1
|
Mackey-Alfonso SE, Butler MJ, Taylor AM, Williams-Medina AR, Muscat SM, Fu H, Barrientos RM. Short-term high fat diet impairs memory, exacerbates the neuroimmune response, and evokes synaptic degradation via a complement-dependent mechanism in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 121:56-69. [PMID: 39043341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by profound memory impairments, synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, and hallmark pathological markers. High-fat diet (HFD) consumption increases the risk of developing AD even after controlling for metabolic syndrome, pointing to a role of the diet itself in increasing risk. In AD, the complement system, an arm of the immune system which normally tags redundant or damaged synapses for pruning, becomes pathologically overactivated leading to tagging of healthy synapses. While the unhealthy diet to AD link is strong, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood in part due to confounding variables associated with long-term HFD which can independently influence the brain. Therefore, we experimented with a short-term diet regimen to isolate the diet's impact on brain function without causing obesity. This project investigated the effect of short-term HFD on 1) memory, 2) neuroinflammation including complement, 3) AD pathology markers, 4) synaptic markers, and 5) in vitro microglial synaptic phagocytosis in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. Following the consumption of either standard chow or HFD, 3xTg-AD and non-Tg mice were tested for memory impairments. In a separate cohort of mice, levels of hippocampal inflammatory markers, complement proteins, AD pathology markers, and synaptic markers were measured. For the last set of experiments, BV2 microglial phagocytosis of synapses was evaluated. Synaptoneurosomes isolated from the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice fed chow or HFD were incubated with equal numbers of BV2 microglia. The number of BV2 microglia that phagocytosed synaptoneurosomes was tracked over time with a live-cell imaging assay. Finally, we incubated BV2 microglia with a complement receptor inhibitor (NIF) and repeated the assay. Behavioral analysis showed 3xTg-AD mice had significantly impaired long-term contextual and cued fear memory compared to non-Tg mice that was further impaired by HFD. HFD significantly increased inflammatory markers and complement expression while decreasing synaptic marker expression only in 3xTg-AD mice, without altering AD pathology markers. Synaptoneurosomes from HFD-fed 3xTg-AD mice were phagocytosed at a significantly higher rate than those from chow-fed mice, suggesting the synapses were altered by HFD. The complement receptor inhibitor blocked this effect in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the HFD-mediated increase in phagocytosis was complement dependent. This study indicates HFD consumption increases neuroinflammation and over-activates the complement cascade in 3xTg-AD mice, resulting in poorer memory. The in vitro data point to complement as a potential mechanistic culprit and therapeutic target underlying HFD's influence in increasing cognitive vulnerability to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Mackey-Alfonso
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Butler
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashton M Taylor
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Stephanie M Muscat
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruth M Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sakthivel PS, Scipioni L, Karam J, Keulen Z, Blurton-Jones M, Gratton E, Anderson AJ. Organelle phenotyping and multi-dimensional microscopy identify C1q as a novel regulator of microglial function. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39018376 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are dynamic and heterogenous cells. While single cell RNA sequencing has become the conventional methodology for evaluating microglial state, transcriptomics do not provide insight into functional changes, identifying a critical gap in the field. Here, we propose a novel organelle phenotyping approach in which we treat live human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMGL) with organelle dyes staining mitochondria, lipids, lysosomes and acquire data by live-cell spectral microscopy. Dimensionality reduction techniques and unbiased cluster identification allow for recognition of microglial subpopulations with single-cell resolution based on organelle function. We validated this methodology using lipopolysaccharide and IL-10 treatment to polarize iMGL to an "inflammatory" and "anti-inflammatory" state, respectively, and then applied it to identify a novel regulator of iMGL function, complement protein C1q. While C1q is traditionally known as the initiator of the complement cascade, here we use organelle phenotyping to identify a role for C1q in regulating iMGL polarization via fatty acid storage and mitochondria membrane potential. Follow up evaluation of microglia using traditional read outs of activation state confirm that C1q drives an increase in microglia pro-inflammatory gene production and migration, while suppressing microglial proliferation. These data together validate the use of a novel organelle phenotyping approach and enable better mechanistic investigation of molecular regulators of microglial state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja S Sakthivel
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lorenzo Scipioni
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Josh Karam
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zahara Keulen
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gan Q, Zhang L, Fang Y, Yang L, Shi M, Xiao Z. Low pulse pressure and high serum complement C1q are risk factors for hemodialysis headache: A case-control study. Headache 2024; 64:285-298. [PMID: 38429985 DOI: 10.1111/head.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hemodialysis headache (HDH) is a common complication of dialysis that negatively affects the patient's quality of life. The etiology and triggering factors of HDH are not fully understood. This study aims to assess the prevalence and characteristics of HDH among patients undergoing hemodialysis across multiple centers in China. Furthermore, we conducted a case-control study at one hospital to identify risk factors associated with HDH. METHODS The study consisted of two phases including a cross-sectional observational study and a case-control study. Participants underwent neurological examinations and interviews. Demographic and medical information were collected from both medical records and patient files. Serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), plasma osmolarity, glucose, C1q, and a variety of electrolytes including potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were measured before and after dialysis. Blood pressure variables including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure (PP), and heart rate were monitored hourly. Serum levels of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were quantified using a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The prevalence of HDH was 37.7% (183/485). HDH was characterized by a bilateral tightening headache of moderate intensity and duration of <2 h, occurring in different locations. The case-control study included 50 patients with HDH and 84 control patients, pre-dialysis PP was found to be lower in the HDH group than in the control group (mean ± standard deviation 51.5 ± 18.2 vs. 67.9 ± 14.9, p = 0.027). Furthermore, the pre-dialysis serum complement C1q level was significantly higher for the HDH group than the control group (median and interquartile range 201.5 [179.0-231.5] vs. 189.0 [168.9-209.0], p = 0.021). Pre-dialysis PP was associated with 5.1% decreased odds of HDH (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-0.99, p = 0.026), body weight was associated with a 5.4% decreased risk of HDH (OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99, p = 0.013), and pre-dialysis C1q levels increased the odds of HDH by 1.9% (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Low PP, low body weight, and high blood complement C1q may be potential risk factors associated with HDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lily Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuting Fang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Dialysis Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheman Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gammaldi N, Pezzini F, Michelucci E, Di Giorgi N, Simonati A, Rocchiccioli S, Santorelli FM, Doccini S. Integrative human and murine multi-omics: Highlighting shared biomarkers in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 189:106349. [PMID: 37952681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders whose molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Omics approaches are among the methods that generate new information on modifying factors and molecular signatures. Moreover, omics data integration can address the need to progressively expand knowledge around the disease and pinpoint specific proteins to promote as candidate biomarkers. In this work, we integrated a total of 62 proteomic and transcriptomic datasets originating from humans and mice, employing a new approach able to define dysregulated processes across species, stages and NCL forms. Moreover, we selected a pool of differentially expressed proteins and genes as species- and form-related biomarkers of disease status/progression and evaluated local and spatial differences in most affected brain regions. Our results offer promising targets for potential new therapeutic strategies and reinforce the hypothesis of a connection between NCLs and other forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gammaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation - Pisa, Italy
| | - F Pezzini
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - E Michelucci
- Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - N Di Giorgi
- Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - A Simonati
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Rocchiccioli
- Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - F M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation - Pisa, Italy
| | - S Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation - Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xing Y, Zhang D, Fang L, Wang J, Liu C, Wu D, Liu X, Wang X, Min W. Complement in Human Brain Health: Potential of Dietary Food in Relation to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods 2023; 12:3580. [PMID: 37835232 PMCID: PMC10572247 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement pathway is a major component of the innate immune system, which is critical for recognizing and clearing pathogens that rapidly react to defend the body against external pathogens. Many components of this pathway are expressed throughout the brain and play a beneficial role in synaptic pruning in the developing central nervous system (CNS). However, excessive complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the aging or injured brain may play a contributing role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Complement Component 1q (C1q), an initiating recognition molecule of the classical complement pathway, can interact with a variety of ligands and perform a range of functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the CNS. This review considers the function and immunomodulatory mechanisms of C1q; the emerging role of C1q on synaptic pruning in developing, aging, or pathological CNS; the relevance of C1q; the complement pathway to neurodegenerative diseases; and, finally, it summarizes the foods with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases via C1q and complement pathway and highlights the need for further research to clarify these roles. This paper aims to provide references for the subsequent study of food functions related to C1q, complement, neurodegenerative diseases, and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dingwen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Butler MJ, Mackey-Alfonso SE, Massa N, Baskin KK, Barrientos RM. Dietary fatty acids differentially impact phagocytosis, inflammatory gene expression, and mitochondrial respiration in microglial and neuronal cell models. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1227241. [PMID: 37636589 PMCID: PMC10448530 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1227241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of diets high in saturated fatty acids and/or refined carbohydrates are associated with neuroinflammation, cognitive dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disease. In contrast, diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. We have previously shown that high fat diet (HFD) consumption increases saturated fatty acids and decreases polyunsaturated fatty acids in the hippocampus. We have further shown that HFD elicits exaggerated neuroinflammation and reduced synaptic elements, and results in robust memory deficits in aged rats. Here, we examined the impact of palmitate, an abundant dietary saturated fat, on a variety of cellular responses in BV2 microglia and HippoE-14 neurons, and the extent to which the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), would buffer against these responses. Our data demonstrate that DHA pretreatment prevents or partially attenuates palmitate-induced alterations in proinflammatory, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial damage-associated gene expression in both cell types. Furthermore, we show that synaptoneurosomes isolated from aged, HFD-fed mice are engulfed by BV2 microglia at a faster rate than synaptoneurosomes isolated from aged, chow-fed mice, suggesting HFD alters signaling at synapses to hasten their engulfment by microglia. Consistent with this notion, we found modest increases in complement proteins and a decrease in CD47 protein expression on synaptoneurosomes isolated from the hippocampus of aged, HFD-fed mice. Interestingly, palmitate reduced BV2 microglial phagocytosis, but only of synaptoneurosomes isolated from chow-fed mice, an effect that was prevented by DHA pretreatment. Lastly, we measured the impact of palmitate and DHA on mitochondrial function in both microglial and neuronal cell models using the Seahorse XFe96 Analyzer. These data indicate that DHA pretreatment does not mitigate palmitate-induced reductions in mitochondrial respiration in BV2 microglia and HippoE-14 neurons, suggesting DHA may be acting downstream of mitochondrial function to exert its protective effects. Together, this study provides evidence that DHA can ameliorate the negative impact of palmitate on a variety of cellular functions in microglia- and neuron-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Butler
