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Evans L, Barral P. CD1 molecules: Beyond antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2024; 170:1-8. [PMID: 38579449 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
CD1 molecules are well known for their role in binding and presenting lipid antigens to mediate the activation of CD1-restricted T cells. However, much less appreciated is the fact that CD1 molecules can have additional "unconventional" roles which impact the activation and functions of CD1-expressing cells, ultimately controlling tissue homeostasis as well as the progression of inflammatory and infectious diseases. Some of these roles are mediated by so-called reverse signalling, by which crosslinking of CD1 molecules at the cell surface initiates intracellular signalling. On the other hand, CD1 molecules can also control metabolic and inflammatory pathways in CD1-expressing cells through cell-intrinsic mechanisms independent of CD1 ligation. Here, we review the evidence for "unconventional" functions of CD1 molecules and the outcomes of such roles for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Evans
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology. King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Patricia Barral
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology. King's College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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2
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Lee SW, Park HJ, Van Kaer L, Hong S. Role of CD1d and iNKT cells in regulating intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1343718. [PMID: 38274786 PMCID: PMC10808723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1343718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize glycolipid antigens in a CD1d-dependent manner, are crucial in regulating diverse immune responses such as autoimmunity. By engaging with CD1d-expressing non-immune cells (such as intestinal epithelial cells and enterochromaffin cells) and immune cells (such as type 3 innate lymphoid cells, B cells, monocytes and macrophages), iNKT cells contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the intestine. In this review, we discuss the impact of iNKT cells and CD1d in the regulation of intestinal inflammation, examining both cellular and molecular factors with the potential to influence the functions of iNKT cells in inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health and Biomedical Services, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Diegelmann J, Brand S. Identification of IL-27 as a novel regulator of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II expression, antigen presentation, and processing in intestinal epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1226809. [PMID: 37818353 PMCID: PMC10561092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1226809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II receptors plays a fundamental role in T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. A dysregulation of this fine-tuned recognition might result in the development of autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases that are characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the intestinal tract and a damaged intestinal epithelial barrier. While MHCII receptors are usually expressed by professional antigen presenting cells (APC) only, there is increasing evidence that non-immune cells such as intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) might express MHCII upon stimulation with IFN-γ and thus act as non-professional APC. However, little is known about other factors regulating intestinal epithelial MHC expression. Here, we identify IL-27 as an inducer of different MHCI and MHCII receptor subtypes and the invariant chain (CD74/li) in IEC via the STAT1/IRF1/CIITA axis. CIITA, MHCII, and CD74 expression was significantly increased in IEC from Crohn's disease (CD) patients with active disease compared to controls or CD patients in remission. IEC phagocytosed and digested external antigens and apoptotic cells. IL-27 strongly stimulated antigen processing via the immunoproteasome in a IRF1-dependent manner. In co-culture experiments, antigen-primed IEC strongly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 secretion, dependent on direct cell-cell contact. IL-27 pretreatment of IEC significantly increased CD4+ T cell proliferation and reduced IL-2 levels in lymphocytes in coculture. In summary, we identified IL-27 as a novel regulator of IEC antigen processing and presentation via MHCI and MHCII receptors, underscoring the importance of IEC as non-professional APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Diegelmann
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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4
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Luo J, Chen Z, Castellano D, Bao B, Han W, Li J, Kim G, An D, Lu W, Wu C. Lipids regulate peripheral serotonin release via gut CD1d. Immunity 2023; 56:1533-1547.e7. [PMID: 37354904 PMCID: PMC10527042 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune and neuroendocrine systems is critical for intestinal homeostasis and gut-brain communications. However, it remains unclear how immune cells participate in gut sensation of hormones and neurotransmitters release in response to environmental cues, such as self-lipids and microbial lipids. We show here that lipid-mediated engagement of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with enterochromaffin (EC) cells, a subset of intestinal epithelial cells, promoted peripheral serotonin (5-HT) release via a CD1d-dependent manner, regulating gut motility and hemostasis. We also demonstrated that inhibitory sphingolipids from symbiotic microbe Bacteroides fragilis represses 5-HT release. Mechanistically, CD1d ligation on EC cells transduced a signal and restrained potassium conductance through activation of protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2, leading to calcium influx and 5-HT secretion. Together, our data reveal that by engaging with iNKT cells, gut chemosensory cells selectively perceive lipid antigens via CD1d to control 5-HT release, modulating intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialie Luo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Castellano
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenyan Han
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Girak Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dingding An
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Criss ZK, Bhasin N, Di Rienzi SC, Rajan A, Deans-Fielder K, Swaminathan G, Kamyabi N, Zeng XL, Doddapaneni H, Menon VK, Chakravarti D, Estrella C, Yu X, Patil K, Petrosino JF, Fleet JC, Verzi MP, Christakos S, Helmrath MA, Arimura S, DePinho RA, Britton RA, Maresso AW, Grande-Allen KJ, Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Ramani S, Shroyer NF. Drivers of transcriptional variance in human intestinal epithelial organoids. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:486-508. [PMID: 34612061 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00061.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal epithelial organoids (enteroids and colonoids) are tissue cultures used for understanding the physiology of the human intestinal epithelium. Here, we explored the effect on the transcriptome of common variations in culture methods, including extracellular matrix substrate, format, tissue segment, differentiation status, and patient heterogeneity. RNA-sequencing datasets from 276 experiments performed on 37 human enteroid and colonoid lines from 29 patients were aggregated from several groups in the Texas Medical Center. DESeq2 and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways. PERMANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and dendrogram analysis of the data originally indicated three tiers of influence of culture methods on transcriptomic variation: substrate (collagen vs. Matrigel) and format (3-D, transwell, and monolayer) had the largest effect; segment of origin (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon) and differentiation status had a moderate effect; and patient heterogeneity and specific experimental manipulations (e.g., pathogen infection) had the smallest effect. GSEA identified hundreds of pathways that varied between culture methods, such as IL1 cytokine signaling enriched in transwell versus monolayer cultures and E2F target genes enriched in collagen versus Matrigel cultures. The transcriptional influence of the format was furthermore validated in a synchronized experiment performed with various format-substrate combinations. Surprisingly, large differences in organoid transcriptome were driven by variations in culture methods such as format, whereas experimental manipulations such as infection had modest effects. These results show that common variations in culture conditions can have large effects on intestinal organoids and should be accounted for when designing experiments and comparing results between laboratories. Our data constitute the largest RNA-seq dataset interrogating human intestinal epithelial organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K Criss
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nobel Bhasin
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sara C Di Rienzi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kali Deans-Fielder
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Harsha Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vipin K Menon
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Clarissa Estrella
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ketki Patil
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - James C Fleet
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sumimasa Arimura
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert A Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anthony W Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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6
