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Sun D, Xie C, Zhao Y, Liao J, Li S, Zhang Y, Wang D, Hua K, Gu Y, Du J, Huang G, Huang J. The gut microbiota-bile acid axis in cholestatic liver disease. Mol Med 2024; 30:104. [PMID: 39030473 PMCID: PMC11265038 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases (CLD) are characterized by impaired normal bile flow, culminating in excessive accumulation of toxic bile acids. The majority of patients with CLD ultimately progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatic failure, necessitating liver transplantation due to the lack of effective treatment. Recent investigations have underscored the pivotal role of the gut microbiota-bile acid axis in the progression of hepatic fibrosis via various pathways. The obstruction of bile drainage can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier, leading to bacteria translocation. The microbial translocation activates the immune response and promotes liver fibrosis progression. The identification of therapeutic targets for modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid axis represents a promising strategy to ameliorate or perhaps reverse liver fibrosis in CLD. This review focuses on the mechanisms in the gut microbiota-bile acids axis in CLD and highlights potential therapeutic targets, aiming to lay a foundation for innovative treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Sun
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Chuanping Xie
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Junmin Liao
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Dingding Wang
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Kaiyun Hua
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yichao Gu
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jingbin Du
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Guoxian Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361000, China
| | - Jinshi Huang
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nalishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
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Jin W, Zheng M, Chen Y, Xiong H. Update on the development of TGR5 agonists for human diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116462. [PMID: 38691888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) or TGR5 is widely distributed across organs, including the small intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder. Many studies have established strong correlations between TGR5 and glucose homeostasis, energy metabolism, immune-inflammatory responses, and gastrointestinal functions. These results indicate that TGR5 has a significant impact on the progression of tumor development and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. Targeting TGR5 represents an encouraging therapeutic approach for treating associated human ailments. Notably, the GLP-1 receptor has shown exceptional efficacy in clinical settings for diabetes management and weight loss promotion. Currently, numerous TGR5 agonists have been identified through natural product-based approaches and virtual screening methods, with some successfully progressing to clinical trials. This review summarizes the intricate relationships between TGR5 and various diseases emphasizing recent advancements in research on TGR5 agonists, including their structural characteristics, design tactics, and biological activities. We anticipate that this meticulous review could facilitate the expedited discovery and optimization of novel TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangrui Jin
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Hai Xiong
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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de Haan LR, van Golen RF, Heger M. Molecular Pathways Governing the Termination of Liver Regeneration. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:500-558. [PMID: 38697856 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate, and up to 70% of the liver can be removed without detrimental consequences to the organism. Liver regeneration is a complex process involving multiple signaling networks and organs. Liver regeneration proceeds through three phases: the initiation phase, the growth phase, and the termination phase. Termination of liver regeneration occurs when the liver reaches a liver-to-body weight that is required for homeostasis, the so-called "hepatostat." The initiation and growth phases have been the subject of many studies. The molecular pathways that govern the termination phase, however, remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the pathways and molecules that signal the cessation of liver regrowth after partial hepatectomy and answers the question, "What factors drive the hepatostat?" SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Unraveling the pathways underlying the cessation of liver regeneration enables the identification of druggable targets that will allow us to gain pharmacological control over liver regeneration. For these purposes, it would be useful to understand why the regenerative capacity of the liver is hampered under certain pathological circumstances so as to artificially modulate the regenerative processes (e.g., by blocking the cessation pathways) to improve clinical outcomes and safeguard the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
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Li T, Hasan MN, Gu L. Bile acids regulation of cellular stress responses in liver physiology and diseases. EGASTROENTEROLOGY 2024; 2:e100074. [PMID: 39027418 PMCID: PMC11257078 DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2024-100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are physiological detergents and signalling molecules that are critically implicated in liver health and diseases. Dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis alters cell function and causes cell injury in chronic liver diseases. Therapeutic agents targeting bile acid synthesis, transport and signalling hold great potential for treatment of chronic liver diseases. The broad cellular and physiological impacts of pharmacological manipulations of bile acid metabolism are still incompletely understood. Recent research has discovered new links of bile acid signalling to the regulation of autophagy and lysosome biology, redox homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These are well-conserved mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to nutrient and organelle stresses and play critical roles in maintaining cellular integrity and promoting survival. However, dysregulation of these cellular pathways is often observed in chronic liver diseases, which exacerbates cellular dysfunction to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Therefore, identification of these novel links has significantly advanced our knowledge of bile acid biology and physiology, which is needed to understand the contributions of bile acid dysregulation in disease pathogenesis, establish bile acids as diagnostic markers and develop bile acid-based pharmacological interventions. In this review, we will first discuss the roles of bile acid dysregulation in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, and then discuss the recent findings on the crosstalk of bile acid signalling and cellular stress responses. Future investigations are needed to better define the roles of these crosstalks in regulating cellular function and disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lijie Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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5
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Zhang M, Xiao B, Chen X, Ou B, Wang S. Physical exercise plays a role in rebalancing the bile acids of enterohepatic axis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14065. [PMID: 38037846 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common diseases of lipid metabolism disorders, which is closely related to bile acids disorders and gut microbiota disorders. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and processed by gut microbiota in intestinal tract, and participate in metabolic regulation through the enterohepatic circulation. Bile acids not only promote the consumption and absorption of intestinal fat but also play an important role in biological metabolic signaling network, affecting fat metabolism and glucose metabolism. Studies have demonstrated that exercise plays an important role in regulating the composition and function of bile acid pool in enterohepatic axis, which maintains the homeostasis of the enterohepatic circulation and the health of the host gut microbiota. Exercise has been recommended by several health guidelines as the first-line intervention for patients with NAFLD. Can exercise alter bile acids through the microbiota in the enterohepatic axis? If so, regulating bile acids through exercise may be a promising treatment strategy for NAFLD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this potential connection are largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we tried to review the relationship among NAFLD, physical exercise, bile acids, and gut microbiota through the existing data and literature, highlighting the role of physical exercise in rebalancing bile acid and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyang Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Lallement J, Raho I, Merlen G, Rainteau D, Croyal M, Schiffano M, Kassis N, Doignon I, Soty M, Lachkar F, Krempf M, Van Hul M, Cani PD, Foufelle F, Amouyal C, Le Stunff H, Magnan C, Tordjmann T, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C. Hepatic deletion of serine palmitoyl transferase 2 impairs ceramide/sphingomyelin balance, bile acids homeostasis and leads to liver damage in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159333. [PMID: 37224999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides (Cer) have been shown as lipotoxic inducers, which disturb numerous cell-signaling pathways, leading to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of de novo hepatic ceramide synthesis in energy and liver homeostasis in mice. We generated mice lacking serine palmitoyltransferase 2 (Sptlc2), the rate limiting enzyme of ceramide de novo synthesis, in liver under albumin promoter. Liver function, glucose homeostasis, bile acid (BA) metabolism and hepatic sphingolipids content were assessed using metabolic tests and LC-MS. Despite lower expression of hepatic Sptlc2, we observed an increased concentration of hepatic Cer, associated with a 10-fold increase in neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) expression, and a decreased sphingomyelin content in the liver. Sptlc2ΔLiv mice were protected against obesity induced by high fat diet and displayed a defect in lipid absorption. In addition, an important increase in tauro-muricholic acid was associated with a downregulation of the nuclear BA receptor FXR target genes. Sptlc2 deficiency also enhanced glucose tolerance and attenuated hepatic glucose production, while the latter effect was dampened in presence of nSMase2 inhibitor. Finally, Sptlc2 disruption promoted apoptosis, inflammation and progressive development of hepatic fibrosis, worsening with age. Our data suggest a compensatory mechanism to regulate hepatic ceramides content from sphingomyelin hydrolysis, with deleterious impact on liver homeostasis. In addition, our results show the involvement of hepatic sphingolipid modulation in BA metabolism and hepatic glucose production in an insulin-independent manner, which highlight the still under-researched role of ceramides in many metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lallement
