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Dugbartey GJ, Atule S, Alornyo KK, Adams I. Hepatoprotective potential of alpha-lipoic acid against gliclazide-induced liver injury in high-glucose-exposed human liver cells and experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116447. [PMID: 39038553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Growing clinical evidence shows that sulfonylurea therapy for patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) contributes to progressive worsening of their liver. The present study presents hepatotoxicity induced by gliclazide, a second-generation sulfonylurea, and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a novel and promising drug for T2DM treatment. Normal human liver cells (HL-7702) were incubated with high-glucose DMEM in the presence or absence of gliclazide and ALA for 72 h, and cell viability and death were measured by flow cytometry. Next, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 12 h of fasting, and fasting blood glucose was measured. The rats were randomized into four groups: HC (healthy control; n = 7), T2DM (diabetic rats without treatment; n = 9), GLC (diabetic rats with 15 mg/kg gliclazide treatment; n = 7) and GLC+ALA (diabetic rats with gliclazide and 60 mg/kg ALA treatment; n = 7). T2DM was induced by a bolus administration of 110 mg/kg nicotinamide and 55 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The experimental protocol lasted for 6 weeks after which the animals were sacrificed and pancreas, liver and blood samples were collected for biochemical, histological and molecular analyses. Compared to healthy control (HC) group, exposure of HL-7702 cells to high glucose induced significant cell death by 19 % (p < 0.001), which was exacerbated with gliclazide treatment by 29 % (p < 0.0001) but markedly reduced by 6 % to near HC value following ALA treatment. In vivo, GLC-treated rats had severe liver damage characterized by increased hepatocellular vacuolation, and significant expression of ED-1, iNOS and caspase-3 as well as markedly high levels of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase compared to T2DM rats. Interestingly, ALA administration prevented these pathological changes and protected the diabetic liver to levels comparable to HC rats. ALA showed hepatoprotective effect against gliclazide-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis while activating antioxidant pathway in the diabetic liver. Abbreviations: ALA, Alpha-lipoic acid; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; AMPK, Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; FBS, Fetal bovine serum; GLC, Gliclazide; GLUT4, Glucose transporter type 4; GSH, Glutathione; H&E, Hematoxylin/Eosin; HbA1c, Glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; HC, Healthy control; HG, Hyperglycemic group; HOMA-β, Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; KATP, ATP-dependent potassium channels; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MPTP, Mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NO, Nitric oxide; P/S, Penicillin/streptomycin; PAS, Periodic acid-Schiff; RIA, Radioimmunoassay; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Dugbartey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Accra College of Medicine, East Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Stephen Atule
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Karl K Alornyo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ismaila Adams
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
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Li D, Li Y, Pan W, Yang B, Fu C. Role of dynamin-related protein 1-dependent mitochondrial fission in drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107250. [PMID: 38878917 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) is an essential controller of mitochondrial fission whose activity is tightly controlled to ensure balanced mitochondrial dynamics and maintain internal cellular homeostasis. Growing evidence suggests that DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fission plays a role in drug-induced toxicity (DIT). Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying DIT and the precise regulation of DRP1 function will inform the development of potential therapeutic treatments for DIT. This review comprehensively summarizes the diverse DITs and their potential mechanism associated with DRP1-dependent mitochondrial fission and discusses in vivo and in vitro model studies of toxicity protection targeting DRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yueyan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Bo Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chengxiao Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Drug Evaluation of Major Chronic Diseases,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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McGill MR. The Role of Mechanistic Biomarkers in Understanding Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:729-739. [PMID: 37918967 PMCID: PMC11257692 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity began in 1973 to 1974, when investigators at the US National Institutes of Health published seminal studies demonstrating conversion of APAP to a reactive metabolite that depletes glutathione and binds to proteins in the liver in mice after overdose. Since then, additional groundbreaking experiments have demonstrated critical roles for mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and necrotic cell death as well. Over the years, some investigators have also attempted to translate these mechanisms to humans using human specimens from APAP overdose patients. This review presents those studies and summarizes what we have learned about APAP hepatotoxicity in humans so far. Overall, the mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity in humans strongly resemble those discovered in experimental mouse and cultured hepatocyte models, and emerging biomarkers also suggest similarities in liver repair. The data not only validate the first mechanistic studies of APAP-induced liver injury performed 50 years ago but also demonstrate the human relevance of numerous studies conducted since then. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human studies using novel translational, mechanistic biomarkers have confirmed that the fundamental mechanisms of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity discovered in rodent models since 1973 are the same in humans. Importantly, these findings have guided the development and understanding of treatments such as N-acetyl-l-cysteine and 4-methylpyrazole over the years. Additional research may improve not only our understanding of APAP overdose pathophysiology in humans but also our ability to predict and treat serious liver injury in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine; and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Dobariya P, Xie W, Rao SP, Xie J, Seelig DM, Vince R, Lee MK, More SS. Deletion of Glyoxalase 1 Exacerbates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:648. [PMID: 38929087 PMCID: PMC11200933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose triggers a cascade of intracellular oxidative stress events, culminating in acute liver injury. The clinically used antidote, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), has a narrow therapeutic window, and early treatment is essential for a satisfactory therapeutic outcome. For more versatile therapies that can be effective even at late presentation, the intricacies of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity must be better understood. Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the consequent activation of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) are considered one of the key mechanistic features of APAP toxicity. Glyoxalase 1 (Glo-1) regulates AGE formation by limiting the levels of methylglyoxal (MEG). In this study, we studied the relevance of Glo-1 in the APAP-mediated activation of RAGE and downstream cell death cascades. Constitutive Glo-1-knockout mice (GKO) and a cofactor of Glo-1, ψ-GSH, were used as tools. Our findings showed elevated oxidative stress resulting from the activation of RAGE and hepatocyte necrosis through steatosis in GKO mice treated with high-dose APAP compared to wild-type controls. A unique feature of the hepatic necrosis in GKO mice was the appearance of microvesicular steatosis as a result of centrilobular necrosis, rather than the inflammation seen in the wild type. The GSH surrogate and general antioxidant ψ-GSH alleviated APAP toxicity irrespective of the Glo-1 status, suggesting that oxidative stress is the primary driver of APAP toxicity. Overall, the exacerbation of APAP hepatotoxicity in GKO mice suggests the importance of this enzyme system in antioxidant defense against the initial stages of APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakashkumar Dobariya
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.D.); (W.X.); (S.P.R.); (J.X.); (R.V.)
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.D.); (W.X.); (S.P.R.); (J.X.); (R.V.)
| | - Swetha Pavani Rao
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.D.); (W.X.); (S.P.R.); (J.X.); (R.V.)
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.D.); (W.X.); (S.P.R.); (J.X.); (R.V.)
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.D.); (W.X.); (S.P.R.); (J.X.); (R.V.)
| | - Michael K. Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (P.D.); (W.X.); (S.P.R.); (J.X.); (R.V.)