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Fukui H. Leaky Gut and Gut-Liver Axis in Liver Cirrhosis: Clinical Studies Update. Gut Liver 2021; 15:666-676. [PMID: 33071239 PMCID: PMC8444108 DOI: 10.5009/gnl20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal blood flows into the liver containing the gut microbiome and its products such as endotoxin and bacterial DNA. The cirrhotic liver acts and detoxifies as the initial site of microbial products. In so-called "leaky gut," the increased intestinal permeability for bacteria and their products constitutes an important pathogenetic factor for major complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. Prolonged gastric and small intestinal transit may induce intestinal bacterial overgrowth, a condition in which colonic bacteria translocate into the small gut. Cirrhotic patients further show gut dysbiosis characterized by an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in autochthonous nonpathogenic bacteria. Pathological bacterial translocation (BT) is a contributing factor in the development of various severe complications. Bile acids (BAs) undergo extensive enterohepatic circulation and play important roles in the gut-liver axis. BT-induced inflammation prevents synthesis of BAs in the liver through inhibition of BA-synthesizing enzyme CYP7A1. A lower abundance of 7α-dehydroxylating gut bacteria leads to decreased conversion of primary to secondary BAs. Decreases in total and secondary BAs may play an important role in the gut dysbiosis characterized by a proinflammatory and toxic gut microbiome inducing BT and endotoxemia, as addressed in my previous reviews. Selective intestinal decontamination by the use of various antimicrobial drugs for management of complications has a long history. Lactobacillus GG decreasing endotoxemia is reported to improve the microbiome with beneficial changes in amino acid, vitamin and secondary BA metabolism. Current approaches for hepatic encephalopathy are the use of nonabsorbable antibiotics and disaccharides. Probiotics may become an additional therapeutic option for advanced liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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7
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Huot N, Rascle P, Tchitchek N, Wimmer B, Passaes C, Contreras V, Desjardins D, Stahl-Hennig C, Le Grand R, Saez-Cirion A, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. Role of NKG2a/c +CD8 + T cells in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic SIV infections. iScience 2021; 24:102314. [PMID: 33870131 PMCID: PMC8040270 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Some viruses have established an equilibrium with their host. African green monkeys (AGM) display persistent high viral replication in the blood and intestine during Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection but resolve systemic inflammation after acute infection and lack intestinal immune or tissue damage during chronic infection. We show that NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells increase in the blood and intestine of AGM in response to SIVagm infection in contrast to SIVmac infection in macaques, the latter modeling HIV infection. NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells were not expanded in lymph nodes, and CXCR5+NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cell frequencies further decreased after SIV infection. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells from AGM revealed the expression of NK cell receptors, and of molecules with cytotoxic effector, gut homing, and immunoregulatory and gut barrier function, including CD73. NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells correlated negatively with IL-23 in the intestine during SIVmac infection. The data suggest a potential regulatory role of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells in intestinal inflammation during SIV/HIV infections. Molecular determination of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells in two species of nonhuman primates Tissue distribution of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cell is profoundly sculpted by SIV infections Intestinal NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells correlated negatively with IL-23 in SIV infection NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells might play a protective gut barrier function in HIV/SIV infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Benedikt Wimmer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
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8
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D'Avino P, Serena G, Kenyon V, Fasano A. An updated overview on celiac disease: from immuno-pathogenesis and immuno-genetics to therapeutic implications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:269-284. [PMID: 33472447 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1880320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by ingestion of gluten. While presenting many similarities with other autoimmune diseases, celiac disease is unique in that the external trigger, gluten, and the genetic background necessary for disease development (HLA DQ2/DQ8) are well described. The prevalence of celiac disease is dramatically increasing over the years and new epidemiologic data show changes regarding age of onset and symptoms. A better understanding of CD-pathogenesis is fundamental to highlight the reasons of this rise of celiac diagnoses. AREAS COVERED In this review we describe CD-pathogenesis by dissecting all the components necessary to lose tolerance to gluten (ingestion of gluten, genetic predisposition, loss of barrier function and immune response). Additionally, we also highlight the role that microbiome plays in celiac disease as well as new proposed therapies and experimental tools. EXPERT OPINION Prevalence of autoimmune diseases is increasing around the world. As a result, modern society is strongly impacted by a social and economic burden. Given the unique characteristics of celiac disease, a better understanding of its pathogenesis and the factors that contribute to it may shed light on other autoimmune diseases for which external trigger and genetic background are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D'Avino
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Serena
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria Kenyon
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Mass General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
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9
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Lei Z, Tang R, Qi Q, Gu P, Wang J, Xu L, Wei C, Pu Y, Qi X, Chen Y, Yu B, Yu Y, Chen X, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhou S, Su C. Hepatocyte CD1d protects against liver immunopathology in mice with schistosomiasis japonica. Immunology 2020; 162:328-338. [PMID: 33283278 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with over 250 million people infected worldwide. The main clinically important species Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) cause inflammatory responses against tissue-trapped eggs, resulting in formation of granulomas mainly in host liver. Persistent granulomatous response results in severe fibrosis in the liver, leading to irreversible impairment of the liver and even death of the host. CD1d, a highly conserved MHC class I-like molecule, is expressed by both haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells. CD1d on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of haematopoietic origin presents pathogen-derived lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells, which enables them to rapidly produce large amounts of various cytokines and facilitate CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation upon invading pathogens. Noteworthy, hepatocytes of non-haematopoietic origin have recently been shown to be involved in maintaining liver NKT cell homeostasis through a CD1d-dependent manner. However, whether hepatocyte CD1d-dependent regulation of NKT cell homeostasis also modulates CD4+ Th cell responses and liver immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis remains to be addressed. Here, we show in mice that CD1d expression on hepatocytes was decreased dramatically upon S. japonicum infection, accompanied by increased NKT cells, as well as upregulated Th1 and Th2 responses. Overexpression of CD1d in hepatocytes significantly decreased local NKT numbers and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13), concomitantly with downregulation of both Th1 and Th2 responses and alleviation in pathological damage in livers of S. japonicum-infected mice. These findings highlight the potential of hepatocyte CD1d-targeted therapies for liver immunopathology control in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Pu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanxiong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Su
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Chirdo FG, Auricchio S, Troncone R, Barone MV. The gliadin p31-43 peptide: Inducer of multiple proinflammatory effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:165-205. [PMID: 33707054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is the prototype of an inflammatory chronic disease induced by food. In this context, gliadin p31-43 peptide comes into the spotlight as an important player of the inflammatory/innate immune response to gliadin in CD. The p31-43 peptide is part of the p31-55 peptide from α-gliadins that remains undigested for a long time, and can be present in the small intestine after ingestion of a gluten-containing diet. Different biophysical methods and molecular dynamic simulations have shown that p31-43 spontaneously forms oligomeric nanostructures, whereas experimental approaches using in vitro assays, mouse models, and human duodenal tissues have shown that p31-43 is able to induce different forms of cellular stress by driving multiple inflammatory pathways. Increased proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the crypts, enterocyte stress, activation of TG2, induction of Ca2+, IL-15, and NFκB signaling, inhibition of CFTR, alteration of vesicular trafficking, and activation of the inflammasome platform are some of the biological effects of p31-43, which, in the presence of appropriate genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, may act together to drive CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Escudero-Hernández C. Epithelial cell dysfunction in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:133-164. [PMID: 33707053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium limits host-luminal interactions and maintains gut homeostasis. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and villous atrophy are hallmarks of coeliac disease. Besides the well characterized immune-mediated epithelial damage induced in coeliac mucosa, constitutional changes and early gluten direct effects disturb intestinal epithelial cells. The subsequent modifications in key epithelial signaling pathways leads to outnumbered immature epithelial cells that, in turn, facilitate epithelial dysfunction, promote crypt hyperplasia, and increase intestinal permeability. Consequently, underlying immune cells have a greater access to gluten, which boosts the proinflammatory immune response against gluten and positively feedback the epithelial damage loop. Gluten-free diet is an indispensable treatment for coeliac disease patients, but additional therapies are under development, including those that reinforce intestinal epithelial healing. In this chapter, we provide an overview of intestinal epithelial cell disturbances that develop during gluten intake in coeliac disease mucosa.