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sabrina E. Mackey-Alfonso
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nashali Massa
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kedryn K. Baskin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruth M. Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu ZQ, Dai H, Yao L, Chen WF, Wang Y, Ma LY, Li XQ, Lin SL, He MJ, Gao PT, Liu XY, Xu JX, Xu XY, Wang KH, Wang L, Chen L, Zhou PH, Li QL. A single-cell transcriptional landscape of immune cells shows disease-specific changes of T cell and macrophage populations in human achalasia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4685. [PMID: 37542039 PMCID: PMC10403544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Achalasia is a rare motility disorder of the esophagus caused by the gradual degeneration of myenteric neurons. Immune-mediated ganglionitis has been proposed to underlie the loss of myenteric neurons. Here, we measure the immune cell transcriptional profile of paired lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tissue and blood samples in achalasia and controls using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). In achalasia, we identify a pattern of expanded immune cells and a specific transcriptional phenotype, especially in LES tissue. We show C1QC+ macrophages and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), especially ZNF683+ CD8+ TRM and XCL1+ CD4+ TRM, are significantly expanded and localized surrounding the myenteric plexus in the LES tissue of achalasia. C1QC+ macrophages are transcriptionally similar to microglia of the central nervous system and have a neurodegenerative dysfunctional phenotype in achalasia. TRM also expresses transcripts of dysregulated immune responses in achalasia. Moreover, inflammation increases with disease progression since immune cells are more activated in type I compared with type II achalasia. Thus, we profile the immune cell transcriptional landscape and identify C1QC+ macrophages and TRM as disease-associated immune cell subsets in achalasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Qiang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yun Ma
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Li Lin
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jiang He
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Ting Gao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Xu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Hao Wang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ping-Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China.
| | - Quan-Lin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith CA, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ, Smielewski P, Helmy A. Candidate neuroinflammatory markers of cerebral autoregulation dysfunction in human acute brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1237-1253. [PMID: 37132274 PMCID: PMC10369156 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231171991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The loss of cerebral autoregulation (CA) is a common and detrimental secondary injury mechanism following acute brain injury and has been associated with worse morbidity and mortality. However patient outcomes have not as yet been conclusively proven to have improved as a result of CA-directed therapy. While CA monitoring has been used to modify CPP targets, this approach cannot work if the impairment of CA is not simply related to CPP but involves other underlying mechanisms and triggers, which at present are largely unknown. Neuroinflammation, particularly inflammation affecting the cerebral vasculature, is an important cascade that occurs following acute injury. We hypothesise that disturbances to the cerebral vasculature can affect the regulation of CBF, and hence the vascular inflammatory pathways could be a putative mechanism that causes CA dysfunction. This review provides a brief overview of CA, and its impairment following brain injury. We discuss candidate vascular and endothelial markers and what is known about their link to disturbance of the CBF and autoregulation. We focus on human traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), with supporting evidence from animal work and applicability to wider neurologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Smith
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keri LH Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Smielewski
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Astrocytic and microglial interleukin-1β mediates complement C1q-triggered orofacial mechanical allodynia. Neurosci Res 2023; 188:68-74. [PMID: 36334640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) are activated after trigeminal nerve injury and interact with Vc neurons to contribute to orofacial neuropathic pain. Complement C1q released from microglia has been reported to activate astrocytes and causes orofacial mechanical allodynia. However, how C1q-induced phenotypic alterations in Vc astrocytes are involved in orofacial pain remains to be elucidated. Intracisternal administration of C1q caused mechanical allodynia in the whisker pad skin and concurrent significant upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 in the Vc. Immunohistochemical analyses clarified that C1q induces a significant increase in the cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β, predominantly in Vc astrocytes and partially in Vc microglia. The number of c-Fos-positive neurons in the Vc increased significantly in response to C1q. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was used to analyze the involvement of IL-1β in C1q-induced mechanical allodynia. Intracisternal administration of IL-1Ra ameliorated C1q-induced orofacial mechanical allodynia. The present findings suggest that IL-1β released from activated astrocytes and microglia in the Vc mediates C1q-induced orofacial pain.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hashimoto S, Matsuba Y, Takahashi M, Kamano N, Watamura N, Sasaguri H, Takado Y, Yoshihara Y, Saito T, Saido TC. Neuronal glutathione loss leads to neurodegeneration involving gasdermin activation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1109. [PMID: 36670138 PMCID: PMC9859798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that glutathione loss is closely associated with the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we found that the neuronal conditional-knockout (KO) of glutamyl-cysteine-ligase catalytic-subunit (GCLC), a rate-limiting enzyme for glutathione synthesis, induced brain atrophy accompanied by neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. GCLC-KO mice showed activation of C1q, which triggers engulfment of neurons by microglia, and disease-associated-microglia (DAM), suggesting that activation of microglia is linked to the neuronal loss. Furthermore, gasdermins, which regulate inflammatory form of cell death, were upregulated in the brains of GCLC-KO mice, suggesting the contribution of pyroptosis to neuronal cell death in these animals. In particular, GSDME-deficiency significantly attenuated the hippocampal atrophy and changed levels of DAM markers in GCLC-KO mice. Finally, we found that the expression of GCLC was decreased around amyloid plaques in AppNL-G-F AD model mice. AppNL-G-F mouse also exhibited inflammatory events similar to GCLC-KO mouse. We propose a mechanism by which a vicious cycle of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation enhances neurodegenerative processes. Furthermore, GCLC-KO mouse will serve as a useful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and in the development of new treatment strategies to address neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Pioneering Research Division, Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mika Takahashi
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoko Kamano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoto Watamura
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaguri
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Dementia Pathophysiology Collaboration Unit, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kemper C, Ferreira VP, Paz JT, Holers VM, Lionakis MS, Alexander JJ. Complement: The Road Less Traveled. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:119-125. [PMID: 36596217 PMCID: PMC10038130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The complement field has recently experienced a strong resurgence of interest because of the unexpected discovery of new complement functions extending complement's role beyond immunity and pathogen clearance, a growing list of diseases in which complement plays a role, and the proliferation of complement therapeutics. Importantly, although the majority of complement components in the circulation are generated by the liver and activated extracellularly, complement activation unexpectedly also occurs intracellularly across a broad range of cells. Such cell-autonomous complement activation can engage intracellular complement receptors, which then drive noncanonical cell-specific effector functions. Thus, much remains to be discovered about complement biology. In this brief review, we focus on novel noncanonical activities of complement in its "classic areas of operation" (kidney and brain biology, infection, and autoimmunity), with an outlook on the next generation of complement-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH
| | - Jeanne T Paz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco CA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
van Erp IAM, Michailidou I, van Essen TA, van der Jagt M, Moojen W, Peul WC, Baas F, Fluiter K. Tackling Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury: Complement Inhibition as a Therapy for Secondary Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:284-303. [PMID: 36222978 PMCID: PMC10119357 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality, sensorimotor morbidity, and neurocognitive disability. Neuroinflammation is one of the key drivers causing secondary brain injury after TBI. Therefore, attenuation of the inflammatory response is a potential therapeutic goal. This review summarizes the most important neuroinflammatory pathophysiology resulting from TBI and the clinical trials performed to attenuate neuroinflammation. Studies show that non-selective attenuation of the inflammatory response, in the early phase after TBI, might be detrimental and that there is a gap in the literature regarding pharmacological trials targeting specific pathways. The complement system and its crosstalk with the coagulation system play an important role in the pathophysiology of secondary brain injury after TBI. Therefore, regaining control over the complement cascades by inhibiting overshooting activation might constitute useful therapy. Activation of the complement cascade is an early component of neuroinflammation, making it a potential target to mitigate neuroinflammation in TBI. Therefore, we have described pathophysiological aspects of complement inhibition and summarized animal studies targeting the complement system in TBI. We also present the first clinical trial aimed at inhibition of complement activation in the early days after brain injury to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality following severe TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge A M van Erp
- University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and HaGa Hospital, Leiden and The Hague, Albinusdreef 2, J-11-R-83, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Iliana Michailidou
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A van Essen
- University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and HaGa Hospital, Leiden and The Hague, Albinusdreef 2, J-11-R-83, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu van der Jagt
- Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Moojen
- University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and HaGa Hospital, Leiden and The Hague, Albinusdreef 2, J-11-R-83, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C Peul
