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Bi G, Liang F, Wu T, Wang P, Jiang X, Hu S, Wu C, Zhou W, Guo J, Yang X, Fang JH, Chen W, Bi H. Pregnane X receptor activation induces liver enlargement and regeneration and simultaneously promotes the metabolic activity of CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C6/11 in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 135:148-163. [PMID: 38887973 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Human pregnane X receptor (PXR) is critical for regulating the expression of key drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP3A and CYP2C. Our recent study revealed that treatment with rodent-specific PXR agonist pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) significantly induced hepatomegaly and promoted liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx) in mice. However, it remains unclear whether PXR activation induces hepatomegaly and liver regeneration and simultaneously promotes metabolic function of the liver. Here, we investigated the metabolism activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C6/11 during PXR activation-induced liver enlargement and regeneration in rats after cocktail dosing of CYP probe drugs. For PCN-induced hepatomegaly, a notable increase in the metabolic activity of CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C6/11, as evidenced by the plasma exposure of probe substrates and the AUC ratios of the characteristic metabolites to its corresponding probe substrates. The metabolic activity of CYP1A2, CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C6/11 decreased significantly after PHx. However, PCN treatment obviously enhanced the metabolic activity of CYP2C6/11 and CYP3A1/2 in PHx rats. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C6/11 in liver were up-regulated. Taken together, this study demonstrates that PXR activation not only induces hepatomegaly and liver regeneration in rats, but also promotes the protein expression and metabolic activity of the PXR downstream metabolizing enzymes such as CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C6/11 in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengting Liang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghua Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhong Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hong Fang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
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Kotulkar M, Paine-Cabrera D, Robarts DR, Apte U. Regulation of hepatic xenosensor function by HNF4alpha. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:346-356. [PMID: 38810120 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors such as constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), and transcription factors with nuclear receptor type activity such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) function as xenobiotic sensors. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4α) is a highly conserved orphan nuclear receptor essential for liver function. We tested the hypothesis that HNF4α is essential for the function of these 4 major xenosensors. Wild-type (WT) and hepatocyte-specific Hnf4a null (HNF4α-KO) mice were treated with the mouse-specific activators of AhR (TCDD, 30 µg/kg), CAR (TCPOBOP, 2.5 µg/g), PXR, (PCN, 100 µg/g), and PPARα (WY-14643, 1 mg/kg). Blood and liver tissue samples were collected to study receptor activation. TCDD (AhR agonist) treatment did not affect the liver-to-body weight ratio (LW/BW) in either WT or HNF4α-KO mice. Further, TCDD activated AhR in both WT and HNF4α-KO mice, confirmed by increase in expression of AhR target genes. TCPOBOP (CAR agonist) significantly increased the LW/BW ratio and CAR target gene expression in WT mice, but not in HNF4α-KO mice. PCN (a mouse PXR agonist) significantly increased LW/BW ratio in both WT and HNF4α-KO mice however, failed to induce PXR target genes in HNF4α-KO mice. The treatment of WY-14643 (PPARα agonist) increased LW/BW ratio and PPARα target gene expression in WT mice but not in HNF4α-KO mice. Together, these data indicate that the function of CAR, PXR, and PPARα but not of AhR was disrupted in HNF4α-KO mice. These results demonstrate that HNF4α function is critical for the activation of hepatic xenosensors, which are critical for toxicological responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4/metabolism
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- PPAR alpha/agonists
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
- Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- Pregnane X Receptor/genetics
- Pregnane X Receptor/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Mice
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Male
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity
- Pyridines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kotulkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Diego Paine-Cabrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Dakota R Robarts
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
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3
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Qiu S, Pan Y, Cui Y, Li M, Yue T, Pu S, Zhang Q, Wang M. HNF4α improves hepatocyte regeneration by upregulating PXR. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23830. [PMID: 39072875 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400459rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) are involved in hepatocyte regeneration. It is not clear whether HNF4α is involved in hepatocyte regeneration through the regulation of PXR. This study aims to explore the regulatory relationship between HNF4a and PXR, and whether it affects hepatocyte regeneration. A mouse PXR gene reporter and an HNF4α overexpression plasmid were constructed and transfected into mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa1-6). Overexpression of HNF4α, detection of the PXR gene reporter fluorescence value, PXR gene, and protein expression analysis were conducted to explore the regulatory relationship between HNF4α and PXR. Apoptosis and cell cycle data were measured to verify whether HNF4α is involved in hepatocyte regeneration through PXR. The luciferase gene reporter assay results indicated when HNF4α was overexpressed, the fluorescence value of the PXR gene reporter was higher than that in the control at 24 h. With increasing HNF4α expression, the PXR gene and protein expression increased, indicating that HNF4α binds to the PXR promoter and upregulates PXR expression. Apoptosis and cell cycle analysis results demonstrated that when the expression of HNF4α increased, the expression of PXR increased, the apoptosis rate decreased, and the proliferation rate increased. Meanwhile, when the upward trend of PXR gene expression was inhibited by ketoconazole, the proliferation rate decreased. By inhibiting HNF4α and creating a partial hepatectomy (PHx), we demonstrated that HNF4α can upregulate PXR to promote liver regeneration in vivo. Therefore, HNF4α is shown to improve hepatocyte regeneration by upregulating PXR, which provides a reference for future research on the combined application of drugs for the treatment of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantong Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sisi Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Fan S, Gao Y, Zhao P, Xie G, Zhou Y, Yang X, Li X, Zhang S, Gonzalez FJ, Qu A, Huang M, Bi H. Fenofibrate-promoted hepatomegaly and liver regeneration are PPAR α-dependent and partially related to the YAP pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2992-3008. [PMID: 39027236 PMCID: PMC11252459 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, is widely prescribed for hyperlipidemia management. Recent studies also showed that it has therapeutic potential in various liver diseases. However, its effects on hepatomegaly and liver regeneration and the involved mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the study showed that fenofibrate significantly promoted liver enlargement and regeneration post-partial hepatectomy in mice, which was dependent on hepatocyte-expressed PPARα. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is pivotal in manipulating liver growth and regeneration. We further identified that fenofibrate activated YAP signaling by suppressing its K48-linked ubiquitination, promoting its K63-linked ubiquitination, and enhancing the interaction and transcriptional activity of the YAP-TEAD complex. Pharmacological inhibition of YAP-TEAD interaction using verteporfin or suppression of YAP using AAV Yap shRNA in mice significantly attenuated fenofibrate-induced hepatomegaly. Other factors, such as MYC, KRT23, RAS, and RHOA, might also participate in fenofibrate-promoted hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. These studies demonstrate that fenofibrate-promoted liver enlargement and regeneration are PPARα-dependent and partially through activating the YAP signaling, with clinical implications of fenofibrate as a novel therapeutic agent for promoting liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guomin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Wu T, Li L, Zhou W, Bi G, Jiang X, Guo M, Yang X, Fang J, Pang J, Fan S, Bi H. Gut Microbiota Affects Mouse Pregnane X Receptor Agonist Pregnenolone 16α-Carbonitrile-Induced Hepatomegaly by Regulating Pregnane X Receptor and Yes-Associated Protein Activation. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:597-605. [PMID: 38697851 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is essential in the regulation of liver homeostasis, and the gut microbiota is closely linked to liver physiologic and pathologic status. We previously found that activation of PXR significantly promotes liver enlargement through interaction with yes-associated protein (YAP). However, whether gut microbiota contributes to PXR-induced hepatomegaly and the involved mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were administered the mouse-specific agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) for 5 days. Depletion of gut microbiota was achieved using broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed to restore the gut microbia. The composition of gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, while the expression of PXR, YAP, and their downstream target genes and proteins were assessed. The results indicated that PCN treatment altered the composition and abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Furthermore, depletion of gut microbiota using ABX significantly attenuated PCN-induced hepatomegaly. FMT experiments further demonstrated that the fecal microbiota from PCN-treated mice could induce liver enlargement. Mechanistic studies revealed that ABX treatment impeded the PXR and YAP activation induced by PCN, as evidenced by decreased expression of PXR, YAP, and their downstream targets. Moreover, alterations in PXR and YAP activation were likely contributing to hepatomegaly in recipient mice following FMT from PCN-treated mice. Collectively, the current study demonstrated that gut microbiota is involved in PCN-induced hepatomegaly via regulating PXR and YAP activation, providing potential novel insights into the involvement of gut microbiota in PXR-mediated hepatomegaly. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes that the composition of gut microbiota is altered in mouse pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN)-induced hepatomegaly. Treatment with an antibiotic cocktail depletes the intestinal microbiota, leading to the impairment of liver enlargement caused by PCN. Additionally, fecal microbiota transplantation from PCN-treated mice induces liver enlargement. Further study revealed that gut microbiota is involved in hepatomegaly via regulating PXR and yes-associated protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Lu Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Wenhong Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Guofang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Manlan Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Jianhong Fang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Jianxin Pang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (T.W., L.L., W.Z., G.B., X.J., M.G., X.Y., J.F., J.P., S.F., H.B.) and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, China (X.Y., H.B.)