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Zhang L, Liu M, Sun Q, Cheng S, Chi Y, Zhang J, Wang B, Zhou L, Zhao J. Engineering M2 type macrophage-derived exosomes for autoimmune hepatitis immunotherapy via loading siRIPK3. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116161. [PMID: 38244330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive liver disease mediated by the immune system that involves an imbalance in pro-inflammatory and regulatory mechanisms including regulatory T cells (Tregs), T helper 17 (Th17) cells, Th1, macrophages, and many other immune cells. Current steroid therapy for AIH has significant systemic side effects and is poorly tolerated by some individuals. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative treatments. Maintaining homeostasis in macrophage differentiation and activation is crucial for regulating immune responses in hepatitis. In this study, we loaded small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) into M2-type macrophage-derived exosomes (M2 Exos) to create functionalized exosomes called M2 Exos/siRIPK3. These exosomes demonstrated a natural ability to target the liver in mice, as they were efficiently taken up by hepatic macrophages and showed significant and stable accumulation. M2 Exos/siRIPK3 effectively mitigated immune-mediated hepatitis by suppressing the expression of RIPK3, resulting in a reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both liver tissues and serum. Additionally, M2 Exos/siRIPK3 exhibited immunomodulatory effects, as its administration resulted in a decreased proportion of hepatic and splenic Th17 cells, along with an increased ratio of Tregs. Overall, this study suggests that loading small molecule drugs onto M2 Exos could be a promising approach for developing immunomodulators that specifically target liver macrophages to treat AIH. This strategy has the potential to provide a safer and more effective alternative to current therapy for AIH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Shuqin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yirong Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, No. 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Paradigm for Understanding Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:453-478. [PMID: 38265880 PMCID: PMC11131139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-094016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the clinically most relevant drug hepatotoxicity in western countries, and, because of translational relevance of animal models, APAP is mechanistically the most studied drug. This review covers intracellular signaling events starting with drug metabolism and the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction involving oxidant stress and peroxynitrite. Mitochondria-derived endonucleases trigger nuclear DNA fragmentation, the point of no return for cell death. In addition, adaptive mechanisms that limit cell death are discussed including autophagy, mitochondrial morphology changes, and biogenesis. Extensive evidence supports oncotic necrosis as the mode of cell death; however, a partial overlap with signaling events of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis is the basis for controversial discussions. Furthermore, an update on sterile inflammation in injury and repair with activation of Kupffer cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and neutrophils is provided. Understanding these mechanisms of cell death led to discovery of N-acetylcysteine and recently fomepizole as effective antidotes against APAP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; ,
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Ramzi B, Souad A, Kawthar C, Ramazan E, Ratiba M, Samir B, Fadila B, Ahmed M. Genista cephalantha Spach. protects against acetaminophen-induced liver failure via preserving the glutathione redox system, reducing inflammatory response, and inhibiting hepatocyte death in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:630-639. [PMID: 38629093 PMCID: PMC11017853 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.73804.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The current study was conducted to assess the protective mechanisms of n-BuOH fraction from the aerial part of Genista cephontala (BEGC) on APAP-induced liver injury compared to necrostatine-1 (Nec-1). Materials and Methods A model of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was created in male rats by injecting a single dose; 1000 mg/kg APAP, the protective effect was performed with (200 mg/kg; 10 days) BEGC compared to Nec-1, (1.8 mg/kg). Results BEGC or NeC-1 pretreatment significantly abolished impaired effects in APAP-rats, by decreasing the generation of TBARS and ROS in mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions and maintaining liver function activities. A marked response was observed in the levels of both GSH and GSH-system enzymes in liver homogenates and mitochondrial fractions to BEGC. BEGC/ Nec-1 successfully regulated the inflammatory mediators (IL-β, TNF-α, HMGB1, and acHMGB1) and MPO levels. During APAP treatment, no caspase-3 or -8 activity was detected, and the level of fk18; M30 was higher than the levels of cck18; M65. Moreover, RIPK3 and MLKL levels were increased in the APAP group. These results suggested that necroptosis predominates during the APAP liver injury model. Interestingly, these necroptotic factors were significantly down-regulated by BEGC treatment. Both biochemical and histopathological findings were consistent with each other. Conclusion From all these findings, the hepatoprotective effect of BEGC could be due to the abundance of polyphenols identified by LC-MS/MS analysis, as well as the synergistic interactions of all contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boulkandoul Ramzi
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement. Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Algérie
| | - Ameddah Souad
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement. Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Algérie
| | - Chebbah Kawthar
- Unité de Recherche, Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques. Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Algérie
| | - Erenler Ramazan
- Research Laboratory Practice and Research Center, Igdir, University Igdir, Turkiye
| | - Mekkiou Ratiba
- Unité de Recherche, Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques. Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Algérie
| | - Benayache Samir
- Unité de Recherche, Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques. Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Algérie
| | - Benayache Fadila
- Unité de Recherche, Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, Molécules Bioactives et Analyses Physicochimiques et Biologiques. Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Algérie
| | - Menad Ahmed
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement. Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Algérie
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Rani J, Dhull SB, Rose PK, Kidwai MK. Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: a metabolic mechanism perspective. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155142. [PMID: 37913641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most challenging and thought-provoking liver problem for hepatologists owing to unregulated medication usage in medical practices, nutritional supplements, and botanicals. Due to underreporting, analysis, and identification issues, clinically evaluated medication hepatotoxicity is prevalent yet hard to quantify. PURPOSE This review's primary objective is to thoroughly compare pharmaceutical drugs and herbal compounds that have undergone clinical trials, focusing on their metabolic mechanisms contributing to the onset of liver illnesses and their hepatoprotective effects. METHODS The data was gathered from several online sources, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using appropriate keywords. RESULTS The prevalence of conventional and herbal medicine is rising. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism is necessary to mitigate the hepatotoxicity induced by drugs and facilitate the incorporation or substitution of herbal medicine instead of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, pre-clinical pharmacological research has the potential to facilitate the development of natural products as therapeutic agents, displaying promising possibilities for their eventual clinical implementation. CONCLUSIONS Acetaminophen, isoniazid, rifampicin, diclofenac, and pyrogallol have been identified as the most often reported synthetic drugs that produce hepatotoxicity by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis during the last several decades. Due to their ability to downregulate many factors (such as cytokines) and activate several enzyme/enzyme systems, herbal substances (such as Gingko biloba extract, curcumin, resveratrol, and silymarin) provide superior protection against harmful mechanisms which induce hepatotoxicity with fewer adverse effects than their synthetic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rani
- Department of Botany, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
| | - Sanju Bala Dhull
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India.
| | - Pawan Kumar Rose
- Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India.
| | - Mohd Kashif Kidwai
- Department of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India
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Dobariya P, Xie W, Rao SP, Xie J, Seelig DM, Vince R, Lee MK, More SS. Deletion of Glyoxalase 1 exacerbates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572856. [PMID: 38187538 PMCID: PMC10769331 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose triggers a cascade of intracellular oxidative stress events culminating in acute liver injury. The clinically used antidote, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has a narrow therapeutic window and early treatment is essential for satisfactory therapeutic outcome. For more versatile therapies that can be effective even at late-presentation, the intricacies of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity must be better understood. Accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and consequent activation of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) are considered one of the key mechanistic features of APAP toxicity. Glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) regulates AGE formation by limiting the levels of methylglyoxal (MEG). In this study, we studied the relevance of Glo-1 in APAP mediated activation of RAGE and downstream cell-death cascades. Constitutive Glo-1 knockout mice (GKO) and a cofactor of Glo-1, ψ-GSH, were employed as tools. Our findings show elevated oxidative stress, activation of RAGE and hepatocyte necrosis through steatosis in GKO mice treated with high-dose APAP compared to wild type controls. A unique feature of the hepatic necrosis in GKO mice is the appearance of microvesicular steatosis as a result of centrilobular necrosis, rather than inflammation seen in wild type. The GSH surrogate and general antioxidant, ψ-GSH alleviated APAP toxicity irrespective of Glo-1 status, suggesting that oxidative stress being the primary driver of APAP toxicity. Overall, exacerbation of APAP hepatotoxicity in GKO mice suggests the importance of this enzyme system in antioxidant defense against initial stages of APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakashkumar Dobariya
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Swetha Pavani Rao
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Michael K. Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Liu F, Li Y, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhu D, Luo J, Kong L. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase-Activated Near-Infrared fluorescent probe for visualization of Drug-Induced liver injury. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106899. [PMID: 37797457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), induced by overdose or chronic administration of drugs, has become the leading cause of acute liver failure. Therefore, an accurate diagnostic method for DILI is critical to improve treatment efficiency. The production of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is closely related to the progression of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. KL-Glu exhibits a prominent GGT-activated NIR fluorescence (734 nm) with a large Stokes shift (137 nm) and good sensitivity/selectivity, making it favorable for real-time detection of endogenous GGT activity. Using this probe, we evaluated the GGT up-regulation under the acetaminophen-induced liver injury model. Moreover, KL-Glu was successfully used to assess liver injury induced by the natural active ingredient triptolide and the effective amelioration upon treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or Glutathione (GSH) in cells and in vivo by fluorescent trapping the fluctuation of GGT for the first time. Therefore, the fluorescent probe KL-Glu can be used as a potential tool to explore the function of GGT in the progression of DILI and for the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yalin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiangmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Dongrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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11
