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Ruiz-Cantero MC, Huerta MÁ, Tejada MÁ, Santos-Caballero M, Fernández-Segura E, Cañizares FJ, Entrena JM, Baeyens JM, Cobos EJ. Sigma-1 receptor agonism exacerbates immune-driven nociception: Role of TRPV1 + nociceptors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115534. [PMID: 37729726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The analgesic effects of sigma-1 antagonists are undisputed, but the effects of sigma-1 agonists on pain are not well studied. Here, we used a mouse model to show that the administration of the sigma-1 agonists dextromethorphan (a widely used antitussive drug), PRE-084 (a standard sigma-1 ligand), and pridopidine (a selective drug being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases) enhances PGE2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Superficial plantar incision induced transient weight-bearing asymmetry at early time points, but the mice appeared to recover at 24 h, despite noticeable edema and infiltration of neutrophils (a well-known cellular source of PGE2) at the injured site. Sigma-1 agonists induced a relapse of weight bearing asymmetry in a manner dependent on the presence of neutrophils. The effects of sigma-1 agonists were all reversed by administration of the sigma-1 antagonist BD-1063 in wild-type mice, and were absent in sigma-1 knockout mice, supporting the selectivity of the effects observed. The proalgesic effects of sigma-1 agonism were also abolished by the TRP antagonist ruthenium red and by in vivo resiniferatoxin ablation of TRPV1 + peripheral sensory neurons. Therefore, sigma-1 agonism exacerbates pain-like responses in mice with a mild inflammatory state through the action of TRPV1 + nociceptors. We also show that sigma-1 receptors are present in most (if not all) mouse and human DRG neurons. If our findings translate to humans, further studies will be needed to investigate potential proalgesic effects induced by sigma-1 agonism in patients treated with sigma-1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Ruiz-Cantero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Huerta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Miriam Santos-Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Segura
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cañizares
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Entrena
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José M Baeyens
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Li YK, Zhang YY, Lin J, Liu YJ, Li YL, Feng YH, Zhao JS, Zhou C, Liu F, Shen JF. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-mediated inhibition of inward-rectifying K + channel 4.1 contributes to orofacial ectopic mechanical allodynia following inferior alveolar nerve transection in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1170-1187. [PMID: 36807930 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Inward-rectifying K+ channel 4.1 (Kir4.1), which regulates the electrophysiological properties of neurons and glia by affecting K+ homeostasis, plays a critical role in neuropathic pain. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) regulates the expression of Kir4.1 in retinal Müller cells. However, the role of Kir4.1 and its expressional regulatory mechanisms underlying orofacial ectopic allodynia remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the biological roles of Kir4.1 and mGluR5 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in orofacial ectopic mechanical allodynia and the role of mGluR5 in Kir4.1 regulation. An animal model of nerve injury was established via inferior alveolar nerve transection (IANX) in male C57BL/6J mice. Behavioral tests indicated that mechanical allodynia in the ipsilateral whisker pad lasted at least 14 days after IANX surgery and was alleviated by the overexpression of Kir4.1 in the TG, as well as intraganglionic injection of an mGluR5 antagonist (MPEP hydrochloride) or a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (chelerythrine chloride); Conditional knockdown of the Kir4.1 gene downregulated mechanical thresholds in the whisker pad. Double immunostaining revealed that Kir4.1 and mGluR5 were co-expressed in satellite glial cells in the TG. IANX downregulated Kir4.1 and upregulated mGluR5 and phosphorylated PKC (p-PKC) in the TG; Inhibition of mGluR5 reversed the changes in Kir4.1 and p-PKC that were induced by IANX; Inhibition of PKC activation reversed the downregulation of Kir4.1 expression caused by IANX (p < .05). In conclusion, activation of mGluR5 in the TG after IANX contributed to orofacial ectopic mechanical allodynia by suppressing Kir4.1 via the PKC signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Heng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Shuo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Waszkielewicz A, Marona H, Pańczyk-Straszak K, Filipek B, Rapacz A, Sałat K, Kubacka M, Cios A, Fedak F, Walczak M, Hubicka U, Kwiecień A, Żuromska-Witek B, Szafrański PW, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Pękala E, Przejczowska-Pomierny K, Pociecha K, Wyska E. KM-408, a novel phenoxyalkyl derivative as a potential anticonvulsant and analgesic compound for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:128-165. [PMID: 36401763 PMCID: PMC9889419 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy frequently coexists with neuropathic pain. Our approach is based on the search for active compounds with multitarget profiles beneficial in terms of potential side effects and on the implementation of screening for potential multidirectional central activity. METHODS Compounds were synthesized by means of chemical synthesis. After antiseizure and neurotoxicity screening in vivo, KM-408 and its enantiomers were chosen for analgesic activity evaluations. Further safety studies included acute toxicity in mice, the effect on normal electrocardiogram and on blood pressure in rats, whole body plethysmography in rats, and in vitro and biochemical assays. Pharmacokinetics has been studied in rats after iv and po administration. Metabolism has been studied in vivo in rat serum and urine. Radioligand binding studies were performed as part of the mechanism of action investigation. RESULTS Selected results for KM-408: Ki sigma = 7.2*10-8; Ki 5-HT1A = 8.0*10-7; ED50 MES (mice, ip) = 13.3 mg/kg; formalin test (I phase, mice, ip)-active at 30 mg/kg; SNL (rats, ip)-active at 6 mg/kg; STZ-induced pain (mice, ip)-active at 1 mg/kg (von Frey) and 10 mg/kg (hot plate); hot plate test (mice, ip)-active at 30 mg/kg; ED50 capsaicin test (mice, ip) = 18.99 mg/kg; tail immersion test (mice)-active at 0.5%; corneal anesthesia (guinea pigs)-active at 0.125%; infiltration anesthesia (guinea pigs)-active at 0.125%. CONCLUSIONS Within the presented study a novel compound, R,S-2-((2-(2-chloro-6-methylphenoxy)ethyl)amino)butan-1-ol hydrochloride (KM-408) with dual antiseizure and analgesic activity has been developed for potential use in neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pańczyk-Straszak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rapacz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cios
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Filip Fedak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Hubicka
- Chair of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Kwiecień
- Chair of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Żuromska-Witek
- Chair of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław W. Szafrański
- Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Przejczowska-Pomierny
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pociecha
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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4
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Yuan XC, Wang YY, Tian LX, Yan XJ, Guo YX, Zhao YL, Baba SS, Jia H, Wang HS, Li M, Huo FQ. Spinal 5-HT2A Receptor is Involved in Electroacupuncture Inhibition of Chronic Pain. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221087583. [PMID: 35240891 PMCID: PMC9006364 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221087583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a highly prevalent, chronic joint disorder, and it is a typical disease which can develop chronic pain. Our previous study has proved that endocannabinoid (2-AG)-CB1R-GABA-5-HT pathway is involved in electroacupuncture (EA) mediated inhibition of chronic pain. However, it is still unclear which among the 5-HT receptor subtype is involved in EA evoked 5-HT mediated inhibition of chronic pain in the dorsal spinal cord. 5-HT2A is a G protein-coupled receptor and it is involved in 5-HT descending pain modulation system. We found that EA treatment at frequency of 2 Hz +1 mA significantly increased the expression of 5-HT2A receptor in the dorsal spinal cord and intrathecal injection of 5-HT2A receptor antagonist or agonist reversed or mimicked the analgesic effect of EA in each case respectively. Intrathecal injection of a selective GABAA receptor antagonist Bicuculline also reversed the EA effect on pain hypersensitivity. Additionally, EA treatment reversed the reduced expression of GABAA receptor and KCC2 in the dorsal spinal cord of KOA mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that intrathecal 5-HT2A receptor antagonist/agonist reversed or mimicked the effect of EA up-regulate of KCC2 expression, respectively. Similarly, intrathecal injection of PLC and PKC inhibitors prevented both anti-allodynic effect and up-regulation of KCC2 expression by EA treatment. Our data suggest that EA treatment up-regulated KCC2 expression through activating 5-HT2A-Gq-PLC-PKC pathway and enhanced the inhibitory function of GABAA receptor, thereby inhibiting chronic pain in a mouse model of KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li-Xia Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | | | - Yi-Xiao Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
| | | | | | | | | | - Man Li
- Department of Neurobiology
| | - Fu-Quan Huo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
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5