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6
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Fan S, Gao Y, Cai C, Li H, Li X, Yang X, Xing Y, Huang M, Bi H. The reversal of PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:79-88. [PMID: 38734220 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) can induce liver enlargement. Recently, we reported that PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly depends on yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling and is characterized by hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein area. However, it remains unclear whether PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly can be reversed after the withdrawal of their agonists. In this study, we investigated the regression of enlarged liver to normal size following the withdrawal of PCN or WY-14643 (typical agonists of mouse PXR or PPARα) in C57BL/6 mice. The immunohistochemistry analysis of CTNNB1 and KI67 showed a reversal of hepatocyte size and a decrease in hepatocyte proliferation after the withdrawal of agonists. In details, the expression of PXR or PPARα downstream proteins (CYP3A11, CYP2B10, ACOX1, and CYP4A) and the expression of proliferation-related proteins (CCNA1, CCND1, and PCNA) returned to the normal levels. Furthermore, YAP and its downstream proteins (CTGF, CYR61, and ANKRD1) also restored to the normal states, which was consistent with the change in liver size. These findings demonstrate the reversibility of PXR or PPARα activation-induced hepatomegaly and provide new data for the safety of PXR and PPARα as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chenghui Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518005, China
| | - Yunhui Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518005, China.
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7
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Zhao T, Zhong G, Wang Y, Cao R, Song S, Li Y, Wan G, Sun H, Huang M, Bi H, Jiang Y. Pregnane X Receptor Activation in Liver Macrophages Protects against Endotoxin-Induced Liver Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308771. [PMID: 38477509 PMCID: PMC11109625 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Endotoxemia-related acute liver injury has a poor prognosis and high mortality, and macrophage polarization plays a central role in the pathological process. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) serves as a nuclear receptor and xenosensor, safeguarding the liver from toxic stimuli. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of PXR activation on endotoxemic liver injury remain largely unknown. Here, the expression of PXR is reported in human and murine macrophages, and PXR activation modified immunotypes of macrophages. Moreover, PXR activation significantly attenuated endotoxemic liver injury and promoted macrophage M2 polarization. Macrophage depletion by GdCl3 confirmed the essential of macrophages in the beneficial effects observed with PXR activation. The role of PXR in macrophages is further validated using AAV8-F4/80-Pxr shRNA-treated mice; the PXR-mediated hepatoprotection is impaired, and M2 polarization enhancement is blunted. Additionally, treatment with PXR agonists inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced M1 polarization and favored M2 polarization in BMDM, Raw264.7, and THP-1 cells. Further analyses revealed an interaction between PXR and p-STAT6 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, blocking Pxr or Stat6 abolished the PXR-induced polarization shift. Collectively, macrophage PXR activation attenuated endotoxin-induced liver injury and regulated macrophage polarization through the STAT6 signaling pathway, which provided a potential therapeutic target for managing endotoxemic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Ying Wang
- Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Renjie Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Shaofei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Guohui Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- School of Food and DrugShenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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8
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Song S, Peng H, Li Y, Zhao T, Cao R, Zheng L, Huang M, Jiang Y. Oleanolic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy via regulating pregnane X receptor signaling pathway in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 393:110970. [PMID: 38513930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Liver regeneration after liver tumor resection or liver transplantation is crucial, the remaining liver frequently fails to regenerate in some patients. Oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound which has been shown to protect against various liver diseases. However, the effect of OA on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PHx) is still unclear. In this study, the results showed that OA (50 mg/kg, twice daily) treatment induced liver mass restoration and increased the liver-to-body weight ratio of mice following PHx. Meanwhile, OA promoted hepatocyte proliferation and increased the number of BrdU-, Ki67-and PCNA-positive cells. Furthermore, OA increased the nuclear accumulation of PXR and induced the expression of PXR downstream proteins such as CYP3A11, UGT1A1 and GSTM2 in mice, as well as in AML12 and HepRG cells. Luciferase reporter assay and nuclear localization of PXR further demonstrated the effect of OA on PXR activation in vitro. Molecular docking simulation showed that OA could interact with the PXR active sites. Moreover, OA inhibited the expression of FOXO1, RBL2 and CDKN1B, and increased the expression of PCNA, CCND1 and CCNE1 in vivo and in vitro. Silencing of Pxr further confirmed that OA-mediated upregulation of proliferation-related proteins depended on PXR. The current study illustrated that OA exhibited a significant promoting effect on liver regeneration following PHx, potentially through regulation of the PXR signaling pathway to accelerate liver recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Center of Hepato-Pancreato-biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Innovation Program of Drug Research on Neurological and Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Attema B, Kummu O, Pitkänen S, Weisell J, Vuorio T, Pennanen E, Vorimo M, Rysä J, Kersten S, Levonen AL, Hakkola J. Metabolic effects of nuclear receptor activation in vivo after 28-day oral exposure to three endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:911-928. [PMID: 38182912 PMCID: PMC10861694 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can lead to metabolic disruption, resulting in metabolic complications including adiposity, dyslipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation, and glucose intolerance. Hepatic nuclear receptor activation is one of the mechanisms mediating metabolic effects of EDCs. Here, we investigated the potential to use a repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity test for identification of EDCs with metabolic endpoints. Bisphenol A (BPA), pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were used as reference compounds. Male and female wild-type C57BL/6 mice were orally exposed to 5, 50, and 500 μg/kg of BPA, 1000, 10 000, and 100 000 µg/kg of PCN and 50 and 300 μg/kg of PFOA for 28 days next to normal chow diet. Primary endpoints were glucose tolerance, hepatic lipid accumulation, and plasma lipids. After 28-day exposure, no changes in body weight and glucose tolerance were observed in BPA-, PCN-, or PFOA-treated males or females. PCN and PFOA at the highest dose in both sexes and BPA at the middle and high dose in males increased relative liver weight. PFOA reduced plasma triglycerides in males and females, and increased hepatic triglyceride content in males. PCN and PFOA induced hepatic expression of typical pregnane X receptor (PXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α target genes, respectively. Exposure to BPA resulted in limited gene expression changes. In conclusion, the observed changes on metabolic health parameters were modest, suggesting that a standard repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity test is not a sensitive method for the detection of the metabolic effect of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Attema
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Outi Kummu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen-Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonna Weisell
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taina Vuorio
- A.I. Virtanen-Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erika Pennanen
- A.I. Virtanen-Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Vorimo
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I. Virtanen-Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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Xuan L, Hu Z, Jiang Z, Zhang C, Sun X, Ming W, Liu H, Qiao R, Shen L, Liu S, Wang G, Wen L, Luan Z, Yin J. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) deficiency protects against spinal cord injury by activating NRF2/HO-1 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3460-3478. [PMID: 37269088 PMCID: PMC10580351 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a devastating neurological disease, spinal cord injury (SCI) results in severe tissue loss and neurological dysfunction. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor with a major regulatory role in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism and recently has been implicated in the central nervous system. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of PXR in SCI. METHODS The clip-compressive SCI model was performed in male wild-type C57BL/6 (PXR+/+ ) and PXR-knockout (PXR-/- ) mice. The N2a H2 O2 -induced injury model mimicked the pathological process of SCI in vitro. Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN), a mouse-specific PXR agonist, was used to activate PXR in vivo and in vitro. The siRNA was applied to knock down the PXR expression in vitro. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to discover the relevant mechanism, and the NRF2 inhibitor ML385 was used to validate the involvement of PXR in influencing the NRF2/HO-1 pathway in the SCI process. RESULTS The expression of PXR decreased after SCI and reached a minimum on the third day. In vivo, PXR knockout significantly improved the motor function of mice after SCI, meanwhile, inhibited apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by SCI. On the contrary, activation of PXR by PCN negatively influenced the recovery of SCI. Mechanistically, transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that PXR activation downregulated the mRNA level of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) after SCI. We further verified that PXR deficiency activated the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and PXR activation inhibited this pathway in vitro. CONCLUSION PXR is involved in the recovery of motor function after SCI by regulating NRF2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Na Xuan
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Epileptic Center of Liaoningthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Zhen‐Xin Hu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Zhen‐Fu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Epileptic Center of Liaoningthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Cong Zhang
- Advanced Institute for Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Xiao‐Wan Sun
- Advanced Institute for Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Wen‐Hua Ming
- Advanced Institute for Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Hui‐Tao Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsTaizhou Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceLinhaiChina
| | - Rong‐Fang Qiao
- Advanced Institute for Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Lin‐Jie Shen
- Department of GastroenterologyNingbo First HospitalNingboChina
| | - Shao‐Bo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Epileptic Center of Liaoningthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Guan‐Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Epileptic Center of Liaoningthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Lin Wen
- Advanced Institute for Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Zhi‐Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical SciencesDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic DiseasesDalianChina
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Epileptic Center of Liaoningthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
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Kotulkar M, Cabrera DP, Robarts D, Apte U. Regulation of Hepatic Xenosensor Function by HNF4alpha. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.11.561888. [PMID: 37873133 PMCID: PMC10592787 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors including Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPARα) function as xenobiotic sensors. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF4α) is a highly conserved orphan nuclear receptor essential for liver function. We tested the hypothesis that HNF4α is essential for function of these four major xenosensors. Wild-type (WT) and hepatocyte-specific HNF4α knockout (HNF4α-KO) mice were treated with the mouse-specific activators of AhR (TCDD, 30 µg/kg), CAR (TCPOBOP, 2.5 µg/g), PXR, (PCN, 100 µg/g), and PPARα (WY-14643, 1 mg/kg). Blood and liver tissue samples were collected to study nuclear receptor activation. TCDD (AhR agonist) treatment did not affect the liver-to-body weight ratio (LW/BW) in either WT or HNF4α-KO mice. Further, TCDD activated AhR in both WT and HNF4-KO mice, confirmed by increase in expression of its target genes. TCPOBOP (CAR agonist) significantly increased the LW/BW ratio and CAR target gene expression in WT mice, but not in HNF4α-KO mice. PCN (a mouse PXR agonist) significantly increased LW/BW ratio in both WT and HNF4α-KO mice however, it failed to induce PXR target genes in HNF4 KO mice. The treatment of WY-14643 (PPARα agonist) increased LW/BW ratio and PPARα target gene expression in WT mice but not in HNF4α-KO mice. Together, these data indicate that the function of CAR, PXR, and PPARα but not of AhR was disrupted in HNF4α-KO mice. These results demonstrate that HNF4α function is critical for the activation of hepatic xenosensors, which are critical for toxicological responses.