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Hao M, Han X, Yao Z, Zhang H, Zhao M, Peng M, Wang K, Shan Q, Sang X, Wu X, Wang L, Lv Q, Yang Q, Bao Y, Kuang H, Zhang H, Cao G. The pathogenesis of organ fibrosis: Focus on necroptosis. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2862-2879. [PMID: 36111431 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common process of tissue repair response to multiple injuries in all chronic progressive diseases, which features with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Fibrosis can occur in all organs and tends to be nonreversible with the progress of the disease. Different cells types in different organs are involved in the occurrence and development of fibrosis, that is, hepatic stellate cells, pancreatic stellate cells, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Various types of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and necroptosis, are closely related to organ fibrosis. Among these programmed cell death types, necroptosis, an emerging regulated cell death type, is regarded as a huge potential target to ameliorate organ fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the role of necroptosis signalling in organ fibrosis and collate the small molecule compounds targeting necroptosis. In addition, we discuss the potential challenges, opportunities and open questions in using necroptosis signalling as a potential target for antifibrotic therapies. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouhui Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yini Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haodan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Yiew NKH, Vazquez JH, Martino MR, Kennon-McGill S, Price JR, Allard FD, Yee EU, Layman AJ, James LP, McCommis KS, Finck BN, McGill MR. Hepatic pyruvate and alanine metabolism are critical and complementary for maintenance of antioxidant capacity and resistance to oxidative insult. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101808. [PMID: 37716594 PMCID: PMC10561123 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial pyruvate is a critical intermediary metabolite in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and NADH production. As a result, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in metabolic diseases. Clinical trials are currently underway. However, recent in vitro data indicate that MPC inhibition diverts glutamine/glutamate away from glutathione synthesis and toward glutaminolysis to compensate for loss of pyruvate oxidation, possibly sensitizing cells to oxidative insult. Here, we explored this in vivo using the clinically relevant acetaminophen (APAP) overdose model of acute liver injury, which is driven by oxidative stress. METHODS We used pharmacological and genetic approaches to inhibit MPC2 and alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALT2), individually and concomitantly, in mice and cell culture models and determined the effects on APAP hepatotoxicity. RESULTS We found that MPC inhibition sensitizes the liver to APAP-induced injury in vivo only with concomitant loss of alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALT2). Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of neither MPC2 nor ALT2 alone affected APAP toxicity, but liver-specific double knockout (DKO) significantly worsened APAP-induced liver damage. Further investigation indicated that DKO impaired glutathione synthesis and increased urea cycle flux, consistent with increased glutaminolysis, and these results were reproducible in vitro. Finally, induction of ALT2 and post-treatment with dichloroacetate both reduced APAP-induced liver injury, suggesting new therapeutic avenues. CONCLUSIONS Increased susceptibility to APAP toxicity requires loss of both the MPC and ALT2 in vivo, indicating that MPC inhibition alone is insufficient to disrupt redox balance. Furthermore, the results from ALT2 induction and dichloroacetate in the APAP model suggest new metabolic approaches to the treatment of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel H Vazquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael R Martino
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jake R Price
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Felicia D Allard
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alexander J Layman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian N Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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13
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Xinyu W, Qian W, Yanjun W, Jingwen K, Keying X, Jiazheng J, Haibing Z, Kai W, Xiao X, Lixing Z. Polarity protein AF6 functions as a modulator of necroptosis by regulating ubiquitination of RIPK1 in liver diseases. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:673. [PMID: 37828052 PMCID: PMC10570300 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
AF6, a known polarity protein, contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis while ensuring tissue architecture, repair, and integrity. Mice that lack AF6 display embryonic lethality owing to cell-cell junction disruption. However, we show AF6 promotes necroptosis via regulating the ubiquitination of RIPK1 by directly interact with the intermediate domain of RIPK1, which was mediated by the deubiquitylase enzyme USP21. Consistently, while injection of mice with an adenovirus providing AF6 overexpression resulted in accelerated TNFα-induced necroptosis-mediated mortality in vivo, we observed that mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of AF6 prevented hepatocytes from necroptosis and the subsequent inflammatory response in various liver diseases model, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).Together, these data suggest that AF6 represents a novel regulator of RIPK1-RIPK3 dependent necroptotic pathway. Thus, the AF6-RIPK1-USP21 axis are potential therapeutic targets for treatment of various liver injuries and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xinyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Yanjun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kong Jingwen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Keying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Jiazheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Haibing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wang Kai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Xu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Zhan Lixing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Horvath C, Jarabicova I, Kura B, Kalocayova B, Faurobert E, Davidson SM, Adameova A. Novel, non-conventional pathways of necroptosis in the heart and other organs: Molecular mechanisms, regulation and inter-organelle interplay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119534. [PMID: 37399908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a cell death modality that is defined as a necrosis-like cell death depending on the receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), has been found to underlie the injury of various organs. Nevertheless, the molecular background of this cell loss seems to also involve, at least under certain circumstances, some novel axes, such as RIPK3-PGAM5-Drp1 (mitochondrial protein phosphatase 5-dynamin-related protein 1), RIPK3-CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) and RIPK3-JNK-BNIP3 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase-BCL2 Interacting Protein 3). In addition, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress via the higher production of reactive oxygen species produced by the mitochondrial enzymes and the enzymes of the plasma membrane have been implicated in necroptosis, thereby depicting an inter-organelle interplay in the mechanisms of this cell death. However, the role and relationship between these novel non-conventional signalling and the well-accepted canonical pathway in terms of tissue- and/or disease-specific prioritisation is completely unknown. In this review, we provide current knowledge on some necroptotic pathways being not directly associated with RIPK3-MLKL execution and report studies showing the role of respective microRNAs in the regulation of necroptotic injury in the heart and in some other tissues having a high expression of the pro-necroptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Horvath
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Izabela Jarabicova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Branislav Kura
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Barbora Kalocayova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Eva Faurobert
- French National Centre for Scientific Research, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, France.
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Adriana Adameova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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15
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Zheng B, Tian Y, Liu S, Yang J, Wu F, Xiong H. Non-Solvatochromic Cell Membrane-Targeted NIR Fluorescent Probe for Visualization of Polarity Abnormality in Drug-Induced Liver Injury Mice. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12054-12061. [PMID: 37528071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive visualization of liver polarity by using fluorescence imaging technology is helpful to better understand drug-induced liver injury (DILI). However, cell membrane-targeted polarity-sensitive near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are still scarce. Herein, we report a non-solvatochromic cell membrane-targeted NIR small molecular probe (N-BPM-C10) for monitoring the polarity changes on cell membranes in living cells and in vivo. N-BPM-C10 exhibits polarity-dependent fluorescence around 655 nm without an obvious solvatochromic effect, which endows it with good capability for the in vivo imaging study. Moreover, it can rapidly and selectively light up the cell membranes as well as distinguish tumor cells from normal cells due to its excellent polarity-sensitive ability. More importantly, N-BPM-C10 has been successfully applied to visualize liver polarity changes in vivo, revealing the reduction of liver polarity in DILI mice. We believe that N-BPM-C10 provides a new way for the diagnosis of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Zheng
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Senyao Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jieyu Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fapu Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hu Xiong
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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16
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Liu C, Li X, Gao M, Dong Y, Chen Z. Downregulation of hepatic METTL3 contributes to APAP-induced liver injury in mice. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100766. [PMID: 37456679 PMCID: PMC10338307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, but its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) is a core N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) RNA methyltransferase that has been shown to regulate many physiological and pathological processes. This study aimed to investigate the role of METTL3 in APAP-induced liver injury in mice. Methods Hepatocyte-specific Mettl3 knockout (Mettl3-HKO) mice and adenovirus-mediated gene overexpression or knockdown were used. We assayed APAP-induced liver injury by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase activity, necrotic area, cell death, reactive oxygen species levels and activation of signalling pathways. We also performed mechanistic studies using a variety of assays and molecular techniques. Results Hepatic METTL3 is downregulated in APAP-induced liver injury, and hepatocyte-specific deletion of Mettl3 accelerates APAP-induced liver injury, leading to increased mortality as a result of the dramatic activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) / c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway. Inhibition of JNK by SP600125 largely blocks APAP-induced liver injury in Mettl3-HKO mice. Hepatic deletion of Mettl3 activates the MKK4/JNK signalling pathway by increasing the protein stability of MKK4 and JNK1/2 as a result of decreased proteasome activity. Restoration of proteasome activity by overexpression of proteasome 20S subunit beta 4 (PSMB4) or proteasome 20S subunit beta 6 (PSMB6) leads to the downregulation of MKK4 and JNK in Mettl3-HKO hepatocytes. Mechanistically, METTL3 interacts with RNA polymerase II and active histone modifications such as H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H3K36me3 to maintain the expression of proteasome-related genes. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that downregulation of METTL3 promotes APAP-induced liver injury by decreasing proteasome activity and thereby enhancing activity of the MKK4/JNK signalling pathway. Impact and Implications Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a key cause of acute liver failure in the Western world, but its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We demonstrated in this study that methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), a core m6A RNA methyltransferase, is downregulated in APAP-induced liver injury, which exacerbates APAP-induced liver injury through enhancing the MKK4/JNK signalling pathway with involvement of the decreased proteasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ming Gao
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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17
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Lee E, Song CH, Bae SJ, Ha KT, Karki R. Regulated cell death pathways and their roles in homeostasis, infection, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1632-1643. [PMID: 37612410 PMCID: PMC10474065 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, which are the most well-studied regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, contribute to the clearance of infected or potentially neoplastic cells, highlighting their importance in homeostasis, host defense against pathogens, cancer, and a wide range of other pathologies. Although these four RCD pathways employ distinct molecular and cellular processes, emerging genetic and biochemical studies have suggested remarkable flexibility and crosstalk among them. The crosstalk among pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis pathways is more evident in cellular responses to infection, which has led to the conceptualization of PANoptosis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis and their importance in maintaining homeostasis. We discuss the intricate crosstalk among these RCD pathways and the current evidence supporting PANoptosis, focusing on infectious diseases and cancer. Understanding the fundamental processes of various cell death pathways is crucial to inform the development of new therapeutics against many diseases, including infection, sterile inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ein Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Bae
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, 49267, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Nexus Institute of Research and Innovation (NIRI), Kathmandu, Nepal.