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Rabiner EA, Smith K, Bennett C, Rizzo G, Lewis Y, Mundin G, Dooner H, Oksche A. Pharmacokinetics and brain σ1 receptor occupancy of MR309, a selective σ1 receptor antagonist. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:1644-1654. [PMID: 34156715 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Preclinical studies of MR309, a selective sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) antagonist, support a potential role in treating neuropathic pain. We report 2 studies that provide insight into the pharmacokinetics (PK) and brain σ1R binding of MR309. METHODS Steady-state PK of MR309 (400 mg once daily and 200 mg twice-daily [BID] for 10 days; EudraCT 2015-001818-99 [PK study]) and the relationship between MR309 plasma exposure and brain σ1R occupancy (EudraCT 2017-000670-11 [positron emission tomography study]) were investigated in healthy volunteers. Positron emission tomography using the σ1R ligand [11 C]SA4503 was conducted at baseline, and 2 and 8 hours after a single dose of MR309 (200-800 mg). The relationship between brain σ1R occupancy and MR309 exposure was explored using data-driven model fitting. RESULTS MR309 was well tolerated, brain σ1R occupancy ranged between 30.5 and 74.9% following single-dose MR309 (n = 7). MR309 BID provided a plasma PK profile with less fluctuation than once daily dosing (n = 16). MR309 200 mg BID yielded average steady state plasma concentrations between 2000 and 4000 ng/mL in the PK study, which corresponded to an estimated brain σ1R occupancy of 59-74%. CONCLUSION MR309 200 mg BID dose was below the 75% σ1R occupancy threshold expected to elicit maximal antinociceptive effect as observed in neuropathic pain models. Further investigations of MR309 for neuropathic pain will require higher brain σ1R occupancy, and establish the optimal dose by elucidating the clinical impact of a broad range of brain σ1R occupancy across different neuropathic pain indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro(former Imanova Ltd), A Konica Minolta Company, London, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Gaia Rizzo
- Invicro(former Imanova Ltd), A Konica Minolta Company, London, UK
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Yvonne Lewis
- Invicro(former Imanova Ltd), A Konica Minolta Company, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alexander Oksche
- Mundipharma Research Limited, Cambridge, UK
- Institut für medizinische und pharmazeutische Prüfungsfragen, Mainz, Germany
- Rudolf-Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Giessen, Germany
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6
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Shin SM, Wang F, Qiu C, Itson-Zoske B, Hogan QH, Yu H. Sigma-1 receptor activity in primary sensory neurons is a critical driver of neuropathic pain. Gene Ther 2022; 29:1-15. [PMID: 32424233 PMCID: PMC7671947 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) is highly expressed in the primary sensory neurons (PSNs) that are the critical site of initiation and maintenance of pain following peripheral nerve injury. By immunoblot and immunohistochemistry, we observed increased expression of both σ1R and σ1R-binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) in the lumbar (L) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) ipsilateral to painful neuropathy induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). To evaluate the therapeutic potential of PSN-targeted σ1R inhibition at a selected segmental level, we designed a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) against rat σ1R. Injection of this vector into the L4/L5 DRGs induced downregulation of σ1R in DRG neurons of all size groups, while expression of BiP was not affected. This was accompanied by attenuation of SNI-induced cutaneous mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings of dissociated neurons showed that knockdown of σ1R suppressed neuronal excitability, suggesting that σ1R silencing attenuates pain by reversal of injury-induced neuronal hyperexcitability. These findings support a critical role of σ1R in modulating PSN nociceptive functions, and that the nerve injury-induced elevated σ1R activity in the PSNs can be a significant driver of neuropathic pain. Further understanding the role of PSN-σ1R in pain pathology may open routes to exploit this system for DRG-targeted pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Medical Experiment Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chensheng Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, PR China
| | - Brandon Itson-Zoske
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Quinn H Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA.
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7
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Choi JG, Choi SR, Kang DW, Kim J, Park JB, Lee JH, Kim HW. Sigma-1 receptor increases intracellular calcium in cultured astrocytes and contributes to mechanical allodynia in a model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res Bull 2022; 178:69-81. [PMID: 34813897 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that glial sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) in the spinal cord may be a critical factor to mediate sensory function. However, the functional role of Sig-1R in astrocyte has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we determined whether Sig-1Rs modulate calcium responses in primary cultured astrocytes and pathological changes in spinal astrocytes, and whether they contribute to pain hypersensitivity in naïve mice and neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in mice. Sig-1R was expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cultured astrocytes. Treatment with the Sig-1R agonist, PRE-084 or neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) increased intracellular calcium responses in cultured astrocytes, and this increase was blocked by the pretreatment with the Sig-1R antagonist, BD-1047 or neurosteroid progesterone. Intrathecal administration of PRE-084 or DHEA for 10 days induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and increased the number of Sig-1R-immunostained GFAP-positive cells in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) region of the spinal cord in naïve mice, and these changes were inhibited by administration with BD-1047 or progesterone. In CCI mice, intrathecal administration of BD-1047 or progesterone at post-operative day 14 suppressed the developed mechanical allodynia and the number of Sig-1R-immunostained GFAP-positive cells that were increased in the SDH region of the spinal cord following CCI of the sciatic nerve. These results demonstrate that Sig-1Rs play an important role in the modulation of intracellular calcium responses in cultured astrocytes and pathological changes in spinal astrocytes and that administration of BD-1047 or progesterone alleviates the Sig-1R-induced pain hypersensitivity and the peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gyun Choi
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
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8
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Li S, Zhao F, Tang Q, Xi C, He J, Wang Y, Zhu MX, Cao Z. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase 2b mediates oxidation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress to regulate neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2016-2036. [PMID: 34811737 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuropathic pain is a widespread health problem with limited curative treatment. Decreased sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) expression has been reported in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of animals suffering from neuropathic pain. We aimed to establish the relationship between SERCA expression and the pain responses and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neuropathic pain was modeled using rat chronic constriction injury (CCI). Ca2+ imaging and current clamp patch-clamp were used to determine cytosolic Ca2+ levels and action potential firing, respectively. Western blots, immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR were used to quantitatively assess protein and mRNA expression, respectively. H&E staining and coupled enzyme assay were used to evaluate the nerve injury and SERCA2b activity, respectively. KEY RESULTS SERCA2b is the predominant SERCA isoform in rat DRG and its expression is decreased after CCI at mRNA, protein and activity levels. Whereas inhibiting SERCA with thapsigargin causes neuronal hyperexcitation, nerve injury, ER stress, satellite glial cell activation and mechanical allodynia, activating SERCA by CDN1163 or overexpressing SERCA2b in DRG after CCI produces long-term relief of mechanical and thermal allodynia with accompanied morphological and functional restoration through alleviation of ER stress. Furthermore, the downregulation of DRG SERCA2b in CCI rats is caused by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Sp1-dependent transcriptional inhibition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings reveal a novel pathway centering around SERCA2b as the key molecule underlying the mechanism of development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and SERCA2b activators have the potential for therapeutic treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinglian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuchu Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Wu NH, Ye Y, Wan BB, Yu YD, Liu C, Chen QJ. Emerging Benefits: Pathophysiological Functions and Target Drugs of the Sigma-1 Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5649-5666. [PMID: 34383254 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene and is a nonopioid transmembrane receptor located in the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM). It helps to locate endoplasmic reticulum calcium channels, regulates calcium homeostasis, and acts as a molecular chaperone to control cell fate and participate in signal transduction. It plays an important role in protecting neurons through a variety of signaling pathways and participates in the regulation of cognition and motor behavior closely related to neurodegenerative diseases. Based on its neuroprotective effects, Sig-1R has now become a breakthrough target for alleviating Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the most cutting-edge research on the function of Sig-1R under normal or pathologic conditions and target drugs of the sigma-1 receptor in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Hua Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, Hubei, China
- Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Bin-Bin Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan-Dong Yu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing-Jie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, Hubei, China.