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ilyès Raho
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Biochemistry Department, Paris, France
| | - Mikael Croyal
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, F-44000 Nantes, France; Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse du CRNH-O, UMR1280, Nantes, France
| | - Melody Schiffano
- Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse du CRNH-O, UMR1280, Nantes, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Maud Soty
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Floriane Lachkar
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain (Université catholique de Louvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO) department, WEL Research Institute (WELRI), avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain (Université catholique de Louvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO) department, WEL Research Institute (WELRI), avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Amouyal
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris Saclay, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
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Golchin A, Ranjbarvan P, Parviz S, Shokati A, Naderi R, Rasmi Y, Kiani S, Moradi F, Heidari F, Saltanatpour Z, Alizadeh A. The role of probiotics in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2023; 18:635-657. [PMID: 37492007 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) as an emerging field is a multidisciplinary science and combines basic sciences such as biomaterials science, biology, genetics and medical sciences to achieve functional TERM-based products to regenerate or replace damaged or diseased tissues or organs. Probiotics are useful microorganisms which have multiple effective functions on human health. They have some immunomodulatory and biocompatibility effects and improve wound healing. In this article, we describe the latest findings on probiotics and their pro-healing properties on various body systems that are useable in regenerative medicine. Therefore, this review presents a new perspective on the therapeutic potential of probiotics for TERM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Golchin
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Cellular & Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Parviz Ranjbarvan
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Cellular & Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Shima Parviz
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied cell sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Amene Shokati
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Roya Naderi
- Neurophysiology Research center & Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center & Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Samaneh Kiani
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Faezeh Moradi
- Department of Tissue engineering, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Zohreh Saltanatpour
- Pediatric Cell & Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center & Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 35147-99422, Iran
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Zhao Y, Wei S, Chen L, Zhou X, Ma X. Primary biliary cholangitis: molecular pathogenesis perspectives and therapeutic potential of natural products. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1164202. [PMID: 37457696 PMCID: PMC10349375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1164202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic immune liver disease characterized by persistent cholestasis, interlobular bile duct damage, portal inflammation, liver fibrosis, eventual cirrhosis, and death. Existing clinical and animal studies have made a good progress in bile acid metabolism, intestinal flora disorder inflammatory response, bile duct cell damage, and autoimmune response mechanisms. However, the pathogenesis of PBC has not been clearly elucidated. We focus on the pathological mechanism and new drug research and development of PBC in clinical and laboratory in the recent 20 years, to discuss the latest understanding of the pathological mechanism, treatment options, and drug discovery of PBC. Current clinical treatment mode and symptomatic drug support obviously cannot meet the urgent demand of patients with PBC, especially for the patients who do not respond to the current treatment drugs. New treatment methods are urgently needed. Drug candidates targeting reported targets or signals of PBC are emerging, albeit with some success and some failure. Single-target drugs cannot achieve ideal clinical efficacy. Multitarget drugs are the trend of future research and development of PBC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lisheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Ma JT, Xia S, Zhang BK, Luo F, Guo L, Yang Y, Gong H, Yan M. The pharmacology and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in promoting liver regeneration: A new therapeutic option. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154893. [PMID: 37236047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is renowned for its remarkable regenerative capacity to restore its structure, size and function after various types of liver injury. However, in patients with end-stage liver disease, the regenerative capacity is inhibited and liver transplantation is the only option. Considering the limitations of liver transplantation, promoting liver regeneration is suggested as a new therapeutic strategy for liver disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of preventing and treating various liver diseases, and some of them have been proven to be effective in promoting liver regeneration, suggesting the therapeutic potential in liver diseases. PURPOSE This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration and the pro-regenerative activity and mechanism of TCM formulas, extracts and active ingredients. METHODS We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases using "TCM", "liver regeneration" or their synonyms as keywords, and classified and summarized the retrieved literature. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS Forty-one research articles met the themes of this review and previous critical studies were also reviewed to provide essential background information. Current evidences indicate that various TCM formulas, extracts and active ingredients have the effect on stimulating liver regeneration through modulating JAK/STAT, Hippo, PI3K/Akt and other signaling pathways. Besides, the mechanisms of liver regeneration, the limitation of existing studies and the application prospect of TCM to promote liver regeneration are also outlined and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION This review supports TCM as new potential therapeutic options for promoting liver regeneration and repair of the failing liver, although extensive pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies, as well as elaborate clinical trials, are still needed to demonstrate safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ting Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Fen Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China.
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China; International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China.
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Zeng J, Fan J, Zhou H. Bile acid-mediated signaling in cholestatic liver diseases. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:77. [PMID: 37120573 PMCID: PMC10149012 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are associated with bile stasis and gradually progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure, which requires liver transplantation. Although ursodeoxycholic acid is effective in slowing the disease progression of PBC, it has limited efficacy in PSC patients. It is challenging to develop effective therapeutic agents due to the limited understanding of disease pathogenesis. During the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that disruption of bile acid (BA) metabolism and intrahepatic circulation promotes the progression of cholestatic liver diseases. BAs not only play an essential role in nutrition absorption as detergents but also play an important role in regulating hepatic metabolism and modulating immune responses as key signaling molecules. Several excellent papers have recently reviewed the role of BAs in metabolic liver diseases. This review focuses on BA-mediated signaling in cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and Richmond VA Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA, 23298-0678, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia and Richmond VA Medical Center, Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 East Broad Street, MMRB-5044, Richmond, VA, 23298-0678, USA.
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11
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Sun L, Li F, Tan W, Zhao W, Li Y, Zhu X, Gao P, Shu G, Wang S, Jiang Q, Wang L. Lithocholic acid promotes skeletal muscle regeneration through the TGR5 receptor. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:51-61. [PMID: 36647725 PMCID: PMC10157625 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
<p indent="0mm">Lithocholic acid (LCA) is a classical secondary bile acid formed by the metabolism of gut microbiota. The TGR5 receptor (also known as G protein-coupled receptor 1, GPBAR1) is an important bile acid membrane receptor that mediates a variety of metabolic processes <italic>in vivo</italic>. In recent years, most studies have focused on the role of bile acid receptors in the intestine and liver. However, there are few reports on its effect on skeletal muscle regeneration, and the specific mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanism of the TGR5 receptor in the regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration. The results demonstrate that muscle injection with LCA significantly reduces the necrosis rate of injured muscle and improves muscle injury. Moreover, treatment of C2C12 cells with LCA significantly increases AKT/mTOR/FoxO3 phosphorylation through the TGR5 receptor, enhances MyoG transcription and reduces FBXO32 transcription. These findings indicate that LCA can activate the TGR5/AKT signaling pathway, inhibit protein degradation and promote protein synthesis to enhance the myogenic process and promote skeletal muscle regeneration. </p>.