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18
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Zhang K, Li J, Yuan E. A necroptosis-related gene signature to predict prognosis and immune features in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:660. [PMID: 37452311 PMCID: PMC10347745 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Necroptosis plays an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, recurrence, and immunotherapy tolerance. We aimed to build a new prognostic necroptosis-related gene signature that could be used for survival and immunotherapy prediction in HCC patients. METHODS We found that necroptosis was associated with HCC progression and survival outcomes and was involved in the immune infiltration of HCC. Multiple bioinformatics methods including WGCNA, LASSO-Cox regression, stepwise Cox regression, and Random Forest and Boruta model analysis, were used to establish a prognostic profile related to necroptosis. The necroptosis-related gene signature was validated in ICGC and GSE14520 datasets. RESULTS This five-gene signature showed excellent predictive performance and was an independent risk factor for patients' overall survival outcome in the three cohorts. Moreover, this signature was an exact predictor using fewer genes than previous gene signatures. Finally, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining investigations were performed in previously collected fresh frozen tumor tissues from HCC patients and their paracancerous normal tissues, and the results were consistent with the bioinformatics results. We found that LGALS3 not only affected the proliferation and migration ability of HepG2 cells but also affected necroptosis and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION In summary, we established and validated an individualized prognostic profile related to necroptosis to forecast the therapeutic response to immune therapy, which might offer a potential non-apoptotic therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Qian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Qian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Enwu Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Qian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Udomsinprasert W. Interleukin-1 family cytokines in liver cell death: a new therapeutic target for liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1125-1143. [PMID: 37975716 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cell death represents a basic biological process regulating the progression of liver diseases via distinct mechanisms. Accumulating evidence has uncovered participation of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines in liver cell death. Upon activation of cell death induced by hepatotoxic stimuli, IL1 family cytokines released by hepatic dead cells stimulate recruitment of immune cells, which in turn influence inflammation and subsequent liver injury, thus highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in liver diseases. Enhancing our comprehension of mechanisms underlying IL1 family cytokine signaling in cell death responses could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing liver cell death-related liver pathologies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the recent findings reported in preclinical and clinical studies on mechanisms of liver cell death, alongside participation of IL1 family members consisting of IL1α, ILβ, IL18, and IL33 in liver cell death and their significant implications in liver diseases. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of new and innovative therapeutic approaches for liver diseases will need close cooperation between fundamental and clinical scientists to better understand the multi-step processes behind IL1 family cytokines' contributions to liver cell death.
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Chen YJ, Zhang H, Liu YZ, Shi L, Xiang FF, Lin RD, Liu YH, Chen SY, Yu XQ, Li K. Rational Design of pH-Independent and High-Fidelity Near-Infrared Tunable Fluorescent Probes for Tracking Leucine Aminopeptidase In Vivo. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2359-2367. [PMID: 37265237 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detection of target analytes and generation of high-fidelity fluorescence signals are particularly critical in life sciences and clinical diagnostics. However, the majority of current NIR-I fluorescent probes are vulnerable to pH effects resulting in signal distortion. In this work, a series of fluorescence-tunable and pH-independent probes are reported by combining optically tunable groups of unsymmetric Si-rhodamines and introducing the methoxy instead of the spiro ring on the benzene ring at position 9. To validate the concept, the leucine aminopeptidase response site was introduced into Si-2,6OMe-NH2 with the best optical properties to synthesize Si-LAP for monitoring the intrahepatic LAP in vivo. Therefore, the design approach may provide a new and practical strategy for designing innovative functional fluorescent probes and generating high-stability and high-fidelity fluorescent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ru-De Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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Patankar JV, Bubeck M, Acera MG, Becker C. Breaking bad: necroptosis in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203903. [PMID: 37409125 PMCID: PMC10318896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A delicate balance between programmed cell death and proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) exists in the gut to maintain homeostasis. Homeostatic cell death programs such as anoikis and apoptosis ensure the replacement of dead epithelia without overt immune activation. In infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut, this balance is invariably disturbed by increased levels of pathologic cell death. Pathological forms of cell death such as necroptosis trigger immune activation barrier dysfunction, and perpetuation of inflammation. A leaky and inflamed gut can thus become a cause of persistent low-grade inflammation and cell death in other organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the liver and the pancreas. In this review, we focus on the advances in the molecular and cellular understanding of programmed necrosis (necroptosis) in tissues of the GI tract. In this review, we will first introduce the reader to the basic molecular aspects of the necroptosis machinery and discuss the pathways leading to necroptosis in the GI system. We then highlight the clinical significance of the preclinical findings and finally evaluate the different therapeutic approaches that attempt to target necroptosis against various GI diseases. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the biological functions of the molecules involved in necroptosis and the potential side effects that may occur due to their systemic inhibition. This review is intended to introduce the reader to the core concepts of pathological necroptotic cell death, the signaling pathways involved, its immuno-pathological implications, and its relevance to GI diseases. Further advances in our ability to control the extent of pathological necroptosis will provide better therapeutic opportunities against currently intractable GI and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay V. Patankar
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marvin Bubeck
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Gonzalez Acera
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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Zhang L, Yan C, Zhang Y, Ma D, Huang J, Zhao Z, Tao Y, Liu C, Li J, Zhu WH, Guo Z. Activatable BODIPY-chromene NIR-II probes with small spectral crosstalk enable high-contrast in vivo bioimaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37305995 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01742g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we design a novel "crossbreeding" dye (BC-OH) within the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window based on BODIPY and chromene chromophores. BC-OH can serve as a platform to construct activatable NIR-II probes with small spectral crosstalk, thereby making a breakthrough in imaging in vivo H2O2 fluctuation in an APAP-induced liver injury model with high signal-to-background ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Chenxu Yan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yutao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Dun Ma
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jialiang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yining Tao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Caiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhiqian Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are critical organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. Thus, their dysfunction can have severe consequences in cells responsible for energy-intensive metabolic function, such as hepatocytes. Extensive research over the last decades have identified compromised mitochondrial function as a central feature in the pathophysiology of liver injury induced by an acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. While hepatocyte mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress coupled with induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition are well recognized after an APAP overdose, recent studies have revealed additional details about the organelle's role in APAP pathophysiology. This concise review highlights these new advances, which establish the central role of the mitochondria in APAP pathophysiology, and places them in the context of earlier information in the literature. Adaptive alterations in mitochondrial morphology as well as the role of cellular iron in mitochondrial dysfunction and the organelle's importance in liver recovery after APAP-induced injury will be discussed.
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Lee J, Ha J, Kim JH, Seo D, Kim M, Lee Y, Park SS, Choi D, Park JS, Lee YJ, Yang S, Yang KM, Jung SM, Hong S, Koo SH, Bae YS, Kim SJ, Park SH. Peli3 ablation ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury through inhibition of GSK3β phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1218-1231. [PMID: 37258579 PMCID: PMC10318043 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways governing acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury have been extensively studied. However, little is known about the ubiquitin-modifying enzymes needed for the regulation of APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we examined whether the Pellino3 protein, which has E3 ligase activity, is needed for APAP-induced liver injury and subsequently explored its molecular mechanism. Whole-body Peli3-/- knockout (KO) and adenovirus-mediated Peli3 knockdown (KD) mice showed reduced levels of centrilobular cell death, infiltration of immune cells, and biomarkers of liver injury, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), upon APAP treatment compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Peli3 deficiency in primary hepatocytes decreased mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and reduced the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In addition, the levels of phosphorylation at serine 9 in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial translocation of GSK3β were decreased in primary hepatocytes obtained from Peli3-/- KO mice, and these reductions were accompanied by decreases in JNK phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation. Pellino3 bound more strongly to GSK3β compared with JNK1 and JNK2 and induced the lysine 63 (K63)-mediated polyubiquitination of GSK3β. In rescue experiments, the ectopic expression of wild-type Pellino3 in Peli3-/- KO hepatocytes restored the mitochondrial translocation of GSK3β, but this restoration was not obtained with expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of Pellino3. These findings are the first to suggest a mechanistic link between Pellino3 and APAP-induced liver injury through the modulation of GSK3β polyubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- KoBio Labs, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeob Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minbeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Shil Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Choi
- Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Su Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoi Koo
- Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- Medpacto Inc., Seoul, 06668, Republic of Korea.
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Hee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Wu X, Zhang R, Li Y, Gai Y, Feng T, Kou J, Kong F, Li L, Tang B. Rational Design of MMP-Independent Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Accurately Monitoring Mitochondrial Viscosity. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7611-7619. [PMID: 37134014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial viscosity affects metabolite diffusion and mitochondrial metabolism and is associated with many diseases. However, the accuracy of mitochondria-targeting fluorescent probes in measuring viscosity is unsatisfactory because these probes can diffuse from mitochondria during mitophagy with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). To avoid this problem, by incorporating different alkyl side chains into dihydroxanthene fluorophores (denoted as DHX), we developed six near-infrared (NIR) probes for the accurate detection of mitochondrial viscosity, and the sensitivity to viscosity and the mitochondrial targeting and anchoring capability of these probes increased by increasing the alkyl chain length. Among them, DHX-V-C12 had a highly selective response to viscosity variations with minimum interference from polarity, pH, and other biologically relevant species. Furthermore, DHX-V-C12 was used to monitor the mitochondrial viscosity changes of HeLa cells treated by ionophores (nystatin, monensin) or under starvation conditions. We hope that this mitochondrial targeting and anchoring strategy based on increasing the alkyl chain length will be a general strategy for the accurate detection of mitochondrial analytes, enabling the accurate study of mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Gai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Kou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanpeng Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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Hoff J, Xiong L, Kammann T, Neugebauer S, Micheel JM, Gaßler N, Bauer M, Press AT. RIPK3 promoter hypermethylation in hepatocytes protects from bile acid-induced inflammation and necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:275. [PMID: 37072399 PMCID: PMC10113265 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis facilitates cell death in a controlled manner and is employed by many cell types following injury. It plays a significant role in various liver diseases, albeit the cell-type-specific regulation of necroptosis in the liver and especially hepatocytes, has not yet been conceptualized. We demonstrate that DNA methylation suppresses RIPK3 expression in human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. In diseases leading to cholestasis, the RIPK3 expression is induced in mice and humans in a cell-type-specific manner. Overexpression of RIPK3 in HepG2 cells leads to RIPK3 activation by phosphorylation and cell death, further modulated by different bile acids. Additionally, bile acids and RIPK3 activation further facilitate JNK phosphorylation, IL-8 expression, and its release. This suggests that hepatocytes suppress RIPK3 expression to protect themselves from necroptosis and cytokine release induced by bile acid and RIPK3. In chronic liver diseases associated with cholestasis, induction of RIPK3 expression may be an early event signaling danger and repair through releasing IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Ling Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Tobias Kammann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Sophie Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
| | - Julia M Micheel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Adrian T Press
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nanophysiology Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07747, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07747, Germany.