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10
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Choi SR, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. nNOS-PSD95 interactions activate the PKC-ε isoform leading to increased GluN1 phosphorylation and the development of neuropathic mechanical allodynia in mice. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:156-161. [PMID: 30926374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that interactions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) play important roles in the development of chronic neuropathic pain. Here we examine the possible role of nNOS-PSD95 interactions in central sensitization as represented by phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit (pGluN1) in mice with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Intrathecal administration of the nNOS-PSD95 interactions inhibitor, IC87201 on post-operative days 0-3 significantly reduced the CCI-induced increase in total NO levels in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn. IC87201 administration on post-operative days 0-3 also attenuated the CCI-induced development of mechanical allodynia (MA) and PKC-dependent (Ser896) pGluN1. Sciatic nerve injury elicited a significant translocation of the PKC-ε isoform from the cytosol to the membrane fraction in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn on day 3 post-CCI surgery. Administration of IC87201 significantly inhibited this translocation of PKC-ε, while the expression of PKC-α and -ξ in the cytosol and membrane fractions was unaffected by sciatic nerve injury or injection of IC87201. Furthermore, administration of the PKC-ε inhibitor, εV1-2 on post-operative days 0-3 attenuated the CCI-induced development of MA and pGluN1. Collectively these results demonstrate that spinal nNOS-PSD95 interactions play an important role in PKC-dependent GluN1 phosphorylation via activation of the PKC-ε isoform, and ultimately contributes to the development of MA in peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Wang X, Feng C, Qiao Y, Zhao X. Sigma 1 receptor mediated HMGB1 expression in spinal cord is involved in the development of diabetic neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 668:164-168. [PMID: 29421543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
No study has been conducted to examine the interactions of sigma-1 receptor (Sigma-1R) and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Thus, we examined the effects of streptozotocin (STZ) treatment on expression of HMGB1 in subcellular levels in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in both wild-type and Sigma-1R-/- mice and evaluated the effects of repeated intrathecal administrations of selective Sigma-1R antagonists BD1047, agonist PRE-084, or HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin on peripheral neuropathy in wild-type mice. We found that STZ-induced tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia was associated with increased total HMGB1 expression in DRG. STZ treatment promoted the distribution of HMGB1 into cytoplasm. Furthermore, STZ induced modest peripheral neuropathy and did not alter HMGB1 levels in DRG or the distribution of either cytoplasmic or nuclear HMGB1 in Sigma-1R-/- mice compared to sham control mice. Additionally, repeated stimulation of Sigma-1R in the spinal cord induced tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia at 1 week. This phenomenon was associated with increased cytoplasmic HMGB1 translocation and HMGB1 expression in DRG. Finally, we found that repeated blockade of either Sigma-1R or HMGB1 in the spinal cord after STZ treatment prevent the development of tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia at 1 week. These effects were associated with decreased cytoplasmic HMGB1 translocation and HMGB1 expression in DRG. Taken together, our results suggest that Sigma-1R-mediated enhancement of HMGB1 expression in the DRG is critical for the development of peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetic Neuropathies/chemically induced
- Diabetic Neuropathies/etiology
- Diabetic Neuropathies/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- HMGB1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- HMGB1 Protein/drug effects
- HMGB1 Protein/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neuralgia/chemically induced
- Neuralgia/etiology
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Receptors, sigma/agonists
- Receptors, sigma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, sigma/deficiency
- Receptors, sigma/metabolism
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Bei Yuan Street, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Chang Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Bei Yuan Street, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Bei Yuan Street, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Bei Yuan Street, Jinan, 250033, China.
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12
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Espinosa-Juárez JV, Jaramillo-Morales OA, López-Muñoz FJ. Haloperidol Decreases Hyperalgesia and Allodynia Induced by Chronic Constriction Injury. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:471-479. [PMID: 28654186 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain has proven to be a difficult condition to treat, so investigational therapy has been sought that may prove useful, such as the use of sigma-1 antagonists. Haloperidol (HAL) is a compound that shows a high affinity with these receptors, acting as an antagonist. Therefore, the objective of this study was to demonstrate its effect in an experimental model of neuropathic pain and corroborate its antagonistic action of the sigma-1 receptors under these conditions. BD-1063 was used as a sigma-1 antagonist control, and gabapentin (Gbp) was used as a positive control. The antihyperalgesic and anti-allodynic effects of the drugs were determined after single-dose trials. In every case, the effects increased in a dose-dependent manner. HAL had the same efficacy as both BD-1063 and Gbp. In the analysis of pharmacological potency, in which the ED50 were compared, HAL was the most potent drug of all. The effect of HAL on chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats was reversed by the sigma-1 agonist (PRE-084). HAL reversed the hyperalgesic and allodynic effects of PRE-084 in naïve rats. The dopamine antagonist, (-)-sulpiride, showed no effect in CCl rats. These results suggest that HAL presents an antinociceptive effect via sigma-1 receptor antagonism at the spinal level in the CCl model.
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13
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Espinosa-Juárez JV, Jaramillo-Morales OA, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Melo-Hernández LA, Déciga-Campos M, López-Muñoz FJ. N-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-2-(1naphthyloxy)acetamide inhibits the chronic constriction injury-generated hyperalgesia via the antagonism of sigma-1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:1-8. [PMID: 28648406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The most used therapeutic treatment to relieve neuropathic pain is that of neuromodulators such as anti-epileptics or anti-depressants; however, there are alternatives that may be potentially useful. The sigma-1 receptor is a therapeutic target that has shown favorable results at preclinical levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperalgesic effect of N-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-2-(1-naphthyloxy) acetamide (NMIN) in a chronic constriction injury model (CCI) and compare it both a sigma-1 antagonist (BD-1063) and also Gabapentin, as well as determine its possible role as an antagonist of sigma-1 receptors. The anti-hyperalgesic effects of Gabapentin (10.0, 17.8, 31.6, 56.2 and 100mg/kg, s.c.), BD-1063 (5.6, 10.0, 17.8, 31.6 and 56.2mg/kg, s.c.) and NMIN (31.6, 10.0, 316mg/kg and 562mg/kg, s.c.) were determined after single-doses, using the von Frey test in the CCI model. NMIN had the same efficacy as BD-1063, but both show less efficacy than Gabapentin. In an analysis of pharmacological potency, the ED50 were compared with it being found that BD-1063 is the most potent drug, followed by Gabapentin and NMIN. The anti-hyperalgesic effect of NMIN on CCI rats was reversed by (+)-pentazocine (s.c. route) and by PRE-084 (i.t. route), both sigma-1 agonists. Furthermore, NMIN reversed the hyperalgesic effect of PRE-084 in naïve rats. These results suggest that NMIN has an anti-hyperalgesic effect on the CCI model, and that one of its mechanisms of action is as a sigma-1 antagonist, being a significant role the blocking of these receptors at the spinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico.