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Lv WJ, Huang JY, Lin J, Ma YM, He SQ, Zhang YW, Wang TZ, Cheng K, Xiong Y, Sun FG, Pan ZC, Sun JB, Mao W, Guo SN. Phytosterols Alleviate Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Cholesterol Metabolism in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:6409385. [PMID: 37151603 PMCID: PMC10156461 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6409385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) have been shown to regulate cholesterol metabolism and alleviate hyperlipidemia (HLP), but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which PS regulates cholesterol metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. The results showed that PS treatment reduced the accumulation of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the serum of HFD mice, while increasing the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Compared with HFD mice, PS not only increased the antioxidant activity of the liver but also regulated the mRNA expression levels of enzymes and receptors related to cholesterol metabolism. The hypolipidemic effect of PS was abolished by antibiotic (Abx) intervention and reproduced by fecal transplantation (FMT) intervention. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that PS modulated the gut microbiota of mice. PS reduced the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and other bile salt hydrolase- (BSH-) producing gut microbiota in HFD mice, which are potentially related to cholesterol metabolism. These findings partially explain the mechanisms by which PS regulates cholesterol metabolism. This implies that regulation of the gut microbiota would be a potential target for the treatment of HLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Yi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Mu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Qi He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Wen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Ze Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Gang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Chao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Bo Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Mao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ning Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Baj J, Khalil M, Garruti G, Stellaard F, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Recent Advances in the Digestive, Metabolic and Therapeutic Effects of Farnesoid X Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: From Cholesterol to Bile Acid Signaling. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234950. [PMID: 36500979 PMCID: PMC9738051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver (primary BA) starting from cholesterol. In the small intestine, BA act as strong detergents for emulsification, solubilization and absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins. Primary BA escaping the active ileal re-absorption undergo the microbiota-dependent biotransformation to secondary BA in the colon, and passive diffusion into the portal vein towards the liver. BA also act as signaling molecules able to play a systemic role in a variety of metabolic functions, mainly through the activation of nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in the intestine, gallbladder, and liver. BA homeostasis is tightly controlled by a complex interplay with the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the enterokine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) or the human ortholog FGF19 (FGF19). Circulating FGF19 to the FGFR4/β-Klotho receptor causes smooth muscle relaxation and refilling of the gallbladder. In the liver the binding activates the FXR-small heterodimer partner (SHP) pathway. This step suppresses the unnecessary BA synthesis and promotes the continuous enterohepatic circulation of BAs. Besides BA homeostasis, the BA-FXR-FGF19 axis governs several metabolic processes, hepatic protein, and glycogen synthesis, without inducing lipogenesis. These pathways can be disrupted in cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, targeting FXR activity can represent a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and the treatment of liver and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-4687215
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Xu Z, Jiang N, Xiao Y, Yuan K, Wang Z. The role of gut microbiota in liver regeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003376. [PMID: 36389782 PMCID: PMC9647006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver has unique regeneration potential, which ensures the continuous dependence of the human body on hepatic functions. As the composition and function of gut microbiota has been gradually elucidated, the vital role of gut microbiota in liver regeneration through gut-liver axis has recently been accepted. In the process of liver regeneration, gut microbiota composition is changed. Moreover, gut microbiota can contribute to the regulation of the liver immune microenvironment, thereby modulating the release of inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-α, HGF, IFN-γ and TGF-β, which involve in different phases of liver regeneration. And previous research have demonstrated that through enterohepatic circulation, bile acids (BAs), lipopolysaccharide, short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites of gut microbiota associate with liver and may promote liver regeneration through various pathways. In this perspective, by summarizing gut microbiota-derived signaling pathways that promote liver regeneration, we unveil the role of gut microbiota in liver regeneration and provide feasible strategies to promote liver regeneration by altering gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Wang, ; Kefei Yuan, ; Yuanyuan Xiao,
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Wang, ; Kefei Yuan, ; Yuanyuan Xiao,
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Wang, ; Kefei Yuan, ; Yuanyuan Xiao,
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15
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Abstract
Bile acids wear many hats, including those of an emulsifier to facilitate nutrient absorption, a cholesterol metabolite, and a signaling molecule in various tissues modulating itching to metabolism and cellular functions. Bile acids are synthesized in the liver but exhibit wide-ranging effects indicating their ability to mediate organ-organ crosstalk. So, how does a steroid metabolite orchestrate such diverse functions? Despite the inherent chemical similarity, the side chain decorations alter the chemistry and biology of the different bile acid species and their preferences to bind downstream receptors distinctly. Identification of new modifications in bile acids is burgeoning, and some of it is associated with the microbiota within the intestine. Here, we provide a brief overview of the history and the various receptors that mediate bile acid signaling in addition to its crosstalk with the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Correspondence: Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, PhD, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 506 S Mathews Ave, 453 Medical Sciences Bldg, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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16
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Role of bile acids and their receptors in gastrointestinal and hepatic pathophysiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:432-450. [PMID: 35165436 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) can regulate their own metabolism and transport as well as other key aspects of metabolic homeostasis via dedicated (nuclear and G protein-coupled) receptors. Disrupted BA transport and homeostasis results in the development of cholestatic disorders and contributes to a wide range of liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, impaired BA homeostasis can also affect the intestine, contributing to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal and oesophageal cancer. Here, we provide a summary of the role of BAs and their disrupted homeostasis in the development of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders and present novel insights on how targeting BA pathways might contribute to novel treatment strategies for these disorders.
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Bertolini A, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Bile acids and their receptors: modulators and therapeutic targets in liver inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:547-564. [PMID: 35415765 PMCID: PMC9256560 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids participate in the intestinal emulsion, digestion, and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. When present in high concentrations, as in cholestatic liver diseases, bile acids can damage cells and cause inflammation. After the discovery of bile acids receptors about two decades ago, bile acids are considered signaling molecules. Besides regulating bile acid, xenobiotic, and nutrient metabolism, bile acids and their receptors have shown immunomodulatory properties and have been proposed as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases of the liver. This review focuses on bile acid-related signaling pathways that affect inflammation in the liver and provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical applications of modulators of these pathways for the treatment of cholestatic and autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA.
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18
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Ghallab A, Hassan R, Hofmann U, Friebel A, Hobloss Z, Brackhagen L, Begher-Tibbe B, Myllys M, Reinders J, Overbeck N, Sezgin S, Zühlke S, Seddek AL, Murad W, Brecklinghaus T, Kappenberg F, Rahnenführer J, González D, Goldring C, Copple IM, Marchan R, Longerich T, Vucur M, Luedde T, Urban S, Canbay A, Schreiter T, Trauner M, Akakpo JY, Olyaee M, Curry SC, Sowa JP, Jaeschke H, Hoehme S, Hengstler JG. Interruption of bile acid uptake by hepatocytes after acetaminophen overdose ameliorates hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 2022; 77:71-83. [PMID: 35131407 PMCID: PMC9209783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose remains a frequent cause of acute liver failure, which is generally accompanied by increased levels of serum bile acids (BAs). However, the pathophysiological role of BAs remains elusive. Herein, we investigated the role of BAs in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS We performed intravital imaging to investigate BA transport in mice, quantified endogenous BA concentrations in the serum of mice and patients with APAP overdose, analyzed liver tissue and bile by mass spectrometry and MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging, assessed the integrity of the blood-bile barrier and the role of oxidative stress by immunostaining of tight junction proteins and intravital imaging of fluorescent markers, identified the intracellular cytotoxic concentrations of BAs, and performed interventions to block BA uptake from blood into hepatocytes. RESULTS Prior to the onset of cell death, APAP overdose causes massive oxidative stress in the pericentral lobular zone, which coincided with a breach of the blood-bile barrier. Consequently, BAs leak from the bile canaliculi into the sinusoidal blood, which is then followed by their uptake into hepatocytes via the basolateral membrane, their secretion into canaliculi and repeated cycling. This, what we termed 'futile cycling' of BAs, led to increased intracellular BA concentrations that were high enough to cause hepatocyte death. Importantly, however, the interruption of BA re-uptake by pharmacological NTCP blockage using Myrcludex B and Oatp knockout strongly reduced APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS APAP overdose induces a breach of the blood-bile barrier which leads to futile BA cycling that causes hepatocyte death. Prevention of BA cycling may represent a therapeutic option after APAP intoxication. LAY SUMMARY Only one drug, N-acetylcysteine, is approved for the treatment of acetaminophen overdose and it is only effective when given within ∼8 hours after ingestion. We identified a mechanism by which acetaminophen overdose causes an increase in bile acid concentrations (to above toxic thresholds) in hepatocytes. Blocking this mechanism prevented acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and evidence from patients suggests that this therapy may be effective for longer periods after ingestion compared to N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrian Friebel
- Institute of Computer Science & Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zaynab Hobloss
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lisa Brackhagen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maiju Myllys
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joerg Reinders
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nina Overbeck
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Selahaddin Sezgin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zühlke
- Center for Mass Spectrometry (CMS), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Abdel-latif Seddek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
| | - Walaa Murad
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniela González
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, MRC Centre of Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, The Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ian M. Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, MRC Centre of Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, The Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Translational Gastrointestinal Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty at Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Schreiter
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jephte Y. Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mojtaba Olyaee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Steven C. Curry
- Division of Clinical Data Analytics and Decision Support, Division of Medical Toxicology and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Stefan Hoehme
- Institute of Computer Science & Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Research (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany; telephone: +49 (0)231-1084- 348; Fax: +49 (0)231-1084- 403;
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19
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Chiang JYL, Ferrell JM. Discovery of farnesoid X receptor and its role in bile acid metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111618. [PMID: 35283218 PMCID: PMC9038687 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 1995, the nuclear hormone orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) was identified as a farnesol receptor expressed mainly in liver, kidney, and adrenal gland of rats. In 1999, bile acids were identified as endogenous FXR ligands. Subsequently, FXR target genes involved in the regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis, secretion, and intestinal re-absorption were identified. FXR signaling was proposed as a mechanism of feedback regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis, cholesterol 7⍺-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). The primary bile acids synthesized in the liver are transformed to secondary bile acids by the gut microbiota. The gut-to-liver axis plays a critical role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis, composition and circulating bile acid pool size, which in turn regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. Dysregulation of bile acid metabolism and FXR signaling in the gut-to-liver axis contributes to metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review will cover the discovery of FXR as a bile acid sensor in the regulation of bile acid metabolism and as a metabolic regulator of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. It will also provide an update of FXR functions in the gut-to-liver axis and the drug therapies targeting bile acids and FXR for the treatment of liver metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4029 SR 44, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, United States.