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12
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Yang J, Yang X, Zhang YF, Tian JN, Fan SC, Gao Y, Li HL, Cai CH, Huang M, Bi HC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist induces mouse hepatomegaly through the spatial hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2037-2047. [PMID: 37193756 PMCID: PMC10545716 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation-induced hepatomegaly is accompanied by hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein (CV) area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein (PV) area. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this spatial change of hepatocytes remains unclear. In this study, we examined the characteristics and possible reasons for the zonation distinction of hypertrophy and proliferation during PPARα activation-induced mouse liver enlargement. Mice were injected with corn oil or a typical mouse PPARα agonist WY-14643 (100 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p.) for 1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 days. At each time point, the mice were sacrificed after the final dose, and liver tissues and serum were harvested for analysis. We showed that PPARα activation induced zonal changes in hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation in the mice. In order to determine the zonal expression of proteins related to hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation in PPARα-induced liver enlargement, we performed digitonin liver perfusion to separately destroy the hepatocytes around the CV or PV areas, and found that PPARα activation-induced increase magnitude of its downstream targets such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4 A and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) levels around the CV area were higher compared with those around the PV area. Upregulation of proliferation-related proteins such as cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin A1 (CCNA1) after WY-14643-induced PPARα activation mainly occurred around the PV area. This study reveals that the zonal expression of PPARα targets and proliferation-related proteins is responsible for the spatial change of hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation after PPARα activation. These findings provide a new insight into the understanding of PPARα activation-induced liver enlargement and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Ning Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Zhao L, Li J, Mo G, Cao D, Li C, Huang G, Jiang L, Chen G, Yao H, Peng X. Recombinant protein EBI3 attenuates Clonorchis sinensis-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation in mice. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:246. [PMID: 37480105 PMCID: PMC10360228 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infection with Clonorchis sinensis can cause hepatobiliary fibrosis and even lead to hepatobiliary carcinoma. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 protein (EBI3) is a subunit of interleukin 35, which can regulate inflammatory response and the occurrence of fibrotic diseases. Previous studies have reported that the expression of EBI3 in the serum of patients with liver cirrhosis is reduced. The present study aims to investigate the biological effects of EBI3 on liver fibrosis caused by C. sinensis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS We first established a mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by C. sinensis infection and then measured the serum expression of EBI3 during the inflammatory and fibrotic phase. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analyses were performed to investigate the potential role of EBI3 in liver fibrosis by regulating the extracellular matrix structural constituent and collagen catabolic process. Recombinant protein EBI3 (rEBI3) was added to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro with C. sinensis antigen to explore its function. Finally, the therapeutic effect of rEBI3 was verified by intravenous injection into C. sinensis-infected mice. RESULTS The results showed that the serum expression of EBI3 increased in the inflammatory response phase but decreased in the fibrotic phase. The excretory-secretory products of C. sinensis (Cs.ESP) were able to stimulate HSC activation, while rEBI3 reduced the activation of HSCs induced by Cs.ESP. Also, the protein expression of gp130 and downstream protein expressions of JAK1, p-JAK1, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in HSCs were increased after rEBI3 incubation. Finally, intravenously injected rEBI3 inhibited hepatic epithelial-mesenchymal transition in C. sinensis-infected mice by inhibiting HSC activation and reducing liver injury. CONCLUSION This study confirms that rEBI3 can attenuate C. sinensis-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting HSC activation and may be one of the potential treatments for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Mo
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Deping Cao
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyang Huang
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Chen
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Guangxi University Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Zhang T, Rao Q, Dai M, Wu ZE, Zhao Q, Li F. Tripterygium wilfordii protects against an animal model of autoimmune hepatitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 309:116365. [PMID: 36907478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium wilfordii tablets (TWT) is widely used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Celastrol, one main active ingredient in TWT, has been shown to produce a variety of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory. However, whether TWT could protect against Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis remains unclear. THE AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the protective effect of TWT against Con A-induced hepatitis and elucidate the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metabolomic analysis, pathological analysis, biochemical analysis, qPCR and Western blot analysis and the Pxr-null mice were used in this study. RESULTS The results indicated that TWT and its active ingredient celastrol could protect against Con A-induced acute hepatitis. Plasma metabolomics analysis revealed that metabolic perturbations related to bile acid and fatty acid metabolism induced by Con A were reversed by celastrol. The level of itaconate in the liver was increased by celastrol and speculated as an active endogenous compound mediating the protective effect of celastrol. Administration of 4-octanyl itaconate (4-OI) as a cell-permeable itaconate mimicker was found to attenuate Con A-induced liver injury through activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and enhancement of the transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Celastrol increased itaconate and 4-OI promoted activation of TFEB-mediated lysosomal autophagy to protect against Con A-induced liver injury in a PXR-dependent manner. Our study reported a protective effect of celastrol against Con A-induced AIH via an increased production of itaconate and upregulation of TFEB. The results highlighted that PXR and TFEB-mediated lysosomal autophagic pathway may offer promising therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-induced Liver Injury, Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianru Rao
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-induced Liver Injury, Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Manyun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-induced Liver Injury, Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhanxuan E Wu
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-induced Liver Injury, Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-induced Liver Injury, Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-induced Liver Injury, Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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15
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Wang S, Xiong L, Ruan Z, Gong X, Luo Y, Wu C, Wang Y, Shang H, Chen J. Indole-3-propionic acid alleviates sepsis-associated acute liver injury by activating pregnane X receptor. Mol Med 2023; 29:65. [PMID: 37208586 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morbidity and mortality of sepsis are extremely high, which is a major problem plaguing human health. However, current drugs and measures for the prevention and treatment of sepsis have little effect. Sepsis-associated acute liver injury (SALI) is an independent risk factor for sepsis, which seriously affects the prognosis of sepsis. Studies have found that gut microbiota is closely related to SALI, and indole-3-propionic Acid (IPA) can activate Pregnane X receptor (PXR). However, the role of IPA and PXR in SALI has not been reported. METHODS This study aimed to explore the association between IPA and SALI. The clinical data of SALI patients were collected and IPA level in feces was detected. The sepsis model was established in wild-type mice and PXR knockout mice to investigate the role of IPA and PXR signaling in SALI. RESULTS We showed that the level of IPA in patients' feces is closely related to SALI, and the level of IPA in feces has a good ability to identify and diagnose SALI. IPA pretreatment significantly attenuated septic injury and SALI in wild-type mice, but not found in knockout PXR gene mice. CONCLUSIONS IPA alleviates SALI by activating PXR, which reveals a new mechanism of SALI, and provides potentially effective drugs and targets for the prevention of SALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Liangzhi Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yanrong Luo
- Physical examination center, Shiyan Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Chengyi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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16
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β-catenin/TCF4 inhibitors ICG-001 and LF3 alleviate BDL-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing LECT2 signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 371:110350. [PMID: 36639009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis can be characterized by the over-deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). It has been reported that β-catenin/TCF4 interaction was enhanced in bile duct ligation (BDL) model, which implicated the critical role of β-catenin/TCF4 interaction during the progression of fibrosis. However, whether inhibiting β-catenin/TCF4 signaling attenuates liver fibrosis remains unknown. In the current study, we used ICG-001, an inhibitor that disrupts the interaction between CREB binding protein (CBP) and β-catenin, to inhibit β-catenin/TCF4 transcriptional activity. We also used LF3, a small molecule antagonist, to inhibit β-catenin/TCF4 interaction. The antifibrotic effect of ICG-001 and LF3 was assessed on BDL-induced liver fibrosis model. The results indicated both ICG-001 and LF3 significantly reduced the positive staining area of Sirius Red and α-SMA. The protein expression levels of α-SMA, Collagen Ⅰ and CD31 were also significantly downregulated in BDL + ICG-001 and BDL + LF3 groups. Besides, ICG-001 and LF3 promoted portal angiogenesis and inhibited sinusoids capillarization in fibrotic livers. For mechanistic study, we measured the level of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2), a direct target of β-catenin/TCF4, which was recently reported to participate in hepatic fibrosis by regulating angiogenesis. The results showed that both ICG-001 and LF3 reduced LECT2 expression in BDL mice. LF3 also downregulated pSer 675 β-catenin and nuclear β-catenin. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that inhibiting β-catenin/TCF4 signaling by ICG-001 or LF3 mitigated liver fibrosis by downregulating LECT2, promoting portal angiogenesis and inhibiting sinusoids capillarization, which provided new evidence that β-catenin/TCF4 signaling might be a target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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17
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PXR triggers YAP-TEAD binding and Sirt2-driven YAP deacetylation and polyubiquitination to promote liver enlargement and regeneration in mice. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106666. [PMID: 36657504 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a critical regulator of liver size and liver regeneration. Recently, we reported that PXR-induced liver enlargement and regeneration depend on YAP signalling, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal how PXR regulates or interacts with YAP signalling during PXR-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. Immunoprecipitation (IP), Co-IP and GST pull-down assays were performed in vitro to reveal the regulatory mechanisms involved in the PXR-YAP interaction. The roles of YAP-TEAD binding and Sirt2-driven deacetylation and polyubiquitination of YAP were further investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PXR and the WW domain of YAP were critical for the PXR-YAP interaction. Furthermore, disruption of the YAP-TEAD interaction using the binding inhibitor verteporfin significantly decreased PXR-induced liver enlargement and regeneration after 70 % partial hepatectomy (PHx). Mechanistically, PXR activation significantly decreased YAP acetylation, which was interrupted by the sirtuin inhibitor nicotinamide (NAM). In addition, p300-induced YAP acetylation contributed to K48-linked YAP ubiquitination. Interestingly, PXR activation remarkably inhibited K48-linked YAP ubiquitination while inducing K63-linked YAP polyubiquitination. Sirt2 interference abolished the deacetylation and K63-linked polyubiquitination of YAP, suggesting that the PXR-induced deacetylation and polyubiquitination of YAP are Sirt2 dependent. Taken together, this study demonstrates that PXR induce liver enlargement and regeneration via the regulation of YAP acetylation and ubiquitination and YAP-TEAD binding, providing evidences for using PXR as potential target to promote hepatic development and liver repair.