- University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and HaGa Hospital, Leiden and The Hague, Albinusdreef 2, J-11-R-83, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Fluiter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kikutani K, Hosokawa K, Giga H, Ota K, Matsumata M, Zhu M, Takemoto H, Ji B, Ohshimo S, Shime N, Aizawa H. GENETIC DELETION OF TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN EXACERBATES POST-SEPSIS SYNDROME WITH ACTIVATION OF THE C1Q PATHWAY IN SEPTIC MOUSE MODEL. Shock 2023; 59:82-90. [PMID: 36703279 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Significant numbers of patients who survive sepsis exhibit psychiatric and cognitive impairments, termed post-sepsis syndrome. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology is essential to develop effective therapies. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a multifaceted mitochondrial protein implicated in inflammation, oxidative stress, and steroidogenesis in the central nervous system. Despite accumulated evidence demonstrating TSPO is a biomarker in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, the role of this protein in post-sepsis syndrome remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TSPO in the long-term impairment of mouse behavior associated with psychiatric and cognitive impairments following sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. Animals were divided into three groups: (i) wild type (WT) + sham, (ii) WT + CLP, and (iii) TSPO knock out + CLP. Survival rate and body weight change were assessed up to 17 days after surgeries. Then, we also assessed anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, cognitive function, locomotor activity, and forelimb muscle strength in surviving mice by elevated plus maze, tail suspension test, y-maze, open field test, and grip strength test, respectively. Deletion of the TSPO gene led to high mortality and prolonged weight loss and exacerbated anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior with cognitive impairment 17 days after, but not before, CLP surgery. RNA-seq analysis of the hippocampus revealed the upregulation of genes (C1qb, C1qc, and Tyrobp) in C1q complement pathways correlated significantly with anxiety-like behavior that appeared long after CLP surgery. The expressions of these genes predicted other behavioral traits, including depressive-like behavior in the tail suspension test and grip power impairment, supporting the role of the C1q pathway in post-sepsis syndrome. Because the C1q pathway has recently attracted interest as a tag for pathological synaptic elimination, the current study suggests the C1q pathway is involved in the psychiatric and cognitive impairments observed in post-sepsis syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Hosokawa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kohei Ota
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Miho Matsumata
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Meina Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinichiro Ohshimo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shime
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang W, Chen Y, Pei H. C1q and central nervous system disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145649. [PMID: 37033981 PMCID: PMC10076750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
C1q is a crucial component of the complement system, which is activated through the classical pathway to perform non-specific immune functions, serving as the first line of defense against pathogens. C1q can also bind to specific receptors to carry out immune and other functions, playing a vital role in maintaining immune homeostasis and normal physiological functions. In the developing central nervous system (CNS), C1q functions in synapse formation and pruning, serving as a key player in the development and homeostasis of neuronal networks in the CNS. C1q has a close relationship with microglia and astrocytes, and under their influence, C1q may contribute to the development of CNS disorders. Furthermore, C1q can also have independent effects on neurological disorders, producing either beneficial or detrimental outcomes. Most of the evidence for these functions comes from animal models, with some also from human specimen studies. C1q is now emerging as a promising target for the treatment of a variety of diseases, and clinical trials are already underway for CNS disorders. This article highlights the role of C1q in CNS diseases, offering new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of General Practice, Xingyang Sishui Central Health Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Pei,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The differences in serum C1q levels between first-episode patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. J Psychosom Res 2022; 162:111042. [PMID: 36156342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at exploring the changes of serum complement C1q levels in patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) using a cross-sectional design, and the differences between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and BD. Moreover, the correlation between complement C1q and bech-rafaelsdn mania rating scales (BRMS) in patients with MDD and BD was assessed. METHODS Serum complement C1q levels were measured by ADVIA 2400 biochemical analyser in 104 patients with MDD, 71 patients with BD type I and 42 patients with BD type II diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorder 5 (DSM-5). Then simple and multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted between the level of serum C1q and BRMS among patients with BD. RESULTS The serum complement C1q levels were higher in BD type I than BD type II (P < 0.001); Serum complement C1q levels were higher in MDD than BD type II (P < 0.001). We discovered that there was a positive correlation relationship between serum complement C1q levels and BRMS in BD type I (r = 0.756, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We confirmed that serum complement C1q levels were higher in patients with BD type II than in MDD patients. These current results support the view that the complement C1q may play an important role in the pathophysiology of BD. Serum complement C1q was strongly associated with BD and is worth investigating in future studies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Linzey M, DiSano K, Welsh N, Pachner A, Gilli F. Divergent complement system activation in two clinically distinct murine models of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:924734. [PMID: 35958570 PMCID: PMC9360327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.924734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease featuring neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in young adults. So far, most research has focused on the peripheral immune system, which appears to be the driver of acute relapses. Concurrently, the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in the progressive forms of the disease remain unclear. The complement system, a molecular component of the innate immunity, has been recently implicated in several neurological disorders, including MS. However, it is still unknown if the complement proteins detected in the central nervous system (CNS) are actively involved in perpetuating chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. To address this knowledge gap, we compared two clinically distinct mouse models of MS: 1) proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) resembling a relapsing-remitting disease course, and 2) Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) resembling a progressive disease. Real-time PCR was performed in the spinal cord of rEAE mice, TMEV-IDD mice and age-matched sham controls to quantify gene expression for a broad range of complement components. In both experimental models, we found significantly increased expression of complement factors, such as C1q, C3, CfB, and C3aR. We showed that the complement system, specifically the classical complement pathway, was associated with TMEV-IDD pathogenesis, as the expression of C1q, C3 and C3aR1 were all significantly correlated to a worse disease outcome (all P≤0.0168). In line with this finding, C1q and C3 deposition was observed in the spinal cord of TMEV-IDD mice. Furthermore, C1q deposition was detected in spinal cord regions characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. Conversely, activation of the classical complement cascade seemed to result in protection from rEAE (C1q: P=0.0307). Interestingly, the alternative pathway related to a worse disease outcome in rEAE (CFb: P=0.0006). Overall, these results indicate potential divergent roles for the complement system in MS. The chronic-progressive disease form is more reliant on the activation of the classic complement pathway, while protecting from acute relapses. Conversely, relapsing MS appears more likely affected by the alternative pathway. Understanding the functions of the complement system in MS is critical and can lead to better, more targeted therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linzey
- Department of Neurology at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael Linzey,
| | - Krista DiSano
- Department of Neurology at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States
| | - Nora Welsh
- Department of Neurology at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Andrew Pachner
- Department of Neurology at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Integrative Neuroscience at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Z, Wu X, Yan T, Liu M, Yu W, Du Q, Hu W, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Wang K, Dong X. Elevated Plasma Complement C1q Levels Contribute to a Poor Prognosis After Acute Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920754. [PMID: 35812425 PMCID: PMC9259799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The complement cascade is activated early following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and causes acute brain injury. We intended to explore the effects of plasma complement component 1q (C1q) levels on hemorrhagic severity and functional outcome in ICH patients. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we measured the plasma C1q levels of 101 ICH patients and 101 healthy controls. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and hematoma volume were used to assess the ICH severity. Poor prognosis was referred to as a Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score of 1-3 at three months following a stroke. A multivariate logistic regression model was configured to determine the independent relation of plasma C1q levels to severity and poor prognosis. Under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, prognostic capability of plasma C1q levels was evaluated. Results There was a significant elevation of plasma C1q levels in patients, as compared to controls [median (percentiles 25th-75th), 225.04 mg/l (156.10-280.15 mg/l) versus 88.18 mg/l (70.12-117.69 mg/l); P<0.001]. Plasma C1q levels of patients were independently related to GCS score (t =-3.281, P=0.001) and hematoma volume (t = 2.401, P=0.018), and were highly correlated with the GOS score at 3 months post-stroke (r=-0.658, P<0.001). Plasma C1q levels were obviously higher in poor prognosis patients than in other remainders (median percentiles 25th-75th), 278.40 mg/l (213.81-340.05 mg/l) versus 174.69 mg/l (141.21-239.93 mg/l); P<0.001). Under the ROC curve, plasma C1q levels significantly discriminated the development of poor prognosis (area under ROC curve 0.795; 95% confidence interval, 0.703–0.869; P<0.001). Using maximum Youden method, plasma C1q levels > 270.11 mg/l distinguished patients at risk of poor prognosis at 3 months with 56.52% sensitivity and 94.55% specificity. Meanwhile, the prognostic predictive ability of plasma C1q levels was equivalent to those of GCS score and hematoma volume (both P>0.05). Moreover, plasma C1q levels > 270.11 mg/l independently predicted a poor prognosis at 3 months (odds ratio, 4.821; 95% confidence interval, 1.211-19.200; P=0.026). Conclusion Plasma C1q levels are closely related to the illness severity and poor prognosis of ICH at 3 months. Hence, complement C1q may play an important role in acute brain injury after ICH and plasma C1q may represent a promising prognostic predictor of ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zefan Wang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Yan
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongke Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuyong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keyi Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqiao Dong,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Weiss F, Labrador-Garrido A, Dzamko N, Halliday G. Immune responses in the Parkrtdinson's disease brain. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
19
|