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12
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Vandereyken M, James OJ, Swamy M. Mechanisms of activation of innate-like intraepithelial T lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:721-731. [PMID: 32415229 PMCID: PMC7434593 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IEL) contain subsets of innate-like T cells that evoke innate and adaptive immune responses to provide rapid protection at epithelial barrier sites. In the intestine, T-IEL express variable T cell antigen receptors (TCR), with unknown antigen specificities. Intriguingly, they also express multiple inhibitory receptors, many of which are normally found on exhausted or antigen-experienced T cells. This pattern suggests that T-IEL are antigen-experienced, yet it is not clear where, and in what context, T-IEL encounter TCR ligands. We review recent evidence indicating TCR antigens for intestinal innate-like T-IEL are found on thymic or intestinal epithelium, driving agonist selection of T-IEL. We explore the contributions of the TCR and various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in activating T-IEL effector functions. The balance between inhibitory and activating signals may be key to keeping these highly cytotoxic, rapidly activated cells in check, and key to harnessing their immune surveillance potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Vandereyken
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Olivia J James
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mahima Swamy
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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13
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Lo Presti E, Dieli F, Fourniè JJ, Meraviglia S. Deciphering human γδ T cell response in cancer: Lessons from tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:153-164. [PMID: 32691450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The finding that γδ T cells are present among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in humans suggests they participate in tumor immune surveillance, but their relevance is unclear because the relative abundance of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells correlates with positive or negative, or even do not correlate with prognosis. This likely depends on the fact that tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells may play substantially different effector or regulatory functions, and correlation with patient's prognosis relies on distinct γδ T cell subsets in the context of the tumor. There is interest to exploit γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy, but to make this approach successful there is urgent need to fully understand the biological functions of γδ T cells and of how they can be manipulated in vivo and ex vivo to safely provide benefit to the host. This review focuses on our previous and ongoing studies of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes in different types of human cancer. Moreover, we discuss the interaction of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells with other cells and molecules present in the tumor microenvironment, and their clinical relevance on the ground, that deep knowledge in this field can be used further for better immunotherapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jean Jacques Fourniè
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University, Toulouse, France.,ERL 5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'TOUCAN', Toulouse, France
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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14
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Mikulak J, Oriolo F, Bruni E, Roberto A, Colombo FS, Villa A, Bosticardo M, Bortolomai I, Lo Presti E, Meraviglia S, Dieli F, Vetrano S, Danese S, Della Bella S, Carvello MM, Sacchi M, Cugini G, Colombo G, Klinger M, Spaggiari P, Roncalli M, Prinz I, Ravens S, di Lorenzo B, Marcenaro E, Silva-Santos B, Spinelli A, Mavilio D. NKp46-expressing human gut-resident intraepithelial Vδ1 T cell subpopulation exhibits high antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125884. [PMID: 31689241 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells account for a large fraction of human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) endowed with potent antitumor activities. However, little is known about their origin, phenotype, and clinical relevance in colorectal cancer (CRC). To determine γδ IEL gut specificity, homing, and functions, γδ T cells were purified from human healthy blood, lymph nodes, liver, skin, and intestine, either disease-free, affected by CRC, or generated from thymic precursors. The constitutive expression of NKp46 specifically identifies a subset of cytotoxic Vδ1 T cells representing the largest fraction of gut-resident IELs. The ontogeny and gut-tropism of NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs depends both on distinctive features of Vδ1 thymic precursors and gut-environmental factors. Either the constitutive presence of NKp46 on tissue-resident Vδ1 intestinal IELs or its induced expression on IL-2/IL-15-activated Vδ1 thymocytes are associated with antitumor functions. Higher frequencies of NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs in tumor-free specimens from CRC patients correlate with a lower risk of developing metastatic III/IV disease stages. Additionally, our in vitro settings reproducing CRC tumor microenvironment inhibited the expansion of NKp46+/Vδ1 cells from activated thymic precursors. These results parallel the very low frequencies of NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs able to infiltrate CRC, thus providing insights to either follow-up cancer progression or to develop adoptive cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Oriolo
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bruni
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federico S Colombo
- Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Lo Presti
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) and.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) and.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory for Advanced Diagnostic and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) and.,Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Klinger
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Plastic Surgery Unit, and
| | - Paola Spaggiari
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Roncalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit.,Otorhinolaryngology Department.,Plastic Surgery Unit, and.,Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Biagio di Lorenzo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, and.,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Spinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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T Cell Recruitment to the Intestinal Stem Cell Compartment Drives Immune-Mediated Intestinal Damage after Allogeneic Transplantation. Immunity 2019; 51:90-103.e3. [PMID: 31278057 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The key sites within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where T cells mediate effector responses and the impact of these responses on intestinal stem cells (ISCs) remain unclear. Using experimental bone marrow transplantation to model immune-mediated GI damage and 3D imaging to analyze T cell localization, we found that the ISC compartment is the primary intestinal site targeted by T cells after transplantation. Recruitment to the crypt base region resulted in direct T cell engagement with the stem cell compartment and loss of crypt base columnar ISCs, which expressed both MHC classes I and II. Vasculature expressing the adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 clustered near the crypt base, preferentially regulating crypt compartment invasion and ISC reduction without affecting T cell migration to villi. These findings indicate that allogeneic T cells rapidly access the stem cell niche after transplantation, and this targeted recruitment to the stem cell compartment results in ISC loss during immune-mediated GI damage.
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16
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Poggi A, Benelli R, Venè R, Costa D, Ferrari N, Tosetti F, Zocchi MR. Human Gut-Associated Natural Killer Cells in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:961. [PMID: 31130953 PMCID: PMC6509241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Indeed, they can recognize molecules induced at the cell surface by stress signals and virus infections. The functions of NK cells in the gut are much more complex. Gut NK cells are not precisely organized in lymphoid aggregates but rather scattered in the epithelium or in the stroma, where they come in contact with a multitude of antigens derived from commensal or pathogenic microorganisms in addition to components of microbiota. Furthermore, NK cells in the bowel interact with several cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, and contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis and development of efficient immune responses. NK cells have a key role in the response to intestinal bacterial infections, primarily through production of IFNγ, which can stimulate recruitment of additional NK cells from peripheral blood leading to amplification of the anti-bacterial immune response. Additionally, NK cells can have a role in the pathogenesis of gut autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. These diseases are considered relevant to the generation of gastrointestinal malignancies. Indeed, the role of gut-associated NK cells in the immune response to bowel cancers is known. Thus, in the gut immune system, NK cells play a dual role, participating in both physiological and pathogenic processes. In this review, we will analyze the known functions of NK cells in the gut mucosa both in health and disease, focusing on the cross-talk among bowel microenvironment, epithelial barrier integrity, microbiota, and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Benelli
- Immunology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Venè
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Delfina Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Tosetti
- Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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17
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Baumeister SH, Murad J, Werner L, Daley H, Trebeden-Negre H, Gicobi JK, Schmucker A, Reder J, Sentman CL, Gilham DE, Lehmann FF, Galinsky I, DiPietro H, Cummings K, Munshi NC, Stone RM, Neuberg DS, Soiffer R, Dranoff G, Ritz J, Nikiforow S. Phase I Trial of Autologous CAR T Cells Targeting NKG2D Ligands in Patients with AML/MDS and Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 7:100-112. [PMID: 30396908 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NKG2D ligands are widely expressed in solid and hematologic malignancies but absent or poorly expressed on healthy tissues. We conducted a phase I dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a single infusion of NKG2D-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, without lymphodepleting conditioning in subjects with acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Autologous T cells were transfected with a γ-retroviral vector encoding a CAR fusing human NKG2D with the CD3ζ signaling domain. Four dose levels (1 × 106-3 × 107 total viable T cells) were evaluated. Twelve subjects were infused [7 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 5 multiple myeloma]. NKG2D-CAR products demonstrated a median 75% vector-driven NKG2D expression on CD3+ T cells. No dose-limiting toxicities, cytokine release syndrome, or CAR T cell-related neurotoxicity was observed. No significant autoimmune reactions were noted, and none of the ≥ grade 3 adverse events were attributable to NKG2D-CAR T cells. At the single injection of low cell doses used in this trial, no objective tumor responses were observed. However, hematologic parameters transiently improved in one subject with AML at the highest dose, and cases of disease stability without further therapy or on subsequent treatments were noted. At 24 hours, the cytokine RANTES increased a median of 1.9-fold among all subjects and 5.8-fold among six AML patients. Consistent with preclinical studies, NKG2D-CAR T cell-expansion and persistence were limited. Manufactured NKG2D-CAR T cells exhibited functional activity against autologous tumor cells in vitro, but modifications to enhance CAR T-cell expansion and target density may be needed to boost clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne H Baumeister
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joana Murad
- Celdara Medical, LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Lillian Werner
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Daley
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helene Trebeden-Negre
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanina K Gicobi
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jake Reder
- Celdara Medical, LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | | | | | - Ilene Galinsky
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi DiPietro
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen Cummings
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard M Stone
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Soiffer
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis BioMedical Institutes, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Nikiforow
