterns of brain activation in response to cues that induce cravings versus aversion in PAD. METHODS Thirty-eight PAD and 26 healthy volunteers were administered cue reactivity tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain response to craving-inducing cues (CIC) and aversion-inducing cues (AIC). RESULTS Activation of the right medial frontal gyrus (right orbitofrontal cortex) during CIC was greater in PAD than in healthy volunteers. Participants in the PAD group displayed less activation in the right amygdala and the right middle temporal gyrus during AIC than did the healthy volunteers. Brain reactivity within the right medial frontal gyrus in response to CIC was positively correlated with the scores of PAD on the Korean Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ-K) and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST). Reactivity within the amygdala in response to AIC was negatively correlated with AUQ-K scores among PAD. CONCLUSION The dysfunction of the orbitofrontal cortex that results from repeated exposure to alcohol accounts for craving and relapse in PAD. Additionally, PAD seem to be less sensitive to cues related to aversive consequences of alcohol overuse in comparison with healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Joon Min
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Samyook University, Gongneung 2-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea.
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Human trace fear conditioning: right-lateralized cortical activity supports trace-interval processes. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 13:225-37. [PMID: 23263840 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pavlovian conditioning requires the convergence and simultaneous activation of neural circuitry that supports conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) processes. However, in trace conditioning, the CS and US are separated by a period of time called the trace interval, and thus do not overlap. Therefore, determining brain regions that support associative learning by maintaining a CS representation during the trace interval is an important issue for conditioning research. Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has identified brain regions that support trace-conditioning processes. However, relatively little is known about whether this activity is specific to the trace CS, the trace interval, or both periods of time. The present study was designed to disentangle the hemodynamic response produced by the trace CS from that associated with the trace interval, in order to identify learning-related activation during these distinct components of a trace-conditioning trial. Trace-conditioned activity was observed within dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsolateral PFC, insula, inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and posterior cingulate (PCC). Each of these regions showed learning-related activity during the trace CS, while trace-interval activity was only observed within a subset of these areas (i.e., dorsomedial PFC, PCC, right dorsolateral PFC, right IPL, right superior/middle temporal gyrus, and bilateral insula). Trace-interval activity was greater in right than in left dorsolateral PFC, IPL, and superior/middle temporal gyrus. These findings indicate that components of the prefrontal, cingulate, insular, and parietal cortices support trace-interval processes, as well as suggesting that a right-lateralized fronto-parietal circuit may play a unique role in trace conditioning.
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