Yuan T, Orock A, Greenwood-VanMeerveld B. An enriched environment reduces chronic stress-induced visceral pain through modulating microglial activity in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G223-G233. [PMID: 34877892 PMCID: PMC8793868 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00307.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) improves the quality of life for patients with brain-gut disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms of CBT remain to be explored. Previously, we showed that environmental enrichment (EE), an experimental paradigm that mirrors positive behavioral intervention, ameliorates chronic stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in a rodent model via mechanisms involving altered activity in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA). In the present study, we investigated whether microglia-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CeA is a potential mechanism underlying the protective effects of EE against stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. We stereotaxically implanted corticosterone (CORT) micropellets onto the dorsal margin of the CeA shown previously to induce colonic hypersensitivity. Animals were housed in EE cages or standard cages for 14 days after CORT implantation. Visceral sensitivity was assessed via visceromotor behavioral response to colorectal distension. Microglial morphology, microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment, and the expression of synaptic pruning-related signals complement component 1q (C1q), complement component 3 (C3), and C3 receptor (C3R) were measured using immunofluorescence and RNAscope assay. We found that housing CORT implanted rats in EE cages for 14 days attenuated visceral hypersensitivity in both male and female rats as compared with control rats maintained in standard housing. EE reduced CORT-induced microglial remodeling and microglia-mediated synaptic pruning with reduced C1q and CR3, but not C3, expression. Our data suggest that exposure to EE is sufficient to ameliorate stress-induced visceral pain via reducing amygdala microglia-modulated neuronal plasticity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Clinical studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in ameliorating visceral pain in patient with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. By using environmental enrichment (EE), an experimental paradigm that mirrors positive behavioral intervention, we demonstrated that microglia-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CeA explains, plays a role, at least in part, in the positive effects of EE to reduce visceral hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yuan
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Albert Orock
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Beverley Greenwood-VanMeerveld
- 1Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,2Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang M, Kang L, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Lu Y, Kang L. Microglia in motor neuron disease: Signaling evidence from last 10 years. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:625-638. [PMID: 36309345 PMCID: PMC9828749 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron disease (MND), including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and others, involved the upper or lower motor neurons selective loss, is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, in conjunction with microglia. We summarized that pathways and key mediators are associated with microglia, such as fractalkine signaling, purinergic signaling, NF-κB signaling, p38 MAPK signaling, TREM2-APOE signaling, ROCK signaling, C1q signaling, and Ion channel, which are involved in the activation, proliferation, and inflammation of microglia. This review aims to identify the microglia-related molecular target and explore potential treatment strategies for MND based on that target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Jia Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Kang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yao‐Zheng Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bi‐Ru Yang
- Department of Postpartum RehabilitationSichuan Jinxin Women & Children HospitalChengduChina
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yu‐Feng Lu
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liang Kang
- Institute of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sports UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yan XJ, Li YB, Liu W, Wu HY, Yu GF. Elevated Serum Complement C1q Levels After Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Association with Poor Prognosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:47-55. [PMID: 35035218 PMCID: PMC8754467 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s348682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complement C1q is implicated in neuroinflammation. We intended to discern the relationship between serum C1q levels and severity in addition to prognosis following traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS In this prospective, observational study, serum C1q levels were quantified in 188 TBI patients and 188 healthy controls. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Rotterdam computed tomography (CT) classification were used as clinical and radiological indicators of severity. Patients with extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE) score of 1-4 at 6 months after trauma were considered to have a poor outcome. Multiple logistic regression model was built to ascertain the independent association of serum C1q levels with 6-month poor outcome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was configured for analysis of prognostic capability with respect to serum C1q levels. RESULTS TBI patients exhibited substantially higher serum C1q levels than controls (median, 223.9 mg/l versus 75.4 mg/l). Serum C1q levels of patients were tightly correlated with GCS score (r = -0.671), Rotterdam CT classification (r = 0.604) and GOSE score (r = -0.581). An area under the ROC curve was yielded of 0.793 (95% confidence interval = 0.728-0.849), and serum C1q levels above 345.5 mg/l discriminated the risk of 6-month poor outcome with 59.6% sensitivity and 92.6% specificity. Serum C1q levels above 345.5 mg/l retained as an independent predictor for 6-month poor outcome with odds ratio of 4.922 (95% confidence interval = 1.552-15.606; P = 0.017). CONCLUSION Elevated serum C1q levels are closely correlated with traumatic severity and independently predicted the risk of long-term poor prognosis after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jiang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Yong Wu
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Feng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao Z, Zhang C, Feng Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Yang K, Chen L, Yao R. C1q inhibits differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation in a cuprizone-induced mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113947. [PMID: 34902359 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system demyelinating disease of autoimmune originate. Complement C1q, a complex glycoprotein, mediates a variety of immunoregulatory functions considered important in the prevention of autoimmunity. Although we found that the increased serum C1q level was highly associated with the Fazekas scores and T2 lesion volume of MS patients, the effect and mechanism of C1q on demyelination remains unclear. Cluster analysis and protein array results showed that serum Wnt receptors Frizzled-6 and LRP-6 levels in MS patients were both increased, we proposed that C1q may be involved in demyelination via Wnt signaling. The increased C1q protein levels in the serum and brain tissue were confirmed in a cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination mice model. Moreover, CPZ treatment induced significant increase of LRP-6 and Frizzled-6 protein in mice corpus callosum. LRP-6 extra-cellular domain (LRP-6-ECD) level in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of CPZ mice also significantly increased. Knockdown of the subunit C1s of C1 not only substantially attenuated demyelination, promoted M2 microglia polarization and improved neurological function, but inhibited β-catenin expression and its nuclear translocation in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). In vitro, C1s silence reversed the increased level of LRP-6-ECD in the medium and β-catenin expression in OPCs induced by C1q treatment. Meanwhile, inhibition of C1s also markedly lowered the number of EDU positive OPCs, but enhanced the number of CNPase positive oligodendrocyte and the protein of MBP. The present study indicated that C1q was involved in demyelination in response to CPZ in mice by preventing OPC from differentiating into mature oligodendrocyte via Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Zhaowei Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Yaru Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sapio MR, Kim JJ, Loydpierson AJ, Maric D, Goto T, Vazquez FA, Dougherty MK, Narasimhan R, Muhly WT, Iadarola MJ, Mannes AJ. The Persistent Pain Transcriptome: Identification of Cells and Molecules Activated by Hyperalgesia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1146-1179. [PMID: 33892151 PMCID: PMC9441406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During persistent pain, the dorsal spinal cord responds to painful inputs from the site of injury, but the molecular modulatory processes have not been comprehensively examined. Using transcriptomics and multiplex in situ hybridization, we identified the most highly regulated receptors and signaling molecules in rat dorsal spinal cord in peripheral inflammatory and post-surgical incisional pain models. We examined a time course of the response including acute (2 hours) and longer term (2 day) time points after peripheral injury representing the early onset and instantiation of hyperalgesic processes. From this analysis, we identify a key population of superficial dorsal spinal cord neurons marked by somatotopic upregulation of the opioid neuropeptide precursor prodynorphin, and 2 receptors: the neurokinin 1 receptor, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. These alterations occur specifically in the glutamatergic subpopulation of superficial dynorphinergic neurons. In addition to specific neuronal gene regulation, both models showed induction of broad transcriptional signatures for tissue remodeling, synaptic rearrangement, and immune signaling defined by complement and interferon induction. These signatures were predominantly induced ipsilateral to tissue injury, implying linkage to primary afferent drive. We present a comprehensive set of gene regulatory events across 2 models that can be targeted for the development of non-opioid analgesics. PERSPECTIVE: The deadly impact of the opioid crisis and the need to replace morphine and other opioids in clinical practice is well recognized. Embedded within this research is an overarching goal of obtaining foundational knowledge from transcriptomics to search for non-opioid analgesic targets. Developing such analgesics would address unmet clinical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sapio
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jenny J Kim
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amelia J Loydpierson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Taichi Goto
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institute of Nursing Research, Symptom Management Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Overseas Research Fellowship, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fernando A Vazquez
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary K Dougherty
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Radhika Narasimhan
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wallis T Muhly
- National Institute of Nursing Research, Symptom Management Branch, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Iadarola
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Andrew J Mannes
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schulz M, Sevenich L. TAMs in Brain Metastasis: Molecular Signatures in Mouse and Man. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716504. [PMID: 34539650 PMCID: PMC8447936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages not only represent an integral part of innate immunity but also critically contribute to tissue and organ homeostasis. Moreover, disease progression is accompanied by macrophage accumulation in many cancer types and is often associated with poor prognosis and therapy resistance. Given their critical role in modulating tumor immunity in primary and metastatic brain cancers, macrophages are emerging as promising therapeutic targets. Different types of macrophages infiltrate brain cancers, including (i) CNS resident macrophages that comprise microglia (TAM-MG) as well as border-associated macrophages and (ii) monocyte-derived macrophages (TAM-MDM) that are recruited from the periphery. Controversy remained about their disease-associated functions since classical approaches did not reliably distinguish between macrophage subpopulations. Recent conceptual and technological advances, such as large-scale omic approaches, provided new insight into molecular profiles of TAMs based on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize insight from recent studies highlighting similarities and differences of TAM-MG and TAM-MDM at the molecular level. We will focus on data obtained from RNA sequencing and mass cytometry approaches. Together, this knowledge significantly contributes to our understanding of transcriptional and translational programs that define disease-associated TAM functions. Cross-species meta-analyses will further help to evaluate the translational significance of preclinical findings as part of the effort to identify candidates for macrophage-targeted therapy against brain metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Complement Component C1q as a Potential Diagnostic Tool for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Subtyping. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184171. [PMID: 34575280 PMCID: PMC8467657 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine blood analytics are systematically used in the clinic to diagnose disease or confirm individuals' healthy status. For myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), a disease relying exclusively on clinical symptoms for its diagnosis, blood analytics only serve to rule out underlying conditions leading to exerting fatigue. However, studies evaluating complete and large blood datasets by combinatorial approaches to evidence ME/CFS condition or detect/identify case subgroups are still scarce. METHODS This study used unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis of a large cohort of 250 carefully phenotyped female ME/CFS cases toward exploring this possibility. RESULTS The results show three symptom-based clusters, classified as severe, moderate, and mild, presenting significant differences (p < 0.05) in five blood parameters. Unexpectedly the study also revealed high levels of circulating complement factor C1q in 107/250 (43%) of the participants, placing C1q as a key molecule to identify an ME/CFS subtype/subgroup with more apparent pain symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained have important implications for the research of ME/CFS etiology and, most likely, for the implementation of future diagnosis methods and treatments of ME/CFS in the clinic.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yuan T, Orock A, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Amygdala microglia modify neuronal plasticity via complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling and contribute to visceral pain in a rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G1081-G1092. [PMID: 33949202 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stress can trigger symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previously we demonstrated that chronic psychological stress induced microglial remodeling in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) and contributed to the development of visceral hypersensitivity via synaptic engulfment. However, the specific signaling mechanisms that microglia depend upon to recognize target neurons to facilitate visceral pain remain unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that the microglia in the CeA contribute to chronic stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity via complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling-mediated synaptic remodeling. In male and female Fischer-344 rats, micropellets of corticosterone (CORT) or cholesterol (control) were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally onto the CeA. After 7 days, microglial C1q, complement receptor 3 (CR3) expression, and microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment were assessed via RNAscope, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence. The microglial inhibitor minocycline, CR3 antagonist neutrophil inhibitory factor (NIF), or vehicle were daily infused into the CeA following CORT implantations. Visceral sensitivity was assessed via a visceromotor response (VMR) to graded pressures of isobaric colorectal distension (CRD). Our results suggest that chronic exposure to elevated CORT in the CeA induced visceral hypersensitivity and amygdala microglial morphological remodeling. CORT increased microglial C1q and CR3 expression and increased microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment. Both groups of animals with minocycline or NIF infusions reversed microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling and attenuated CORT-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that C1q/C3-CR3 signaling is critical for microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling in the CeA and contributes to CORT-induced visceral hypersensitivity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) show altered amygdala activity. We showed previously that stress induces visceral hypersensitivity partially through microglia-modulated synaptic plasticity in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Our current data suggest that the C1q/C3-CR3 cascade initiates microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling in the CeA. Blocking C3-CR3 interaction attenuates stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. These findings uncover a role of microglia-synapse signaling in the brain-gut regulation and support a future therapeutic target to treat visceral pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yuan
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Albert Orock
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Seet D, Allameen NA, Tay SH, Cho J, Mak A. Cognitive Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Immunopathology, Clinical Manifestations, Neuroimaging and Management. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 8:651-679. [PMID: 33993432 PMCID: PMC8217391 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a common yet often clinically subtle manifestation that considerably impacts the health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE). Given the inconsistencies in CD assessment and challenges in its attribution to SLE, the reported prevalence of CD differs widely, ranging from 3 to 88%. The clinical presentation of CD in SLE is non-specific and may manifest concurrently with overt neuropsychiatric illness such as psychosis or mood disorders or as isolated impairment of attention, working memory, executive dysfunction or processing speed. Despite the lack of standardized and sensitive neuropsychological tests and validated diagnostic biomarkers of CD in SLE, significant progress has been made in identifying pathogenic neural pathways and neuroimaging. Furthermore, several autoantibodies, cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators and metabolic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CD in SLE. Abrogation of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and ensuing autoantibody-mediated neurotoxicity, complement and microglial activation remains the widely accepted mechanism of SLE-related CD. Although several functional neuroimaging modalities have consistently demonstrated abnormalities that correlate with CD in SLE patients, a consensus remains to be reached as to their clinical utility in diagnosing CD. Given the multifactorial aetiology of CD, a multi-domain interventional approach that addresses the risk factors and disease mechanisms of CD in a concurrent fashion is the favourable therapeutic direction. While cognitive rehabilitation and exercise training remain important, specific pharmacological agents that target microglial activation and maintain the BBB integrity are potential candidates for the treatment of SLE-related CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Seet
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Nur Azizah Allameen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Sen Hee Tay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiacai Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fairley LH, Sahara N, Aoki I, Ji B, Suhara T, Higuchi M, Barron AM. Neuroprotective effect of mitochondrial translocator protein ligand in a mouse model of tauopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:76. [PMID: 33740987 PMCID: PMC7980620 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The translocator protein (TSPO) has been identified as a positron emission tomography (PET)-visible biomarker of inflammation and promising immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While TSPO ligands have been shown to reduce the accumulation of the toxic Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid peptide, their effect on tau pathology has not yet been investigated. To address this, we analyzed the effects of TSPO ligand, Ro5-4864, on the progression of neuropathology in rTg4510 tau transgenic mice (TauTg). Methods Brain atrophy, tau accumulation, and neuroinflammation were assessed longitudinally using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging, tau-PET, and TSPO-PET, respectively. In vivo neuroimaging results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry for markers of neuronal survival (NeuN), tauopathy (AT8), and inflammation (TSPO, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 or IBA-1, and complement component 1q or C1q) in brain sections from scanned mice. Results TSPO ligand treatment attenuated brain atrophy and hippocampal neuronal loss in the absence of any detected effect on tau depositions. Atrophy and neuronal loss were strongly associated with in vivo inflammatory signals measured by TSPO-PET, IBA-1, and levels of C1q, a regulator of the complement cascade. In vitro studies confirmed that the TSPO ligand Ro5-4864 reduces C1q expression in a microglial cell line in response to inflammation, reduction of which has been shown in previous studies to protect synapses and neurons in models of tauopathy. Conclusions These findings support a protective role for TSPO ligands in tauopathy, reducing neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and brain atrophy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02122-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H Fairley
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba City, Chiba Province, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba City, Chiba Province, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bin Ji
- National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba City, Chiba Province, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba City, Chiba Province, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba City, Chiba Province, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Anna M Barron
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba City, Chiba Province, 263-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Baidya F, Bohra M, Datta A, Sarmah D, Shah B, Jagtap P, Raut S, Sarkar A, Singh U, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Neuroimmune crosstalk and evolving pharmacotherapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2021; 162:160-178. [PMID: 32939758 PMCID: PMC7808166 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by gradual onset and limited availability of specific biomarkers. Apart from various aetiologies such as infection, trauma, genetic mutation, the interaction between the immune system and CNS is widely associated with neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases. The immune system plays a distinct role in disease progression and cellular homeostasis. It induces cellular and humoral responses, and enables tissue repair, cellular healing and clearance of cellular detritus. Aberrant and chronic activation of the immune system can damage healthy neurons. The pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by chief innate immune components, the complement system, microglia and inflammasome can augment cytotoxicity. Furthermore, these inflammatory mediators accelerate microglial activation resulting in progressive neuronal loss. Various animal studies have been carried out to unravel the complex pathology and ascertain biomarkers for these harmful diseases, but have had limited success. The present review will provide a thorough understanding of microglial activation, complement system and inflammasome generation, which lead the healthy brain towards neurodegeneration. In addition to this, possible targets of immune components to confer a strategic treatment regime for the alleviation of neuronal damage are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Baidya
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Mariya Bohra
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Birva Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Priya Jagtap
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Swapnil Raut
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Ankan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Upasna Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and BioinformaticsAssam UniversitySilcharAssamIndia