| | - Jessica M Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4029 SR 44, P.O. Box 95, Rootstown, OH, 44272, United States
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Lan T, Qian S, Tang C, Gao J. Role of Immune Cells in Biliary Repair. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866040. [PMID: 35432349 PMCID: PMC9005827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary system is comprised of cholangiocytes and plays an important role in maintaining liver function. Under normal conditions, cholangiocytes remain in the stationary phase and maintain a very low turnover rate. However, the robust biliary repair is initiated in disease conditions, and different repair mechanisms can be activated depending on the pathological changes. During biliary disease, immune cells including monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells are recruited to the liver. The cellular interactions between cholangiocytes and these recruited immune cells as well as hepatic resident immune cells, including Kupffer cells, determine disease outcomes. However, the role of immune cells in the initiation, regulation, and suspension of biliary repair remains elusive. The cellular processes of cholangiocyte proliferation, progenitor cell differentiation, and hepatocyte-cholangiocyte transdifferentiation during biliary diseases are reviewed to manifest the underlying mechanism of biliary repair. Furthermore, the potential role of immune cells in crucial biliary repair mechanisms is highlighted. The mechanisms of biliary repair in immune-mediated cholangiopathies, inherited cholangiopathies, obstructive cholangiopathies, and cholangiocarcinoma are also summarized. Additionally, novel techniques that could clarify the underlying mechanisms of biliary repair are displayed. Collectively, this review aims to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of biliary repair and contributes potential novel therapeutic methods for treating biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuaijie Qian
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Lab of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Bhushan B, Apte U. The Benevolent Bile: Bile Acids as Stimulants of Liver Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1478-1480. [PMID: 35176509 PMCID: PMC9043297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Udayan Apte, PhD, DABT, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS1018, HLSIC4087, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
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22
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Zhang F, Xiao X, Li Y, Wu H, Deng X, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Ma X, Zhao Y. Therapeutic Opportunities of GPBAR1 in Cholestatic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805269. [PMID: 35095513 PMCID: PMC8793736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1, a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor for bile acids, is widely expressed in multiple tissues in humans and rodents. In recent years, GPBAR1 has been thought to play an important role in bile homeostasis, metabolism and inflammation. This review specifically focuses on the function of GPBAR1 in cholestatic liver disease and summarizes the various pathways through which GPBAR1 acts in cholestatic models. GPBAR1 mainly regulates cholestasis in a holistic system of liver-gallbladder-gut formation. In the state of cholestasis, the activation of GPBAR1 could regulate liver inflammation, induce cholangiocyte regeneration to maintain the integrity of the biliary tree, control the hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool and promote the secretion of bile HCO3−. All these functions of GPBAR1 might be clear ways to protect against cholestatic diseases and liver injury. However, the characteristic of GPBAR1-mediated proliferation increases the risk of proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma in malignant transformed cholangiocytes. This dichotomous function of GPBAR1 limits its use in cholestasis. During disease treatment, simultaneous activation of GPBAR1 and FXR receptors often results in improved outcomes, and this strategy may become a crucial direction in the development of bile acid-activated receptors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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23
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Xu J, Xie S, Chi S, Zhang S, Cao J, Tan B. Protective effects of taurocholic acid on the excessive hepatic lipid accumulation via regulation of bile acids metabolism in grouper. Food Funct 2022; 13:3050-3062. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary bile acids (BAs) supplementation can notably ameliorate the fatty liver disease caused by high dietary lipids, but the mechanism behind this is poorly understood. The present study was aimed...
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24
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Zheng Z, Wang B. The Gut-Liver Axis in Health and Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota-Derived Signals in Liver Injury and Regeneration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775526. [PMID: 34956204 PMCID: PMC8703161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse liver diseases undergo a similar pathophysiological process in which liver regeneration follows a liver injury. Given the important role of the gut-liver axis in health and diseases, the role of gut microbiota-derived signals in liver injury and regeneration has attracted much attention. It has been observed that the composition of gut microbiota dynamically changes in the process of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and gut microbiota modulation by antibiotics or probiotics affects both liver injury and regeneration. Mechanically, through the portal vein, the liver is constantly exposed to gut microbial components and metabolites, which have immense effects on the immunity and metabolism of the host. Emerging data demonstrate that gut-derived lipopolysaccharide, gut microbiota-associated bile acids, and other bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites, may play multifaceted roles in liver injury and regeneration. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the possible molecular mechanisms by which gut microbiota-derived signals modulate liver injury and regeneration, highlighting the potential roles of gut microbiota in the development of gut microbiota-based therapies to alleviate liver injury and promote liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Wang L, He HW, Zhou X, Long Y. Changes of farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G‑protein coupled receptor 5 following biliary tract external drainage in hemorrhagic shock. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:163. [PMID: 35069844 PMCID: PMC8753975 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since biliary tract external drainage (BTED) is increasingly used to treat patients with shock, it is necessary to clarify pathophysiological changes following BTED in hemorrhagic shock (HS). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of BTED on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR-5) expression in HS. A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to sham, BTED, HS and HS + BTED groups. Rat models of HS were induced by drawing blood from the femoral artery until a mean arterial pressure of 40±5 mmHg was achieved and maintained for 60 min. Rat models of BTED were induced by inserting a catheter into the bile duct. The distal end of the bile duct was ligated, and the catheter was passed through the rat flank to allow external collection of bile. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect changes in expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 in the jejunum, ileum and liver. Expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 increased significantly in jejunum and liver following HS (P<0.05). BTED significantly decreased expression levels of FXR in the liver (P<0.05) and TGR-5 in the jejunum, ileum and liver (P<0.05). In conclusion, expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 increased in HS but BTED decreased expression levels of FXR and TGR-5 in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Wu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yun Long
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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26
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The Role of Farnesoid X Receptor in Accelerated Liver Regeneration in Rats Subjected to ALPPS. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:5240-5254. [PMID: 34940077 PMCID: PMC8700148 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the role of bile acid (BA)-induced farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) signaling in liver regeneration following associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) was investigated in a rat model. Methods: Male Wistar rats underwent portal vein ligation (PVL) (n = 30) or ALPPS (n = 30). Animals were sacrificed pre-operatively and at 24, 48, 72, or 168 h after intervention. Regeneration rate, Ki67 index, hemodynamic changes in the hepatic circulation, and BA levels were assessed. Transcriptome analysis of molecular regulators involved in the Fxr signaling pathway, BA transport, and BA production was performed. Results: ALLPS induced more extensive liver regeneration (p < 0.001) and elevation of systemic and portal BA levels (p < 0.05) than PVL. The mRNA levels of proteins participating in hepatic Fxr signaling were comparable between the intervention groups. More profound activation of the intestinal Fxr pathway was observed 24 h after ALPPS compared to PVL. Conclusion: Our study elaborates on a possible linkage between BA-induced Fxr signaling and accelerated liver regeneration induced by ALPPS in rats. ALPPS could trigger liver regeneration via intestinal Fxr signaling cascades instead of hepatic Fxr signaling, thereby deviating from the mechanism of BA-mediated regeneration following one-stage hepatectomy.
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27
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Mechanism of cholangiocellular damage and repair during cholestasis. Ann Hepatol 2021; 26:100530. [PMID: 34509686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of damage of the biliary epithelium remains partially unexplored. However, recently many works have offered new evidence regarding the cholangiocytes' damage process, which is the main target in a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from acute cholestasis, cholangiopathies to cholangiocarcinoma. This is encouraging since some works addressed this epithelium's relevance in health and disease until a few years ago. The biliary tree in the liver, comprised of cholangiocytes, is a pipeline for bile flow and regulates key hepatic processes such as proliferation, regeneration, immune response, and signaling. This review aimed to compile the most recent advances on the mechanisms of cholangiocellular damage during cholestasis, which, although it is present in many cholangiopathies, is not necessarily a common or conserved process in all of them, having a relevant role cAMP and PKA during obstructive cholestasis, as well as Ca2+-dependent PKC in functional cholestasis. Cholangiocellular damage could vary according to the type of cholestasis, the aggressor, or the bile ducts' location where it develops and what kind of damage can favor cholangiocellular carcinoma development.