| | | | - Myrna Déciga-Campos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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14
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Du K, Wang X, Chi L, Li W. Role of Sigma-1 Receptor/p38 MAPK Inhibition in Acupoint Catgut Embedding-Mediated Analgesic Effects in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Pain. Anesth Analg 2017; 125:662-669. [PMID: 28682953 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1 R) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in the mechanism of pain. Acupoint stimulation exerts an exact antihyperalgesic effect in inflammatory pain. However, whether Sig-1 R and MAPKs are associated with the acupoint stimulation-induced analgesic effects is not clear. This study investigated the analgesic effect of acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) and the inhibition of Sig-1 R and MAPKs in ACE analgesia. METHODS Rats were prepared with intrathecal catheter implantation. ACE was applied to bilateral "Kunlun" (BL60), "Zusanli" (ST36), and "Sanyinjiao" (SP6) acupoints in the rat model of inflammatory pain (complete Freund's adjuvant [CFA] intraplantar injection). Then, Sig-1R agonist PRE084 or saline was intrathecally given daily. The paw withdrawal thresholds and paw edema were measured before CFA injection and at 1, 3, and 5 day after CFA injection. Western bolt was used to evaluate the protein expression of spinal Sig-1R, p38MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and immunohistochemistry of Sig-1R was detected at 1, 3, and 5 days after CFA injection. RESULTS ACE exhibited specific analgesic effects. ACE increased paw withdrawal thresholds and markedly decreased CFA-induced paw edema at 1, 3, and 5 days. ACE downregulated the protein expression of Sig-1R, which was increased significantly at 1, 3, and 5 days after CFA injection. ACE decreased the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK at 1 and 3 days but not at 5 days. However, an injection of Sig-1R agonist PRE084 markedly reversed these alterations, except ERK expression. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that ACE exhibited antihyperalgesic effects via the inhibition of the Sig-1R that modulated p38 MAPK, but not ERK, expression in the CFA-induced inflammatory pain model in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairong Du
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Hei Long Jiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, China
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15
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Choi SR, Moon JY, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Kang SY, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Spinal D-Serine Increases PKC-Dependent GluN1 Phosphorylation Contributing to the Sigma-1 Receptor-Induced Development of Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:415-427. [PMID: 27986591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that spinal sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) activation facilitates nociception via an increase in phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN1 subunit (pGluN1). The present study was designed to examine whether the Sig-1R-induced facilitative effect on NMDA-induced nociception is mediated by D-serine, and whether D-serine modulates spinal pGluN1 expression and the development of neuropathic pain after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Intrathecal administration of the D-serine degrading enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase attenuated the facilitation of NMDA-induced nociception induced by the Sig-1R agonist, 2-(4-morpholinethyl)1-phenylcyclohexane carboxylate. Exogenous D-serine increased protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent (Ser896) pGluN1 expression and facilitated NMDA-induced nociception, which was attenuated by preteatment with the PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine. In CCI mice, administration of the serine racemase inhibitor, L-serine O-sulfate potassium salt or D-amino acid oxidase on postoperative days 0 to 3 suppressed CCI-induced mechanical allodynia (MA) and pGluN1 expression on day 3 after CCI surgery. Intrathecal administration of D-serine restored MA as well as the GluN1 phosphorylation on day 3 after surgery that was suppressed by the Sig-1R antagonist, N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine dihydrobromide or the astrocyte inhibitor, fluorocitrate. In contrast, D-serine had no effect on CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia or GluN1 expression. These results indicate that spinal D-serine: 1) mediates the facilitative effect of Sig-1R on NMDA-induced nociception, 2) modulates PKC-dependent pGluN1 expression, and 3) ultimately contributes to the induction of MA after peripheral nerve injury. PERSPECTIVE This report shows that reducing D-serine suppresses central sensitization and significantly alleviates peripheral nerve injury-induced chronic neuropathic pain and that this process is modulated by spinal Sig-1Rs. This preclinical evidence provides a strong rationale for using D-serine antagonists to treat peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Gu Kwon
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-Seong Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Sánchez-Fernández C, Entrena JM, Baeyens JM, Cobos EJ. Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonists: A New Class of Neuromodulatory Analgesics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 964:109-132. [PMID: 28315268 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50174-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor is a unique ligand-operated chaperone present in key areas for pain control, in both the peripheral and central nervous system. Sigma-1 receptors interact with a variety of protein targets to modify their function. These targets include several G-protein-coupled receptors such as the μ-opioid receptor, and ion channels such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Sigma-1 antagonists modify the chaperoning activity of sigma-1 receptor by increasing opioid signaling and decreasing NMDAR responses, consequently enhancing opioid antinociception and decreasing the sensory hypersensitivity that characterizes pathological pain conditions. However, the participation in pain relief of other protein partners of sigma-1 receptors in addition to opioid receptors and NMDARs cannot be ruled out. The enhanced opioid antinociception by sigma-1 antagonism is not accompanied by an increase in opioid side effects , including tolerance, dependence or constipation, so the use of sigma-1 antagonists may increase the therapeutic index of opioids. Furthermore, sigma-1 antagonists (in the absence of opioids) have been shown to exert antinociceptive effects in preclinical models of neuropathic pain induced by nerve trauma or chemical injury (the antineoplastic paclitaxel), and more recently in inflammatory and ischemic pain. Although most studies attributed the analgesic properties of sigma-1 antagonists to their central actions, it is now known that peripheral sigma-1 receptors also participate in their effects. Overwhelming preclinical evidence of the role of sigma-1 receptors in pain has led to the development of the first selective sigma-1 antagonist with an intended indication for pain treatment, which is currently in Phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Entrena
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Animal Behavior Research Unit, Scientific Instrumentation Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Baeyens
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique José Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
- Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Choi SR, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Neuronal NOS Activates Spinal NADPH Oxidase 2 Contributing to Central Sigma-1 Receptor-Induced Pain Hypersensitivity in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1922-1931. [PMID: 27601184 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that activation of spinal sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs) induces pain hypersensitivity via the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (Nox2). However, the potential direct interaction between nNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) and Nox2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) is poorly understood, particularly with respect to the potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity in the spinal cord associated with the development of central sensitization. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate whether Sig-1R-induced and nNOS-derived NO modulates spinal Nox2 activation leading to an increase in ROS production and ultimately to the potentiation of NMDA receptor activity and pain hypersensitivity. Intrathecal pretreatment with the nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole or with the Nox inhibitor, apocynin significantly inhibited the mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity induced by intrathecal administration of the Sig-1R agonist, 2-(4-morpholinethyl) 1-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylate hydrochloride (PRE084). Conversely, pretreatment with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-sulphonatophenyl)-porphyrinato iron(III) (FeTPPS; a scavenger of peroxynitrite, a toxic reaction product of NO and superoxide) had no effect on the PRE084-induced pain hypersensitivity. Pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole significantly reduced the PRE084-induced increase in Nox2 activity and concomitant ROS production in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn, whereas apocynin did not alter the PRE084-induced changes in nNOS phosphorylation. On the other hand pretreatment with apocynin suppressed the PRE084-induced increase in the protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation of NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit (pGluN1) at Ser896 site in the dorsal horn. These findings demonstrate that spinal Sig-1R-induced pain hypersensitivity is mediated by nNOS activation, which leads to an increase in Nox2 activity ultimately resulting in a ROS-induced increase in PKC-dependent pGluN1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University
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Entrena JM, Sánchez-Fernández C, Nieto FR, González-Cano R, Yeste S, Cobos EJ, Baeyens JM. Sigma-1 Receptor Agonism Promotes Mechanical Allodynia After Priming the Nociceptive System with Capsaicin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37835. [PMID: 27886264 PMCID: PMC5122889 DOI: 10.1038/srep37835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor antagonists promote antinociception in several models of pain, but the effects of sigma-1 agonists on nociception (particularly when the nociceptive system is primed) are not so well characterized; therefore we evaluated the effects of sigma-1 agonists on pain under different experimental conditions. The systemic administration of the selective sigma-1 agonists (+)-pentazocine and PRE-084, as well as the nonselective sigma-1 agonist carbetapentane (used clinically as an antitussive drug), did not alter sensitivity to mechanical stimulation under baseline conditions. However, they greatly promoted secondary mechanical allodynia after priming the nociceptive system with capsaicin. These effects of sigma-1 agonists were consistent in terms potency with the affinities of these drugs for sigma-1 receptors, were reversed by sigma-1 antagonists, and were not observed in sigma-1 knockout mice, indicating that they are sigma-1-mediated. Repeated systemic treatment with PRE-084 induced proallodynic effects even 24 h after treatment completion, but only after the nociceptive system was primed. However, neither the presence of this drug in the organism nor changes in sigma-1 receptor expression in areas involved in pain processing explains its long-term effects, suggesting that sustained sigma-1 agonism induces plastic changes in the nociceptive system that promote nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Entrena
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Animal Behavior Research Unit, Scientific Instrumentation Center, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - C. Sánchez-Fernández
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - F. R. Nieto
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - R. González-Cano
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - S. Yeste
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, Esteve, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. J. Cobos
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Baeyens
- Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
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Romero L, Merlos M, Vela JM. Antinociception by Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonists: Central and Peripheral Effects. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:179-215. [PMID: 26920013 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is plenty of evidence supporting the modulatory role of sigma-1 receptors (σ1Rs) in nociception, mainly based on the pain-attenuated phenotype of σ1R knockout mice and on the antinociceptive effect exerted by σ1R antagonists, particularly in nonacute sensitizing conditions involving sustained afferent drive, activity-dependent plasticity/sensitization, and ultimately pain hypersensitivity, as it is the case in chronic pains of different etiology. Antinociceptive effects of σ1R antagonists both when acting alone and in combination with opioids (to enhance opioid analgesia) have been reported at both central and peripheral sites. At the central level, findings at the behavioral (animal pain models), electrophysiological (spinal wind-up recordings), neurochemical (spinal release of neurotransmitters) and molecular (NMDAR function) level supports a role for σ1R antagonists in inhibiting augmented excitability secondary to sustained afferent input. Attenuation of activity-induced plastic changes (central sensitization) following tissue injury/inflammation or nerve damage could thus underlie the central inhibitory effect of σ1R antagonists. Moreover, recent pieces of information confirm the involvement of σ1R in mechanisms regulating pain at the periphery, where σ1Rs are highly expressed, particularly in dorsal root ganglia. Indeed, local peripheral administration of σ1R antagonists reduces inflammatory hyperalgesia. Potentiation of opioid analgesia is also supported, particularly at supraspinal sites and at the periphery, where locally administered σ1R antagonists unmask opioid analgesia. Altogether, whereas σ1R activation is coupled to pain facilitation and inhibition of opioid antinociception, σ1R antagonism inhibits pain hypersensitivity and "releases the brake" enabling opioids to exert enhanced antinociceptive effects, both at the central nervous system and at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Romero
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Barcelona, Spain.