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18
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Zhang YF, Gao Y, Yang J, Jiang YM, Huang M, Fan SC, Bi HC. Long-term treatment with the mPXR agonist PCN promotes hepatomegaly and lipid accumulation without hepatocyte proliferation in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:169-177. [PMID: 35773338 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is highly expressed in the liver and plays a pivotal role in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. We previously reported that PXR activation by its specific mouse agonist pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) significantly induces liver enlargement and lipid accumulation. However, the effect of long-term PCN treatment on PXR and mouse liver is still unknown. This study aimed to explore the influence of long-term administration of PCN on mouse liver and hepatic lipid homeostasis. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with PCN (100 mg/kg once a week) for 42 weeks. Serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. PXR activation was investigated by Western blot. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS)-based lipidomics analysis was performed to explore the change in different lipid categories. The results showed that long-term treatment with PCN significantly promoted hepatomegaly without hepatocyte proliferation and enlargement. Long-term treatment with PCN did not upregulate PXR target proteins in mice, and there was no significant upregulation of CYP3A11, CYP2B10, UGT1A1, MRP2, or MRP4. Lipidomics analysis showed obvious hepatic lipid accumulation in the PCN-treated mice, and the most significant change was found in triglycerides (TGs). Additionally, long-term treatment with PCN had no risk for carcinogenesis. These findings demonstrated that long-term PCN treatment induces hepatomegaly and lipid accumulation without hepatocyte proliferation or enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi-Ming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shi-Cheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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YAP regulates the liver size during the fasting-refeeding transition in mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1588-1599. [PMID: 37139422 PMCID: PMC10149903 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver is the central hub regulating energy metabolism during feeding-fasting transition. Evidence suggests that fasting and refeeding induce dynamic changes in liver size, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a key regulator of organ size. This study aims to explore the role of YAP in fasting- and refeeding-induced changes in liver size. Here, fasting significantly reduced liver size, which was recovered to the normal level after refeeding. Moreover, hepatocyte size was decreased and hepatocyte proliferation was inhibited after fasting. Conversely, refeeding promoted hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation compared to fasted state. Mechanistically, fasting or refeeding regulated the expression of YAP and its downstream targets, as well as the proliferation-related protein cyclin D1 (CCND1). Furthermore, fasting significantly reduced the liver size in AAV-control mice, which was mitigated in AAV Yap (5SA) mice. Yap overexpression also prevented the effect of fasting on hepatocyte size and proliferation. Besides, the recovery of liver size after refeeding was delayed in AAV Yap shRNA mice. Yap knockdown attenuated refeeding-induced hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation. In summary, this study demonstrated that YAP plays an important role in dynamic changes of liver size during fasting-refeeding transition, which provides new evidence for YAP in regulating liver size under energy stress.
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20
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Dev S, Muchenditsi A, Gottlieb A, Deme P, Murphy S, Gabrielson KL, Dong Y, Hughes R, Haughey NJ, Hamilton JP, Lutsenko S. Oxysterol misbalance critically contributes to Wilson disease pathogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9022. [PMID: 36260680 PMCID: PMC9581482 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Wilson disease (WD) is a metabolic disorder caused by inactivation of the copper-transporting ATPase 2 (ATP7B) and copper (Cu) overload in tissues. Excess Cu causes oxidative stress and pathologic changes with poorly understood mechanistic connections. In Atp7b-/- mice with established liver disease, Cu overload activates the stress-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2). Nrf2 targets, especially sulfotransferase 1e1 (Sult1e1), are strongly induced and cause elevation of sulfated sterols, whereas oxysterols are decreased. This sterol misbalance results in inhibition of the liver X receptor (LXR) and up-regulation of LXR targets associated with inflammatory responses. Pharmacological inhibition of Sult1e1 partially reverses oxysterol misbalance and LXR inhibition. Contribution of this pathway to advanced hepatic WD was demonstrated by treating mice with an LXR agonist. Treatment decreased inflammation by reducing expression of proinflammatory molecules, diminished fibrosis by down-regulating the noncanonical transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway, and improved liver morphology and function. Thus, the identified pathway is an important driver of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som Dev
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Abigael Muchenditsi
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aline Gottlieb
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pragney Deme
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sean Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yixuan Dong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James P. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.L.); (J.P.H.)
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.L.); (J.P.H.)
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21
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Ferroptosis: Shedding Light on Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Liver Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203301. [PMID: 36291167 PMCID: PMC9600232 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a vital physiological or pathological phenomenon in the development process of the organism. Ferroptosis is a kind of newly-discovered regulated cell death (RCD), which is different from other RCD patterns, such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy at the morphological, biochemical and genetic levels. It is a kind of iron-dependent mode of death mediated by lipid peroxides and lipid reactive oxygen species aggregation. Noteworthily, the number of studies focused on ferroptosis has been increasing exponentially since ferroptosis was first found in 2012. The liver is the organ that stores the most iron in the human body. Recently, it was frequently found that there are different degrees of iron metabolism disorder and lipid peroxidation and other ferroptosis characteristics in various liver diseases. Numerous investigators have discovered that the progression of various liver diseases can be affected via the regulation of ferroptosis, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical hepatic diseases. This review aims to summarize the mechanism and update research progress of ferroptosis, so as to provide novel promising directions for the treatment of liver diseases.
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22
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Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Song S, Fan S, Gao Y, Li Y, Huang M, Bi H. St. John's Wort exacerbates acetaminophen-induced liver injury by activation of PXR and CYP-mediated bioactivation. Toxicol Sci 2022; 190:54-63. [PMID: 36073954 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
St. John's wort (SJW) is a medicinal herb remedy for mild depression. However, long-term use of SJW has raised safety concerns in clinical practice because of drug-drug interactions. Excessive use of acetaminophen (APAP) causes severe hepatotoxicity, but whether SJW modulates APAP-induced liver injury remains unclear. In this study, the effect of long-term SJW administration on APAP-induced acute hepatotoxicity and the involved mechanisms were investigated. Morphological and biochemical assessments clearly demonstrated that SJW exacerbates APAP-induced toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, SJW markedly promoted glutathione depletion and increased the levels of the APAP-cysteine and APAP-N-acetylcysteinyl adducts in mice, which enhanced APAP metabolic activation and aggravated APAP-induced liver injury. To further elucidate APAP metabolic activation in liver injury induced by SJW, the activities and expression levels of CYP2E1 and CYP3A were measured. The results showed that the activities and expression levels of CYP2E1 and CYP3A were increased after SJW treatment. Furthermore, the PXR-CYP signaling pathway was activated by SJW, and its downstream target genes were upregulated. Collectively, this study demonstrated that the long-term administration of SJW extract led to the metabolic activation of APAP and significantly exacerbated APAP-induced liver injury, which may suggest caution for the clinical use of SJW and APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Pregnane X receptor promotes liver enlargement in mice through the spatial induction of hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 367:110133. [PMID: 36030841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) can induce significant liver enlargement through hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation. A previous report showed that during the process of PXR-induced liver enlargement, hepatocyte hypertrophy occurs around the central vein (CV) area while hepatocyte proliferation occurs around the portal vein (PV) area. However, the features of this spatial change remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the features of the spatial changes in hepatocytes in PXR-induced liver enlargement. PXR-induced spatial changes in hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation were confirmed in C57BL/6 mice. The liver was perfused with digitonin to destroy the hepatocytes around the CV or PV areas, and then the regional expression of proteins related to hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation was further measured. The results showed that the expression of PXR downstream proteins, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A11, CYP2B10, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organ anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2) was upregulated around the CV area, while the expression of proliferation-related proteins such as cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and serine/threonine NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2) was upregulated around the PV area. At the same time, the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as retinoblastoma-like protein 2 (RBL2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) and CDKN1A was downregulated around the PV area. This study demonstrated that the spatial change in PXR-induced hepatocyte hypertrophy and proliferation is associated with the regional expression of PXR downstream targets and proliferation-related proteins and the regional distribution of triglycerides (TGs). These findings provide new insight into the understanding of PXR-induced hepatomegaly.