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Clark I, Vissel B. Broader Insights into Understanding Tumor Necrosis Factor and Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis Infer New Therapeutic Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:931-948. [PMID: 33459706 PMCID: PMC7990436 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), with its now appreciated key roles in neurophysiology as well as neuropathophysiology, are sufficiently well-documented to be useful tools for enquiry into the natural history of neurodegenerative diseases. We review the broader literature on TNF to rationalize why abruptly-acquired neurodegenerative states do not exhibit the remorseless clinical progression seen in those states with gradual onsets. We propose that the three typically non-worsening neurodegenerative syndromes, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), and post cardiac arrest, usually become and remain static because of excess cerebral TNF induced by the initial dramatic peak keeping microglia chronically activated through an autocrine loop of microglial activation through excess cerebral TNF. The existence of this autocrine loop rationalizes post-damage repair with perispinal etanercept and proposes a treatment for cerebral aspects of COVID-19 chronicity. Another insufficiently considered aspect of cerebral proinflammatory cytokines is the fitness of the endogenous cerebral anti-TNF system provided by norepinephrine (NE), generated and distributed throughout the brain from the locus coeruleus (LC). We propose that an intact LC, and therefore an intact NE-mediated endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system, plus the DAMP (damage or danger-associated molecular pattern) input having diminished, is what allows post-stroke, post-TBI, and post cardiac arrest patients a strong long-term survival advantage over Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease sufferers. In contrast, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients remorselessly worsen, being handicapped by sustained, accumulating, DAMP and PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) input, as well as loss of the LC-origin, NE-mediated, endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system. Adrenergic receptor agonists may counter this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - B. Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Initiators of Classical and Lectin Complement Pathways Are Differently Engaged after Traumatic Brain Injury-Time-Dependent Changes in the Cortex, Striatum, Thalamus and Hippocampus in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010045. [PMID: 33375205 PMCID: PMC7793095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is involved in promoting secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the roles of the classical and lectin pathways leading to complement activation need to be clarified. To this end, we aimed to determine the ability of the brain to activate the synthesis of classical and lectin pathway initiators in response to TBI and to examine their expression in primary microglial cell cultures. We have modeled TBI in mice by controlled cortical impact (CCI), a clinically relevant experimental model. Using Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) we analyzed the expression of initiators of classical the complement component 1q, 1r and 1s (C1q, C1r, and C1s) and lectin (mannose binding lectin A, mannose binding lectin C, collectin 11, ficolin A, and ficolin B) complement pathways and other cellular markers in four brain areas (cortex, striatum, thalamus and hippocampus) of mice exposed to CCI from 24 h and up to 5 weeks. In all murine ipsilateral brain structures assessed, we detected long-lasting, time- and area-dependent significant increases in the mRNA levels of all classical (C1q, C1s, C1r) and some lectin (collectin 11, ficolin A, ficolin B) initiator molecules after TBI. In parallel, we observed significantly enhanced expression of cellular markers for neutrophils (Cd177), T cells (Cd8), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein—GFAP), microglia/macrophages (allograft inflammatory factor 1—IBA-1), and microglia (transmembrane protein 119—TMEM119); moreover, we detected astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia/macrophages (IBA-1) protein level strong upregulation in all analyzed brain areas. Further, the results obtained in primary microglial cell cultures suggested that these cells may be largely responsible for the biosynthesis of classical pathway initiators. However, microglia are unlikely to be responsible for the production of the lectin pathway initiators. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that at the site of brain injury, the C1q is localized in microglia/macrophages and neurons but not in astroglial cells. In sum, the brain strongly reacts to TBI by activating the local synthesis of classical and lectin complement pathway activators. Thus, the brain responds to TBI with a strong, widespread and persistent upregulation of complement components, the targeting of which may provide protection in TBI.
Collapse
|
32
|
Propson NE, Gedam M, Zheng H. Complement in Neurologic Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 16:277-298. [PMID: 33234021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031620-113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classic innate immune signaling pathways provide most of the immune response in the brain. This response activates many of the canonical signaling mechanisms identified in peripheral immune cells, despite their relative absence in this immune-privileged tissue. Studies over the past decade have strongly linked complement protein production and activation to age-related functional changes and neurodegeneration. The reactivation of the complement signaling pathway in aging and disease has opened new avenues for understanding brain aging and neurological disease pathogenesis and has implicated cell types such as astrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and even peripheral immune cells in these processes. In this review, we aim to unravel the past decade of research related to complement activation and its numerous consequences in aging and neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Manasee Gedam
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Popiolek-Barczyk K, Ciechanowska A, Ciapała K, Pawlik K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, De Simoni MG, Mika J. The CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway is substantially and persistently upregulated in mice after traumatic brain injury, and CCL2 modulates the complement system in microglia. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 54:101671. [PMID: 33160071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in the global population. Disturbed inflammatory processes after TBI exacerbate secondary brain injury and contribute to unfavorable outcomes. Multiple inflammatory events that accompany brain trauma, such as glial activation, chemokine release, or the initiation of the complement system cascade, have been identified as potential targets for TBI treatment. However, the participation of chemokines in the complement activation remains unknown. Our studies sought to determine the changes in the expression of the molecules involved in the CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway in the injured brain and the effect of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 (10, 100, and 500 ng/mL) on the classic and lectin complement pathways and inflammatory factors in microglial cell cultures. Brain injury in mice was modeled by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Our findings indicate a time-dependent upregulation of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 at the mRNA and protein levels within the cortex, striatum, and/or thalamus beginning 24 h after the trauma. The analysis of the expression of the receptor of the tested chemokines, CCR2, revealed its substantial upregulation within the injured brain areas mainly on the mRNA level. Using primary cortical microglial cell cultures, we observed a substantial increase in the expression of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 after 24 h of LPS (100 ng/mL) treatment. CCL2 stimulation of microglia increased the level of IL-1β mRNA but did not influence the expression of IL-18, IL-6, and IL-10. Moreover, CCL2 significantly increased the expression of Iba1, a marker of microglia activation. CCL2 and CCL12 upregulated the expression of C1qa but did not influence the expression of C1ra and C1s1 (classical pathway); moreover, CCL2 increased ficolin A expression and reduced collectin 11 expression (lectin pathway). Additionally, we observed the downregulation of pentraxin 3, a modulator of the complement cascade, after CCL2 and CCL12 treatment. We did not detect the expression of ficolin B, Mbl1, and Mbl2 in microglial cells. Our data identify CCL2 as a modulator of the classical and lectin complement pathways suggesting that CCL2 may be a promising target for pharmacological intervention after brain injury. Moreover, our study provides evidence that CCL2 and two other CCR2 ligands may play a role in the development of changes in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mika
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Borucki DM, Toutonji A, Couch C, Mallah K, Rohrer B, Tomlinson S. Complement-Mediated Microglial Phagocytosis and Pathological Changes in the Development and Degeneration of the Visual System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566892. [PMID: 33072106 PMCID: PMC7541817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is the role of complement-mediated phagocytosis in retinal and neurological diseases affecting the visual system. Complement activation products opsonize synaptic material on neurons for phagocytic removal, which is a normal physiological process during development, but a pathological process in several neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. We discuss the role of complement in the refinement and elimination of synapses in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus, both during development and in disease states. How complement and aberrant phagocytosis promotes injury to the visual system is discussed primarily in the context of multiple sclerosis, where it has been extensively studied, although the role of complement in visual dysfunction in other diseases such as stroke and traumatic brain injury is also highlighted. Retinal diseases are also covered, with a focus on glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we discuss the potential of complement inhibitory strategies to treat diseases affecting the visual system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davis M. Borucki
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Amer Toutonji
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Christine Couch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Khalil Mallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Baerbel Rohrer
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen WT, Lu A, Craessaerts K, Pavie B, Sala Frigerio C, Corthout N, Qian X, Laláková J, Kühnemund M, Voytyuk I, Wolfs L, Mancuso R, Salta E, Balusu S, Snellinx A, Munck S, Jurek A, Fernandez Navarro J, Saido TC, Huitinga I, Lundeberg J, Fiers M, De Strooper B. Spatial Transcriptomics and In Situ Sequencing to Study Alzheimer's Disease. Cell 2020; 182:976-991.e19. [PMID: 32702314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although complex inflammatory-like alterations are observed around the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD), little is known about the molecular changes and cellular interactions that characterize this response. We investigate here, in an AD mouse model, the transcriptional changes occurring in tissue domains in a 100-μm diameter around amyloid plaques using spatial transcriptomics. We demonstrate early alterations in a gene co-expression network enriched for myelin and oligodendrocyte genes (OLIGs), whereas a multicellular gene co-expression network of plaque-induced genes (PIGs) involving the complement system, oxidative stress, lysosomes, and inflammation is prominent in the later phase of the disease. We confirm the majority of the observed alterations at the cellular level using in situ sequencing on mouse and human brain sections. Genome-wide spatial transcriptomics analysis provides an unprecedented approach to untangle the dysregulated cellular network in the vicinity of pathogenic hallmarks of AD and other brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chen
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ashley Lu
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katleen Craessaerts
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Pavie
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent 9052, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Carlo Sala Frigerio
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nikky Corthout
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent 9052, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Iryna Voytyuk
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Leen Wolfs
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Evgenia Salta
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sriram Balusu
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - An Snellinx
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent 9052, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Jurek
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm 17121, Sweden
| | - Jose Fernandez Navarro
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm 17121, Sweden
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105BA, the Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, the Netherlands
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Stockholm 17121, Sweden
| | - Mark Fiers
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven 3000, Belgium; UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Oxidative Stress-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Disruption in Neurological Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/4356386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), as a crucial gate of brain-blood molecular exchange, is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the scavenger system. Since oxidative stress plays a significant role in the production and maintenance of the BBB, the cerebrovascular system is especially vulnerable to it. The pathways that initiate BBB dysfunction include, but are not limited to, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, iron metabolism, cytokines, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, all converging on the generation of ROS. Interestingly, ROS also provide common triggers that directly regulate BBB damage, parameters including tight junction (TJ) modifications, transporters, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, inflammatory responses, and autophagy. We will discuss the role of oxidative stress-mediated BBB disruption in neurological diseases, such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke (IS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). This review will also discuss the latest clinical evidence of potential biomarkers and antioxidant drugs towards oxidative stress in neurological diseases. A deeper understanding of how oxidative stress damages BBB may open up more therapeutic options for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