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García-Martínez BA, Jaramillo-Morales OA, Espinosa-Juárez JV, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Melo-Hernández LA, Medina-López JR, Domínguez-Ramírez AM, Schepmann D, Wünsch B, López-Muñoz FJ. Antinociceptive effects of a new sigma-1 receptor antagonist (N-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-2-(1-naphthyloxy)acetamide) in two types of nociception. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 771:10-7. [PMID: 26683636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pain has become an active clinical challenge due its etiological heterogeneity, symptoms and mechanisms of action. In the search for new pharmacological therapeutic alternatives, sigma receptors have been proposed as drug targets. This family consists of sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors. The sigma-1 system is involved in nociception through its chaperone activity. Additionally, it has been shown that agonist to these receptors promote related sensitisation and pain hypersensitisation, suggesting the possible use of antagonists for sigma-1 receptors as an alternative therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of a new sigma-1 receptor antagonist N-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-2-(1-naphthyloxy)acetamida (NMIN) in two types of pain (arthritic and neuropathic) and to compare its efficacy and potency with reference drugs. The antinociceptive effects of NMIN were quantitatively evaluated using the pain-induced functional impairment model in the rat and the acetone test in a rat model of neuropathic pain. NMIN (sigma-1 receptor affinity of 324nM) did not show any antinociceptive activity in the arthritic pain model but showed a dose-dependent anti-allodynic effect in neuropathic pain. NMIN showed a similar efficacy compared to the effects obtained with morphine and the sigma-1 antagonist BD-1063. However, these reference drugs showed increased potency compared with NMIN. Our results suggest that sigma-1 receptors may play an important direct role in neuropathic pain but not in arthritic pain, supporting the hypothesis that NMIN may be useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betzabeth Anali García-Martínez
- Maestría en Cs. Farmacéuticas, Div. de CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, C.P. 04960 Delegación Coyoacán, México D.F., Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | - José Raúl Medina-López
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, México, D.F. 04960, Mexico.
| | | | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathic pain is difficult to relieve with standard analgesics and tends to be resistant to opioid therapy. Sigma-1 receptors activated during neuropathic injury may sustain pain. Neuropathic injury activates sigma-1 receptors, which results in activation of various kinases, modulates the activity of multiple ion channels, ligand activated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels; alters monoamine neurotransmission and dampens opioid receptors G-protein activation. Activation of sigma-1 receptors tonically inhibits opioid receptor G-protein activation and thus dampens analgesic responses. Therefore, sigma-1 receptor antagonists are potential analgesics for neuropathic and adjuvants to opioid therapy. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the importance of sigma-1 receptors as pain generators in multiple animal models in order to illustrate both the importance of these unique receptors in pathologic pain and the potential benefits to sigma-1 receptor antagonists as analgesics. EXPERT OPINION Sigma-1 receptor antagonists have a great potential as analgesics for acute neuropathic injury (herpes zoster, acute postoperative pain and chemotherapy induced neuropathy) and may, as an additional benefit, prevent the development of chronic neuropathic pain. Antagonists are potentially effective as adjuvants to opioid therapy when used early to prevent analgesic tolerance. Drug development is complicated by the complexity of sigma-1 receptor pharmacodynamics and its multiple targets, the lack of a specific sigma-1 receptor antagonist, and potential side effects due to on-target toxicities (cognitive impairment, depression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- Case Western Reserve University, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine, Palliative Medicine and Supportive Oncology Services, Division of Solid Tumor, The Cleveland Clinic , 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 , USA
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Yoon SY, Kang SY, Kim HW, Kim HC, Roh DH. Clonidine Reduces Nociceptive Responses in Mouse Orofacial Formalin Model: Potentiation by Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist BD1047 without Impaired Motor Coordination. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1320-7. [PMID: 26328487 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the administration of clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, significantly attenuates nociception and hyperalgesia in several pain models, clinical trials of clonidine are limited by its side effects such as drowsiness, hypotension and sedation. Recently, we determined that the sigma-1 receptor antagonist BD1047 dose-dependently reduced nociceptive responses in a mouse orofacial formalin model. Here we examined whether intraperitoneal injection of clonidine suppressed the nociceptive responses in the orofacial formalin test, and whether co-administration with BD1047 enhances lower-dose clonidine-induced anti-nociceptive effects without the disruption of motor coordination and blood pressure. Formalin (5%, 10 µL) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip, and the rubbing responses with the ipsilateral fore- or hind-paw were counted for 45 min. Clonidine (10, 30 or 100 µg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 30 min before formalin injection. Clonidine alone dose-dependently reduced nociceptive responses in both the first and second phases. Co-localization for alpha-2A adrenoceptors and sigma-1 receptors was determined in trigeminal ganglion cells. Interestingly, the sub-effective dose of BD1047 (3 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the anti-nociceptive effect of lower-dose clonidine (10 or 30 µg/kg) in the second phase. In particular, the middle dose of clonidine (30 µg/kg) in combination with BD1047 produced an anti-nociceptive effect similar to that of the high-dose clonidine, but without a significant motor dysfunction or hypotension. In contrast, mice treated with the high dose of clonidine developed severe impairment in motor coordination and blood pressure. These data suggest that a combination of low-dose clonidine with BD1047 may be a novel and safe therapeutic strategy for orofacial pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences College of Natural Sciences, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
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23
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Leung YM, Tzeng JI, Gong CL, Wang YW, Chen YW, Wang JJ. Caramiphen-induced block of sodium currents and spinal anesthesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 746:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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24
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Moon JY, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Choi SR, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Kang SY, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Oh SB, Lee JH. σ1 receptors activate astrocytes via p38 MAPK phosphorylation leading to the development of mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5881-97. [PMID: 25158784 PMCID: PMC4290724 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spinal astrocytes have emerged as important mechanistic contributors to the genesis of mechanical allodynia (MA) in neuropathic pain. We recently demonstrated that the spinal sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (σ1 receptor) modulates p38 MAPK phosphorylation (p-p38), which plays a critical role in the induction of MA in neuropathic rats. However, the histological and physiological relationships among σ1, p-p38 and astrocyte activation is unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated: (i) the precise location of σ1 receptors and p-p38 in spinal dorsal horn; (ii) whether the inhibition of σ1 receptors or p38 modulates chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced astrocyte activation; and (iii) whether this modulation of astrocyte activity is associated with MA development in CCI mice. KEY RESULTS The expression of σ1 receptors was significantly increased in astrocytes on day 3 following CCI surgery. Sustained intrathecal treatment with the σ1 antagonist, BD-1047, attenuated CCI-induced increase in GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes, and the treatment combined with fluorocitrate, an astrocyte metabolic inhibitor, synergistically reduced the development of MA, but not thermal hyperalgesia. The number of p-p38-ir astrocytes and neurons, but not microglia was significantly increased. Interestingly, intrathecal BD-1047 attenuated the expression of p-p38 selectively in astrocytes but not in neurons. Moreover, intrathecal treatment with a p38 inhibitor attenuated the GFAP expression, and this treatment combined with fluorocitrate synergistically blocked the induction of MA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Spinal σ1 receptors are localized in astrocytes and blockade of σ1 receptors inhibits the pathological activation of astrocytes via modulation of p-p38, which ultimately prevents the development of MA in neuropathic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Moon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - D H Roh
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, Kyung Hee University School of DentistrySeoul, Korea
| | - S Y Yoon
- Laboratory of Molecular Signal Transduction, Center for Neural Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul, Korea
| | - S R Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - S G Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - H S Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - S Y Kang
- Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Meridian Research Group, Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeon, Korea
| | - H J Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - A J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt Paul, MN, USA
| | - S B Oh
- Pain Cognitive Function Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences College of Natural Sciences, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
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Pyun K, Son JS, Kwon YB. Chronic activation of sigma-1 receptor evokes nociceptive activation of trigeminal nucleus caudalis in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:278-83. [PMID: 24992726 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary headache disorders, including migraine, are thought to be mediated by prolonged nociceptive activation of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), but the precise mechanisms are poorly understood. Our past studies demonstrated that sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1R) facilitate spinal nociceptive transmission in several pain models. Based on these findings, this study asked if chronic activation of Sig-1R by intracisternal administration of the selective Sig-1R agonist, PRE084, produced TNC neuronal activation as a migraine trigger in rats. A single infusion of PRE084 (10, 50, 100, 500 nmol) significantly increased the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons (Fos-IR) in TNC, which BD1047 (a Sig-1R antagonist) reversed. Chronic infusion of PRE084 (100 nmol for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days) time-dependently elevated Fos-IR in TNC. The number of Fos-IR elevation from day 7 of infusion was comparable with a single capsaicin infusion as a headache model. Increase in face grooming/scratching behavior was evident from day 7, and peaked at day 14 of chronic PRE084 infusion, which was correlated with ΔFosB elevation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit in TNC. Following 14 days of PRE084 infusion, the number of Fos-IR increased until day 7 after final infusion. Moreover, by day 14, Fos-IR associated with PRE084 infusion was significantly reversed by NMDA receptor antagonist MK801, rather than BD1047. These findings indicated that chronic activation of Sig-1R could evoke prolonged neuronal activation in the trigeminovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyun Pyun
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Seon Son
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-180, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
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Ahlawat A, Rana A, Goyal N, Sharma S. Potential role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:269-78. [PMID: 25095760 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain triggers a cascade of events in the sensory neurons. It is the main complication of diabetes after cardiovascular disease. Nitric oxide (NO) produced from nitric oxide synthases (NOS) is an important signaling molecule which is crucial for many physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, vasodilation, vascular homeostasis, immune regulation. Overproduction of NO due to changes in NOS isoforms level involves pathological processes such as neurotoxicity, septic shock and neuropathic pain. All three isoforms of NOS as well as their end product, NO have modulatory effect on neuropathic pain. Overactivation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor and peroxynitrite formation results in high levels of neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) which suggest that nNOS and eNOS are critical for pain hypersensitivity. Inducible NOS induced in glia by inflammation due to activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α, Calcitonin Gene Regulating Peptide, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases, Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinases can induce neuronal death. This review focuses on different nitric oxide synthases and their role in pathophysiology of neuropathic pain considering NOS as an important therapeutic target.