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Chen D, Zhang H, Zhang X, Sun X, Qin Q, Hou Y, Jia M, Chen Y. Roles of Yes-associated protein and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif in non-neoplastic liver diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113166. [PMID: 35609372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of liver disease has been increasing worldwide. Moreover, the burden of end-stage liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer, is high because of high mortality and suboptimal treatment. The pathological process of liver disease includes steatosis, hepatocyte death, and fibrosis, which ultimately lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that non-neoplastic liver diseases, particularly cirrhosis, are major risk factors for liver cancer, although the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are transcriptional activators that regulate organ size and cancer development. YAP and TAZ play important roles in liver development, regeneration, and homeostasis. Abnormal YAP and TAZ levels have also been implicated in non-neoplastic liver diseases (e.g., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, liver injury, and liver fibrosis). Here, we review recent findings on the roles of YAP and TAZ in non-neoplastic liver diseases and discuss directions for future research. This review provides a basis for the study of non-neoplastic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Qiaohong Qin
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.
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Zhong XB, Lai Y. Special Section On Drug Metabolism in Liver Injury and Repair-Editorial. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:634-635. [PMID: 35562120 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Russell JO, Camargo FD. Hippo signalling in the liver: role in development, regeneration and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:297-312. [PMID: 35064256 PMCID: PMC9199961 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signalling pathway has emerged as a major player in many aspects of liver biology, such as development, cell fate determination, homeostatic function and regeneration from injury. The regulation of Hippo signalling is complex, with activation of the pathway by diverse upstream inputs including signals from cellular adhesion, mechanotransduction and crosstalk with other signalling pathways. Pathological activation of the downstream transcriptional co-activators yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ, encoded by WWTR1), which are negatively regulated by Hippo signalling, has been implicated in multiple aspects of chronic liver disease, such as the development of liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Thus, development of pharmacological inhibitors of YAP-TAZ signalling has been an area of great interest. In this Review, we summarize the diverse roles of Hippo signalling in liver biology and highlight areas where outstanding questions remain to be investigated. Greater understanding of the mechanisms of Hippo signalling in liver function should help facilitate the development of novel therapies for the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn O Russell
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fernando D Camargo
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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27
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Liu P, Jiang L, Kong W, Xie Q, Li P, Liu X, Zhang J, Liu M, Wang Z, Zhu L, Yang H, Zhou Y, Zou J, Liu X, Liu L. PXR activation impairs hepatic glucose metabolism partly via inhibiting the HNF4 α-GLUT2 pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2391-2405. [PMID: 35646519 PMCID: PMC9136535 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hyperglycemia/diabetes is a global issue. Some drugs induce hyperglycemia by activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR), but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that PXR activation induces hyperglycemia by impairing hepatic glucose metabolism due to inhibition of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α)‒glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) pathway. The PXR agonists atorvastatin and rifampicin significantly downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, and impaired glucose uptake and utilization in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of PXR downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, while silencing PXR upregulated HNF4α and GLUT2 expression. Silencing HNF4α decreased GLUT2 expression, while overexpressing HNF4α increased GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. Silencing PXR or overexpressing HNF4α reversed the atorvastatin-induced decrease in GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. In human primary hepatocytes, atorvastatin downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α mRNA expression, which could be attenuated by silencing PXR. Silencing HNF4α downregulated GLUT2 mRNA expression. These findings were reproduced with mouse primary hepatocytes. Hnf4α plasmid increased Slc2a2 promoter activity. Hnf4α silencing or pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) suppressed the Slc2a2 promoter activity by decreasing HNF4α recruitment to the Slc2a2 promoter. Liver-specific Hnf4α deletion and PCN impaired glucose tolerance and hepatic glucose uptake, and decreased the expression of hepatic HNF4α and GLUT2. In conclusion, PXR activation impaired hepatic glucose metabolism partly by inhibiting the HNF4α‒GLUT2 pathway. These results highlight the molecular mechanisms by which PXR activators induce hyperglycemia/diabetes.
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HtrA2/Omi mitigates NAFLD in high-fat-fed mice by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and restoring autophagic flux. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:218. [PMID: 35449197 PMCID: PMC9023526 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver metabolic syndrome which affects millions of people worldwide. Recently, improving mitochondrial function and autophagic ability have been proposed as a means to prevent NAFLD. It has been previously described that high-temperature requirement protein A2 (HtrA2/Omi) favors mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in hepatocytes. Thus, we explored the effects of HtrA2/Omi on regulating mitochondrial function and autophagy during NAFLD development. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in mice and free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced hepatocytes steatosis in vitro were established. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) in vivo and plasmid in vitro were used to restore HtrA2/Omi expression. In this study, we reported that HtrA2/Omi expression considerably decreased in liver tissues from the HFD-induced NAFLD model and in L02 cells with FFA-treated. However, restoring HtrA2/Omi ameliorated hepatic steatosis, confirming by improved serum lipid profiles, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, histopathological lipid accumulation, and the gene expression related to lipid metabolism. Moreover, HtrA2/Omi also attenuated HFD-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagic blockage. TEM analysis revealed that liver mitochondrial structure and autophagosome formation were improved in hepatic HtrA2/Omi administration mice compared to HFD mice. And hepatic HtrA2/Omi overexpression enhanced mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation gene expression, elevated LC3II protein levels, induced LC3 puncta, and decreased SQSTM1/p62 protein levels. Furthermore, hepatic HtrA2/Omi increased respiratory exchange ratio and heat production in mice. Finally, HtrA2/Omi overexpression by plasmid significantly diminished lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagic inhibition in FFA-treated L02 hepatocytes. Taken together, we demonstrated that HtrA2/Omi was a potential candidate for the treatment of NAFLD via improving mitochondrial functions, as well as restoring autophagic flux.
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Way GW, Jackson KG, Muscu SR, Zhou H. Key Signaling in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: The Role of Bile Acids. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081374. [PMID: 35456053 PMCID: PMC9031669 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of diseases, the onset and progression of which are due to chronic alcohol use. ALD ranges, by increasing severity, from hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), and in some cases, can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD continues to be a significant health burden and is now the main cause of liver transplantations in the United States. ALD leads to biological, microbial, physical, metabolic, and inflammatory changes in patients that vary depending on disease severity. ALD deaths have been increasing in recent years and are projected to continue to increase. Current treatment centers focus on abstinence and symptom management, with little in the way of resolving disease progression. Due to the metabolic disruption and gut dysbiosis in ALD, bile acid (BA) signaling and metabolism are also notably affected and play a prominent role in disease progression in ALD, as well as other liver disease states, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which alcohol consumption induces hepatic injury and the role of BA-mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson W. Way
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Kaitlyn G. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Shreya R. Muscu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
- Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
- Correspondence: or
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Fu K, Zhou H, Wang C, Gong L, Ma C, Zhang Y, Li Y. A review: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrin A. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2375-2393. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Honglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
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Niu X, Cui H, Gu X, Wu T, Sun M, Zhou C, Ma M. Nuclear Receptor PXR Confers Irradiation Resistance by Promoting DNA Damage Response Through Stabilization of ATF3. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837980. [PMID: 35372071 PMCID: PMC8965888 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low response rate to radiotherapy remains a problem for liver and colorectal cancer patients due to inappropriate DNA damage response in tumors. Here, we report that pregnane X receptor (PXR) contributes to irradiation (IR) resistance by promoting activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)-mediated ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM) activation. PXR stabilized ATF3 protein by blocking its ubiquitination. PXR–ATF3 interaction is required for regulating ATF3, as one mutant of lysine (K) 42R of ATF3 lost binding with PXR and abolished PXR-reduced ubiquitination of ATF3. On the other hand, threonine (T) 432A of PXR lost binding with ATF3 and further compromised ATM activation. Moreover, the PXR–ATF3 interaction increases ATF3 stabilization through disrupting ATF3–murine double minute 2 (MDM2) interaction and negatively regulating MDM2 protein expression. PXR enhanced MDM2 auto-ubiquitination and shortened its half-life, therefore compromising the MDM2-mediated degradation of ATF3 protein. Structurally, both ATF3 and PXR bind to the RING domain of MDM2, and on the other hand, MDM2 binds with PXR on the DNA-binding domain (DBD), which contains zinc finger sequence. Zinc finger sequence is well known for nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) playing E3 ligase activity to degrade nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/p65. However, whether zinc-RING sequence grants E3 ligase activity to PXR remains elusive. Taken together, these results provide a novel mechanism that PXR contributes to IR resistance by promoting ATF3-mediated ATM activation through stabilization of ATF3. Our result suggests that targeting PXR may sensitize liver and colon cancer cells to IR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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32
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Summers KM, Bush SJ, Wu C, Hume DA. Generation and network analysis of an RNA-seq transcriptional atlas for the rat. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac017. [PMID: 35265836 PMCID: PMC8900154 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The laboratory rat is an important model for biomedical research. To generate a comprehensive rat transcriptomic atlas, we curated and downloaded 7700 rat RNA-seq datasets from public repositories, downsampled them to a common depth and quantified expression. Data from 585 rat tissues and cells, averaged from each BioProject, can be visualized and queried at http://biogps.org/ratatlas. Gene co-expression network (GCN) analysis revealed clusters of transcripts that were tissue or cell type restricted and contained transcription factors implicated in lineage determination. Other clusters were enriched for transcripts associated with biological processes. Many of these clusters overlap with previous data from analysis of other species, while some (e.g. expressed specifically in immune cells, retina/pineal gland, pituitary and germ cells) are unique to these data. GCN analysis on large subsets of the data related specifically to liver, nervous system, kidney, musculoskeletal system and cardiovascular system enabled deconvolution of cell type-specific signatures. The approach is extensible and the dataset can be used as a point of reference from which to analyse the transcriptomes of cell types and tissues that have not yet been sampled. Sets of strictly co-expressed transcripts provide a resource for critical interpretation of single-cell RNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute—University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Stephen J Bush
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Department of Integrative and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute—University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Shao C, Jing Y, Zhao S, Yang X, Hu Y, Meng Y, Huang Y, Ye F, Gao L, Liu W, Sheng D, Li R, Zhang X, Wei L. LPS/Bcl3/YAP1 signaling promotes Sox9+HNF4α+ hepatocyte-mediated liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:277. [PMID: 35351855 PMCID: PMC8964805 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRecent reports have demonstrated that Sox9+HNF4α+ hepatocytes are involved in liver regeneration after chronic liver injury; however, little is known about the origin of Sox9+HNF4α+ hepatocytes and the regulatory mechanism. Employing a combination of chimeric lineage tracing, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that Sox9+HNF4α+ hepatocytes, generated by transition from mature hepatocytes, play an important role in the initial phase after partial hepatectomy (PHx). Additionally, knocking down the expression of Sox9 suppresses hepatocyte proliferation and blocks the recovery of lost hepatic tissue. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that Bcl3, activated by LPS, promotes hepatocyte conversion and liver regeneration. Mechanistically, Bcl3 forms a complex with and deubiquitinates YAP1 and further induces YAP1 to translocate into the nucleus, resulting in Sox9 upregulation and mature hepatocyte conversion. We demonstrate that Bcl3 promotes Sox9+HNF4α+ hepatocytes to participate in liver regeneration, and might therefore be a potential target for enhancing regeneration after liver injury.