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Schirbel A, Shouval DS, Hebecker B, Hube B, Sturm A, Werner L. Intestinal epithelial cells and T cells differentially recognize and respond toCandida albicansyeast and hypha. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1826-1837. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schirbel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Campus Mitte; Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Dror S. Shouval
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital; Sheba Medical Center; Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology; Hans Knoell Institute; Jena Germany
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology; University of Aberdeen
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Infection Biology; Hans Knoell Institute; Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Andreas Sturm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Campus Mitte; Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology; DRK Kliniken Berlin Westend. Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Charité; Berlin Germany
| | - Lael Werner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Campus Mitte; Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital; Sheba Medical Center; Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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19
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Lutter L, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Brand EC, Oldenburg B, van Wijk F. The elusive case of human intraepithelial T cells in gut homeostasis and inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:637-649. [PMID: 29973676 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial barrier of the gastrointestinal tract is home to numerous intraepithelial T cells (IETs). IETs are functionally adapted to the mucosal environment and are among the first adaptive immune cells to encounter microbial and dietary antigens. They possess hallmark features of tissue-resident T cells: they are long-lived nonmigratory cells capable of rapidly responding to antigen challenges independent of T cell recruitment from the periphery. Gut-resident T cells have been implicated in the relapsing and remitting course and persisting low-grade inflammation of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including IBD and coeliac disease. So far, most data IETs have been derived from experimental animal models; however, IETs and the environmental makeup differ between mice and humans. With advances in techniques, the number of human studies has grown exponentially in the past 5 years. Here, we review the literature on the involvement of human IETs in gut homeostasis and inflammation, and how these cells are influenced by the microbiota and dietary antigens. Finally, targeting of IETs in therapeutic interventions is discussed. Broad insight into the function and role of human IETs in gut homeostasis and inflammation is essential to identify future diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Lutter
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David P Hoytema van Konijnenburg
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eelco C Brand
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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20
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Hosomi S, Grootjans J, Huang YH, Kaser A, Blumberg RS. New Insights Into the Regulation of Natural-Killer Group 2 Member D (NKG2D) and NKG2D-Ligands: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and CEA-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1324. [PMID: 29973929 PMCID: PMC6020765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural-killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) is a well-characterized activating receptor expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, activated CD8+ T cells, subsets of γδ+ T cells, and innate-like T cells. NKG2D recognizes multiple ligands (NKG2D-ligands) to mount an innate immune response against stressed, transformed, or infected cells. NKG2D-ligand surface expression is tightly restricted on healthy cells through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, while transformed or infected cells express the ligands as a danger signal. Recent studies have revealed that unfolded protein response pathways during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress result in upregulation of ULBP-related protein via the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase-activating factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein (PERK-ATF4-CHOP) pathway, which can be linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Transformed cells, however, possess mechanisms to escape NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance, such as upregulation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), a negative regulator of NKG2D-ligands. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of NKG2D-ligand regulation, with a focus on newly discovered mechanisms that promote NKG2D-ligand expression on epithelial cells, including ER stress, and mechanisms that suppress NKG2D-ligand-mediated killing of cancer cells, namely by co-expression of CEACAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Hosomi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joep Grootjans
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yu-Hwa Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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21
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder characterized by diffuse accumulation of lymphocytes in the gut mucosa as a consequence of over-expression of endothelial adhesion molecules. The infiltrating lymphocytes have been identified as subsets of T cells, including T helper (Th)1 cells, Th17 cells, and regulatory T cells. The function of these lymphocyte subpopulations in the development of IBD is well-known, since they produce a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ and interleukin-17A, which in turn activate mucosal proteases, thus leading to the development of intestinal lesions, i.e., ulcers, fistulas, abscesses, and strictures. However, the immune mechanisms underlying IBD are not yet fully understood, and knowledge about the function of newly discovered lymphocytes, including Th9 cells, innate lymphoid cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and natural killer T cells, might add new pieces to the complex puzzle of IBD pathogenesis. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of the role of mucosal lymphocytes in chronic intestinal inflammation and deals with the therapeutic potential of lymphocyte-targeting drugs in IBD patients.
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22
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Sáez de Guinoa J, Jimeno R, Gaya M, Kipling D, Garzón MJ, Dunn-Walters D, Ubeda C, Barral P. CD1d-mediated lipid presentation by CD11c + cells regulates intestinal homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797537. [PMID: 29378774 PMCID: PMC5830915 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis relies on a continuous dialogue between the commensal bacteria and the immune system. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, which recognize CD1d‐restricted microbial lipids and self‐lipids, contribute to the regulation of mucosal immunity, yet the mechanisms underlying their functions remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that NKT cells respond to intestinal lipids and CD11c+ cells (including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages) are essential to mediate lipid presentation within the gut ultimately controlling intestinal NKT cell homeostasis and activation. Conversely, CD1d and NKT cells participate in the control of the intestinal bacteria composition and compartmentalization, in the regulation of the IgA repertoire and in the induction of regulatory T cells within the gut. These changes in intestinal homeostasis require CD1d expression on DC/macrophage populations as mice with conditional deletion of CD1d on CD11c+ cells exhibit dysbiosis and altered immune homeostasis. These results unveil the importance of CD11c+ cells in controlling lipid‐dependent immunity in the intestinal compartment and reveal an NKT cell–DC crosstalk as a key mechanism for the regulation of gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sáez de Guinoa
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rebeca Jimeno
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mauro Gaya
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Kipling
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - María José Garzón
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carles Ubeda
- Departamento de Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública - FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.,Centers of Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Barral
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK .,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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23
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Lee JC, Lee KM, Ahn YO, Suh B, Heo DS. A possible mechanism of impaired NK cytotoxicity in cancer patients: Down-regulation of DAP10 by TGF-β1. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 97:350-7. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161109700316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Elevated TGF-β1 secretion and down-modulation of NKG2D underlies impaired NK cytotoxicity in cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanism of immunosuppression by TGF-β1 is not yet clarified. Methods IL-2-activated human NK cells were cultured with TGF-β1. Protein levels of NKG2D and DAP10 were examined by FACS or immunoblot analyses. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to quantify the transcription levels. MAPK inhibitors were used to investigate intracellular signaling. Results TGF-β1 down-regulated total and surface NKG2D, which was partially dependent on transcriptional regulation. TGF-β1 treatment of human NK cells resulted in significant changes in both transcriptional and translational levels of DAP10. Moreover, treatment with bafilomycin A1 or folimycin restored total NKG2D levels in TGF-β1-treated NK cells. The impaired NKG2D down-modulation by TGF-β1 was not associated with activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions TGF-β1 down-modulates surface NKG2D expression by controlling the transcriptional and translational levels of DAP10.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Chul Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Oon Ahn
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomseok Suh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Seog Heo
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Antonangeli F, Soriani A, Cerboni C, Sciumè G, Santoni A. How Mucosal Epithelia Deal with Stress: Role of NKG2D/NKG2D Ligands during Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1583. [PMID: 29209320 PMCID: PMC5701928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelia encounter both physicochemical and biological stress during their life and have evolved several mechanisms to deal with them, including regulation of immune cell functions. Stressed and damaged cells need to be cleared to control local inflammation and trigger tissue healing. Engagement of the activating NKG2D receptor is one of the most direct mechanisms involved in the recognition of stressed cells by the immune system. Indeed, injured cells promptly express NKG2D ligands that in turn mediate the activation of lymphocytes of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. This review focuses on different conditions that are able to modulate NKG2D ligand expression on the epithelia. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of immunosurveillance mediated by natural killer cells, which are finely tuned by NKG2D. Different types of stress, including viral and bacterial infections, chronic inflammation, and cigarette smoke exposure, are discussed as paradigmatic conditions for NKG2D ligand modulation, and the implications for tissue homeostasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Neuromed I.R.C.C.S. - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Pozzilli, Italy
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25
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Anti-NKG2D mAb: A New Treatment for Crohn's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091997. [PMID: 28926962 PMCID: PMC5618646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are immunologically-mediated, debilitating conditions resulting from destructive inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of IBD is incompletely understood, but is considered to be the result of an abnormal immune response with a wide range of cell types and proteins involved. Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) is an activating receptor constitutively expressed on human Natural Killer (NK), γδ T, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT), CD56+ T, and CD8+ T cells. Activation of NKG2D triggers cellular proliferation, cytokine production, and target cell killing. Research into the NKG2D mechanism of action has primarily been focused on cancer and viral infections where cytotoxicity evasion is a concern. In human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) this system is less characterized, but the ligands have been shown to be highly expressed during intestinal inflammation and the following receptor activation may contribute to tissue degeneration. A recent phase II clinical trial showed that an antibody against NKG2D induced clinical remission of CD in some patients, suggesting NKG2D and its ligands to be of importance in the pathogenesis of CD. This review will describe the receptor and its ligands in intestinal tissues and the clinical potential of blocking NKG2D in Crohn’s disease.