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28
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A modified animal model of hepatic regeneration induced by hilar bile duct ligation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20201. [PMID: 34642435 PMCID: PMC8511257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of the proliferation of liver are mainly studied in animal model of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). However, the PH model involves complex regeneration mechanisms, including hemodynamic factors, cytokines, growth factors, and metabolites. Among liver metabolites, bile acid (BA) is a key signaling molecule that regulates liver regeneration. This study aimed to establish a new type of rapid liver hyperplasia model induced mainly by bile acid pathway through hepatoenteral circulation with hilar bile duct ligation (HBDL). We first established the HBDL model by ligating the bile duct of all hepatic lobes but the right lateral lobe in rabbits and compared with the PVL model and sham operation group. Changes in the liver lobe and hemodynamics were observed. Liver function and the bile acid level were also analyzed. Then we verified the HBDL model in mice. Liver function and the levels of bile acids and cytokines were tested. The protein and mRNA levels of FXR, FGF15, CYP7A1 and FoxM1b in liver tissue were also analyzed. After hilar ligation of the biliary tract, the unligated liver lobes proliferated significantly. Compared with those in the sham group, the volume and weight of the unligated right lateral lobe of the liver in the HBDL group and the PVL group increased significantly (P < 0.05). Transient liver function impairment occurred both in the HBDL group and PVL group in the rabbit model as well as the mouse models. The bile acid levels in the HBDL groups of the rabbit model and mouse model increased significantly within first week after surgery (P < 0.05). The immunohistochemistry results confirmed the proliferation of hepatocytes in the unligated liver lobe. Compared with those in the sham group, the levels of FXR, FGF15 and FoxM1b in the HBDL group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the expression of CYP7A1 was inhibited. Compared with those in the HBDL group, the postoperative hemodynamic changes in the PVL group were significant (P < 0.05). The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the HBDL group were higher than those in the sham group. The HBDL model is simple to establish and exhibits good surgical tolerance. The model has definite proliferative effect and strong specificity of bile acid pathway. This is an ideal animal model to study the mechanism of liver regeneration through bile acid pathway.
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29
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Bottiglieri T, Wang X, Arning E, Fernandez H, Wall A, McKenna G, Ruiz R, Onaca N, Trotter J, Lawrence M, Naziruddin B, Asrani SK, Testa G. Longitudinal profiling of plasma and urine metabolites during liver regeneration in living liver donors. Clin Transplant 2021; 36:e14490. [PMID: 34545967 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of metabolic processes affected by major hepatectomy (MHx), and the metabolic pathways involved in liver regeneration and recovery of function, is limited and mainly derived from animal models. Assessment of restoration of hepatic function is essential in human living liver donors (LD). METHODS We used a targeted metabolomic approach to longitudinally quantify changes in plasma and urine biomarkers from healthy LD. The biomarkers were analyzed before MHx and at scheduled intervals up to 12 months thereafter. RESULTS Marked changes were found in the concentration of 15 primary and secondary plasma bile acids. Most significant changes occurred 2 days after MHx and persisted for up to 3 months. In addition, there were significant changes in acylcarnitine, phospholipid, and amino acid metabolism. The sum of aromatic amino acids and the Fischer ratio, both metabolic markers of liver damage, and the symmetrically demethylated arginine to arginine ratio, a marker of kidney function, were affected. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive longitudinal study investigating metabolic processes during recovery of liver function after MHx in LD. It provides further evidence of full restoration of metabolic processes 3 months after MHx and supports future investigation to understand how metabolic changes affect donors' hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Statistics and Bioinformatics, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Center of Metabolomics, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hoylan Fernandez
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anji Wall
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Greg McKenna
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Ruiz
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Onaca
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James Trotter
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Lawrence
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sumeet K Asrani
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Giuliano Testa
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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30
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Kaur I, Tiwari R, Naidu VGM, Ramakrishna S, Tripathi DM, Kaur S. Bile Acids as Metabolic Inducers of Hepatocyte Proliferation and Liver Regeneration. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-021-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a family of hydroxylated steroids secreted by the liver that aid in the breakdown and absorption of dietary fats. BAs also function as nutrient and inflammatory signaling molecules, acting through cognate receptors, to coordinate host metabolism. Commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract are functional modifiers of the BA pool, affecting composition and abundance. Deconjugation of host BAs creates a molecular network that inextricably links gut microtia with their host. In this review we highlight the roles of BAs in mediating this mutualistic relationship with a focus on those events that impact host physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Poland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - C Robb Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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32
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Abstract
TGR5 (G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, GPBAR-1) is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane domains and is widely distributed in various organs and tissues. As an important bile acid receptor, TGR5 can be activated by primary and secondary bile acids. Increased expression of TGR5 is a risk factor for polycystic liver disease and hepatobiliary cancer. However, there is evidence that the anti-inflammatory effect of the TGR5 receptor and its regulatory effect on hydrophobic bile acid confer protective effects against most liver diseases. Recent studies have shown that TGR5 receptor activation can alleviate the development of diabetic liver fibrosis, regulate the differentiation of natural killer T cells into NKT10 cells, increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, inhibit the invasion of hepatitis B virus, promote white adipose tissue browning, improve arterial vascular dynamics, maintain tight junctions between bile duct cells, and protect against apoptosis. In portal hypertension, TGR5 receptor activation can inhibit the contraction of hepatic stellate cells and improve intrahepatic microcirculation. In addition, the discovery of the regulatory relationship between the TGR5 receptor and miRNA-26a provides a new direction for further studies of the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of TGR5. In this review, we describe recent findings linking TGR5 to various liver diseases, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying its effects and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lijin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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33
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Kiseleva YV, Antonyan SZ, Zharikova TS, Tupikin KA, Kalinin DV, Zharikov YO. Molecular pathways of liver regeneration: A comprehensive review. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:270-290. [PMID: 33815672 PMCID: PMC8006075 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a unique parenchymal organ with a regenerative capacity allowing it to restore up to 70% of its volume. Although knowledge of this phenomenon dates back to Greek mythology (the story of Prometheus), many aspects of liver regeneration are still not understood. A variety of different factors, including inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and bile acids, promote liver regeneration and control the final size of the organ during typical regeneration, which is performed by mature hepatocytes, and during alternative regeneration, which is performed by recently identified resident stem cells called “hepatic progenitor cells”. Hepatic progenitor cells drive liver regeneration when hepatocytes are unable to restore the liver mass, such as in cases of chronic injury or excessive acute injury. In liver maintenance, the body mass ratio is essential for homeostasis because the liver has numerous functions; therefore, a greater understanding of this process will lead to better control of liver injuries, improved transplantation of small grafts and the discovery of new methods for the treatment of liver diseases. The current review sheds light on the key molecular pathways and cells involved in typical and progenitor-dependent liver mass regeneration after various acute or chronic injuries. Subsequent studies and a better understanding of liver regeneration will lead to the development of new therapeutic methods for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana V Kiseleva
- International School “Medicine of the Future”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Sevak Z Antonyan
- Department of Emergency Surgical Gastroenterology, N. V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, Moscow 129010, Russia
| | - Tatyana S Zharikova
- Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Kirill A Tupikin
- Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Surgery, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kalinin
- Pathology Department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yuri O Zharikov
- Department of Human Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119048, Russia
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34