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27
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Mao XR, Zhang XX, Xu ZQ, Zhao N, Fu L, Peng SF, Chai J. Hepatic interleukin 32 attenuates liver injury through repression of necroptosis in cholestasis. J Dig Dis 2023; 24:293-304. [PMID: 37261903 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the association between interleukin (IL)-32 and necroptosis in cholestatic liver injury. METHODS Levels of necroptosis-related markers in cholestatic and control patients, including the receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3), receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1), and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) were measured. Animal experiments in C57BL/6J and transgenic mice with IL32β/γ overexpression were also conducted to confirm the effect of IL-32 on necroptosis in cholestasis, which was induced by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and 1% lithocholic acid (LCA). PLC/PRF/5-ASBT and primary mouse hepatocytes were utilized for the investigation of the regulation and mechanism of IL-32 in cholestasis. RESULTS In the liver tissues of cholestatic patients, the mRNA and protein expressions of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL were increased and associated with IL-32 expression. In addition, expressions of these indicators in the liver of 1% LCA- and ANIT-induced mouse models were significantly increased, while they were markedly decreased in hIL32βLTg and hIL32γLTg mice. After bile acid stimulation, IL-32 and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) expressions significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner. After treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-32 inhibited MLKL expression in primary mouse hepatocytes. CONCLUSION IL-32 is negatively associated with necroptosis in cholestatic patients. Moreover, IL-32 is induced by p-Akt and effectively attenuates necroptosis in ANIT- or 1% LCA-induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Ru Mao
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Certer and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Xun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Certer and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zi Qian Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Certer and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Certer and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shi Fang Peng
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jin Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Certer and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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28
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Wu X, Fu G, Li Y, Li S, Zhao Q, Kong F, Li L, Tang B. Dihydroxanthene-Based Near-infrared Fluorescent Probes for Monitoring Mitochondrial Viscosity in Living Cells and Mice. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3544-3549. [PMID: 36744597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant mitochondrial viscosity is closely associated with many diseases and cellular malfunctions. Thus, the development of reliable methods for monitoring mitochondrial viscosity variations has attracted considerable attention. Herein, through stepwise structural modulation of the dihydroxanthene fluorophore (DHX), we developed three NIR fluorescent probes, named DHX-V-1-3, for detecting mitochondrial viscosity. Among them, DHX-V-3 displayed the highest signal-to-noise ratio (67-fold) for viscosity with outstanding selectivity and showed excellent mitochondria targeting and immobilization ability. At the cellular level, the DHX-V-3 probe was successfully applied to image the mitochondrial viscosity in live cells upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or nystatin. Moreover, benefiting from its NIR emission and the increased depth of tissue imaging, DHX-V-3 demonstrated the ability to visualize the increased viscosity in LPS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanyu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijin Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanpeng Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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Alassaf N, Attia H. Autophagy and necroptosis in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury: Recent advances regarding their role and therapeutic potential. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1103062. [PMID: 36794281 PMCID: PMC9922871 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) is a broad-spectrum antineoplastic agent, used to treat many different types of malignancies due to its high efficacy and low cost. However, its use is largely limited by acute kidney injury (AKI), which, if left untreated, may progress to cause irreversible chronic renal dysfunction. Despite substantial research, the exact mechanisms of CP-induced AKI are still so far unclear and effective therapies are lacking and desperately needed. In recent years, necroptosis, a novel subtype of regulated necrosis, and autophagy, a form of homeostatic housekeeping mechanism have witnessed a burgeoning interest owing to their potential to regulate and alleviate CP-induced AKI. In this review, we elucidate in detail the molecular mechanisms and potential roles of both autophagy and necroptosis in CP-induced AKI. We also explore the potential of targeting these pathways to overcome CP-induced AKI according to recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Alassaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Noha Alassaf,
| | - Hala Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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30
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Inaba Y, Hashiuchi E, Watanabe H, Kimura K, Oshima Y, Tsuchiya K, Murai S, Takahashi C, Matsumoto M, Kitajima S, Yamamoto Y, Honda M, Asahara SI, Ravnskjaer K, Horike SI, Kaneko S, Kasuga M, Nakano H, Harada K, Inoue H. The transcription factor ATF3 switches cell death from apoptosis to necroptosis in hepatic steatosis in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:167. [PMID: 36690638 PMCID: PMC9871012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35804-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular death increases with hepatic steatosis aggravation, although its regulation remains unclear. Here we show that hepatic steatosis aggravation shifts the hepatocellular death mode from apoptosis to necroptosis, causing increased hepatocellular death. Our results reveal that the transcription factor ATF3 acts as a master regulator in this shift by inducing expression of RIPK3, a regulator of necroptosis. In severe hepatic steatosis, after partial hepatectomy, hepatic ATF3-deficient or -overexpressing mice display decreased or increased RIPK3 expression and necroptosis, respectively. In cultured hepatocytes, ATF3 changes TNFα-dependent cell death mode from apoptosis to necroptosis, as revealed by live-cell imaging. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mice, hepatic ATF3 deficiency suppresses RIPK3 expression and hepatocellular death. In human NASH, hepatocellular damage is correlated with the frequency of hepatocytes expressing ATF3 or RIPK3, which overlap frequently. ATF3-dependent RIPK3 induction, causing a modal shift of hepatocellular death, can be a therapeutic target for steatosis-induced liver damage, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Inaba
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Emi Hashiuchi
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kumi Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin Murai
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Kitajima
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Asahara
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kim Ravnskjaer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masato Kasuga
- The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Departments of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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31
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Li P, Maitra D, Kuo N, Kwan R, Song Y, Tang W, Chen L, Xie Q, Liu L, Omary MB. PP2 protects from keratin mutation-associated liver injury and filament disruption via SRC kinase inhibition in male but not female mice. Hepatology 2023; 77:144-158. [PMID: 35586977 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocyte keratin polypeptides 8/18 (K8/K18) are unique among intermediate filaments proteins (IFs) in that their mutation predisposes to, rather than causes, human disease. Mice that overexpress human K18 R90C manifest disrupted hepatocyte keratin filaments with hyperphosphorylated keratins and predisposition to Fas-induced liver injury. We hypothesized that high-throughput screening will identify compounds that protect the liver from mutation-triggered predisposition to injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using A549 cells transduced with a lentivirus K18 construct and high-throughput screening, we identified the SRC-family tyrosine kinases inhibitor, PP2, as a compound that reverses keratin filament disruption and protects from apoptotic cell death caused by K18 R90C mutation at this highly conserved arginine. PP2 also ameliorated Fas-induced apoptosis and liver injury in male but not female K18 R90C mice. The PP2 male selectivity is due to its lower turnover in male versus female livers. Knockdown of SRC but not another kinase target of PP2, protein tyrosine kinase 6, in A549 cells abrogated the hepatoprotective effect of PP2. Phosphoproteomic analysis and validation showed that the protective effect of PP2 associates with Ser/Thr but not Tyr keratin hypophosphorylation, and differs from the sex-independent effect of the Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor PKC412. Inhibition of RAF kinase, a downstream target of SRC, by vemurafenib had a similar protective effect to PP2 in A549 cells and male K18 R90C mice. CONCLUSIONS PP2 protects, in a male-selective manner, keratin mutation-induced mouse liver injury by inhibiting SRC-triggered downstream Ser/Thr phosphorylation of K8/K18, which is phenocopied by RAF kinase inhibitor vemurafenib. The PP2/vemurafenib-associated findings, and their unique mechanisms of action, further support the potential role of select kinase inhibition as therapeutic opportunities for keratin and other IF-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
- Early-Stage Method Development & Characterization Unit , Bristol Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
| | - Ning Kuo
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Raymond Kwan
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
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Li H, Niu X, Zhang D, Qu MH, Yang K. The role of the canonical nf-κb signaling pathway in the development of acute liver failure. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36578157 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As a clinical emergency with a high mortality rate, the treatment of acute liver failure has been paid attention to by society. At present, liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for acute liver failure, but there is still an insufficient supply of liver sources and a poor prognosis. In view of the current therapeutic development of this disease, more researchers have turned their attention to the research of drugs related to the NF-κB pathway. The NF-κB canonical pathway has been proven to play a role in a variety of diseases, regulating inflammation, apoptosis, and other physiological processes. More and more evidence shows that the NF-κB canonical pathway regulates the pathogenesis of acute liver failure. In this review, we will summarize the regulation process of the NF-κB canonical pathway on acute liver failure, and develop a new way to treat acute liver failure by targeting the components of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Li
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Niu
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dajin Zhang
- Translational Medical Center, Weifang Second People's Hospital, Weifang Respiratory Disease Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Mei-Hua Qu
- Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities, School of life science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kunning Yang
- Translational Medical Center, Weifang Second People's Hospital, Weifang Respiratory Disease Hospital, Weifang, China
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Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used pain reliever that can cause liver injury or liver failure in response to an overdose. Understanding the mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death is critical for identifying new therapeutic targets. In this respect it was hypothesized that hepatocytes die by oncotic necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis and more recently pyroptosis. The latter cell death is characterized by caspase-dependent gasdermin cleavage into a C-terminal and an N-terminal fragment, which forms pores in the plasma membrane. The gasdermin pores can release potassium, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and other small molecules in a sublytic phase, which can be the main function of the pores in certain cell types such as inflammatory cells. Alternatively, the process can progress to full lysis of the cell (pyroptosis) with extensive cell contents release. This review discusses the experimental evidence for the involvement of pyroptosis in APAP hepatotoxicity as well as the arguments against pyroptosis as a relevant mechanism of APAP-induced cell death in hepatocytes. Based on the critical evaluation of the currently available literature and understanding of the pathophysiology, it can be concluded that pyroptotic cell death is unlikely to be a relevant contributor to APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S. Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Chaouhan HS, Vinod C, Mahapatra N, Yu SH, Wang IK, Chen KB, Yu TM, Li CY. Necroptosis: A Pathogenic Negotiator in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112714. [PMID: 36361505 PMCID: PMC9655262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, mechanisms of programmed cell death have attracted the scientific community because they are involved in diverse human diseases. Initially, apoptosis was considered as a crucial mechanistic pathway for programmed cell death; recently, an alternative regulated mode of cell death was identified, mimicking the features of both apoptosis and necrosis. Several lines of evidence have revealed that dysregulation of necroptosis leads to pathological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, lung, renal, hepatic, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases. Regulated forms of necrosis are executed by death receptor ligands through the activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1/3 and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), resulting in the formation of a necrosome complex. Many papers based on genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that RIPKs and MLKL are the key regulatory effectors during the progression of multiple pathological diseases. This review focused on illuminating the mechanisms underlying necroptosis, the functions of necroptosis-associated proteins, and their influences on disease progression. We also discuss numerous natural and chemical compounds and novel targeted therapies that elicit beneficial roles of necroptotic cell death in malignant cells to bypass apoptosis and drug resistance and to provide suggestions for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Singh Chaouhan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ch Vinod
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar 751024, India
| | - Nikita Mahapatra
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar 751024, India
| | - Shao-Hua Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - I-Kuan Wang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Bao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Min Yu
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-M.Y.); or (C.-Y.L.)
| | - Chi-Yuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-M.Y.); or (C.-Y.L.)
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35
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Ghanem CI, Manautou JE. Role and Regulation of Hepatobiliary ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters during Chemical-Induced Liver Injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1376-1388. [PMID: 35914951 PMCID: PMC9513844 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severity of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) ranges from mild, asymptomatic, and transient elevations in liver function tests to irreversible liver damage, often needing transplantation. Traditionally, DILI is classified mechanistically as high-frequency intrinsic DILI, commonly dose dependent or DILI that rarely occurs and is idiosyncratic in nature. This latter form is not dose dependent and has a pattern of histopathological manifestation that is not always uniform. Currently, a third type of DILI called indirect hepatotoxicity has been described that is associated with the pharmacological action of the drug. Historically, DILI was primarily linked to drug metabolism events; however, the impact of transporter-mediated rates of drug uptake and excretion has gained greater prominence in DILI research. This review provides a comprehensive view of the major findings from studies examining the contribution of hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporters as key contributors to DILI and how changes in their expression and function influence the development, severity, and overall toxicity outcome. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) continues to be a focal point in drug development research. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have emerged as important determinants of drug detoxification, disposition, and safety. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature addressing: (a) the role of hepatic ABC transporters in DILI, (b) the influence of genetic mutations in ABC transporters on DILI, and (c) new areas of research emphasis, such as the influence of the gut microbiota and epigenetic regulation, on ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Ghanem
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET) (C.I.G.) and Cátedra de Fisiopatología (C.I.G.), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.E.M.)
| | - Jose E Manautou
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET) (C.I.G.) and Cátedra de Fisiopatología (C.I.G.), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.E.M.)
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36
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Bai L, Lu W, Tang S, Tang H, Xu M, Liang C, Zheng S, Liu S, Kong M, Duan Z, Chen Y. Galectin-3 critically mediates the hepatoprotection conferred by M2-like macrophages in ACLF by inhibiting pyroptosis but not necroptosis signalling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:775. [PMID: 36075893 PMCID: PMC9458748 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously documented that M2-like macrophages exert a hepatoprotective effect in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) by inhibiting necroptosis signalling. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism behind this hepatoprotection still needs to be further dissected. Galectin-3 (GAL3) has been reported to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple liver diseases, whereas the potential role of GAL3 in ACLF remains to be explored. Herein, we hypothesised that GAL3 plays a pivotal role in the hepatoprotection conferred by M2-like macrophages in ACLF by inhibiting necroptosis. To test this hypothesis, we first assessed the expression of GAL3 in control and fibrotic mice with or without acute insult. Second, loss- and gain-of-function experiments of GAL3 were performed. Third, the correlation between GAL3 and M2-like macrophage activation was analysed, and the potential role of GAL3 in M2-like macrophage-conferred hepatoprotection was confirmed. Finally, the molecular mechanism underlying GAL3-mediated hepatoprotection was dissected. GAL3 was found to be obviously upregulated in fibrotic mice with or without acute insult but not in acutely injured mice. Depletion of GAL3 aggravated hepatic damage in fibrotic mice upon insult. Conversely, adoptive transfer of GAL3 provided normal mice enhanced resistance against acute insult. The expression of GAL3 is closely correlated with M2-like macrophage activation. Through adoptive transfer and depletion experiments, M2-like macrophages were verified to act as a major source of GAL3. Importantly, GAL3 was confirmed to hold a pivotal place in the hepatoprotection conferred by M2-like macrophages through loss- and gain-of-function experiments. Unexpectedly, the depletion and adoptive transfer of GAL3 resulted in significant differences in the expression levels of pyroptosis but not necroptosis signalling molecules. Taken together, GAL3 plays a pivotal role in the hepatoprotection conferred by M2-like macrophages in ACLF by inhibiting pyroptosis but not necroptosis signalling. Our findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and therapy of ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Wang Lu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Shan Tang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe First Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Huixin Tang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Manman Xu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe First Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe First Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XThe Fourth Department of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, 100069 Beijing, China
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Abstract
Necroptosis, or programmed necrosis, is an inflammatory form of cell death with important functions in host defense against pathogens and tissue homeostasis. The four cytosolic receptor-interacting protein kinase homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-containing adaptor proteins RIPK1, RIPK3, TRIF (also known as TICAM1) and ZBP1 mediate necroptosis induction in response to infection and cytokine or innate immune receptor activation. Activation of the RHIM adaptors leads to phosphorylation, oligomerization and membrane targeting of the necroptosis effector protein mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). Active MLKL induces lesions on the plasma membrane, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus, activities of the RHIM adaptors and MLKL are tightly regulated by posttranslational modifications to prevent inadvertent release of immunogenic contents. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of necroptosis and its biological functions in tissue homeostasis, pathogen infection and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidong Kang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christa Park
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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38
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Tian Y, Liu S, Cao W, Wu P, Chen Z, Xiong H. H 2O 2-Activated NIR-II Fluorescent Probe with a Large Stokes Shift for High-Contrast Imaging in Drug-Induced Liver Injury Mice. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11321-11328. [PMID: 35938413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common clinical adverse drug reaction, which is closely associated with the oxidative stress caused by overproduced reactive oxygen species. Hepatic H2O2, as an important biomarker of DILI, plays a crucial role in the progression of DILI. However, there remains a challenge to develop H2O2-activatable second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) small molecular probes with both a large Stokes shift and a long emission wavelength beyond 950 nm. Herein, we developed an activatable NIR-II fluorescent probe (IR-990) with an acceptor-π-acceptor (A-π-A) skeleton for real-time detection of H2O2 in vivo. In the presence of H2O2, nonfluorescent probe IR-990 was successfully unlocked by generating a donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structure and switched on intense NIR-II fluorescence, exhibiting a peak emission wavelength at 990 nm and a large Stokes shift of 200 nm. Moreover, it was able to detect H2O2 with high sensitivity and selectivity in vitro (LOD = 0.59 μM) and monitor the behavior of endogenous H2O2 in the HepG2 cell model of DILI for the first time. Notably, probe IR-990 was successfully applied in real-time imaging of endogenous H2O2 generation in the DILI mouse model, showing a high signal-to-background ratio of 11.3/1. We envision that IR-990 holds great potential as a powerful diagnosis tool for real-time visualization of H2O2 in vivo and revealing the mechanism of DILI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tian