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27
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Pan B, Guo Y, Kwok WM, Hogan Q, Wu HE. Sigma-1 receptor antagonism restores injury-induced decrease of voltage-gated Ca2+ current in sensory neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:290-300. [PMID: 24891452 PMCID: PMC4109486 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), an endoplasmic reticulum-chaperone protein, can modulate painful response after peripheral nerve injury. We have demonstrated that voltage-gated calcium current is inhibited in axotomized sensory neurons. We examined whether σ1R contributes to the sensory dysfunction of voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) after peripheral nerve injury through electrophysiological approach in dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Animals received either skin incision (Control) or spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Both σ1R agonists, (+)pentazocine (PTZ) and DTG [1,3-di-(2-tolyl)guanidine], dose dependently inhibited calcium current (ICa) with Ba(2+) as charge carrier in control sensory neurons. The inhibitory effect of σ1R agonists on ICa was blocked by σ1R antagonist, BD1063 (1-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-4-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride) or BD1047 (N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine dihydrobromide). PTZ and DTG showed similar effect on ICa in axotomized fifth DRG neurons (SNL L5). Both PTZ and DTG shifted the voltage-dependent activation and steady-state inactivation of VGCC to the left and accelerated VGCC inactivation rate in both Control and axotomized L5 SNL DRG neurons. The σ1R antagonist, BD1063 (10 μM), increases ICa in SNL L5 neurons but had no effect on Control and noninjured fourth lumbar neurons in SNL rats. Together, the findings suggest that activation of σR1 decreases ICa in sensory neurons and may play a pivotal role in pain generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (B.P., Y.G., W.-M.K., Q.H., H.-e.W.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Q.H.)
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (B.P., Y.G., W.-M.K., Q.H., H.-e.W.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Q.H.)
| | - Wai-Meng Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (B.P., Y.G., W.-M.K., Q.H., H.-e.W.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Q.H.)
| | - Quinn Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (B.P., Y.G., W.-M.K., Q.H., H.-e.W.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Q.H.)
| | - Hsiang-en Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (B.P., Y.G., W.-M.K., Q.H., H.-e.W.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Q.H.)
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28
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Roh DH, Yoon SY. Sigma-1 receptor antagonist, BD1047 reduces nociceptive responses and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in mice orofacial formalin model. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 37:145-51. [PMID: 24152609 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs) play a role in different types of pain and in central sensitization mechanism in spinal cord. However, it is currently unexplored whether Sig-1Rs are involved in orofacial pain processing. Here we show whether a selective Sig-1R antagonist, BD1047 reduces nociceptive responses in the mouse orofacial formalin model and the number of Fos-immunoreactive (ir) cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). In addition, it was examined whether the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) or p38 (pp38) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which are closely linked to pain signaling and sensitization, in TNC was modified by BD1047. The 5% formalin (10 µL) was subcutaneously injected into the right upper lip, and the rubbing responses with ipsilateral fore- or hind paw were counted for 45 min. BD1047 (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally treated 30 min before formalin injection. High dose of BD1047 (10 mg/kg) produced significant anti-nociceptive effects in the first and the second phase. The number of Fos-ir cells in ipsilateral side of TNC was also reduced by BD1047 as compared to that in saline-treated animals. In addition, the number of pp38-ir cells in ipsilateral TNC was decreased in BD1047-treated animals, whereas the number of pERK-ir cells was not modified. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Sig-1Rs play a pivotal role in the orofacial pain processing, and the pp38 signaling pathway can be associated with Sig-1R's action in TNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University
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Zamanillo D, Romero L, Merlos M, Vela JM. Sigma 1 receptor: a new therapeutic target for pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 716:78-93. [PMID: 23500210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sigma 1 receptor (σ₁ receptor) is a unique ligand-regulated molecular chaperone located mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. σ₁ receptor is activated under stress or pathological conditions and interacts with several neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels to modulate their function. The effects reported preclinically with σ₁ receptor ligands are consistent with a role for σ₁ receptor in central sensitization and pain hypersensitivity and suggest a potential therapeutic use of σ₁ receptor antagonists for the management of neuropathic pain as monotherapy. Moreover, data support their use in opioid adjuvant therapy: combination of σ₁ receptor antagonists and opioids results in potentiation of opioid analgesia, without significant increases in opioid-related unwanted effects. Results from clinical trials using selective σ₁ receptor antagonists in several pain conditions are eagerly awaited to ascertain the potential of σ₁ receptor modulation in pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zamanillo
- Esteve, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development. Parc Científic de Barcelona. Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4-8. 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Bangaru ML, Weihrauch D, Tang QB, Zoga V, Hogan Q, Wu HE. Sigma-1 receptor expression in sensory neurons and the effect of painful peripheral nerve injury. Mol Pain 2013; 9:47. [PMID: 24015960 PMCID: PMC3847629 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein, is widely distributed and regulates numerous intracellular processes in neurons. Nerve injury alters the structure and function of axotomized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, contributing to the development of pain. The σ1R is enriched in the spinal cord and modulates pain after peripheral nerve injury. However, σ1R expression in the DRG has not been studied. We therefore characterized σ1R expression in DRGs at baseline and following spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. RESULTS Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies in DRG sections show σ1R in both neuronal somata and satellite glial cells. The punctate distribution of σ1R in the neuronal cytoplasm suggests expression in the endoplasmic reticulum. When classified by neuronal size, large neurons (>1300 μm) showed higher levels of σ1R staining than other groups (700-1300 μm, <700 μm). Comparing σ1R expression in neuronal groups characterized by expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), isolectin-B4 (IB4) and neurofilament-200 (NF-200), we found σ1R expression in all three neuronal subpopulations, with highest levels of σ1R expression in the NF-200 group. After SNL, lysates from L5 DRGs that contains axotomized neurons showed decreased σ1R protein but unaffected transcript level, compared with Control DRGs. IHC images also showed decreased σ1R protein expression, in SNL L5 DRGs, and to a lesser extent in the neighboring SNL L4 DRGs. Neurons labeled by CGRP and NF-200 showed decreased σ1R expression in L5 and, to a lesser extent, L4 DRGs. In IB4-labeled neurons, σ1R expression decreased only in axotomized L5 DRGs. Satellite cells also showed decreased σ1R expression in L5 DRGs after SNL. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that σ1R is present in both sensory neurons and satellite cells in rat DRGs. Expression of σ1R is down-regulated in axotomized neurons as well as in their accompanying satellite glial cells, while neighboring uninjured neurons show a lesser down-regulation. Therefore, elevated σ1R expression in neuropathic pain is not an explanation for pain relief after σ1R blockade. This implies that increased levels of endogenous σ1R agonists may play a role, and diminished neuroprotection from loss of glial σ1R may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi L Bangaru
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Dorothee Weihrauch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Qing-Bo Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Vasiliki Zoga
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Quinn Hogan