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Yoshinari K, Shizu R. Distinct roles of the sister nuclear receptors PXR and CAR in liver cancer development. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1019-1026. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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35
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Zhao P, Fan S, Gao Y, Bi H. Nuclear receptor-mediated hepatomegaly and liver regeneration: an update. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:636-645. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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36
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Fan S, Gao Y, Qu A, Jiang Y, Li H, Xie G, Yao X, Yang X, Zhu S, Yagai T, Tian J, Wang R, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. YAP-TEAD mediates PPAR α-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology 2022; 75:74-88. [PMID: 34387904 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα, NR1C1) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor involved in the regulation of lipid catabolism and energy homeostasis. PPARα activation induces hepatomegaly and plays an important role in liver regeneration, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, the effect of PPARα activation on liver enlargement and regeneration was investigated in several strains of genetically modified mice. PPARα activation by the specific agonist WY-14643 significantly induced hepatomegaly and accelerated liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) in wild-type mice and Pparafl/fl mice, while these effects were abolished in hepatocyte-specific Ppara-deficient (PparaΔHep ) mice. Moreover, PPARα activation promoted hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein area. Mechanistically, PPARα activation regulated expression of yes-associated protein (YAP) and its downstream targets (connective tissue growth factor, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, and ankyrin repeat domain 1) as well as proliferation-related proteins (cyclins A1, D1, and E1). Binding of YAP with the PPARα E domain was critical for the interaction between YAP and PPARα. PPARα activation further induced nuclear translocation of YAP. Disruption of the YAP-transcriptional enhancer factor domain family member (TEAD) association significantly suppressed PPARα-induced hepatomegaly and hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation. In addition, PPARα failed to induce hepatomegaly in adeno-associated virus-Yap short hairpin RNA-treated mice and liver-specific Yap-deficient mice. Blockade of YAP signaling abolished PPARα-induced hepatocyte hypertrophy around the central vein area and hepatocyte proliferation around the portal vein area. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a function of PPARα in regulating liver size and liver regeneration through activation of the YAP-TEAD signaling pathway. These findings have implications for understanding the physiological functions of PPARα and suggest its potential for manipulation of liver size and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guomin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpeng Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianing Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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PXR mediates mifepristone-induced hepatomegaly in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:146-156. [PMID: 33782543 PMCID: PMC8724318 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mifepristone (Mif), an effective synthetic steroidal antiprogesterone drug, is widely used for medical abortion and pregnancy prevention. Due to its anti-glucocorticoid effect, high-dose Mif is also used to treat Cushing's syndrome. Mif was reported to active pregnane X receptor (PXR) in vitro and PXR can induce hepatomegaly via activation and interaction with yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway. High-dose Mif was reported to induce hepatomegaly in rats and mice, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, the role of PXR was studied in Mif-induced hepatomegaly in C57BL/6 mice and Pxr-knockout mice. The results demonstrated that high-dose Mif (100 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p.) treatment for 5 days significantly induced hepatomegaly with enlarged hepatocytes and promoted proliferation, but low dose of Mif (5 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p.) cannot induce hepatomegaly. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assays showed that Mif can activate human PXR in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, Mif could promote nuclear translocation of PXR and YAP, and significantly induced the expression of PXR, YAP, and their target proteins such as CYP3A11, CYP2B10, UGT1A1, ANKRD, and CTGF. However, Mif (100 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p.) failed to induce hepatomegaly in Pxr-knockout mice, as well as hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation, further indicating that Mif-induced hepatomegaly is PXR-dependent. In summary, this study demonstrated that PXR-mediated Mif-induced hepatomegaly in mice probably via activation of YAP pathway. This study provides new insights in Mif-induced hepatomegaly, and provides novel evidence on the crucial function of PXR in liver enlargement and regeneration.
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Natural product-based screening led to the discovery of a novel PXR agonist with anti-cholestasis activity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 43:2139-2146. [PMID: 34931017 PMCID: PMC9343401 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a major cause of a series of bile flow malfunction-related liver diseases. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator in endo- and xeno-biotics metabolism, which has been considered as a promising therapeutic target for cholestasis. In this study we conducted human PXR (hPXR) agonistic screening using dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, which led to discovering a series of potent hPXR agonists from a small Euphorbiaceae diterpenoid library, containing 35 structurally diverse diterpenoids with eight different skeleton types. The most active compound 6, a lathyrane diterpenoid (5/11/3 ring system), dose-dependently activated hPXR with a high selectivity, and significantly upregulated the expression of hPXR downstream genes CYP3A4 and UGT1A1. In LCA-induced cholestasis mouse model, administration of compound 6 (50 mg· kg-1. d-1, ip) for 7 days significantly suppressed liver necrosis and decreased serum levels of AST, ALT, Tbili, ALP, and TBA, ameliorating LCA-induced cholestatic liver injury. We further revealed that compound 6 exerted its anti-cholestatic efficacy via activation of PXR pathway, accelerating the detoxification of toxic BAs and promoting liver regeneration. These results suggest that lathyrane diterpenoids may serve as a promising scaffold for future development of anti-cholestasis drugs.
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Jia M, Zhang H, Qin Q, Hou Y, Zhang X, Chen D, Zhang H, Chen Y. Ferroptosis as a new therapeutic opportunity for nonviral liver disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174319. [PMID: 34252441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral liver disease is a global public health problem due to its high mortality and morbidity. However, its underlying mechanism is unclear. Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death that is involved in a variety of disease processes. Both abnormal iron metabolism (e.g., iron overload) and lipid peroxidation, which is induced by deletion of glutathione (GSH) or glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids (PUFA-PLs) trigger ferroptosis. Recently, ferroptosis has been involved in the pathological process of nonviral liver diseases [including alcohol-related liver disease (ALD); nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); hereditary hemochromatosis (HH); drug-, ischemia/reperfusion- or immune-induced liver injury; liver fibrosis; and liver cancer]. Hepatocyte ferroptosis is activated in ALD; NAFLD; HH; drug-, ischemia/reperfusion- or immune-induced liver injury; and liver fibrosis, whereas hepatic stellate cell and liver cancer cell ferroptosis are inhibited in liver fibrosis and liver cancer, respectively. Thus, ferroptosis is an ideal target for nonviral liver diseases. In the present review, we discuss the latest findings on ferroptosis and potential drugs targeting ferroptosis for nonviral liver diseases. This review will highlight further directions for the treatment and prevention of nonviral liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Qiaohong Qin
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital (the Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University), Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China.