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Senyao Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenwen Cao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hu Xiong
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Singh V, Huang E, Pathak V, Willard BB, Allende DS, Nagy LE. Phosphoproteomics identifies pathways underlying the role of receptor-interaction protein kinase 3 in alcohol-associated liver disease and uncovers apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 as a target. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2022-2041. [PMID: 35438255 PMCID: PMC9315126 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interaction protein kinase 3 (RIP3), a critical determinant of the necroptotic pathway of programmed cell death, contributes to injury in murine models of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD); however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated the effect of chronic ethanol feeding on the hepatic phosphoproteome in C57BL/6 and RIP3-deficient (Rip3-/- ) mice, focusing on death receptor (DR) signaling pathways. C57BL/6 and Rip3-/- mice were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet or pair-fed control diet. A label-free mass spectrometry-based approach identified differentially phosphorylated proteins that were mapped to pathways affected by ethanol and Rip3 genotype. Identified targets were validated in both the murine model of ALD and in liver tissue from patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) and healthy controls. Chronic ethanol dysregulated hepatic tumor necrosis factor-induced DR signaling pathways. Of particular importance, chronic ethanol feeding to C57BL/6 mice decreased the phosphorylation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) at serine (S)1036/S1040 (S1029/S1033 human), sites linked with the inhibition of ASK1 death-promoting activity. This decrease in phosphorylation of inhibitory sites was muted in Rip3-/- mice. Decreased phosphorylation at S1033 was also lower in liver of patients with severe AH compared to healthy controls, and phosphorylation at the ASK1 activation site (threonine [Thr]-838) was increased in patients with AH. The net impact of these changes in phosphorylation of ASK1 was associated with increased phosphorylation of p38, a downstream target of ASK1, in patients with AH and C57BL/6 but not Rip3-/- mice. Similarly, chronic ethanol feeding affected the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in C57BL/6 but not Rip3-/- mice. Taken together, our data indicate that changes in inhibitory phosphorylation of ASK1 are an important target in ALD and suggest the involvement of noncanonical functions of Rip3 in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Singh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Center for Liver Disease ResearchCleveland ClinicLerner Research InstituteClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Center for Liver Disease ResearchCleveland ClinicLerner Research InstituteClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Vai Pathak
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesCleveland ClinicLerner Research InstituteClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Belinda B Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics CoreCleveland ClinicLerner Research InstituteClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Center for Liver Disease ResearchCleveland ClinicLerner Research InstituteClevelandOhioUSA
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40
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Jaeschke H, Umbaugh DS. Protection against acetaminophen-induced liver injury with MG53: Muscle-liver axis and necroptosis. J Hepatol 2022; 77:560-562. [PMID: 35278532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA.
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
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41
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Inhibition of TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis protects against acute liver failure by suppressing RIPK1-dependent apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2022; 8:328. [PMID: 35853848 PMCID: PMC9296540 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a severe clinical syndrome characterized by massive death of hepatocytes in a short time, resulting in coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy, with a high mortality in patients without pre-existing liver disease. Effective treatment of ALF is currently limited to liver transplantation, highlighting the need for new target therapies. Here, we found that expression of hepatic tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A (Tnfrsf12a) were significantly increased during ALF induced by thioacetamide (TAA) or acetaminophen (APAP). Inhibition of TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis markedly attenuated TAA or APAP-induced ALF. Moreover, our results demonstrated that TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis induced receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent apoptosis of hepatocytes, instead of necroptosis or pyroptosis. Notably, hepatic TNFRSF12A and TWEAK levels were also significantly increased in liver biopsies from ALF patients. In summary, our results demonstrate that during ALF, TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis activates RIPK1 in hepatocytes, leading to RIPK1-dependent apoptosis and subsequent liver injury. Therefore, inhibition of either TWEAK/Tnfrsf12a axis or RIPK1-dependent apoptosis attenuates liver injury, providing a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ALF.
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Xu P, Xi Y, Wang P, Luka Z, Xu M, Tung HC, Wang J, Ren S, Feng D, Gao B, Singhi AD, Monga SP, York JD, Ma X, Huang Z, Xie W. Inhibition of p53 Sulfoconjugation Prevents Oxidative Hepatotoxicity and Acute Liver Failure. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1226-1241. [PMID: 34954226 PMCID: PMC8934304 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sulfoconjugation of small molecules or protein peptides is a key mechanism to ensure biochemical and functional homeostasis in mammals. The PAPS synthase 2 (PAPSS2) is the primary enzyme to synthesize the universal sulfonate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF), in which oxidative stress is a key pathogenic event, whereas sulfation of APAP contributes to its detoxification. The goal of this study was to determine whether and how PAPSS2 plays a role in APAP-induced ALF. METHODS Gene expression was analyzed in APAP-induced ALF in patients and mice. Liver-specific Papss2-knockout mice using Alb-Cre (Papss2ΔHC) or AAV8-TBG-Cre (Papss2iΔHC) were created and subjected to APAP-induced ALF. Primary human and mouse hepatocytes were used for in vitro mechanistic analysis. RESULTS The hepatic expression of PAPSS2 was decreased in APAP-induced ALF in patients and mice. Surprisingly, Papss2ΔHC mice were protected from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity despite having a decreased APAP sulfation, which was accompanied by increased hepatic antioxidative capacity through the activation of the p53-p2-Nrf2 axis. Treatment with a sulfation inhibitor also ameliorated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Gene knockdown experiments showed that the hepatoprotective effect of Papss2ΔHC was Nrf2, p53, and p21 dependent. Mechanistically, we identified p53 as a novel substrate of sulfation. Papss2 ablation led to p53 protein accumulation by preventing p53 sulfation, which disrupts p53-MDM2 interaction and p53 ubiquitination and increases p53 protein stability. CONCLUSIONS We have uncovered a previously unrecognized and p53-mediated role of PAPSS2 in controlling oxidative response. Inhibition of p53 sulfation may be explored for the clinical management of APAP overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yue Xi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zigmund Luka
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hung-Chun Tung
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Songrong Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aatur D. Singhi
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John D. York
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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43
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Han Y, Black S, Gong Z, Chen Z, Ko JK, Zhou Z, Xia T, Fang D, Yang D, Gu D, Zhang Z, Ren H, Duan X, Reader BF, Chen P, Li Y, Kim JL, Li Z, Xu X, Guo L, Zhou X, Haggard E, Zhu H, Tan T, Chen K, Ma J, Zeng C. Membrane-delimited signaling and cytosolic action of MG53 preserve hepatocyte integrity during drug-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 2022; 76:558-567. [PMID: 34736969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains challenging to treat and is still a leading cause of acute liver failure. MG53 is a muscle-derived tissue-repair protein that circulates in the bloodstream and whose physiological role in protection against DILI has not been examined. METHODS Recombinant MG53 protein (rhMG53) was administered exogenously, using mice with deletion of Mg53 or Ripk3. Live-cell imaging, histological, biochemical, and molecular studies were used to investigate the mechanisms that underlie the extracellular and intracellular action of rhMG53 in hepatoprotection. RESULTS Systemic administration of rhMG53 protein, in mice, can prophylactically and therapeutically treat DILI induced through exposure to acetaminophen, tetracycline, concanavalin A, carbon tetrachloride, or thioacetamide. Circulating MG53 protects hepatocytes from injury through direct interaction with MLKL at the plasma membrane. Extracellular MG53 can enter hepatocytes and act as an E3-ligase to mitigate RIPK3-mediated MLKL phosphorylation and membrane translocation. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the membrane-delimited signaling and cytosolic dual action of MG53 effectively preserves hepatocyte integrity during DILI. rhMG53 may be a potential treatment option for patients with DILI. LAY SUMMARY Interventions to treat drug-induced liver injury and halt its progression into liver failure are of great value to society. The present study reveals that muscle-liver cross talk, with MG53 as a messenger, serves an important role in liver cell protection. Thus, MG53 is a potential treatment option for patients with drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Sylvester Black
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhengfan Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jae-Kyun Ko
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhongshu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tianyang Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dandong Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Donghai Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Daqian Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xudong Duan
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Brenda F Reader
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jung-Lye Kim
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhongguang Li
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shannxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuehong Xu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shannxi Normal University College of Life Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Guo
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin Haggard
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, PR China.