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26
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Martinez-Chamorro A, Moreno A, Gómez-García M, Cabello MJ, Martin J, Lopez-Nevot MÁ. MICA*A4 protects against ulcerative colitis, whereas MICA*A5.1 is associated with abscess formation and age of onset. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:323-31. [PMID: 26940143 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease, the aetiology of which remains unknown. Several studies have demonstrated the genetic basis of disease, identifying more than 130 susceptibility loci. The major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) is a useful candidate to be involved in UC pathogenesis, because it could be important in recognizing the integrity of the epithelial cell and its response to stress. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between polymorphisms in the transmembrane domain of MICA and susceptibility to develop UC. A total of 340 patients with UC and 636 healthy controls were genotyped for MICA transmembrane polymorphism using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with fluorescent technology. Different MICA alleles were determined depending on the PCR product size. The allele MICA*A4 was less frequent in patients than in controls (P = 0·003; OR = 0·643), and this protective role is higher when it forms haplotype with B*27 (P = 0·002; OR = 0·294). The haplotype HLA-B*52/MICA*A6 was also associated with UC [P = 0·001; odds ratio (OR) = 2·914]. No other alleles, genotypes or haplotypes were related with UC risk. Moreover, MICA*A5.1 is associated independently with abscesses (P = 0·002; OR = 3·096) and its frequency is lower in patients diagnosed between ages 17 and 40 years (P = 0·007; OR = 0·633), meaning an extreme age on onset. No association with location, extra-intestinal manifestations or need for surgery was found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Moreno
- Section of Immunology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves
| | | | - M J Cabello
- Digestive Section, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves
| | - J Martin
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - M Á Lopez-Nevot
- Section of Immunology, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves.,University of Granada
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27
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Abstract
Background Understanding of the gut-liver axis is important for the up-to-date management of liver cirrhosis, and changes of intestinal functions form the core of this interesting research field. Summary Most investigators noted small intestinal dysmotility in their patients with liver cirrhosis. Marked changes in the contraction pattern were observed in early manometric studies. The orocecal transit time, particularly small intestinal transit, has generally been reported to be prolonged, which has been demonstrated in multiple investigations to be related to the severity of the liver disease (e.g., Child-Pugh class), the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as well as a history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Bacteriologically proven SIBO in proximal jejunal aspiration has been reported to be present in up to 59% of cirrhotic patients and is associated with systemic endotoxemia. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that delayed small bowel transit in liver cirrhosis may lead to SIBO, which could contribute to the symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea. In addition to autonomic neuropathy, metabolic derangements and diabetic state, SIBO itself may delay intestinal transit in cirrhotic patients. Several studies, both from the West and the East, have shown that the gut microbiota is altered in cirrhotic patients and particularly those with HE. Further, a quantitative change in Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio, with a prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) and reduction in specific commensals (e.g., Lachnospiraceae), has been described. Structural and functional changes in the intestinal mucosa that contribute to increases in intestinal permeability for bacteria and their products have been observed in patients with liver cirrhosis, which is considered as an important pathogenetic factor for several complications. The mechanism of intestinal barrier dysfunction in cirrhosis is multifactorial, including alcohol, portal hypertension (vascular congestion and dysregulation), endotoxemia, SIBO, local inflammation and, most likely, immunological factors and medications. Key Messages This review summarizes major achievements regarding intestinal dysfunction in cirrhosis for future gastroenterology research. The question of whether this intestinal barrier dysfunction is accompanied and/or at least partly caused by structural and functional changes in the epithelial tight junction proteins is as yet unsolved. Development of new strategies to modulate gut-liver interaction is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Fukui H, Wiest R. Changes of Intestinal Functions in Liver Cirrhosis. Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:24-40. [PMID: 29922655 PMCID: PMC5988129 DOI: 10.1159/000444436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of the gut-liver axis is important for the up-to-date management of liver cirrhosis, and changes of intestinal functions form the core of this interesting research field. SUMMARY Most investigators noted small intestinal dysmotility in their patients with liver cirrhosis. Marked changes in the contraction pattern were observed in early manometric studies. The orocecal transit time, particularly small intestinal transit, has generally been reported to be prolonged, which has been demonstrated in multiple investigations to be related to the severity of the liver disease (e.g., Child-Pugh class), the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as well as a history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Bacteriologically proven SIBO in proximal jejunal aspiration has been reported to be present in up to 59% of cirrhotic patients and is associated with systemic endotoxemia. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that delayed small bowel transit in liver cirrhosis may lead to SIBO, which could contribute to the symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea. In addition to autonomic neuropathy, metabolic derangements and diabetic state, SIBO itself may delay intestinal transit in cirrhotic patients. Several studies, both from the West and the East, have shown that the gut microbiota is altered in cirrhotic patients and particularly those with HE. Further, a quantitative change in Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio, with a prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) and reduction in specific commensals (e.g., Lachnospiraceae), has been described. Structural and functional changes in the intestinal mucosa that contribute to increases in intestinal permeability for bacteria and their products have been observed in patients with liver cirrhosis, which is considered as an important pathogenetic factor for several complications. The mechanism of intestinal barrier dysfunction in cirrhosis is multifactorial, including alcohol, portal hypertension (vascular congestion and dysregulation), endotoxemia, SIBO, local inflammation and, most likely, immunological factors and medications. KEY MESSAGES This review summarizes major achievements regarding intestinal dysfunction in cirrhosis for future gastroenterology research. The question of whether this intestinal barrier dysfunction is accompanied and/or at least partly caused by structural and functional changes in the epithelial tight junction proteins is as yet unsolved. Development of new strategies to modulate gut-liver interaction is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
Background Understanding of the gut-liver axis is important for the up-to-date management of liver cirrhosis, and changes of intestinal functions form the core of this interesting research field. Summary Most investigators noted small intestinal dysmotility in their patients with liver cirrhosis. Marked changes in the contraction pattern were observed in early manometric studies. The orocecal transit time, particularly small intestinal transit, has generally been reported to be prolonged, which has been demonstrated in multiple investigations to be related to the severity of the liver disease (e.g., Child-Pugh class), the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as well as a history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Bacteriologically proven SIBO in proximal jejunal aspiration has been reported to be present in up to 59% of cirrhotic patients and is associated with systemic endotoxemia. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that delayed small bowel transit in liver cirrhosis may lead to SIBO, which could contribute to the symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea. In addition to autonomic neuropathy, metabolic derangements and diabetic state, SIBO itself may delay intestinal transit in cirrhotic patients. Several studies, both from the West and the East, have shown that the gut microbiota is altered in cirrhotic patients and particularly those with HE. Further, a quantitative change in Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio, with a prevalence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) and reduction in specific commensals (e.g., Lachnospiraceae), has been described. Structural and functional changes in the intestinal mucosa that contribute to increases in intestinal permeability for bacteria and their products have been observed in patients with liver cirrhosis, which is considered as an important pathogenetic factor for several complications. The mechanism of intestinal barrier dysfunction in cirrhosis is multifactorial, including alcohol, portal hypertension (vascular congestion and dysregulation), endotoxemia, SIBO, local inflammation and, most likely, immunological factors and medications. Key Messages This review summarizes major achievements regarding intestinal dysfunction in cirrhosis for future gastroenterology research. The question of whether this intestinal barrier dysfunction is accompanied and/or at least partly caused by structural and functional changes in the epithelial tight junction proteins is as yet unsolved. Development of new strategies to modulate gut-liver interaction is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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30
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Jabri B, Abadie V. IL-15 functions as a danger signal to regulate tissue-resident T cells and tissue destruction. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:771-83. [PMID: 26567920 PMCID: PMC5079184 DOI: 10.1038/nri3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Opinion article, we discuss the function of tissues as a crucial checkpoint for the regulation of effector T cell responses, and the notion that interleukin-15 (IL-15) functions as a danger molecule that communicates to the immune system that the tissue is under attack and poises it to mediate tissue destruction. More specifically, we propose that expression of IL-15 in tissues promotes T helper 1 cell-mediated immunity and provides co-stimulatory signals to effector cytotoxic T cells to exert their effector functions and drive tissue destruction. Therefore, we think that IL-15 contributes to tissue protection by promoting the elimination of infected cells but that when its expression is chronically dysregulated, it can promote the development of complex T cell-mediated disorders associated with tissue destruction, such as coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery (KCBD), Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, University of Montreal, and the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
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31
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Fukui H. Gut-liver axis in liver cirrhosis: How to manage leaky gut and endotoxemia. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:425-442. [PMID: 25848468 PMCID: PMC4381167 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A “leaky gut” may be the cutting edge for the passage of toxins, antigens or bacteria into the body, and may play a pathogenic role in advanced liver cirrhosis and its complications. Plasma endotoxin levels have been admitted as a surrogate marker of bacterial translocation and close relations of endotoxemia to hyperdynamic circulation, portal hypertension, renal, cardiac, pulmonary and coagulation disturbances have been reported. Bacterial overgrowth, increased intestinal permeability, failure to inactivate endotoxin, activated innate immunity are all likely to play a role in the pathological states of bacterial translocation. Therapeutic approach by management of the gut-liver axis by antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, prebiotics and their combinations may improve the clinical course of cirrhotic patients. Special concern should be paid on anti-endotoxin treatment. Adequate management of the gut-liver axis may be effective for prevention of liver cirrhosis itself by inhibiting the progression of fibrosis.