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Spatz M, Ciocan D, Merlen G, Rainteau D, Humbert L, Gomes-Rochette N, Hugot C, Trainel N, Mercier-Nomé F, Domenichini S, Puchois V, Wrzosek L, Ferrere G, Tordjmann T, Perlemuter G, Cassard AM. Bile acid-receptor TGR5 deficiency worsens liver injury in alcohol-fed mice by inducing intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100230. [PMID: 33665587 PMCID: PMC7903352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Bile-acid metabolism and the intestinal microbiota are impaired in alcohol-related liver disease. Activation of the bile-acid receptor TGR5 (or GPBAR1) controls both biliary homeostasis and inflammatory processes. We examined the role of TGR5 in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Methods We used TGR5-deficient (TGR5-KO) and wild-type (WT) female mice, fed alcohol or not, to study the involvement of liver macrophages, the intestinal microbiota (16S sequencing), and bile-acid profiles (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry). Hepatic triglyceride accumulation and inflammatory processes were assessed in parallel. Results TGR5 deficiency worsened liver injury, as shown by greater steatosis and inflammation than in WT mice. Isolation of liver macrophages from WT and TGR5-KO alcohol-fed mice showed that TGR5 deficiency did not increase the pro-inflammatory phenotype of liver macrophages but increased their recruitment to the liver. TGR5 deficiency induced dysbiosis, independently of alcohol intake, and transplantation of the TGR5-KO intestinal microbiota to WT mice was sufficient to worsen alcohol-induced liver inflammation. Secondary bile-acid levels were markedly lower in alcohol-fed TGR5-KO than normally fed WT and TGR5-KO mice. Consistent with these results, predictive analysis showed the abundance of bacterial genes involved in bile-acid transformation to be lower in alcohol-fed TGR5-KO than WT mice. This altered bile-acid profile may explain, in particular, why bile-acid synthesis was not repressed and inflammatory processes were exacerbated. Conclusions A lack of TGR5 was associated with worsening of alcohol-induced liver injury, a phenotype mainly related to intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and an altered bile-acid profile, following the consumption of alcohol. Lay summary Excessive chronic alcohol intake can induce liver disease. Bile acids are molecules produced by the liver and can modulate disease severity. We addressed the specific role of TGR5, a bile-acid receptor. We found that TGR5 deficiency worsened alcohol-induced liver injury and induced both intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and bile-acid pool remodelling. Our data suggest that both the intestinal microbiota and TGR5 may be targeted in the context of human alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcohol-related liver diseases
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- Alc, alcohol
- Alcoholic liver disease
- BA, bile acids
- BHI, brain heart infusion
- Bile acid
- C57, conventional mice
- C57C57, conventional mice transplanted with their own IM
- CA, cholic acid
- CCL, CC motif chemokine ligands
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- Col1a1, collagen type-I alpha-1 chain
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- Dysbiosis
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Gut-liver axis
- IM, intestinal microbiota
- Inflammation
- KC, Kupffer cells
- KO, knockout
- Kupffer cells
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDA, linear discriminative analysis
- LEfsE, LDA effect size
- MCA, muricholic acid
- MO, monocytes/macrophages
- Microbiome
- NFkB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCoA, principal coordinate analysis
- PICRUSt, phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- TBA, total bile acids
- TG, triglycerides
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIMP1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WT, wild-type
- WTKO, WT mice transplanted with the IM of TGR5-KO mice
- alpha-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
- mMMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Spatz
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Dragos Ciocan
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Neuza Gomes-Rochette
- UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UPMC/CNRS/ENS, Paris, France.,Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Hugot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Nicolas Trainel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Françoise Mercier-Nomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Séverine Domenichini
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Virginie Puchois
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Laura Wrzosek
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Gladys Ferrere
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
| | | | - Gabriel Perlemuter
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France.,AP-HP, Hepatogastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cassard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, 92140, Clamart, France
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Liver regeneration: biological and pathological mechanisms and implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:40-55. [PMID: 32764740 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the only solid organ that uses regenerative mechanisms to ensure that the liver-to-bodyweight ratio is always at 100% of what is required for body homeostasis. Other solid organs (such as the lungs, kidneys and pancreas) adjust to tissue loss but do not return to 100% of normal. The current state of knowledge of the regenerative pathways that underlie this 'hepatostat' will be presented in this Review. Liver regeneration from acute injury is always beneficial and has been extensively studied. Experimental models that involve partial hepatectomy or chemical injury have revealed extracellular and intracellular signalling pathways that are used to return the liver to equivalent size and weight to those prior to injury. On the other hand, chronic loss of hepatocytes, which can occur in chronic liver disease of any aetiology, often has adverse consequences, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver neoplasia. The regenerative activities of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are typically characterized by phenotypic fidelity. However, when regeneration of one of the two cell types fails, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes function as facultative stem cells and transdifferentiate into each other to restore normal liver structure. Liver recolonization models have demonstrated that hepatocytes have an unlimited regenerative capacity. However, in normal liver, cell turnover is very slow. All zones of the resting liver lobules have been equally implicated in the maintenance of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte populations in normal liver.
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Rao J, Yang C, Yang S, Lu H, Hu Y, Lu L, Cheng F, Wang X. Deficiency of TGR5 exacerbates immune-mediated cholestatic hepatic injury by stabilizing the β-catenin destruction complex. Int Immunol 2020; 32:321-334. [PMID: 31930324 PMCID: PMC7206975 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis induced by drug toxicity may cause cholestatic hepatic injury
(CHI) leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1
(TGR5) is a membrane receptor with well-known roles in the regulation of glucose
metabolism and energy homeostasis. However, the role and mechanism of TGR5 in the context
of inflammation during CHI remains unclear. Wild-type (WT) and TGR5 knockout
(TGR5−/−) mice with CHI induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) were involved
in vivo, and WT and TGR5−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages
(BMDMs) were used in vitro. TGR5 deficiency significantly exacerbated
BDL-induced liver injury, inflammatory responses and hepatic fibrosis compared with WT
mice in vivo. TGR5−/− macrophages were more susceptible to
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation than WT macrophages. TGR5 activation by its ligand
suppressed LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in WT but not TGR5−/− BMDMs.
Notably, expression of β-catenin was effectively inhibited by TGR5 deficiency.
Furthermore, TGR5 directly interacted with Gsk3β to repress the interaction between Gsk3β
and β-catenin, thus disrupting the β-catenin destruction complex. The pro-inflammatory
nature of TGR5-knockout was almost abolished by lentivirus-mediated β-catenin
overexpression in BMDMs. BMDM migration in vitro was accelerated under
TGR5-deficient conditions or supernatant from LPS-stimulated TGR5−/− BMDMs.
From a therapeutic perspective, TGR5−/− BMDM administration aggravated
BDL-induced CHI, which was effectively rescued by β-catenin overexpression. Our findings
reveal that TGR5 plays a crucial role as a novel regulator of immune-mediated CHI by
destabilizing the β-catenin destruction complex, with therapeutic implications for the
management of human CHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Rao
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchang Hu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing, China
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Portincasa P, Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Wang DQH. Bile Acids and GPBAR-1: Dynamic Interaction Involving Genes, Environment and Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3709. [PMID: 33266235 PMCID: PMC7760347 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. BA undergo continuous enterohepatic recycling through intestinal biotransformation by gut microbiome and reabsorption into the portal tract for uptake by hepatocytes. BA are detergent molecules aiding the digestion and absorption of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins, but also act as important signaling molecules via the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the membrane-associated G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR-1) in the distal intestine, liver and extra hepatic tissues. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the BA pool is finely regulated to prevent BA overload and liver injury. By contrast, hydrophilic BA can be hepatoprotective. The ultimate effects of BA-mediated activation of GPBAR-1 is poorly understood, but this receptor may play a role in protecting the remnant liver and in maintaining biliary homeostasis. In addition, GPBAR-1 acts on pathways involved in inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity, and sinusoidal blood flow. Recent evidence suggests that environmental factors influence GPBAR-1 gene expression. Thus, targeting GPBAR-1 might improve liver protection, facilitating beneficial metabolic effects through primary prevention measures. Here, we discuss the complex pathways linked to BA effects, signaling properties of the GPBAR-1, mechanisms of liver damage, gene-environment interactions, and therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mirco Vacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, Della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.V.); (M.D.A.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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Kuang J, Zheng X, Huang F, Wang S, Li M, Zhao M, Sang C, Ge K, Li Y, Li J, Rajani C, Ma X, Zhou S, Zhao A, Jia W. Anti-Adipogenic Effect of Theabrownin Is Mediated by Bile Acid Alternative Synthesis via Gut Microbiota Remodeling. Metabolites 2020; 10:E475. [PMID: 33238385 PMCID: PMC7700314 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theabrownin is one of the most bioactive compounds in Pu-erh tea. Our previous study revealed that the hypocholesterolemic effect of theabrownin was mediated by the modulation of bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-enriched gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. In this study, we demonstrated that theabrownin ameliorated high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity by modifying gut microbiota, especially those with 7α-dehydroxylation on the species level, and these changed microbes were positively correlated with secondary bile acid (BA) metabolism. Thus, altered intestinal BAs resulted in shifting bile acid biosynthesis from the classic to the alternative pathway. This shift changed the BA pool by increasing non-12α-hydroxylated-BAs (non-12OH-BAs) and decreasing 12α-hydroxylated BAs (12OH-BAs), which improved energy metabolism in white and brown adipose tissue. This study showed that theabrownin was a potential therapeutic modality for obesity and other metabolic disorders via gut microbiota-driven bile acid alternative synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Kuang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Fengjie Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Shouli Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Mengci Li
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Mingliang Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Chao Sang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Kun Ge