- Zablocki Veterans Administration Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hsiang-en Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Moon JY, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Choi SR, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Sigma-1 receptor-mediated increase in spinal p38 MAPK phosphorylation leads to the induction of mechanical allodynia in mice and neuropathic rats. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:383-91. [PMID: 23333567 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The direct activation of the spinal sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) produces mechanical allodynia (MA) and thermal hyperalgesia (TH) in mice. In addition, the blockade of the spinal Sig-1R prevents the induction of MA, but not TH in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic rats. The present study was designed to investigate whether the increase in spinal p38 MAPK phosphorylation (p-p38 MAPK) mediates Sig-1R-induced MA or TH in mice and the induction of MA in neuropathic rats. MA and TH were evaluated using von Frey filaments and a hot-plate apparatus, respectively. Neuropathic pain was produced by CCI of the right sciatic nerve in rats. Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the changes of p-p38 MAPK expression in the spinal cord. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of PRE084, a selective Sig-1R agonist, into naïve mice time-dependently increased the expression of p-p38 MAPK, which was blocked by pretreatment with BD1047, a Sig-1R antagonist. I.t. pretreatment with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor also dose-dependently inhibited PRE084-induced MA, whereas TH induction was not affected. In CCI rats, i.t. injection of BD1047 during the induction phase (postoperative days 0 to 5) reduced the CCI-induced increase in p-p38 MAPK. In addition, i.t. SB203580 treatment during the induction phase also suppressed the development of CCI-induced MA, but not TH. Conversely, i.t. SB203580 treatment during the maintenance phase (postoperative days 15 to 20) had no effect on CCI-induced MA or TH. These results demonstrate that the increase in spinal p-p38 MAPK is closely associated with the induction of Sig-1R mediated MA, but not TH. Sigma-1 receptor modulation of p-p38 MAPK also plays an important role in the induction, but not the maintenance, of MA in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Moon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Choi SR, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Moon JY, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Oh SB, Lee JH. Spinal sigma-1 receptors activate NADPH oxidase 2 leading to the induction of pain hypersensitivity in mice and mechanical allodynia in neuropathic rats. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:56-67. [PMID: 23732704 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that spinal sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs) mediate pain hypersensitivity in mice and neuropathic pain in rats. In this study, we examine the role of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) on Sig-1R-induced pain hypersensitivity and the induction of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was produced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the right sciatic nerve in rats. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated in mice and CCI-rats. Western blotting and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining were performed to assess the changes in Nox2 activation and ROS production in spinal cord, respectively. Direct activation of spinal Sig-1Rs with the Sig-1R agonist, PRE084 induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, which were dose-dependently attenuated by pretreatment with the ROS scavenger, NAC or the Nox inhibitor, apocynin. PRE084 also induced an increase in Nox2 activation and ROS production, which were attenuated by pretreatment with the Sig-1R antagonist, BD1047 or apocynin. CCI-induced nerve injury produced an increase in Nox2 activation and ROS production in the spinal cord, all of which were attenuated by intrathecal administration with BD1047 during the induction phase of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, administration with BD1047 or apocynin reversed CCI-induced mechanical allodynia during the induction phase, but not the maintenance phase. These findings demonstrate that spinal Sig-1Rs modulate Nox2 activation and ROS production in the spinal cord, and ultimately contribute to the Sig-1R-induced pain hypersensitivity and the peripheral nerve injury-induced induction of chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Leung YM, Tzeng JI, Kuo CS, Chen YW, Chu CC, Wang JJ. The use of carbetapentane for spinal anesthesia and use-dependent block of sodium currents. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:366-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Roh DH, Choi SR, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Moon JY, Kwon SG, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Spinal neuronal NOS activation mediates sigma-1 receptor-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in mice: involvement of PKC-dependent GluN1 phosphorylation. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1707-20. [PMID: 21391983 PMCID: PMC3166697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently demonstrated that activation of the spinal sigma-1 receptor induces mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity via calcium-dependent second messenger cascades and phosphorylation of the spinal NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit (pGluN1). Here we examined the role of NO in this process, as it plays a critical role in PKC-mediated calcium signalling and the potentiation of NMDA receptor function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with nNOS inhibitors on PRE084 (sigma-1 receptor agonist)-induced pain were assessed in mice by use of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests. Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine effects of these treatments on spinal pGluN1-immunoreactive (ir) cells, whether PRE084 induces a time-dependent modification of nNOS activity in the dorsal horn, and if any changes in nNOS activity can be blocked by sigma-1 receptor, calcineurin or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitors. KEY RESULTS PRE084, injected i.t., induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, and increased the number of PKC- and PKA-dependent pGluN1-ir cells in spinal cord. This PRE084-induced hypersensitivity and increase in PKC-dependent pGluN1 expression were blocked by pretreatment with N(G) -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). PRE084 also time-dependently decreased the ratio of phosphorylated nNOS (pnNOS) to nNOS expression and the number of spinal pnNOS-ir cells. This decrease in pnNOS was prevented by BD1047, a sigma-1 receptor antagonist and cyclosporin A, a calcineurin inhibitor, but not by a sGC inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Spinal sigma-1 receptor-induced sensitization is mediated by an increase in nNOS activity, which is associated with an NO-induced increase in PKC-dependent pGluN1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Gu Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Han
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea
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Son JS, Kwon YB. Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist BD1047 Reduces Allodynia and Spinal ERK Phosphorylation Following Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion in Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:359-64. [PMID: 21311675 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.6.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many therapeutic roles have been proposed for sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R), but the involvement of Sig-1R in neuropathic pain has currently not been well explored. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect of Sig-1R antagonist (BD1047) in a rat model of chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion (CCD), which is a model of human foraminal stenosis and radicular pain. When stainless steel rods were inserted into the intervertebral foramen of lumbar vertebrae 4 and 5, the CCD developed reliable mechanical (from 3 day) and cold allodynia (from 1 day) as compared with the sham operation group. The spinal expressions of Sig-1R and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) were significantly increased from day 3 to day 14 after CCD surgery, as is consistent with the manifestation of allodynia. The BD 1047 (10, 30, 100 mg/kg) administered on postoperative days 0~5 dose-dependently suppressed both the induction of allodynia and the elevation of the spinal pERK expression in a manner comparable with that of gabapentin (100 mg/kg). At 7 days post-CCD surgery, BD1047 (10, 30, 100 mg/kg) administration also produced anti-nociceptive effects on the mechanical and cold allodynia similar with those of gabapentin (100 mg/kg). Therefore, this data suggested that Sig-1R may play an important role in both the development and maintenance of CCD-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seon Son
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-180, Korea
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Roh DH, Yoon SY, Seo HS, Kang SY, Moon JY, Song S, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Sigma-1 receptor-induced increase in murine spinal NR1 phosphorylation is mediated by the PKCalpha and epsilon, but not the PKCzeta, isoforms. Neurosci Lett 2010; 477:95-9. [PMID: 20417251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of a sigma-1 receptor agonist facilitated peripheral nociception via calcium-dependent second messenger cascades including protein kinase C (PKC). We also showed that activation of spinal sigma-1 receptors increased the phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit (pNR1) in the spinal cord dorsal horn, which resulted in the potentiation of NMDA receptor function. The present study was designed to examine the effect of different PKC isoform inhibitors on sigma-1 receptor-mediated pain facilitation and increased spinal pNR1 expression in mice. The intrathecal injection of the sigma-1 receptor agonist, PRE-084 (PRE, 3nmol/5mul) increased the frequency of paw withdrawal responses to mechanical stimuli (0.6g) and the number of spinal pNR1-immunoreactive (ir) cells. Intrathecal pretreatment with inhibitors (Go6976, PKCepsilonV1-2 or PKC zetapseudosubstrate) of the PKCalpha, epsilon or zeta isoforms significantly reduced the PRE-induced pain facilitatory effect. On the other hand, the PRE-induced increase in the number of spinal pNR1-ir neurons was only blocked by inhibitors of the PKCalpha and PKCepsilon isoforms, but not the PKCzeta isoform. These findings demonstrate that the sigma-1 receptor-induced increase in spinal pNR1 expression is mediated by the PKCalpha and PKC epsilon isoforms, which in turn contribute to the pain facilitation phenomenon. Conversely, the sigma-1 receptor activation of the PKCzeta isoform appears to be involved in a pain signaling pathway that is independent of spinal pNR1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyun Roh