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32
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Kronenberg M, Lantz O. Mucosal-Resident T Lymphocytes with Invariant Antigen Receptors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Luoma AM, Castro CD, Adams EJ. γδ T cell surveillance via CD1 molecules. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:613-621. [PMID: 25283967 PMCID: PMC4383740 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a prominent epithelial-resident lymphocyte population, possessing multi-functional capacities in the repair of host tissue, pathogen clearance, and tumor surveillance. Although three decades have now passed since their discovery, the nature of γδ T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated ligand recognition remains poorly defined. Recent studies have provided structural insight into this recognition, demonstrating that γδ T cells survey both CD1 and the presented lipid, and in some cases are exquisitely lipid specific. We review these findings here, examining the molecular basis for and the functional relevance of this interaction. We discuss potential implications on the notion that non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules may function as important restricting elements of γδ TCR specificity, and on our understanding of γδ T cell activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Luoma
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Caitlin D Castro
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Erin J Adams
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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34
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Graves CL, Harden SW, LaPato M, Nelson M, Amador B, Sorenson H, Frazier CJ, Wallet SM. A method for high purity intestinal epithelial cell culture from adult human and murine tissues for the investigation of innate immune function. J Immunol Methods 2014; 414:20-31. [PMID: 25193428 PMCID: PMC4384334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as an important physiologic barrier between environmental antigens and the host intestinal immune system. Thus, IECs serve as a first line of defense and may act as sentinel cells during inflammatory insults. Despite recent renewed interest in IEC contributions to host immune function, the study of primary IEC has been hindered by lack of a robust culture technique, particularly for small intestinal and adult tissues. Here, a novel adaptation for culture of primary IEC is described for human duodenal organ donor tissue as well as duodenum and colon of adult mice. These epithelial cell cultures display characteristic phenotypes and are of high purity. In addition, the innate immune function of human primary IEC, specifically with regard to Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and microbial ligand responsiveness, is contrasted with a commonly used intestinal epithelial cell line (HT-29). Specifically, TLR expression at the mRNA level and production of cytokine (IFNγ and TNFα) in response to TLR agonist stimulation is assessed. Differential expression of TLRs as well as innate immune responses to ligand stimulation is observed in human-derived cultures compared to that of HT-29. Thus, use of this adapted method to culture primary epithelial cells from adult human donors and from adult mice will allow for more appropriate studies of IECs as innate immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Graves
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Scott W Harden
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA.
| | - Melissa LaPato
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Michael Nelson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Byron Amador
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Heather Sorenson
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
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Olszak T, Neves JF, Dowds CM, Baker K, Glickman J, Davidson NO, Lin CS, Jobin C, Brand S, Sotlar K, Wada K, Katayama K, Nakajima A, Mizuguchi H, Kawasaki K, Nagata K, Müller W, Snapper SB, Schreiber S, Kaser A, Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Protective mucosal immunity mediated by epithelial CD1d and IL-10. Nature 2014; 509:497-502. [PMID: 24717441 PMCID: PMC4132962 DOI: 10.1038/nature13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which mucosal homeostasis is maintained are of central importance to inflammatory bowel disease. Critical to these processes is the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC), which regulates immune responses at the interface between the commensal microbiota and the host. CD1d presents self and microbial lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are involved in the pathogenesis of colitis in animal models and human inflammatory bowel disease. As CD1d crosslinking on model IECs results in the production of the important regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 (ref. 9), decreased epithelial CD1d expression--as observed in inflammatory bowel disease--may contribute substantially to intestinal inflammation. Here we show in mice that whereas bone-marrow-derived CD1d signals contribute to NKT-cell-mediated intestinal inflammation, engagement of epithelial CD1d elicits protective effects through the activation of STAT3 and STAT3-dependent transcription of IL-10, heat shock protein 110 (HSP110; also known as HSP105), and CD1d itself. All of these epithelial elements are critically involved in controlling CD1d-mediated intestinal inflammation. This is demonstrated by severe NKT-cell-mediated colitis upon IEC-specific deletion of IL-10, CD1d, and its critical regulator microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), as well as deletion of HSP110 in the radioresistant compartment. Our studies thus uncover a novel pathway of IEC-dependent regulation of mucosal homeostasis and highlight a critical role of IL-10 in the intestinal epithelium, with broad implications for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Olszak
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
| | - Joana F Neves
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
| | - C Marie Dowds
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany [2]
| | - Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Glickman
- GI Pathology, Miraca Life Sciences, Newton, Massachusetts 02464, USA
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases & Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Katayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Gastroenterology Division, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunito Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagata
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Scott B Snapper
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany [3]
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2]
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Ovarian tumor-associated microRNA-20a decreases natural killer cell cytotoxicity by downregulating MICA/B expression. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:495-502. [PMID: 24813230 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs, and changes in miRNAs are involved in tumor origin and progression. Studies have shown that miR-20a is overexpressed in human ovarian cancer tissues and that this miRNA enhances long-term cellular proliferation and invasion capabilities. In this study, a positive correlation between serum miR-20a expression and ovarian cancer stage was observed. We found that miR-20a binds directly to the 3'-untranslated region of MICA/B mRNA, resulting in its degradation and reducing its protein levels on the plasma membrane. Reduction of membrane-bound MICA/B proteins, which are ligands of the natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor found on natural killer (NK) cells, γδ(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells, allows tumor cells to evade immune-mediated killing. Notably, antagonizing miR-20a action enhanced the NKG2D-mediated killing of tumor cells in both in vitro and in vivo models of tumors. Taken together, our data indicate that increased levels of miR-20a in tumor cells may indirectly suppress NK cell cytotoxicity by downregulating MICA/B expression. These data provide a potential link between metastasis capability and immune escape of tumor cells from NK cells.
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López-Vázquez A, Mozo L, Alonso-Arias R, Suárez-Álvarez B, Vidal-Castiñeira JR, Arranz E, Volta U, Bousoño C, López-Hoyos M, Rodrigo L, López-Larrea C. Autoantibodies against MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A are associated with increased risk of concomitant autoimmune diseases in celiac patients. BMC Med 2014; 12:34. [PMID: 24565339 PMCID: PMC3945941 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of autologous proteins can lead to the formation of autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases. MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) is highly expressed in the enterocytes of patients with celiac disease, which arises in response to gluten. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-MICA antibody formation in patients with celiac disease and its association with other autoimmune processes. METHODS We tested serum samples from 383 patients with celiac disease, obtained before they took up a gluten-free diet, 428 patients with diverse autoimmune diseases, and 200 controls for anti-MICA antibodies. All samples were also tested for anti-endomysium and anti-transglutaminase antibodies. RESULTS Antibodies against MICA were detected in samples from 41.7% of patients with celiac disease but in only 3.5% of those from controls (P <0.0001) and 8.2% from patients with autoimmune disease (P <0.0001). These antibodies disappeared after the instauration of a gluten-free diet. Anti-MICA antibodies were significantly prevalent in younger patients (P <0.01). Fifty-eight patients with celiac disease (15.1%) presented a concomitant autoimmune disease. Anti-MICA-positive patients had a higher risk of autoimmune disease than MICA antibody-negative patients (P <0.0001; odds ratio = 6.11). The risk was even higher when we also controlled for age (odds ratio = 11.69). Finally, we found that the associated risk of developing additional autoimmune diseases was 16 and 10 times as high in pediatric patients and adults with anti-MICA, respectively, as in those without. CONCLUSIONS The development of anti-MICA antibodies could be related to a gluten-containing diet, and seems to be involved in the development of autoimmune diseases in patients with celiac disease, especially younger ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos López-Larrea
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