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Tiegs G, Horst AK. TNF in the liver: targeting a central player in inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:445-459. [PMID: 35122118 PMCID: PMC9256556 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a multifunctional cytokine. First recognized as an endogenous soluble factor that induces necrosis of solid tumours, TNF became increasingly important as pro-inflammatory cytokine being involved in the immunopathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. In the liver, TNF induces numerous biological responses such as hepatocyte apoptosis and necroptosis, liver inflammation and regeneration, and autoimmunity, but also progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Considering these multiple functions of TNF in the liver, we propose anti-TNF therapies that specifically target TNF signalling at the level of its specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea K Horst
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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45
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Pirfenidone attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via suppressing c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115817. [PMID: 34890640 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in Western countries. Pirfenidone (PFD), an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative, is clinically used for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment and has antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Here we examined the PFD effect on APAP-induced liver injury. In a murine model, APAP caused serum alanine aminotransferase elevation attenuated by PFD treatment. We performed terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and vital propidium iodide (PI) stainings simultaneously. APAP induced TUNEL-positive/PI-negative necrosis around the central vein and subsequent TUNEL-negative/PI-positive oncotic necrosis with hemorrhage and caused the upregulation of hypercoagulation- and hypoxia-associated gene expressions. PFD treatment suppressed these findings. Western blotting revealed PFD suppressed APAP-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation despite no effect on JNK phosphatase expressions. In conclusion, simultaneous TUNEL and vital PI staining is useful for discriminating APAP-induced necrosis from typical oncotic necrosis. Our results indicated that PFD attenuated APAP-induced liver injury by suppressing TUNEL-positive necrosis by directly blocking JNK phosphorylation. PFD is promising as a new option to prevent APAP-induced liver injury.
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46
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Kondo T, Macdonald S, Engelmann C, Habtesion A, Macnaughtan J, Mehta G, Mookerjee RP, Davies N, Pavesi M, Moreau R, Angeli P, Arroyo V, Andreola F, Jalan R. The role of RIPK1 mediated cell death in acute on chronic liver failure. Cell Death Dis 2021; 13:5. [PMID: 34921136 PMCID: PMC8683430 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized predominantly by non-apoptotic forms of hepatocyte cell death. Necroptosis is a form of programmed lytic cell death in which receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1, RIPK3 and phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like (pMLKL) are key components. This study was performed to determine the role of RIPK1 mediated cell death in ACLF. RIPK3 plasma levels and hepatic expression of RIPK1, RIPK3, and pMLKL were measured in healthy volunteers, stable patients with cirrhosis, and in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis, with and without ACLF (AD). The role of necroptosis in ACLF was studied in two animal models of ACLF using inhibitors of RIPK1, necrostatin-1 (NEC-1) and SML2100 (RIPA56). Plasma RIPK3 levels predicted the risk of 28- and 90-day mortality (AUROC, 0.653 (95%CI 0.530–0.776), 0.696 (95%CI 0.593–0.799)] and also the progression of patients from no ACLF to ACLF [0.744 (95%CI 0.593–0.895)] and the results were validated in a 2nd patient cohort. This pattern was replicated in a rodent model of ACLF that was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to bile-duct ligated rats and carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis mice administered galactosamine (CCL4/GalN). Suppression of caspase-8 activity in ACLF rodent model was observed suggesting a switch from caspase-dependent cell death to necroptosis. NEC-1 treatment prior to administration of LPS significantly reduced the severity of ACLF manifested by reduced liver, kidney, and brain injury mirrored by reduced hepatic and renal cell death. Similar hepato-protective effects were observed with RIPA56 in a murine model of ACLF induced by CCL4/GalN. These data demonstrate for the first time the importance of RIPK1 mediated cell death in human and rodent ACLF. Inhibition of RIPK1 is a potential novel therapeutic approach to prevent progression of susceptible patients from no ACLF to ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kondo
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Stewart Macdonald
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cornelius Engelmann
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK.,Section Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abeba Habtesion
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jane Macnaughtan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gautam Mehta
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rajeshwar P Mookerjee
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathan Davies
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Pavesi
- European Foundation of the study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Moreau
- European Foundation of the study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain.,Inserm, U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Clichy, Paris, France.,UMRS1149, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Paolo Angeli
- European Foundation of the study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology (UIMH), Department of Medicine - DIMED University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation of the study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fausto Andreola
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Clemens MM, Kennon-McGill S, Vazquez JH, Stephens OW, Peterson EA, Johann DJ, Allard FD, Yee EU, McCullough SS, James LP, Finck BN, McGill MR. Exogenous phosphatidic acid reduces acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by activating hepatic interleukin-6 signaling through inter-organ crosstalk. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3836-3846. [PMID: 35024310 PMCID: PMC8727922 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that endogenous phosphatidic acid (PA) promotes liver regeneration after acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Here, we hypothesized that exogenous PA is also beneficial. To test that, we treated mice with a toxic APAP dose at 0 h, followed by PA or vehicle (Veh) post-treatment. We then collected blood and liver at 6, 24, and 52 h. Post-treatment with PA 2 h after APAP protected against liver injury at 6 h, and the combination of PA and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reduced injury more than NAC alone. Interestingly, PA did not affect canonical mechanisms of APAP toxicity. Instead, transcriptomics revealed that PA activated interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling in the liver. Consistent with that, serum IL-6 and hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) phosphorylation increased in PA-treated mice. Furthermore, PA failed to protect against APAP in IL-6-deficient animals. Interestingly, IL-6 expression increased 18-fold in adipose tissue after PA, indicating that adipose is a source of PA-induced circulating IL-6. Surprisingly, however, exogenous PA did not alter regeneration, despite the importance of endogenous PA in liver repair, possibly due to its short half-life. These data demonstrate that exogenous PA is also beneficial in APAP toxicity and reinforce the protective effects of IL-6 in this model.
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Liu X, Xie X, Ren Y, Shao Z, Zhang N, Li L, Ding X, Zhang L. The role of necroptosis in disease and treatment. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:730-755. [PMID: 34977874 PMCID: PMC8706757 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis, a distinctive type of programmed cell death different from apoptosis or necrosis, triggered by a series of death receptors such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), TNFR2, and Fas. In case that apoptosis process is blocked, necroptosis pathway is initiated with the activation of three key downstream mediators which are receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). The whole process eventually leads to destruction of the cell membrane integrity, swelling of organelles, and severe inflammation. Over the past decade, necroptosis has been found widely involved in life process of human beings and animals. In this review, we attempt to explore the therapeutic prospects of necroptosis regulators by describing its molecular mechanism and the role it played in pathological condition and tissue homeostasis, and to summarize the research and clinical applications of corresponding regulators including small molecule inhibitors, chemicals, Chinese herbal extracts, and biological agents in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Zhiying Shao
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Cancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Nie Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Liantao Li
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Xin Ding
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyAffiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer BiotherapyCancer InstituteXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhouJiangsu ProvinceP. R. China
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Akakpo JY, Nguyen NT, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Umbaugh DS, Ding WX, Ramachandran A. Recommendations for the use of the acetaminophen hepatotoxicity model for mechanistic studies and how to avoid common pitfalls. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3740-3755. [PMID: 35024303 PMCID: PMC8727921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is safe at therapeutic doses but can cause severe liver injury and even liver failure after overdoses. The mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity recapitulates closely the human pathophysiology. As a result, this clinically relevant model is frequently used to study mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and even more so to test potential therapeutic interventions. However, the complexity of the model requires a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology to obtain valid results and mechanistic information that is translatable to the clinic. However, many studies using this model are flawed, which jeopardizes the scientific and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to provide a framework of the model where mechanistically sound and clinically relevant data can be obtained. The discussion provides insight into the injury mechanisms and how to study it including the critical roles of drug metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, necrotic cell death, autophagy and the sterile inflammatory response. In addition, the most frequently made mistakes when using this model are discussed. Thus, considering these recommendations when studying APAP hepatotoxicity will facilitate the discovery of more clinically relevant interventions.
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Key Words
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATG, autophagy-related genes
- Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSO, buthionine sulfoximine
- CAD, caspase-activated DNase
- CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- Drug metabolism
- EndoG, endonuclease G
- FSP1, ferroptosis suppressing protein 1
- Ferroptosis
- GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Gclc, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- Gclm, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- Innate immunity
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMAC/DIABLO, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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50
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Yuan Q, Bian Y, Li M, Wang Y, Gao X, Su D. Enzyme-activated near-infrared fluorogenic probe with high-efficiency intrahepatic targeting ability for visualization of drug-induced liver injury. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14855-14862. [PMID: 34820101 PMCID: PMC8597858 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04825b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is a serious problem faced by thousands of clinical drugs, and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by chronic administration or overdose has become a major biosafety issue. However, the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes currently used for liver injury detection still suffer from poor liver targeting ability and low sensitivity. Enzyme-activated fluorogenic probes with powerful in situ targeting ability are the key to improving the imaging effect of liver injury. Herein, we rationally designed a leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activated fluorogenic probe hCy-CA-LAP, which greatly improved the hepatocyte-targeting capability by introducing a cholic acid group. The probe hCy-CA-LAP is converted into a high-emission hCy-CA fluorophore in the presence of LAP, showing high selectivity, high sensitivity and low detection limit (0.0067 U mL-1) for LAP, and successfully realizes the sensitive detection of small fluctuations of LAP in living cells. Moreover, the probe can achieve effective in situ accumulation in the liver, thereby achieving precise imaging and evaluation of two different types of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. Therefore, the probe hCy-CA-LAP may be a potential tool for exploring the roles of LAP and evaluating the degree of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
| | - Xueqian Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
| | - Yongning Bian
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
| | - Mingrui Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
| | - Xueyun Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Su
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Environment and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China
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