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Seo HS, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Moon JY, Kim HW, Han HJ, Chung JM, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Peripheral acid-sensing ion channels and P2X receptors contribute to mechanical allodynia in a rodent thrombus-induced ischemic pain model. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2010; 11:718-27. [PMID: 20338827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously established a thrombus-induced ischemic pain (TIIP) model in the rat, which mimics the pathophysiology of ischemic pain in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Because ischemia commonly induces acidosis and ATP release, one of the goals of this study was to investigate the role of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptors, and P2X receptors in the maintenance of ischemia-induced mechanical allodynia (MA). To test this, amiloride (an ASIC blocker), AMG-9810 (a TRPV1 blocker), or PPADS (a P2Xs antagonist) was intraplantarly injected at day 3 after FeCl(2) application onto the femoral artery. Ipsilateral administration of amiloride or PPADS but not AMG-9810 dose-dependently reduced MA. However, contralateral amiloride or PPADS did not suppress contralateral MA. Interestingly, co-administration of submaximal doses of amiloride and PPADS produced a significantly prolonged suppression of MA. Furthermore, ipsilateral EGTA (a calcium chelator) or chelerythrine (a protein kinase C inhibitor) also significantly reduced MA. Collectively, these findings suggest that peripheral ASICs and P2X receptors are involved in the maintenance of TIIP, which is possibly mediated by a Ca(2+)-protein kinase C signaling mechanism. These results provide mechanistic information about peripheral ischemic nociception that may be useful for developing better therapeutic management of ischemic pain in patients with peripheral arterial disease. PERSPECTIVE The results of the current study demonstrate that peripheral administration of an ASICs blocker or P2X antagonist significantly suppress TIIP. Co-administration of submaximal doses of ASIC and P2X antagonists produced an even greater effect. These results implicate peripheral ASICs and P2X receptors in the maintenance of thrombus-induced ischemic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Sig Seo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:46-51. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e3283372479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Toussaint M, Mousset D, Foulon C, Jacquemard U, Vaccher C, Melnyk P. Sigma-1 ligands: Tic-hydantoin as a key pharmacophore. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:256-63. [PMID: 19875205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptors are involved in numerous pathological dysfunctions and the synthesis of selective ligands is of interest. We identified a fused tetrahydroisoquinoline-hydantoin (Tic-hydantoin) structure with high affinity and selectivity for these receptors. We report here our efforts towards the pharmacomodulation of this substructure, the synthesis of 9 analogs with stereochemistry inversion, opening of isoquinoline ring, removal of isoquinoline nitrogen, replacement of isoquinoline by pyridine, of Tic-hydantoin moiety by quinazolinedione heterocycle. All these analogs provided a loss in the affinity for the sigma-1 receptor. The present work underlines the real importance of the Tic-hydantoin moiety for the obtainment of high affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Toussaint
- UMR CNRS 8161-Université Lille Nord de France-Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, B.P. 447, 59021 Lille cedex, France
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Abstract
Originally considered an enigmatic protein, the sigma-1 receptor has recently been identified as a unique ligand-regulated molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. This discovery causes us to look back at the many proposed roles of this receptor, even before its molecular function was identified, in many diseases such as methamphetamine or cocaine addiction, amnesia, pain, depression, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, retinal neuroprotection, HIV infection, and cancer. In this review, we examine the reports that have clearly shown an agonist-antagonist relationship regarding sigma-1 receptors in models of those diseases and also review the relatively known mechanisms of action of sigma-1 receptors in an attempt to spur the speculation of readers on how the sigma-1 receptor at the endoplasmic reticulum might relate to so many diseases. We found that the most prominent action of sigma-1 receptors in biological systems including cell lines, primary cultures, and animals is the regulation and modulation of voltage-regulated and ligand-gated ion channels, including Ca(2+)-, K(+)-, Na(+), Cl(-), and SK channels, and NMDA and IP3 receptors. We found that the final output of the action of sigma-1 receptor agonists is to inhibit all above-mentioned voltage-gated ion channels, while they potentiate ligand-gated channels. The inhibition or potentiation induced by agonists is blocked by sigma-1 receptor antagonists. Other mechanisms of action of sigma-1 receptors, and to some extent those of sigma-2 receptors, were also considered. We conclude that the sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors represent potential fruitful targets for therapeutic developments in combating many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangui Maurice
- Team II Endogenous Neuroprotection in Neurodegenerative Diseases, INSERM U. 710, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- University of Montpellier II, EPHE, CC 105, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- EPHE, 75017 Paris, France
| | - Tsung-Ping Su
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, IRP, NIDA-NIH, Suite 3304, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Puente BDL, Nadal X, Portillo-Salido E, Sánchez-Arroyos R, Ovalle S, Palacios G, Muro A, Romero L, Entrena JM, Baeyens JM, López-García JA, Maldonado R, Zamanillo D, Vela JM. Sigma-1 receptors regulate activity-induced spinal sensitization and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2009; 145:294-303. [PMID: 19505761 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (sigma(1)R) is expressed in key CNS areas involved in nociceptive processing but only limited information is available about its functional role. In the present study we investigated the relevance of sigma(1)R in modulating nerve injury-evoked pain. For this purpose, wild-type mice and mice lacking the sigma(1)R gene were exposed to partial sciatic nerve ligation and neuropathic pain-related behaviors were investigated. To explore underlying mechanisms, spinal processing of repetitive nociceptive stimulation and expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were also investigated. Sensitivity to noxious heat of homozygous sigma(1)R knockout mice did not differ from wild-type mice. Baseline values obtained in sigma(1)R knockout mice before nerve injury in the plantar, cold-plate and von Frey tests were also indistinguishable from those obtained in wild-type mice. However, cold and mechanical allodynia did not develop in sigma(1)R null mice exposed to partial sciatic nerve injury. Using isolated spinal cords we found that mice lacking sigma(1)R showed reduced wind-up responses respect to wild-type mice, as evidenced by a reduced number of action potentials induced by trains of C-fiber intensity stimuli. In addition, in contrast to wild-type mice, sigma(1)R knockout mice did not show increased phosphorylation of ERK in the spinal cord after sciatic nerve injury. Both wind-up and ERK activation have been related to mechanisms of spinal cord sensitization. Our findings identify sigma(1)R as a constituent of the mechanisms modulating activity-induced sensitization in pain pathways and point to sigma(1)R as a new potential target for drugs designed to alleviate neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de la Puente
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratorios Esteve. Av. Mare de Déu de Montserrat, 221. 08041 Barcelona, Spain Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Doctor Aguader, 88. 08003 Barcelona, Spain Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, Av. de Madrid 11. 18012 Granada, Spain Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares. Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
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Yoon SY, Roh DH, Seo HS, Kang SY, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Intrathecal injection of the neurosteroid, DHEAS, produces mechanical allodynia in mice: involvement of spinal sigma-1 and GABA receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:666-73. [PMID: 19422393 PMCID: PMC2707978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The neurosteroid, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and its non-sulphated form, DHEA, are considered as crucial endogenous modulators of a number of important physiological events. Evidence suggests that DHEAS and DHEA modulate central nervous system-related functions by activating sigma-1 receptors and/or allosterically inhibiting gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABA(A)) receptors. As both the sigma-1 receptor and the GABA(A) receptor play important roles in spinal pain transmission, the present study was designed to examine whether intrathecally injected DHEAS or DHEA affect nociceptive signalling at the spinal cord level. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We first determined whether intrathecal (i.t.) DHEA or DHEAS injection was able to affect nociceptive thresholds to peripheral mechanical stimulation and subsequently examined whether this effect was mediated by sigma-1 or the GABA(A) receptors. KEY RESULTS The i.t. DHEAS injection dose-dependently decreased the nociceptive threshold to mechanical stimulation, thus producing mechanical allodynia. Moreover, this DHEAS-induced mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced by administration of the sigma-1 receptor antagonist, BD-1047 or the GABA(A) receptor agonist, muscimol. Conversely, i.t. DHEA had no effect on mechanical sensitivity. However, when i.t. DHEA was combined with the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline, DHEA dose-dependently produced mechanical allodynia similar to that of DHEAS. This effect was blocked by BD-1047 and by muscimol. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate that i.t. injection of DHEAS produces mechanical allodynia and that the development of this mechanical allodynia is mediated by sigma-1 and GABA(A) receptors. The findings of this study raise several interesting questions for further investigations into the mechanisms underlying neurosteroid modulation of spinal pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Sig Seo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Suk-Yun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Han
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Alvin J Beitz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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