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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Ruan H, Lu Q, Wu J, Qin J, Sui M, Sun X, Shi Y, Luo J, Yang M. Hepatotoxicity of food-borne mycotoxins: molecular mechanism, anti-hepatotoxic medicines and target prediction. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:2281-2308. [PMID: 34346825 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1960794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi. The widespread contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is a global food safety problem and a serious threat to people's health. Most food-borne mycotoxins have strong hepatotoxicity. However, no effective methods have been found to prevent or treat Mycotoxin- Induced Liver Injury (MILI) in clinical and animal husbandry. In this paper, the molecular mechanisms and potential anti-MILI medicines of six food-borne MILI are reviewed, and their targets are predicted by network toxicology, which provides a theoretical basis for further study of the toxicity mechanism of MILI and the development of effective strategies to manage MILI-related health problems in the future and accelerate the development of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Sui
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Shizu R, Nishiguchi H, Tashiro S, Sato T, Sugawara A, Kanno Y, Hosaka T, Sasaki T, Yoshinari K. Helix 12 stabilization contributes to basal transcriptional activity of PXR. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100978. [PMID: 34284062 PMCID: PMC8390552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an important role in xenobiotic metabolism. While ligand binding induces PXR-dependent gene transcription, PXR shows constitutive transcriptional activity in the absence of ligands when expressed in cultured cells. This constitutive activity sometimes hampers investigation of PXR activation by compounds of interest. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of PXR activation. In the reported crystal structures of unliganded PXR, helix 12 (H12), including a coactivator binding motif, was stabilized, while it is destabilized in the unliganded structures of other nuclear receptors, suggesting a role for H12 stabilization in the basal activity of PXR. Since Phe420, located in the loop between H11 and H12, is thought to interact with Leu411 and Ile414 to stabilize H12, we substituted alanine at Phe420 (PXR-F420A) and separately inserted three alanine residues directly after Phe420 (PXR-3A) and investigated their influence on PXR-mediated transcription. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that the mutants showed drastically reduced basal activity and enhanced responses to various ligands, which was further enhanced by coexpression of the coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α. Mutations of both Leu411 and Ile414 to alanine also suppressed basal activity. Mammalian two-hybrid assays showed that PXR-F420A and PXR-3A bound to corepressors and coactivators in the absence and presence of ligands, respectively. We conclude that the intramolecular interactions of Phe420 with Leu411 and Ile414 stabilize H12 to recruit coactivators even in the absence of ligands, contributing to the basal transcriptional activity of PXR. We propose that the generated mutants might be useful for PXR ligand screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Nishiguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sarii Tashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sugawara
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kanno
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Xie J, Fan Y, Jia R, Yang F, Ma L, Li L. Yes-associated protein regulates the hepatoprotective effect of vitamin D receptor activation through promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling in cholestatic mice. J Pathol 2021; 255:95-106. [PMID: 34156701 DOI: 10.1002/path.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mounting clinical evidence has revealed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is associated with cholestatic liver injury, although the functions of VDR in this condition remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of VDR activation on bile duct ligation (BDL) mice, and the underlying mechanisms were further investigated. A low-calcemic VDR agonist, paricalcitol (PAL, 200 ng/kg), was intraperitoneally injected into BDL mice every other day for 5 days or 28 days. Liver histology, liver function indicators, cholangiocyte proliferation, fibrosis scores, and inflammation were evaluated. Mice treated with PAL were rescued from the decreased survival rate induced by BDL and liver damage was reduced. Mechanistically, PAL promoted cholangiocyte proliferation, which was likely conducive to proliferating bile duct maturation and increased branching of bile ducts. PAL treatment also increased the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its target protein epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam) and decreased the level of inactive cytoplasmic phosphorylated YAP. YAP knockdown abrogated PAL-induced primary bile duct epithelial cell proliferation, confirmed with YAP inhibitor administration. In addition, BDL-induced liver fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced by PAL treatment at both day 5 and day 28 post-BDL. In conclusion, VDR activation mitigates cholestatic liver injury by promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling through cholangiocytic YAP upregulation. Because PAL is an approved clinical drug, it may be useful for treatment of cholestatic liver disease. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yonggang Fan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of the Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Rongjun Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Liman Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
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Bhushan B, Molina L, Koral K, Stoops JW, Mars WM, Banerjee S, Orr A, Paranjpe S, Monga SP, Locker J, Michalopoulos GK. Yes-Associated Protein Is Crucial for Constitutive Androstane Receptor-Driven Hepatocyte Proliferation But Not for Induction of Drug Metabolism Genes in Mice. Hepatology 2021; 73:2005-2022. [PMID: 32794202 PMCID: PMC7885729 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonists, such as 1,4-bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP), are known to cause robust hepatocyte proliferation and hepatomegaly in mice along with induction of drug metabolism genes without any associated liver injury. Yes-associated protein (Yap) is a key transcription regulator that tightly controls organ size, including that of liver. Our and other previous studies suggested increased nuclear localization and activation of Yap after TCPOBOP treatment in mice and the potential role of Yap in CAR-driven proliferative response. Here, we investigated a direct role of Yap in CAR-driven hepatomegaly and hepatocyte proliferation using hepatocyte-specific Yap-knockout (KO) mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Adeno-associated virus 8-thyroxine binding globulin promoter-Cre recombinase vector was injected to Yap-floxed mice for achieving hepatocyte-specific Yap deletion followed by TCPOBOP treatment. Yap deletion did not decrease protein expression of CAR or CAR-driven induction of drug metabolism genes (including cytochrome P450 [Cyp] 2b10, Cyp2c55, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1 [Ugt1a1]). However, Yap deletion substantially reduced TCPOBOP-induced hepatocyte proliferation. TCPOBOP-driven cell cycle activation was disrupted in Yap-KO mice because of delayed (and decreased) induction of cyclin D1 and higher expression of p21, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Furthermore, the induction of other cyclins, which are sequentially involved in progression through cell cycle (including cyclin E1, A2, and B1), and important mitotic regulators (such as Aurora B kinase and polo-like kinase 1) was remarkably reduced in Yap-KO mice. Microarray analysis revealed that 26% of TCPOBOP-responsive genes that were mainly related to proliferation, but not to drug metabolism, were altered by Yap deletion. Yap regulated these proliferation genes through alerting expression of Myc and forkhead box protein M1, two critical transcriptional regulators of CAR-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed an important role of Yap signaling in CAR-driven hepatocyte proliferation; however, CAR-driven induction of drug metabolism genes was independent of Yap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Laura Molina
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Kelly Koral
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - John W. Stoops
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Wendy M. Mars
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Shirish Paranjpe
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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Zhao YY, Yao XP, Jiao TY, Tian JN, Gao Y, Fan SC, Chen PP, Jiang YM, Zhou YY, Chen YX, Yang X, Huang M, Bi HC. Schisandrol B promotes liver enlargement via activation of PXR and YAP pathways in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:153520. [PMID: 33662920 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schisandrol B (SolB) is one of the bioactive components from a traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis or Schisandra sphenanthera. It has been demonstrated that SolB exerts hepatoprotective effects against drug-induced liver injury and promotes liver regeneration. It was found that SolB can induce hepatomegaly but the involved mechanisms remain unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the mechanisms involved in SolB-induced hepatomegaly. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with SolB (100 mg/kg) for 5 days. Serum and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological analyses. The mechanisms of SolB were investigated by qRT-PCR and western blot analyses, luciferase reporter gene assays and immunofluorescence. RESULTS SolB significantly increased hepatocyte size and proliferation, and then promoted liver enlargement without liver injury and inflammation. SolB transactivated human PXR, activated PXR in mice and upregulated hepatic expression of its downstream proteins, such as CYP3A11, CYP2B10 and UGT1A1. SolB also significantly enhanced nuclear translocation of PXR and YAP in human cell lines. YAP signal pathway was activated by SolB in mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that SolB can significantly induce liver enlargement, which is associated with the activation of PXR and YAP pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin-Peng Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ting-Ying Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Ning Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi-Ming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan-Ying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi-Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Constitutive androstane receptor induced-hepatomegaly and liver regeneration is partially via yes-associated protein activation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:727-737. [PMID: 33777678 PMCID: PMC7982502 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR3I1) belongs to nuclear receptor superfamily. It was reported that CAR agonist TCPOBOP induces hepatomegaly but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a potent regulator of organ size. The aim of this study is to explore the role of YAP in CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. TCPOBOP-induced CAR activation on hepatomegaly and liver regeneration was evaluated in wild-type (WT) mice, liver-specific YAP-deficient mice, and partial hepatectomy (PHx) mice. The results demonstrate that TCPOBOP can increase the liver-to-body weight ratio in wild-type mice and PHx mice. Hepatocytes enlargement around central vein (CV) area was observed, meanwhile hepatocytes proliferation was promoted as evidenced by the increased number of KI67+ cells around portal vein (PV) area. The protein levels of YAP and its downstream targets were upregulated in TCPOBOP-treated mice and YAP translocation can be induced by CAR activation. Co-immunoprecipitation results suggested a potential protein–protein interaction of CAR and YAP. However, CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly can still be observed in liver-specific YAP-deficient (Yap–/–) mice. In summary, CAR activation promotes hepatomegaly and liver regeneration partially by inducing YAP translocation and interaction with YAP signaling pathway, which provides new insights to further understand the physiological functions of CAR.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANKRD1, ankyrin repeat domain 1
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCNA1, cyclin A1
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CCNE1, cyclin E1