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Dayanc BE, Bansal S, Gure AO, Gollnick SO, Repasky EA. Enhanced sensitivity of colon tumour cells to natural killer cell cytotoxicity after mild thermal stress is regulated through HSF1-mediated expression of MICA. Int J Hyperthermia 2014; 29:480-90. [PMID: 23902341 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.821526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously we showed that mild thermal stress increased natural killer (NK) cell-mediated tumour cytotoxicity and that this could be blocked by anti-NKG2D or anti-MICA (major histolocompatability complex (MHC) class I related chain A) antibodies. Here, we investigated the role of the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) in thermal regulation of MICA expression in tumour cells in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hyperthermia experiments were conducted in vitro and in mice using a target temperature of 39.5 °C. Apoptotic cells and NK cells in situ were visualised by use of the TUNEL assay or expression of NKp46 respectively. Using Colo205 cells, HSF1 message was blocked utilising siRNA while luciferase reporter assays were used to measure the activity of the MICA promoter in vitro. Cell surface MICA was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Following whole body hyperthermia (WBH), tumour tissues showed an increase in NK cells and apoptosis. Mild thermal stress resulted in a transient increase in surface MICA and enhanced NK cytotoxicity of the Colo205 colon cancer cell line. Silencing (mRNA) HSF1 expression in Colo205 cells prevented the thermal enhancement of MICA message and surface protein levels, with partial loss of thermally enhanced NK cytotoxicity. Mutations of the HSF1 binding site on the MICA promoter implicated HSF1 in the thermal enhancement of MICA. Some, but not all, patient-derived colon tumour derived xenografts also exhibited an enhanced MICA message expression after WBH. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulation of MICA expression in Colo205 cells and enhanced sensitivity to NK cell killing following mild thermal stress is dependent upon HSF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris E Dayanc
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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39
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Luoma AM, Castro CD, Mayassi T, Bembinster LA, Bai L, Picard D, Anderson B, Scharf L, Kung JE, Sibener LV, Savage PB, Jabri B, Bendelac A, Adams EJ. Crystal structure of Vδ1 T cell receptor in complex with CD1d-sulfatide shows MHC-like recognition of a self-lipid by human γδ T cells. Immunity 2013; 39:1032-42. [PMID: 24239091 PMCID: PMC3875342 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the antigens recognized by γδ T cells and their potential recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-like molecules has remained unclear. Members of the CD1 family of lipid-presenting molecules are suggested ligands for Vδ1 TCR-expressing γδ T cells, the major γδ lymphocyte population in epithelial tissues. We crystallized a Vδ1 TCR in complex with CD1d and the self-lipid sulfatide, revealing the unusual recognition of CD1d by germline Vδ1 residues spanning all complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops, as well as sulfatide recognition separately encoded by nongermline CDR3δ residues. Binding and functional analysis showed that CD1d presenting self-lipids, including sulfatide, was widely recognized by gut Vδ1+ γδ T cells. These findings provide structural demonstration of MHC-like recognition of a self-lipid by γδ T cells and reveal the prevalence of lipid recognition by innate-like T cell populations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD1d/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitopes
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lipids/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Sulfoglycosphingolipids/chemistry
- Sulfoglycosphingolipids/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Luoma
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Caitlin D Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Toufic Mayassi
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leslie A Bembinster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Li Bai
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Damien Picard
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Brian Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Louise Scharf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer E Kung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leah V Sibener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Erin J Adams
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Adams EJ. Lipid presentation by human CD1 molecules and the diverse T cell populations that respond to them. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:1-6. [PMID: 24556395 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CD1 molecules bind and present lipid-based antigens to T cells. Humans express both Group 1 (CD1a, CD1b and CD1c) and Group 2 (CD1d) CD1 molecules with nonredundant functions in the human immune response. Studies of Group 1 CD1 molecules and the T cells that respond to them have lagged behind Group 2 due to the lack of a suitable model system. However, recent work has thrust the Group 1 CD1s into the limelight, revealing their importance in tissue surveillance and microbial defense. Here I review recent advances in Group 1 CD1 lipid presentation, the T cell populations that respond to them and the role of CD1 molecules in engagement of human γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS W236, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of T cells that rapidly produce an array of cytokines on activation and play a critical role in regulating various immune responses. NKT cells are classified into 2 groups based on differences in T-cell receptor usage. Type I NKT cells have an invariant T-cell receptor α-chain and are readily detectable by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded CD1d tetramers. Type II NKT cells have a more diverse T-cell receptor repertoire and cannot be directly identified. Both types of NKT cells and multiple CD1d-expressing cell types are present in the intestine, and their interactions are likely to be modulated by pathogenic and commensal microbes, which in turn contribute to the intestinal immune responses in health and disease. Indeed, in several animal models of inflammatory bowel disease, type I NKT cells have been shown to make both protective and pathogenic contributions to disease. In contrast, in patients with ulcerative colitis, and a mouse model in which both CD1d expression and the frequency of type II NKT cells are increased, type II NKT cells seem to promote intestinal inflammation. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on the antigen recognition, activation, and function of NKT cells with a particular focus on their role in inflammatory bowel disease and discuss factors that may influence the functional outcome of NKT cell responses in intestinal inflammation.
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Hansen CHF, Holm TL, Krych Ł, Andresen L, Nielsen DS, Rune I, Hansen AK, Skov S. Gut microbiota regulates NKG2D ligand expression on intestinal epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:447-57. [PMID: 23136011 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are one of a few cell types in the body with constitutive surface expression of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands, although the magnitude of ligand expression by IECs varies. Here, we investigated whether the gut microbiota regulates the NKG2D ligand expression on small IECs. Germ-free and ampicillin-treated mice were shown to have a significant increase in NKG2D ligand expression. Interestingly, vancomycin treatment, which propagated the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and reduced the level of IFN-γ and IL-15 in the intestine, decreased the NKG2D ligand expression on IECs. In addition, a similar increase in A. muciniphila and a decreased NKG2D ligand expression was seen after feeding with dietary xylooligosaccharides. A pronounced increase in NKG2D ligand expression was furthermore observed in IL-10-deficient mice. In summary, our results suggest that the constitutive levels of NKG2D ligand expression on IECs are regulated by microbial signaling in the gut and further disfavor the intuitive notion that IEC NKG2D ligand expression is caused by low-grade immune reaction against commensal bacteria. It is more likely that constitutively high IEC NKG2D ligand expression is kept in check by an intestinal regulatory immune milieu induced by members of the gut microbiota, for example A. muciniphila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla H F Hansen
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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La Scaleia R, Stoppacciaro A, Oliva S, Morrone S, Di Nardo G, Santoni A, Cucchiara S, Palmieri G. NKG2D/Ligand dysregulation and functional alteration of innate immunity cell populations in pediatric IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1910-22. [PMID: 22294522 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated innate immune responses play an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NKG2D innate immunity receptor is a major sensor of tissue damage that, by recognizing multiple stress-induced, cell-associated ligands (MIC-A/B and ULBP1-5), potentiates the effector functions of "innate-like" (γ/δ TcR+, and natural killer receptor+ [NKR+]) T-cell populations. We analyzed the representivity, NKG2D/ligand expression pattern, and functional ability of the major innate immunity cell populations in pediatric IBD patients. METHODS We analyzed 41 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, 33 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 51 age-matched non-IBD controls. The expression of NKG2D and its ligands, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production, and cytotoxic granule release were assessed by immunostaining and multiparameter cytofluorimetric analysis on circulating and mucosal mononuclear subsets; the inflammatory infiltrate was also characterized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression pattern of NKG2D receptor and its ligands on mucosal and circulating innate immunity populations is severely disturbed in IBD; NKG2D and ligands are upregulated on immune infiltrate in both CD and UC active lesions; receptor/ligand upregulation also occurs on circulating leukocyte populations, where it depends on both disease activity and type (UC vs. CD). Finally, the frequency and effector capability of peripheral blood "innate-like" T-cell populations are also altered in IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS The circulating and mucosal innate immunity compartment is phenotypically and functionally altered in pediatric IBD; some alterations may represent a distinctive feature of the pediatric disease condition. The disturbance of NKG2D/ligand pathway may play a role in sustaining immune activation which leads to chronic inflammatory tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella La Scaleia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Celiac disease results from the interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. An understanding of the pathophysiology of celiac disease, in which the trigger (wheat, rye, and barley) is known, will undoubtedly reveal basic mechanisms that underlie other autoimmune diseases (eg, type 1 diabetes) that share many common pathogenic perturbations. This review describes seminal findings in each of the 3 domains of the pathogenesis of celiac disease, namely genetics, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation, with a focus on newer areas of investigation such as non-HLA genetic variants, the intestinal microbiome, and the role of the innate immune system.