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Yitao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiufeng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Cynthia Rajani
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; (X.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; (X.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; (J.K.); (X.Z.); (F.H.); (S.W.); (M.L.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (K.G.); (A.Z.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
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Bidault-Jourdainne V, Merlen G, Glénisson M, Doignon I, Garcin I, Péan N, Boisgard R, Ursic-Bedoya J, Serino M, Ullmer C, Humbert L, Abdelrafee A, Golse N, Vibert E, Duclos-Vallée JC, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. TGR5 controls bile acid composition and gallbladder function to protect the liver from bile acid overload. JHEP Rep 2020; 3:100214. [PMID: 33604531 PMCID: PMC7872982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims As the composition of the bile acid (BA) pool has a major impact on liver pathophysiology, we studied its regulation by the BA receptor Takeda G protein coupled receptor (TGR5), which promotes hepatoprotection against BA overload. Methods Wild-type, total and hepatocyte-specific TGR5-knockout, and TGR5-overexpressing mice were used in: partial (66%) and 89% extended hepatectomies (EHs) upon normal, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)- or cholestyramine (CT)-enriched diet, bile duct ligation (BDL), cholic acid (CA)-enriched diet, and TGR5 agonist (RO) treatments. We thereby studied the impact of TGR5 on: BA composition, liver injury, regeneration and survival. We also performed analyses on the gut microbiota (GM) and gallbladder (GB). Liver BA composition was analysed in patients undergoing major hepatectomy. Results The TGR5-KO hyperhydrophobic BA composition was not directly related to altered BA synthesis, nor to TGR5-KO GM dysbiosis, as supported by hepatocyte-specific KO mice and co-housing experiments, respectively. The TGR5-dependent control of GB dilatation was crucial for BA composition, as determined by experiments including RO treatment and/or cholecystectomy. The poor TGR5-KO post-EH survival rate, related to exacerbated peribiliary necrosis and BA overload, was improved by shifting BAs toward a less toxic composition (CT treatment). After either BDL or a CA-enriched diet with or without cholecystectomy, we found that GB dilatation had strong TGR5-dependent hepatoprotective properties. In patients, a more hydrophobic liver BA composition was correlated with an unfavourable outcome after hepatectomy. Conclusions BA composition is crucial for hepatoprotection in mice and humans. We indicate TGR5 as a key regulator of BA profile and thereby as a potential hepatoprotective target under BA overload conditions. Lay summary Through multiple in vivo experimental approaches in mice, together with a patient study, this work brings some new light on the relationships between biliary homeostasis, gallbladder function, and liver protection. We showed that hepatic bile acid composition is crucial for optimal liver repair, not only in mice, but also in human patients undergoing major hepatectomy. Reducing BA hydrophobicity improves outcomes after major hepatectomy in mice. The BA receptor TGR5 controls BA pool composition, which is crucial for liver repair. TGR5 targets the gallbladder to induce a hepatoprotective effect. In patients, a more hydrophobic BA pool is associated with liver injury after hepatectomy.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- BA, bile acid
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CC, cholecystectomy
- CT, cholestyramine
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- EH, extended hepatectomy
- GB, gallbladder
- GM, gut microbiota
- GPBAR1
- GPBAR1, G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1
- Gallbladder
- HI, hydrophobicity index
- Hepatoprotection
- KO, knockout
- ND, normal diet
- OA, oleanolic acid
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- TBA, total BA
- TGR5
- TGR5, Takeda G protein coupled receptor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grégory Merlen
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Mathilde Glénisson
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Noémie Péan
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Raphael Boisgard
- Plateforme d'Imagerie du Petit Animal, SHFJ, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Matteo Serino
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, U1220, CHU Purpan, CS60039, 31024, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Lydie Humbert
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, INSERM U 1057, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Ahmed Abdelrafee
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Golse
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Vibert
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Dominique Rainteau
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, INSERM U 1057, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- Université Paris Saclay, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, INSERM U.1193, bât. 443, 91405, Orsay, France
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Liu JY, Chen HY, Zhang GX. Role and significance of bile acid membrane receptor GPBAR1 in pathogenesis of obstructive jaundice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1053-1058. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i21.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1 is the first confirmed G protein coupled bile acid membrane receptor, which is widely expressed in the liver, gallbladder, kidney, intestine, and the nervous and cardiovascular systems. During the development of obstructive jaundice (OJ), GPBAR1 is activated by bile acid signal and mediates different signal transduction pathways, thus playing a corresponding role in the pathogenesis of OJ. GPBAR1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OJ by controlling inflammation, regulating the function of bile duct epithelial barrier, inhibiting renal oxidative stress, and regulating intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal flora, pruritus and sensory disturbance, and cardiovascular function. This article reviews the role and signficance of GPBAR1 in the pathogenesis of OJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yue Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Key Disciplines of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hai-Yang Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Key Disciplines of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Gui-Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Key Disciplines of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China,Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
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41
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Metabolic Profiling by UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS of Liver from C57BL/6 Mice with DSS-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6020247. [PMID: 33029104 PMCID: PMC7530511 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disorder often occurs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the changes in IBD-induced liver disorder at the intrinsic molecular level (chiefly metabolites) and therapeutic targets are still poorly characterized. First, a refined and translationally relevant model of DSS chronic colitis in C57BL/6 mice was established, and cecropin A and antibiotics were used as interventions. We found that the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the liver tissues of mice were highly increased in the context of DSS treatment but were lowered by cecropin A and antibiotics. Subsequently, an untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed by UPLC–Orbitrap–MS/MS to reveal the metabolic profile and attempt to find the potential therapeutic targets of the liver disorders that occur in IBD. Notably, 133 metabolites were identified by an integrated database. Metabolism network and pathway analyses demonstrated that the metabolic disturbance of the liver in IBD mice was mainly enriched in bile acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis, while those disturbances were regulated or reversed through cecropin A and antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, the top 20 metabolites, such as glutathione, maltose, arachidonic acid, and thiamine, were screened as biomarkers via one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.05) coupled with variable importance for project values (VIP >1) of orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), which could be upregulated or downregulated with the cecropin A and antibiotics treatment. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the majority of the biomarkers have a significant correlation with cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), indicating that those biomarkers may act as potential targets to interact directly or indirectly with cecropin A and antibiotics to affect liver inflammation. Collectively, our results extend the understanding of the molecular alteration of liver disorders occurring in IBD and offer an opportunity for discovering potential therapeutic targets in the IBD process.
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Abstract
Following injury, the liver's epithelial cells regenerate efficiently with rapid proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells. However, when proliferation of resident epithelial cells is impaired, alternative regeneration mechanisms can occur. Intricate lineage-tracing strategies and experimental models of regenerative stress have revealed a degree of plasticity between hepatocytes and biliary cells. New technologies such as single-cell omics, in combination with functional studies, will be instrumental to uncover the remaining unknowns in the field. In this review, we evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in the liver and how this influences the development of therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Gadd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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43
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Holter MM, Chirikjian MK, Govani VN, Cummings BP. TGR5 Signaling in Hepatic Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092598. [PMID: 32859104 PMCID: PMC7551395 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 is a G protein-coupled bile acid receptor that is increasingly recognized as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis. While the role of TGR5 signaling in immune cells, adipocytes and enteroendocrine L cells in metabolic regulation has been well described and extensively reviewed, the impact of TGR5-mediated effects on hepatic physiology and pathophysiology in metabolic regulation has received less attention. Recent studies suggest that TGR5 signaling contributes to improvements in hepatic insulin signaling and decreased hepatic inflammation, as well as metabolically beneficial improvements in bile acid profile. Additionally, TGR5 signaling has been associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis, and improved liver function. Despite the beneficial effects of TGR5 signaling on metabolic health, TGR5-mediated gallstone formation and gallbladder filling complicate therapeutic targeting of TGR5 signaling. To this end, there is a growing need to identify cell type-specific effects of hepatic TGR5 signaling to begin to identify and target the downstream effectors of TGR5 signaling. Herein, we describe and integrate recent advances in our understanding of the impact of TGR5 signaling on liver physiology and how its effects on the liver integrate more broadly with whole body glucose regulation.