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CTNNB1, β-catenin
- CV, central vein
- CYR61, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- Constitutive androstane receptor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FOXM1, forkhead box M1
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- H&E, haematoxylin and eosin
- Hepatomegaly
- Liver enlargement
- Liver regeneration
- Nuclear receptors
- PHx, partial hepatectomy
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha
- PV, portal vein
- Partial hepatectomy
- Protein–protein interaction
- TBA, total bile acid
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene
- TEAD, TEA domain family member
- YAP, yes-associated protein
- Yes-associated protein
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Cai X, Young GM, Xie W. The xenobiotic receptors PXR and CAR in liver physiology, an update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166101. [PMID: 33600998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are two nuclear receptors that are well-known for their roles in xenobiotic detoxification by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. In addition to metabolizing drugs and other xenobiotics, the same enzymes and transporters are also responsible for the production and elimination of numerous endogenous chemicals, or endobiotics. Moreover, both PXR and CAR are highly expressed in the liver. As such, it is conceivable that PXR and CAR have major potentials to affect the pathophysiology of the liver by regulating the homeostasis of endobiotics. In recent years, the physiological functions of PXR and CAR in the liver have been extensively studied. Emerging evidence has suggested the roles of PXR and CAR in energy metabolism, bile acid homeostasis, cell proliferation, to name a few. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of the roles of PXR and CAR in liver physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gregory M Young
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Verboven E, Moya IM, Sansores-Garcia L, Xie J, Hillen H, Kowalczyk W, Vella G, Verhulst S, Castaldo SA, Algueró-Nadal A, Romanelli L, Mercader-Celma C, Souza NA, Soheily S, Van Huffel L, Van Brussel T, Lambrechts D, Roskams T, Lemaigre FP, Bergers G, van Grunsven LA, Halder G. Regeneration Defects in Yap and Taz Mutant Mouse Livers Are Caused by Bile Duct Disruption and Cholestasis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:847-862. [PMID: 33127392 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Hippo pathway and its downstream effectors YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ) are heralded as important regulators of organ growth and regeneration. However, different studies provided contradictory conclusions about their role during regeneration of different organs, ranging from promoting proliferation to inhibiting it. Here we resolve the function of YAP/TAZ during regeneration of the liver, where Hippo's role in growth control has been studied most intensely. METHODS We evaluated liver regeneration after carbon tetrachloride toxic liver injury in mice with conditional deletion of Yap/Taz in hepatocytes and/or biliary epithelial cells, and measured the behavior of different cell types during regeneration by histology, RNA sequencing, and flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that YAP/TAZ were activated in hepatocytes in response to carbon tetrachloride toxic injury. However, their targeted deletion in adult hepatocytes did not noticeably impair liver regeneration. In contrast, Yap/Taz deletion in adult bile ducts caused severe defects and delay in liver regeneration. Mechanistically, we showed that Yap/Taz mutant bile ducts degenerated, causing cholestasis, which stalled the recruitment of phagocytic macrophages and the removal of cellular corpses from injury sites. Elevated bile acids activated pregnane X receptor, which was sufficient to recapitulate the phenotype observed in mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that YAP/TAZ are practically dispensable in hepatocytes for liver development and regeneration. Rather, YAP/TAZ play an indirect role in liver regeneration by preserving bile duct integrity and securing immune cell recruitment and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Verboven
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iván M Moya
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Leticia Sansores-Garcia
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jun Xie
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Hillen
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Weronika Kowalczyk
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerlanda Vella
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie A Castaldo
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Algueró-Nadal
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucia Romanelli
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristina Mercader-Celma
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natália A Souza
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soheil Soheily
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Huffel
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Brussel
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric P Lemaigre
- Liver and Pancreas Development Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gabrielle Bergers
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Georg Halder
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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Lei H, denDekker AD, Li G, Zhang Z, Sha L, Schaller MA, Kunkel SL, Rui L, Tao K, Dou Y. Dysregulation of intercellular signaling by MOF deletion leads to liver injury. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100235. [PMID: 33376138 PMCID: PMC7948572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms that alter heritable gene expression and chromatin structure play an essential role in many biological processes, including liver function. Human MOF (males absent on the first) is a histone acetyltransferase that is globally downregulated in human steatohepatitis. However, the function of MOF in the liver remains unclear. Here, we report that MOF plays an essential role in adult liver. Genetic deletion of Mof by Mx1-Cre in the liver leads to acute liver injury, with increase of lipid deposition and fibrosis akin to human steatohepatitis. Surprisingly, hepatocyte-specific Mof deletion had no overt liver abnormality. Using the in vitro coculturing experiment, we show that Mof deletion-induced liver injury requires coordinated changes and reciprocal signaling between hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, which enables feedforward regulation to augment inflammation and apoptotic responses. At the molecular level, Mof deletion induced characteristic changes in metabolic gene programs, which bore noticeable similarity to the molecular signature of human steatohepatitis. Simultaneous deletion of Mof in both hepatocytes and macrophages results in enhanced expression of inflammatory genes and NO signaling in vitro. These changes, in turn, lead to apoptosis of hepatocytes and lipotoxicity. Our work highlights the importance of histone acetyltransferase MOF in maintaining metabolic liver homeostasis and sheds light on the epigenetic dysregulation in liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron D denDekker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guobing Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liang Sha
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew A Schaller
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Shizu R, Ishimura M, Nobusawa S, Hosaka T, Sasaki T, Kakizaki S, Yoshinari K. The influence of the long-term chemical activation of the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) on liver carcinogenesis in mice. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1089-1102. [PMID: 33398415 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are nuclear receptors that are highly expressed in the liver and activated by numerous chemicals. While CAR activation by its activators, such as phenobarbital (PB), induces hepatocyte proliferation and liver carcinogenesis in rodents, it remains unclear whether PXR activation drives liver cancer. To investigate the influence of PXR activation on liver carcinogenesis, we treated mice with the PXR activator pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) with or without PB following tumor initiation with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). After 20 weeks of treatment, preneoplastic lesions detected by immunostaining with an anti-KRT8/18 antibody were observed in PB-treated but not PCN-treated mice, and PCN cotreatment augmented the formation of preneoplastic lesions by PB. After 35 weeks of treatment, macroscopic observations indicated that PB-treated and PB/PCN-cotreated mice had increased numbers of liver tumors compared to control and PCN-treated mice. In the pathological analyses of liver sections, all the mice in the PB and PB/PCN groups developed carcinoma and/or eosinophilic adenoma, but in the PB/PCN group, the multiplicity of carcinoma and eosinophilic adenoma was significantly reduced and the size of carcinoma showed a tendency to decrease. No mouse in the control or PCN-treated group developed such tumors. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) and gene set enrichment analyses in combination with RNA sequencing suggested the increased expression of genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mice cotreated with PCN and PB compared to those treated with PB alone. Changes in the hepatic mRNA levels of epithelial marker genes supported the results of the transcriptome analyses. In conclusion, the present results suggest that PXR activation does not promote hepatocarcinogenesis in contrast to CAR and rather attenuates CAR-mediated liver cancer development by suppressing the EMT of liver cancer cells in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Kakizaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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50
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SIRT6 as a key event linking P53 and NRF2 counteracts APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting hepatocyte proliferation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:89-99. [PMID: 33532182 PMCID: PMC7838028 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced liver injury, and its prognosis depends on the balance between hepatocyte death and regeneration. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) has been reported to protect against oxidative stress-associated DNA damage. But whether SIRT6 regulates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, the protein expression of nuclear and total SIRT6 was up-regulated in mice liver at 6 and 48 h following APAP treatment, respectively. Sirt6 knockdown in AML12 cells aggravated APAP-induced hepatocyte death and oxidative stress, inhibited cell viability and proliferation, and downregulated CCNA1, CCND1 and CKD4 protein levels. Sirt6 knockdown significantly prevented APAP-induced NRF2 activation, reduced the transcriptional activities of GSTμ and NQO1 and the mRNA levels of Nrf2, Ho-1, Gstα and Gstμ. Furthermore, SIRT6 showed potential protein interaction with NRF2 as evidenced by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay. Additionally, the protective effect of P53 against APAP-induced hepatocytes injury was Sirt6-dependent. The Sirt6 mRNA was significantly down-regulated in P53 -/- mice. P53 activated the transcriptional activity of SIRT6 and exerted interaction with SIRT6. Our results demonstrate that SIRT6 protects against APAP hepatotoxicity through alleviating oxidative stress and promoting hepatocyte proliferation, and provide new insights in the function of SIRT6 as a crucial docking molecule linking P53 and NRF2.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, serum alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acetaminophen
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- CCNA1, cyclin A1
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CDK4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4
- CYP450, cytochromes P450
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- Dox, doxorubicin
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- GSH, glutathione
- GSTα, glutathianone S-transferase α
- GSTμ, glutathione S-transferase μ
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H3K56ac, histone H3 Nε-acetyl-lysines 56
- H3K9ac, histone H3 Nε-acetyl-lysines 9
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- Hepatotoxicity
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- NAPQI, N-acetyl p-benzoquinone imine
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- P53
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SIRT6
- SIRT6, sirtuin 6
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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