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Liao CM, Zimmer MI, Shanmuganad S, Yu HT, Cardell SL, Wang CR. dysregulation of CD1d-restricted type ii natural killer T cells leads to spontaneous development of colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:326-34.e1-2. [PMID: 22057113 PMCID: PMC3267843 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD1d-restricted natural killer (NK) T cells are a subset of immunoregulatory T cells that comprise type I (express the semi-invariant T-cell receptor [TCR] and can be detected using the α-galactosylceramide/CD1d tetramer) and type II (express diverse TCRs and cannot be directly identified). Studies in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease revealed a complex role for type I NKT cells in the development of colitis. Type II NKT cells have been associated with intestinal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS To investigate whether dysregulation of type II NKT cells, caused by increased expression of CD1d, can contribute to colitis, we generated transgenic mice that express high levels of CD1d and a TCR from an autoreactive, type II NKT cell (CD1dTg/24αβTg mice). RESULTS CD1dTg/24αβTg mice had reduced numbers of 24αβ T cells compared with 24αβTg mice, indicating that negative selection increases among type II NKT cells engaged by abundant self-antigen. The residual 24αβ T cells in CD1dTg/24αβTg mice had an altered surface phenotype and acquired a cytokine profile distinct from that of equivalent cells in 24αβTg mice. Interestingly, CD1dTg/24αβTg mice spontaneously developed colitis; adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that type II NKT cells that develop in the context of increased CD1d expression are pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant type II NKT cell responses directly contribute to intestinal inflammation in mice, indicating the importance of CD1d expression levels in the development and regulation of type II NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Min Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Institute of Zoology and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Michael I. Zimmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharmila Shanmuganad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hon-Tsen Yu
- Institute of Zoology and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chandel DS, Braileanu GT, Chen JHJ, Chen HH, Panigrahi P. Live colonocytes in newborn stool: surrogates for evaluation of gut physiology and disease pathogenesis. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:153-8. [PMID: 21544008 PMCID: PMC3140458 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182225ac9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of gastrointestinal pathophysiology are not feasible by biopsies in human neonates. We examined the utility of live colonocytes in stool in studying cellular markers during early neonatal life. Expression of IgA, IgG, cluster of differentiation-45 cells (CD45), and toll-like receptors-2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Colonocyte RNA extracts were used in quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to examine the expression of cytokeratin-19, ribosomal protein-24, and tight-junction (Tj) protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Colonocyte yield varied between 5 × 10⁴ to 2 × 10⁶ cells/g of stool. Meconium samples yielded a highly enriched population of viable cells. Although low, all samples showed CD45-positive cells during the initial weeks of life. Starting as early as d 2, IgA expression was observed in 69% of the cells. Low to moderate expression of IgG was observed with a linear increase as the infants grew. There was an almost total lack of TLR2 staining; however, >55% of the colonocytes showed TLR4 expression. Although high levels of IgA in gut cells may serve as a natural protectant during neonatal period, increased TLR4 may provide a niche for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated epithelial damage. Use of stool colonocytes can be a valuable noninvasive approach for studying gut pathophysiology in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Chandel
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, Center for Global Health and Development, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Gooden M, Lampen M, Jordanova ES, Leffers N, Trimbos JB, van der Burg SH, Nijman H, van Hall T. HLA-E expression by gynecological cancers restrains tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:10656-61. [PMID: 21670276 PMCID: PMC3127933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100354108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-E is a nonclassical HLA class I molecule, which differs from classical HLA molecules by its nonpolymorphic, conserved nature. Expression and function of HLA-E in normal tissues and solid tumors is not fully understood. We investigated HLA-E protein expression on tissue sections of 420 ovarian and cervical cancers and found equal or higher levels than normal counterpart epithelia in 80% of the tumors. Expression was strongly associated with components of the antigen presentation pathway, e.g., transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptide (ERAP), β2 microglobulin (β2m), HLA classes I and II, and for ovarian cancer with tumor infiltrating CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTLs). This association argues against the idea that HLA-E would compensate for the loss of classical HLA in tumors. In situ detection of HLA-E interacting receptors revealed a very low infiltrate of natural killer (NK) cells, but up to 50% of intraepithelial CTLs expressed the inhibiting CD94/NKG2A receptor. In cervical cancer, HLA-E expression did not alter the prognostic effect of CTLs, most likely due to very high infiltrating CTL numbers in this virus-induced tumor. Overall survival of ovarian cancer patients, however, was strongly influenced by HLA-E, because the beneficial effect of high CTL infiltration was completely neutralized in the subpopulation with strong HLA-E expression. Interestingly, these results indicate that CTL infiltration in ovarian cancer is associated with better survival only when HLA-E expression is low and that intratumoral CTLs are inhibited by CD94/NKG2A receptors on CTLs in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Gooden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | | | | | - Ninke Leffers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - J. Baptist Trimbos
- Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; and
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Abadie V, Sollid LM, Barreiro LB, Jabri B. Integration of genetic and immunological insights into a model of celiac disease pathogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:493-525. [PMID: 21219178 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-040210-092915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals by exposure to cereal gluten proteins. This review integrates insights from immunological studies with results of recent genetic genome-wide association studies into a disease model. Genetic data, among others, suggest that viral infections are implicated and that natural killer effector pathways are important in the pathogenesis of CD, but most prominently these data converge with existing immunological findings that CD is primarily a T cell-mediated immune disorder in which CD4(+) T cells that recognize gluten peptides in the context of major histocompatibility class II molecules play a central role. Comparison of genetic pathways as well as genetic susceptibility loci between CD and other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders reveals that CD bears stronger resemblance to T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune than to inflammatory diseases. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that the high prevalence of CD in modern societies may be the by-product of past selection for increased immune responses to combat infections in populations in which agriculture and cereals were introduced early on in the post-Neolithic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Fujiwara D, Chen L, Wei B, Braun J. Small intestine CD11c+ CD8+ T cells suppress CD4+ T cell-induced immune colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G939-47. [PMID: 21436315 PMCID: PMC3119121 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00032.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The large (LI) and small intestine (SI) differ in patterns of susceptibility to chronic mucosal inflammation. In this study, we evaluated whether this might, in part, reflect differences in resident mucosal CD11c(+) T cells. These cells comprised 39-48% (SI) and 12-17% (LI) of the intraepithelial compartment, most of which were T-cell receptor-αβ(+). In the SI, the majority of these cells were CD103(+) CD8(+) NK1.1(-), whereas the opposite phenotype prevailed in the LI. In transfer models of CD4(+) T cell-induced colitis, small numbers (2.5 × 10(5)) of SI CD11c(+) CD8(+) T cells suppressed proinflammatory cytokine-producing CD4(+) T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and mucosa-associated lymphoid compartments (SI and LI) and protected mice from chronic inflammation. On a per-cell basis, the regulatory function of SI CD11c(+) T cells in CD4(+) T cell colitis was potent compared with other reported regulatory CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, neither LI CD11c(+) T cells nor SI CD11c(-) T cells were effective in such immunoregulation. SI CD11c(+) CD8(+) T cells were similarly effective in suppressing CD4(+)CD45RB(hi) T cell colitis, as evidenced by inhibition of intracellular proinflammatory cytokine expression and histological inflammation. These findings indicate that SI CD11c(+) CD8(+) T cells are a distinct intestinal T cell population that plays an immunoregulatory role in control of proinflammatory CD4(+) T cells and maintenance of intestinal mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujiwara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Ge LQ, Jiang T, Zhao J, Chen ZT, Zhou F, Xia B. Upregulated mRNA expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A in colon and activated natural killer cells of Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis. J Dig Dis 2011; 12:82-9. [PMID: 21091928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) and its ligand in colonic mucosa and the role of MICA-natural killer (NK) group 2D (NKG2D) interaction in activating NK cells in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. METHODS Intestinal mucosal biopsies were obtained from patients with UC and the controls. The expression of major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene (MIC) genes was determined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the imaging of MICA expressed on colonic mucosa was measured by confocal microscopy resonance scanning. NKG2D and intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ expressions on NK cells were assayed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The relative amount of MICA mRNA in the colonic mucosa of UC patients was significantly higher than in that of the controls (3.5408 ± 2.6658 vs 1.0477 ± 0.7201, P = 0.001), as were the major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene B (MICB) (8.9879 ± 3.2893 vs 4.6293 ± 1.2616, P < 0.001) and NKG2D mRNA expression (2.4395 ± 0.8147 vs 1.1624 ± 0.3954, P < 0.001). Confocal microscopy resonance scanning had shown that MICA was localized predominantly on the basolateral membranes of the epithelium. Further flow cytometry confirmed that the percentage of IFN-γ producer NK cells that expressed NKG2D in peripheral blood lymphocytes was higher in UC patients than in the healthy controls (45.36% ± 12.47% vs 27.45% ± 9.30%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION MICA, MICB and NKG2D were upregulated in the colonic mucosa of UC and were associated with activating NK cells with promoted NKG2D and IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qing Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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