37
|
Increased serum levels of complement C1q in major depressive disorder. J Psychosom Res 2020; 133:110105. [PMID: 32272297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is involved in multiple biological processes including inflammation, synaptic pruning, and apoptosis. However, it is not well understood whether peripheral complement C1q levels are altered in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at assessing serum levels of complement C1q in MDD patients using a cross-sectional, case-control design. Also, the correlations between complement C1q and inflammation and lipid profile in patients with MDD were also assessed. METHODS Serum complement C1q levels were measured by ADVIA 2400 biochemical analyzer in 160 patients with MDD diagnosed using International Classification of Diseases-10 criteria (ICD-10) and were compared with those of 159 healthy controls between January 2017 to May 2019. Then correlation analysis was carried out between the level of serum complement C1q among MDD patients with inflammation and lipid profile. RESULTS Serum complement C1q levels were higher in MDD patients than in controls (P < .0001) and the difference between the two groups was small (r = 0.239 [0.128 to 0.350]). We found that serum complement C1q concentrations was positively correlated with HAMD-24 score (r = 0.234, P = .003) and log hs-CRP (r = 0.334, P < .001). CONCLUSION We found serum complement C1q levels were significantly higher in MDD patients than in controls. The current results suggest that the dysfunction of complement C1q may be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lopez-Sanchez C, Garcia-Martinez V, Poejo J, Garcia-Lopez V, Salazar J, Gutierrez-Merino C. Early Reactive A1 Astrocytes Induction by the Neurotoxin 3-Nitropropionic Acid in Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103609. [PMID: 32443829 PMCID: PMC7279211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Nitropropionic acid (NPA) administration to rodents produces degeneration of the striatum, accompanied by neurological disturbances that mimic Huntington’s disease (HD) motor neurological dysfunctions. It has been shown that inflammation mediates NPA-induced brain degeneration, and activated microglia secreting cytokines interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) can induce a specific type of reactive neurotoxic astrocytes, named A1, which have been detected in post-mortem brain samples of Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases. In this work we used an experimental model based on the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of NPA to adult Wistar rats at doses that can elicit extensive brain degeneration, and brain samples were taken before and after extensive brain damage monitored using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Western blots and immunohistochemistry of brain slices show that i.p. NPA injections elicit significant increase in the expression levels of C3α subunit, a marker of generation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes, and of cytokines IL-1α, TNFα, and C1q within the striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum before the appearance of the HD-related neurological dysfunctions and neuronal death induced by NPA. Noteworthy, NPA administration primarily induces the generation of A1 astrocytes in the more recent phylogenetic area of the rat cerebellum. We conclude that the activation of complement C3 protein in the brain from Wistar rats is an early event in NPA-induced brain neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologias Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Departamento de Anatomia y Embriologia Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologias Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Departamento de Anatomia y Embriologia Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologias Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio Garcia-Lopez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologias Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Departamento de Anatomia y Embriologia Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Departamento de Enfermeria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jairo Salazar
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologias Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua-Leon, Leon 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologias Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (V.G.-M.); (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (J.S.); (C.G.-M.)
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biología Molecular y Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gambino CM, Sasso BL, Bivona G, Agnello L, Ciaccio M. Aging and Neuroinflammatory Disorders: New Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:4168-4174. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191112093034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
:
Chronic neuroinflammation is a common feature of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in various
neurodegenerative age-associated disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease,
and dementia.
:
In particular, persistent low-grade inflammation may disrupt the brain endothelial barrier and cause a significant
increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells into the cerebral tissue that, in turn, leads to microglia
dysfunction and loss of neuroprotective properties.
:
Nowadays, growing evidence highlights a strong association between persistent peripheral inflammation, as well
as metabolic alterations, and neurodegenerative disorder susceptibility. The identification of common pathways
involved in the development of these diseases, which modulate the signalling and immune response, is an important
goal of ongoing research.
:
The aim of this review is to elucidate which inflammation-related molecules are robustly associated with the risk
of neurodegenerative diseases. Of note, peripheral biomarkers may represent direct measures of pathophysiologic
processes common of aging and neuroinflammatory processes. In addition, molecular changes associated with the
neurodegenerative process might be present many decades before the disease onset. Therefore, the identification
of a comprehensive markers panel, closely related to neuroinflammation, could be helpful for the early diagnosis,
and the identification of therapeutic targets to counteract the underlying chronic inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina M. Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Agnello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cho K. Emerging Roles of Complement Protein C1q in Neurodegeneration. Aging Dis 2019; 10:652-663. [PMID: 31165008 PMCID: PMC6538225 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an ancient and primary component system that rapidly reacts to defend the body against external pathogens. C1 is the initial responder of classical pathway of the innate immune system. C1 is comprised of C1q, C1r, and C1s. Among them, C1q is known to interact with diverse ligands, which can perform various functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Because C1q participates in the clearance of pathogens, its interaction with novel receptors is expected to facilitate apoptosis induction, which could prevent the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases and could delay the aging process. Because senescence-associated secreting phenotype determinants are generally inflammatory cytokines or immune factors to activate immune cells. In the central nervous system, C1q has diverse neuroprotective roles against pathogens and inflammation. Most of neurodegenerative diseases show region specific pathology feature in the brain. It has been suggested the evidences that the active site and amount of C1q may be disease specific. This review considers currently the emerging and under-recognized roles of C1q in neurodegeneration and highlights the need for further research to clarify these roles. Future studies on the roles of C1q in regulating disease progression should consider these aspects, including the age-dependent onset time of each neurodegenerative disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungjoo Cho
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Andersen SL. Stress, sensitive periods, and substance abuse. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100140. [PMID: 30569003 PMCID: PMC6288983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the inter-relationship between drug abuse and social stress has primarily focused on the role of stress exposure during adulthood and more recently, adolescence. Adolescence is a time of heightened reward sensitivity, but it is also a time when earlier life experiences are expressed. Exposure to stress early in postnatal life is associated with an accelerated age of onset for drug use. Lifelong addiction is significantly greater if drug use is initiated during early adolescence. Understanding how developmental changes following stress exposure interact with sensitive periods to unfold over the course of maturation is integral to reducing their later impact on substance use. Arousal levels, gender/sex, inflammation, and the timing of stress exposure play a role in the vulnerability of these circuits. The current review focuses on how early postnatal stress impacts brain development during a sensitive period to increase externalizing and internalizing behaviors in adolescence that include social interactions (aggression; sexual activity), working memory impairment, and depression. How stress effects the developmental trajectories of brain circuits that are associated with addiction are discussed for both clinical and preclinical studies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kuehn S, Reinehr S, Stute G, Rodust C, Grotegut P, Hensel AT, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Interaction of complement system and microglia activation in retina and optic nerve in a NMDA damage model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 89:95-106. [PMID: 29738834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that intravitreally injected N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) leads to fast retina and optic nerve degeneration and can directly activate microglia. Here, we analyzed the relevance for microglia related degenerating factors, the proteins of the complement system, at a late stage in the NMDA damage model. Therefore, different doses of NMDA (0 (PBS), 20, 40, 80 nmol) were intravitreally injected in rat eyes. Proliferative and activated microglia/macrophages (MG/Mϕ) were found in retina and optic nerve 2 weeks after NMDA injection. All three complement pathway proteins were activated in retinas after 40 and 80 nmol NMDA treatment. 80 nmol NMDA injection also lead to more numerous depositions of complement factors C3 and membrane attack complex (MAC) in retina and MAC in optic nerve. Additionally, more MAC+ depositions were detected in optic nerves of the 40 nmol NMDA group. In this NMDA model, the retina is first affected followed by optic nerve damage. However, we found initiating complement processes in the retina, while more deposits of the terminal complex were present 2 weeks after NMDA injection in the optic nerve. The complement system can be activated in waves and possibly a second wave is still on-going in the retina, while the first activation wave is in the final phase in the optic nerve. Only the damaged tissues showed microglia activation as well as proliferation and an increase of complement proteins. Interestingly, the microglia/macrophages (MG/Mϕ) in this model were closely connected with the inductors of the classical and lectin pathway, but not with the alternative pathway. However, all three initiating complement pathways were upregulated in the retina. The alternative pathway seems to be triggered by other mechanisms in this NMDA model. Our study showed an ongoing interaction of microglia and complement proteins in a late stage of a degenerative process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Stute
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Cara Rodust
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pia Grotegut
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander-Tobias Hensel