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44
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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45
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Wu Y, Zhou A, Tang L, Lei Y, Tang B, Zhang L. Bile Acids: Key Regulators and Novel Treatment Targets for Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:6138438. [PMID: 32733968 PMCID: PMC7383344 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6138438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by insulin resistance and unclear pathogenesis, is a serious menace to human health. Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism and play an important role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Furthermore, increasing studies suggest that bile acids may regulate glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and energy metabolism, suggesting that bile acids may represent a potential therapeutic target for T2DM. This study summarizes the metabolism of bile acids and, more importantly, changes in their concentrations, constitution, and receptors in diabetes. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying the role of bile acids in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the occurrence and development of T2DM. Bile acid-targeted therapy may represent a valid approach for T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - An Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Linjing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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46
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Holter MM, Chirikjian MK, Briere DA, Maida A, Sloop KW, Schoonjans K, Cummings BP. Compound 18 Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Hepatocyte TGR5-dependent Manner in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072124. [PMID: 32708970 PMCID: PMC7400836 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid receptor, TGR5, is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, but the mechanisms by which TGR5 signaling improves glucose regulation are incompletely defined. In particular, TGR5 has an increasingly appreciated role in liver physiology and pathobiology; however, whether TGR5 signaling within the liver contributes to its glucoregulatory effects is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of hepatocyte TGR5 signaling on glucose regulation using a hepatocyte-specific TGR5 knockout mouse model. Hepatocyte-specific Tgr5Hep+/+ and Tgr5Hep−/− mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks and then orally gavaged with three doses of a highly potent, TGR5-specific agonist, Compound 18 (10 mg/kg), or vehicle, over 72 h and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after the last dose. Herein, we report that TGR5 mRNA and protein is present in mouse hepatocytes. Cumulative food intake, body weight, and adiposity do not differ between Tgr5Hep+/+ and Tgr5Hep−/− mice with or without treatment with Compound 18. However, administration of Compound 18 improves glucose tolerance in Tgr5HEP+/+ mice, but not in Tgr5Hep−/− mice. Further, this effect occurred independent of body weight and GLP-1 secretion. Together, these data demonstrate that TGR5 is expressed in hepatocytes, where it functions as a key regulator of whole-body glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Holter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.K.C.)
| | - Margot K. Chirikjian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.K.C.)
| | - Daniel A. Briere
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA (K.W.S.)
| | - Adriano Maida
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.M.); (K.S.)
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kyle W. Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA (K.W.S.)
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (M.M.H.); (M.K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-253-3552
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47
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Shi JH, Line PD. Hallmarks of postoperative liver regeneration: An updated insight on the regulatory mechanisms. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:960-966. [PMID: 31782974 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Performance and advances in liver surgery makes remarkable progress of the understanding of liver regeneration. Liver regeneration after liver resection has been widely researched, and the underlying mechanism mostly concerns proliferation of hepatocytes and the influence by inflammation through activation of Kupffer cells and the other parenchymal cells, the second regenerative pathway by hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), inducing angiogenesis, remodeling of a extracellular matrix (ECM), and termination mechanisms. New clinical surgeries and the updated multiomics analysis are exploiting the remarkable progress, especially in immune regulation and metabolic process of two emerging hallmarks. This review briefly represents a systemic outline of eight hallmarks, including hepatocyte proliferation, contribution of hepatic progenitor cells, inducing angiogenesis, reprogramming of the extracellular matrix, apoptosis and termination of proliferation, inflammation, immune and metabolic regulation, which are set as organizing characteristics of postoperative liver regeneration and future directions of refining treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pål-Dag Line
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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48
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Merlen G, Bidault-Jourdainne V, Kahale N, Glenisson M, Ursic-Bedoya J, Doignon I, Garcin I, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. Hepatoprotective impact of the bile acid receptor TGR5. Liver Int 2020; 40:1005-1015. [PMID: 32145703 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
During liver repair after injury, bile secretion has to be tightly modulated in order to preserve liver parenchyma from bile acid (BA)-induced injury. The mechanisms allowing the liver to maintain biliary homeostasis during repair after injury are not completely understood. Besides their historical role in lipid digestion, bile acids (BA) and their receptors constitute a signalling network with multiple impacts on liver repair, both stimulating regeneration and protecting the liver from BA overload. BA signal through nuclear (mainly Farnesoid X Receptor, FXR) and membrane (mainly G Protein-coupled BA Receptor 1, GPBAR-1 or TGR5) receptors to elicit a wide array of biological responses. While a great number of studies have been dedicated to the hepato-protective impact of FXR signalling, TGR5 is by far less explored in this context. Because the liver has to face massive and potentially harmful BA overload after partial ablation or destruction, BA-induced protective responses crucially contribute to spare liver repair capacities. Based on the available literature, the TGR5 BA receptor protects the remnant liver and maintains biliary homeostasis, mainly through the control of inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity and sinusoidal blood flow. Mouse experimental models of liver injury reveal that in the lack of TGR5, excessive inflammation, leaky biliary epithelium and hydrophobic BA overload result in parenchymal insult and compromise optimal restoration of a functional liver mass. Translational perspectives are thus opened to target TGR5 with the aim of protecting the liver in the context of injury and BA overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Merlen
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Nicolas Kahale
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mathilde Glenisson
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
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49
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Gulamhusein AF, Hirschfield GM, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic D, Arsenijevic N, Milovanovic M. Primary biliary cholangitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:93-110. [PMID: 31819247 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis is a chronic, seropositive and female-predominant inflammatory and cholestatic liver disease, which has a variable rate of progression towards biliary cirrhosis. Substantial progress has been made in patient risk stratification with the goal of personalized care, including early adoption of next-generation therapy with licensed use of obeticholic acid or off-label fibrate derivatives for those with insufficient benefit from ursodeoxycholic acid, the current first-line drug. The disease biology spans genetic risk, epigenetic changes, dysregulated mucosal immunity and altered biliary epithelial cell function, all of which interact and arise in the context of ill-defined environmental triggers. A current focus of research on nuclear receptor pathway modulation that specifically and potently improves biliary excretion, reduces inflammation and attenuates fibrosis is redefining therapy. Patients are benefiting from pharmacological agonists of farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Immunotherapy remains a challenge, with a lack of target definition, pleiotropic immune pathways and an interplay between hepatic immune responses and cholestasis, wherein bile acid-induced inflammation and fibrosis are dominant clinically. The management of patient symptoms, particularly pruritus, is a notable goal reflected in the development of rational therapy with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya F Gulamhusein
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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50
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Meyer K, Morales‐Navarrete H, Seifert S, Wilsch‐Braeuninger M, Dahmen U, Tanaka EM, Brusch L, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M. Bile canaliculi remodeling activates YAP via the actin cytoskeleton during liver regeneration. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e8985. [PMID: 32090478 PMCID: PMC7036714 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of organ size control remain poorly understood. A key question is how cells collectively sense the overall status of a tissue. We addressed this problem focusing on mouse liver regeneration. Using digital tissue reconstruction and quantitative image analysis, we found that the apical surface of hepatocytes forming the bile canalicular network expands concomitant with an increase in F-actin and phospho-myosin, to compensate an overload of bile acids. These changes are sensed by the Hippo transcriptional co-activator YAP, which localizes to apical F-actin-rich regions and translocates to the nucleus in dependence of the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. This mechanism tolerates moderate bile acid fluctuations under tissue homeostasis, but activates YAP in response to sustained bile acid overload. Using an integrated biophysical-biochemical model of bile pressure and Hippo signaling, we explained this behavior by the existence of a mechano-sensory mechanism that activates YAP in a switch-like manner. We propose that the apical surface of hepatocytes acts as a self-regulatory mechano-sensory system that responds to critical levels of bile acids as readout of tissue status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | | | - Sarah Seifert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | | | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation SurgeryDepartment of General, Visceral and Vascular SurgeryJena University HospitalJenaGermany
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular PathologyVienna BioCenterViennaAustria
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Center for Information Services and High Performance ComputingTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Faculty of Bioengineering and BioinformaticsMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
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