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hammad A, Westacott L, Zaben M. The role of the complement system in traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 29357880 PMCID: PMC5778697 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of disability and mortality in the western world. While the initial injury sustained results in damage, it is the subsequent secondary cascade that is thought to be the significant determinant of subsequent outcomes. The changes associated with the secondary injury do not become irreversible until some time after the start of the cascade. This may present a window of opportunity for therapeutic interventions aiming to improve outcomes subsequent to TBI. A prominent contributor to the secondary injury is a multifaceted inflammatory reaction. The complement system plays a notable role in this inflammatory reaction; however, it has often been overlooked in the context of TBI secondary injury. The complement system has homeostatic functions in the uninjured central nervous system (CNS), playing a part in neurodevelopment as well as having protective functions in the fully developed CNS, including protection from infection and inflammation. In the context of CNS injury, it can have a number of deleterious effects, evidence for which primarily comes not only from animal models but also, to a lesser extent, from human post-mortem studies. In stark contrast to this, complement may also promote neurogenesis and plasticity subsequent to CNS injury. This review aims to explore the role of the complement system in TBI secondary injury, by examining evidence from both clinical and animal studies. We examine whether specific complement activation pathways play more prominent roles in TBI than others. We also explore the potential role of complement in post-TBI neuroprotection and CNS repair/regeneration. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the complement system in the context of TBI and point out certain areas on which future research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hammad
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Room 4FT 80E, 4th Floor, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Malik Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Room 4FT 80E, 4th Floor, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hoffman WH, Artlett CM, Boodhoo D, Gilliland MGF, Ortiz L, Mulder D, Tjan DHT, Martin A, Tatomir A, Rus H. Markers of immune-mediated inflammation in the brains of young adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and fatal diabetic ketoacidosis. Is there a difference? Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:505-514. [PMID: 28533125 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limited data on diabetic ketoacidosis and brain edema (DKA/BE) in children/adolescents and the lack of recent data on adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D), we addressed the question of whether neuroinflammation was present in the fatal DKA of adults. We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies on the brains of two young adults with T1D and fatal DKA and compared them with two teenagers with poorly controlled diabetes and fatal DKA. C5b-9, the membrane attack complex (MAC) had significantly greater deposits in the grey and white matter of the teenagers than the young adults (p=0.03). CD59, a MAC assembly inhibitory protein was absent, possibly suppressed by the hyperglycemia in the teenagers but was expressed in the young adults despite comparable average levels of hyperglycemia. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) had an average expression in the young adults significantly greater than in the teenagers (p=0.02). The autophagy marker Light Chain 3 (LC3) A/B was the predominant form of programmed cell death (PCD) in the teenage brains. The young adults had high expressions of both LC3A/B and TUNEL, an apoptotic cell marker for DNA fragmentation. BE was present in the newly diagnosed young adult with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar DKA and also in the two teenagers. Our data indicate that significant differences in neuroinflammatory components, initiated by the dysregulation of DKA and interrelated metabolic and immunologic milieu, are likely present in the brains of fatal DKA of teenagers when compared with young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| | - Carol M Artlett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Dallas Boodhoo
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Mary G F Gilliland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, United States
| | - Luis Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Dries Mulder
- Department of Pathology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - David H T Tjan
- Department of Intensive Care, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Alvaro Martin
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Alexandru Tatomir
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Research Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, MD 21201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
C1q as an autocrine and paracrine regulator of cellular functions. Mol Immunol 2016; 84:26-33. [PMID: 27914690 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most of the complement proteins in circulation are, by and large, synthesized in the liver. However data accumulated over the past several decades provide incontrovertible evidence that some if not most of the individual complement proteins are also synthesized extrahepatically by activated as well as non-activated cells. The question that is finally being addressed by various investigators is: are the locally synthesized proteins solely responsible for the myriad of biological functions in situ without the contribution of systemic complement? The answer is probably "yes". Among the proteins that are synthesized locally, C1q takes center stage for several reasons. First, it is synthesized predominantly by potent antigen presenting cells such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), which by itself is a clue that it plays an important role in antigen presentation and/or DC maturation. Second, it is transiently anchored on the cell surface via a transmembrane domain located in its A chain before it is cleaved off and released into the pericellular milieu. The membrane-associated C1q in turn, is able to sense danger patterns via its versatile antigen-capturing globular head domains. More importantly, locally synthesized C1q has been shown to induce a plethora of biological functions through the induction of immunomodulatory molecules by an autocrine- or paracrine- mediated signaling in a manner that mimics those of TNFα. These include recognition of pathogen- and danger- associated molecular patterns, phagocytosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and induction of cytokines or chemokines that are important in modulating the inflammatory response. The functional convergence between C1q and TNFα in turn is attributed to their shared genetic ancestry. In this paper, we will infer to the aforementioned "local-synthesis-for-local function" paradigm using as an example, the role played by locally synthesized C1q in autoimmunity in general and in systemic lupus erythematosus in particular.
Collapse
|
46
|
Reemst K, Noctor SC, Lucassen PJ, Hol EM. The Indispensable Roles of Microglia and Astrocytes during Brain Development. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:566. [PMID: 27877121 PMCID: PMC5099170 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia are essential for brain functioning during development and in the adult brain. Here, we discuss the various roles of both microglia and astrocytes, and their interactions during brain development. Although both cells are fundamentally different in origin and function, they often affect the same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning. Due to their important instructive roles in these processes, dysfunction of microglia or astrocytes during brain development could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders and potentially even late-onset neuropathology. A better understanding of the origin, differentiation process and developmental functions of microglia and astrocytes will help to fully appreciate their role both in the developing as well as in the adult brain, in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis MIND InstituteSacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Historically, the brain has been considered an immune-privileged organ separated from the peripheral immune system by the blood-brain barrier. However, immune responses do occur in the brain in neurological conditions in which the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is compromised, exposing the brain to peripheral antigens and endogenous danger signals. While most of the associated pathological processes occur in the central nervous system, it is now clear that peripheral immune cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, that infiltrate into the injury site play a key role in modulating the progression of primary brain injury development. As inflammation is a necessary and critical component for the subsequent injury resolution process, understanding the contribution of mononuclear phagocytes on the regulation of inflammatory responses may provide novel approaches for potential therapies. Furthermore, predisposed comorbid conditions at the time of stroke cause the alteration of stroke-induced immune and inflammatory responses and subsequently influence stroke outcome. In this review, we summarize a role for microglia and monocytes/macrophages in acute ischemic stroke in the context of normal and metabolically compromised conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Kim
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Sunghee Cho
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine at Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Agostinis C, Tedesco F, Bulla R. Alternative functions of the complement protein C1q at embryo implantation site. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 119:74-80. [PMID: 27687635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement component C1q is one of the recognition molecules of the complement system which can serve several functions unrelated to complement activation. This molecule is produced at foeto-maternal interface by macrophages as wells as by decidual endothelial cells and invading trophoblast. Foetal trophoblast cells migrating through the decidua in the early stages of pregnancy synthesize and express C1q on their surface, which is actively involved in promoting trophoblast endovascular and interstitial invasion of the decidua. These functions are mediated by two cell surface receptors, gC1qR and α4β1 integrin, which promote trophoblast adhesion and migration through the activation of ERK1/2 MAPKs. C1q-/- mice manifest increased frequency of foetal resorption, reduced foetal weight, and smaller litter size when compared to their wild-type counterparts, suggesting that defective local production of C1q may be involved in pregnancy disorders, such as pre-eclampsia. C1q acts also as a strong angiogenic factor and promotes neovascularization. These studies suggest novel and unexpected roles of this complement component in physiological and pathological pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Macht VA. Neuro-immune interactions across development: A look at glutamate in the prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:267-280. [PMID: 27593444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the primary role for the immune system is to respond to pathogens, more recently, the immune system has been demonstrated to have a critical role in signaling developmental events. Of particular interest for this review is how immunocompetent microglia and astrocytes interact with glutamatergic systems to influence the development of neural circuits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain, and astrocytes mediate both glutamatergic uptake and coordinate with microglia to respond to the general excitatory state of the brain. Cross-talk between microglia, astrocytes, and glutamatergic neurons forms a quad-partite synapse, and this review argues that interactions within this synapse have critical implications for the maturation of PFC-dependent cognitive function. Similarly, understanding developmental shifts in immune signaling may help elucidate variations in sensitivities to developmental disruptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Macht
- University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton St., Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Madhukaran SP, Alhamlan FS, Kale K, Vatish M, Madan T, Kishore U. Role of collectins and complement protein C1q in pregnancy and parturition. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1273-88. [PMID: 27349595 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Collectins such as surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D, and mannan-binding lectin (MBL), as well as complement protein C1q are evolutionarily conserved innate immune molecules. They are known to opsonize a range of microbial pathogens (bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasites) and trigger effector clearance mechanisms involving phagocytosis and/or complement activation. Collectins and C1q have also attracted attention in studies involving pregnancy as they are expressed in the female reproductive tissues during pregnancy; a unique state of immune suppression with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Recent studies are beginning to unravel their functional significance in implantation, placentation, pregnancy maintenance and parturition in normal and adverse pregnancies. Collectins and C1q, expressed in gestational tissues during pregnancy, might alter the status of mother's immune response to the allogenic fetus and the microenvironment, thereby serving as important regulators of fetus-mother interaction. Here, we discuss the functional roles that have been assigned to SP-A, SP-D, MBL and C1q in pregnancy and parturition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmuga Priyaa Madhukaran
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute for Advanced Studies, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Fatimah S Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kavita Kale
- Department of Innate Immunity, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Taruna Madan
- Department of Innate Immunity, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|